Bullying and Violence in South Korea, Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44612-7 326 References

Home , 2016 MBC Drama Awards, Allkpop, Hell Joseon, Kangin, Korea JoongAng Daily, Kyunghyang Shinmun

References

2 teenagers get jail term for bullying friend until suicide. The Korea Times, 20 February 2012. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/ 08/117_105283.html. Accessed 14 October. 2PM Nichkhun’s Mother apologizes for DUI incident and thanks fans. M Wave, 27 May 2013. http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/ 37129/2pm-nichkhuns-mom-apologizes. Accessed 8 June 2014. 7 in 10 schools allow corporal punishment. The Korea Times, 14 September 2003. http://www.corpun.com/krs00309.htm#11994. Accessed 8 September 2015. A violent incident during the season of picnics. Dong-A Daily, 20 October 1959. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId= 1959102000209103001&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1959- 10-20&oﬃceId=00020&pageNo=3&printNo=11519&publishType= 00010. Accessed 15 July 2014. Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38,319–361. Ah, Y., Jeong, W., & Cha, T. (2005). The study on the actual conditions of bullying and the psychosocial factors aﬀecting bullying behavior. Journal of Fish and Marine Science of Education, 17, 390–403.

Ahn, H. (2002). A Study of the Fact that ‘Ijime’ Aﬀects ‘Wangtta. Jechon-Shi, South Korea: Sae-Myung University. Alcohol blamed for domestic and sexual violence. The Korea Times, 9 August 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_ 184456.html. Accessed 10 August. American Psychological Association. (1993). Summary Report of the American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth (Vol.1). Anger as apartment guards forced to bow to residents. The Korea Times, 9 November 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/ 11/511_190369.html. Accessed 10 November. Angry T-ara fans egg Core Contents Media building. allkpop, 4 August 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/08/angry-t-ara-fans-egg-core-con tents-media-building. Accessed 6 August. Apartment security guards frequently abused. The Korea Times, 26 August 2014. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/08/511_ 163615.html. Accessed 28 August. As concern increases about obscenity in “Myth of Heaven,” writer Lee Hyun Sae questioned by prosecutors yesterday then sent home. Kyunghyang Shinmun,24July1997.http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn? articleId=1997072400329122002&editNo=45&printCount= 1&publishDate=1997-07-24&oﬃceId=00032&pageNo=22&printNo= 16168&publishType=00010.Accessed17July2014. Ash, Timothy Galton. (1998). The File: A Personal History. Vintage Books: New York. B1A4’s Sandeul’s guitar instructor mistook him for a delinquent student? allkpop, 14 May 2013. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/b1a4s-sandeuls-guitar- instructor-mistook-him-for-a-delinquent-student. Accessed 11 March 2014 “Backstabbed” by colleague? You’re not alone. The Korea Times, 1 September 2014. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/09/511_163967.html. Accessed September 1. Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 713–732. Bandura, Albert. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhuma- nities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), pp. 193–209. Bauman, Zygmunt Eurozine. http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2002-11-08- bauman-en.html. Accessed July 2, 2013. Bauman, Zygmunt. (2004). Identity: Conversations with Bendetto Vecchi. Cambridge: Polity Press. References 327

Bauman, Zygmunt. (2006). Liquid Fear. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bauman, Zygmunt. (2007). Consuming Life. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bauman, Zygmunt. (2010). 44 Letters From The Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bauman, Zygmunt. (2013). What Use of Sociology? Conversations with Michael-Hiviid Jacobsen and Keith Tester. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bauman, Zygmunt. (2002) Foreword by Zygmunt Bauman: Individually, together. In: Ulrich Beck & Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim (Eds) Individualization,London:Sage,p.xxii. Bauman, Zygmunt, & Leonidas, Donskis. (2013). Moral Blindness: The Loss of Sensitivity in Liquid Modernity. London: Polity Press. Bauman, Zygmunt, & Lyon, David. (2013). Liquid Surveillance. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bauman, Zygmunt, & Yakimova, Milena. (2002). A postmodern grid on the worldmap. Interview with Zygmunt. Beck, Ulrich, & Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized individualism and its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage. Bellis, Mark. A., Karen Hughes, Olivia Sharples, Tom Hennell, Katherine A Hardcastle. (2012). Dying to be famous: retrospective cohort study of rock and pop star mortality and its association with adverse childhood experiences. British Medical Journal Open, 2: e002089. doi:10.1136/bmjopen- 2012-002089. Big Bang’s G-Dragon caught smoking marijuana. allkpop, 5 October 2011. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2011/10/big-bangs-g-dragon-caught-smok ing-marijuana. Accessed 9 June 2014. Blackshaw, Tony. (2005). Zygmunt Bauman. Abington, Oxon: Routledge. Boulton, M.J. & Smith, P.K. (1994). Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: stability, self-perceived competence, peer rejection and peer accep- tance. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, pp. 315–329 Bowers, L., Smith, P. K., & Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 215–232 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In T. Husen, & T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 1643−1647). (2nd ed.). New York: Elsevier Science. Bronfenbrenner, Urie. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press. 328 References

Byongook Moon, Merry Morash,and John D. McCluskey. (2012). General strain theory and school bullying: An empirical test in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 827–855. Callmenoona. (2014). Core contents CEO Kim Kwang Soo being investigated for embezzling of company funds. Soompi, June 24. http://www.soompi. com/2014/06/24/core-contents-ceo-kim-kwang-soo-being-investigated-for- embezzling-of-company-funds/#.U7IWb7Hm6BA. Accessed 26 June Carla Sun-woo. (2014). Koreans turn to Netizens, not docs, for counsel. Korea Joongang Daily,6January.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/ article/article.aspx?aid=2983016.Accessed6January Celebrities born with silver spoons. The Korea Times, 19 May 2013. http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/386_136004.html. Accessed 20 May Chang, Jennifer. (2012). South Korea’s runaway teen prostitution. Al Jazeera, 12 November. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/11/ 2012111263348392255.html. Accessed 22 July 2014. Chee, Florence. (2006). The games we play online and oﬄine: Making Wang-tta in Korea. Popular Communication, 4(3), 225–239. Chen, Minjun. (2013). Conservatives destroy popular “How are you doing” Posters. Korea Bang,26December.http://www.koreabang.com/2013/stories/ conservatives-destroy-popular-how-are-you-doing-posters.html.Accessed 4 March 2014. Children in South Korea caught up in a spec and competition craze. The Hankyoreh, 22 December 2009. Retrived February 12, 2014, from http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/394805.htm. Accessed 12 February 2014 Cho Chung-un. (2012). T-ara case reveals K-pop’s sinister side. The Korea Herald,31July.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20120731001374. Accessed 3 August Cho Chung-un. (2014). Brokers insist on naked checkups of prospective foreign brides. The Korea Herald,9January.http://m.koreaherald.com/ view.php?ud=20140109000765&ntn=0. Accessed 16 January. Cho Chung-un. (2014). Park goes overboard in use of ‘scary’ metaphors. The Korea Herald, 27 November. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20141127000904. Accessed 29 November. Cho, Han-dae. (2015). Author expounds on ‘Hell Joseon’. Korea Joongang Daily, 12 October. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=3010170&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online. Accessed 13 October. References 329

Cho, Hong-Jun, & Young-Ho Khang. (2010). Family aﬄuence scale, other socioeconomic position indicators, and self-rated health among South Korean adolescents: ﬁndings from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web- based Survey (KYRBWS). Journal of Public Health, 18, 169–178. Choe, sang-hun. (2013). Cramming for stardom at Korea’s K-Pop Schools. New York Times,August9.http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/ 11595322.html. Accessed 11 August Choi Sung-jin. (2016). Most Korean workers victims of ‘gapjil’ on job. The Korea Times,20April.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2016/04/116_203010.html. Accessed 22 April Choi Tae-hwan. (2013). School 2013. The Korea Times, 16 January. http:// koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2013/01/137_128948.html. Accessed 18 January Choi Tae-hwan. (2014). Violence in the school and the Army. The Korea Times, 24 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/ 08/162_163461.html. Accessed 25August Choi Woo-ri, & Jin Myeong-seon. (2014). Growing number of sex crimes by South Korea’s “power elite”. The Hankyoreh, 13 November. http://english.hani. co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/664325.html. Accessed 26 January 2015 Choi, Sook-hee. (2008). Koreans’ motivation to work. Samsung Economic Research Institute,11June.http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod. html?mn=B&mncd=0101&sort=C&gubun=00&p_page=8&natcd= KR&key=20080611000001. Accessed 23 July Choi, Woo-ri. (2014). December 9. Korean kids do their own research into their slave-like study habits. The Hankyoreh. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/ english_edition/e_national/668207.html. Accessed December 12. Christie-Mizell, C. A. (2003). Bullying: The consequences of interparental discord and child’s self-concept. Family Process, 42, 237–251. Chu Chung-un. (2013). Teen’s death spurs call for action against bullying. The Korea Herald, 13 March. from http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20130313000936. Accessed 14 March. Chun In-sung, & Hwang Sun-yoon. (2012). ‘School’s actions scrutinized after students’ deaths. Korea Joongang Daily, 14 August. http://koreajoongangda ily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987865&cloc=joongangdaily| home|newslist1. Accessed 15 August. Chung Ah-young. (2015). Japanese vestiges still haunt schools. The Korea Times, 10 August. http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_ newsidx=184563. Accessed 11 August. 330 References

Chung Ah-young. (2015). Students vulnerable to sexual abuse. The Korea Times, 4August.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_ 184178.html. Accessed 5 August Chung Ah-young. (2016). Child abuse is society’s dirty secret. The Korea Times, 20 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/ 01/116_195909.html. Accessed 21 January Chung Hyun-chae. (2016). Bashed and abused, teachers lose authority. The Korea Times, 3 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2016/01/116_194503.html. Accessed 4 January. Chung Ick-Joong, & Chun Jong-Serl. (2010). Co-occurring patterns of smoking and alcohol consumption among Korean adolescents. The American Journal on Addictions, 19, 252–256. Chung Kang-hyun, & Song Ji-young. (2012). Daegu teen suicides have strik- ing commonalities. Joongang Daily, 16 October. http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2960870. Accessed 17 October. Chung, Kang-hyun, & Min Kyung-won. (2014). In Korea, suicide worsens in scope. Korea Joongang Daily, 3 April. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/ news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2987334. Accessed 4 April. Cohen, Albert. K. (1955). Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press. Cohen, P., & Brook, J. (1987). Family factors related to the persistence of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Psychiatry, 50, 332–345. Cohen, Stanley. (1987). Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Cohn, Tessa. (1987). Sticks and stones may break my bones but names will never hurt me. Multicultural Teaching, 5(3), pp. 8–11. Controversy over a video about a female teacher slapping female students standing in aline(여학생 줄세워 뺨 때리는 여교사 영상 논란), nbntv, 30 July 2014. http://www.nbntv.co.kr/nm/atc/view.asp?P_Index=20042.Accessed5August. Cramming for Stardom at Korea’s K-pop schools. Omona They Didn’t, 9 August 2013. http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/11595322.html. Accessed 13 August. Cumings, Bruce. (1997). Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Curtner-Smith, M. E., Culp, A. M., Scheib, C., Owen, K., Tilley, A., Murphy, M., et al. (2006). Mothers’ parenting and young economically disadvantaged children’s relational and overt bullying. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15,177–189. References 331

Denny, Stephen, (2015). Is South Korea now ‘Hell Chosun’? The Diplomat, 25 September. http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/is-south-korea-now-hell- chosun/. Accessed 15 October. Donskis, Leonidas. (2011). Modernity in Crisis: A Dialogue on the Culture of Belonging. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (p. 157) Douglas, E.M. & Straus, M.A. (2006). Assault and injury of dating partners by university students in 19 countries and its relation to corporal punishment experienced as a child. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 293–318. Doward, Jamie. (2013). Medicine’s big new battleground: Does mental illness really exist? The Guardian,12May.http://www.theguardian. com/society/2013/may/12/medicine-dsm5-row-does-mental-illness- exist. Accessed 22 July Editorial (2013). Bullying in schools. The Korea Times, 13 March. http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2013/03/202_132020.html. Accessed 14 March. Editorial. (2013). An anxious society. The Korea Herald, 23 May. http://www. koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130523000506. Accessed 26 May. Editorial. (2013). Predatory practices. The Korea Herald, 8 May. http://www. koreaherald.com/view.php%3Fud%3D20130508000616. Accessed 8 May. Editorial. (2014). Korean Air princess is a like a despot with her little kingdom. The Hankyoreh, 9 December. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/ e_editorial/668200.html. Accessed 12 December. Editorial. (2014). Outrage over nut rage. The Korea Herald, 15 December. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20141215000630. Accessed 16 December. Editorial. (2016). Chaebol’s high-handedness causes crisis of ethics in S. Korea. The Hankyoreh,5April.http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/ e_editorial/738319.html. Accessed 11 April. Education. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전). http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0005524. Accessed 20 July 2014. Education. Life in Korea. http://www.lifeinkorea.com/information/education. cfm. Accessed 20 July 2014. Erikson, Erik. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: W. W. Norton. Fans demand T-ara’s Eunjung be kicked off “We Got Married” and “Five Fingers”. allkpop, 30 July 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/ fans-demand-t-aras-eunjung-be-kicked-off-we-got-married-and-five-fingers. Accessed 6 August. 332 References

Farrell, Colin. (2012). South Korea: Corporal punishment in schools. World Corporal Punishment Research. http://www.corpun.com/counkrs.htm. Accessed 12 January 2015. Farrington, D. P. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later-life outcomes. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds) The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression (pp. 5–30), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Farrington, D. P. (1994). Childhood, adolescent and adult features of violent males. In L. R. Huesmann (Ed.) Aggressive Behaviour: Current Perspectives (pp. 215–240). New York: Plenum Press. Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 360(6), 929–964. Farrington, D. P. (2010). Family influences on delinquency. In D. W. Springer & A. R. Roberts (Eds.) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency (pp. 203–222). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (1999). Transatlantic replicability of risk factors in the development of delinquency. In P. Cohen, C. Slomkowski, & L. N. Robins (Eds.), Historical and Geographical Influences on Psychopathology (pp. 229–329). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Farrington, David. P. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Crime and Justice. 17, p. 383. Fisher, H.L., Moffitt, T.E, Houts, R. M., Belsky, D.W., Arseneault, L. & Caspi, A. (2012). Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: Longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal, 344, e2683. Flores, Roseanne. L. (2005). Developmental aspects of school violence. A contextual approach. In Florence Denmark, Herbert H. Krauss, Robert W. Wesner, Elizabeth Midlarsky, & Uwe P. Gielen (Eds.), Violence in Schools: Cross-national and Cross-cultural Perspectives (p.80).NewYork: Springer Science & Business Media. For Wang-tta suicide case, inspectors search and Seize Yang-Cheon-gu female middle school (檢, 지난해 자살한 ‘왕따 여중생사건’ 학교 압 수수색하자 ...), dong-A.com, 15 June 2012. http://news.donga.com/3/all/ 20120615/47032621/1. Accessed 4 July Foucault, Michel. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated from the French by Alan Sheridan. New YorK Vintage Books. Frances, Allen. (2014). Saving Normal. New York: William Marrow. References 333

Fromm, Erich. (1947). Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Fromm, Erich. (1955). The Sane Society. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Fromm, Erich. (1956). The Art of Loving. Harper: New York Fromm, Erich. (1964). The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil. New York: Harper & Row Fromm, Erich. (1973). The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. New York: Holt Paperbacks. Frost, Linda. (1991). A primary school approach: What can be done about the bully? In Michele Elliott (Ed.), Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools (p. 30), Harlow: Longman. Full press release from core contents media regarding Hwayoung’s departure from T-ara. allkpop, 30 July 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/ 07/full-press-release-from-core-contents-media-regarding-hwayoungs-depar ture-from-t-ara. Accessed 6 August Full text of Park’s inauguration speech. Yonhap News Agency, 25 February 2013. http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/02/25/95/ 0301000000AEN20130225001500315F.HTML. Accessed 1 March. Gabor Mate. (2000). Scattered: How Attention Deﬁcit Disorder Originates and What You Can Do About It. New York: Plume. Girl’s day participate in campaign to end school violence with free hugs. allkpop, 7 May 2013. http://www.allkpop.com/2013/05/girls-day-partici pate-in-campaign-to-end-school-violence-with-free-hugs. Accessed 9 May. Glew, G.M., Fan, M.Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F.P., & Kernic, M.A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(11), 1026–1031. Glueck, Sheldon and Glueck, Eleanor. (1950). Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 281. Glueck, Sheldon and Glueck, Eleanor. (1952). Delinquents in the Making: Paths to Prevention. New York: Harper. Go Young-wook: Pedophile or “behavioral addict”? The Chosun Daily,12 August 2013. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/12/ 2013041201187.html. Accessed 9 June 2014. Gottfredson, Michael R., & Travis Hirschi. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Grisso, T. (2004). Double Jeopardy: Adolescent Oﬀenders with Mental Disorders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 334 References

Gyeongsan “School violence” case: The suicide note of the high school student [경산 ‘학교폭력’ 자살 고교생 유서 전문], Yonhap News, 13 March 2013. http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1= 102&oid=001&aid=0006144949. Accessed 20 March. Han Young Woo. (2010). A Review of Korean History. Vol. 2, Joseon Era. Translated by Hahm Chaibong. Paju Book City: Kyongsaewon Publishing Company Han Young-sun. (2012). Study of school bully’s target-selection—Qualitative research by interview. Research presented at the Asian Criminological Society 4th Annual Conference, Seoul, 22 August 2012. Han, Youngsun. (2011). Research for Desistance of Juvenile Delinquents. Ph.D Dissertation, Graduate School of Dongkuk University. Hann, Michael. (2015). Do musicians die young? The truth about the 27 Club. The Guardian, 2 April. http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/ apr/02/do-musicians-die-young-truth-27-club. Accessed 3 April. Harvey, David. (2010). The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism. London: Profile Books Ltd. Hazlerr, Richard. J., Carney, Jolynn V., Green, Suzy, Powell, Richard, & Jolly, Loren Scott. (1997). Areas of expert agreement on identification of school bullies and victims. School Psychology International, 18(50), 6. Henry, B., Moffitt, T., Robins, L., Earls, E. & Silva, P. (1993). Early family predictors of child and adolescent antisocial behaviour: who are the mothers of delinquents? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 3,97–118. Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M. & Cox, R. (1979). Family interaction and the social, emotional, and cognitive development of children following divorce. In V. Vaughn & T. Brazelton (Eds.), The Family: Setting Priorities (pp. 174– 201). New York: Science and Medicine. Hilton, Jeanne M., Anngela-Cole, Linda, & Wakita, Juri. (2010). A cross- cultural comparison of factors associated with school bullying in Japan and the United States. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 18(4), 413–422. Hodges, E.V. & Perry, D.G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685 Hong, J. S., & Eamon, M. K. (2009). An ecological approach to understanding peer victimization in South Korea. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19, 611−625. References 335

Hong, Jun-Sung, Chang-Hun Lee, Jungup Lee, Na Youn Lee, & James Garbarino. (2014). A review of bullying prevention and intervention in South Korean schools: An application of the social–ecological framework. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45, 433–442. Hotshotlover30. (2012). 2 PM’s Nichkhun involved in drunk driving accident. Soompi,24July.http://www.soompi.com/2012/07/24/2pms-nichkhun- involved-in-drunk-driving-accident/#.U7NwmLHm6B. Accessed 8 June 2014. How are you all doing? The Korea Times, 17 December 2013. http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2013/12/202_148137.html. Accessed 18 December. HR staff consider applicants’ looks. The Korea Times, 5 August 2015. http:// www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_184279.html. Accessed 6 August. Huw. (2013). Jealous over a girl, Students beat boy to death. Korea Bang, 11 September. http://www.koreabang.com/2013/videos/jealous-over-a-girl- students-beat-boy-to-death.html. Accessed 16 September. Hwang Sunghyun, & Aker, Roland L. (2003). Substance use by Korean adolescents: A cross-cultural test of social learning, social bonding and social control theories. In Ronald L. Akers & Gary F. Jensen (Eds.), Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime (pp. 39–57). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Hwang Sunghyun and Akers, Ronald L. (2006). Parental and peer influences on adolescent drug use in Korea. Asian Criminology, 1,51–69. Hwang Su-young. (2013). Investigating perpetrator of school violence—Victims increased to 8 students (종합뉴스]학교폭력 가해학생 집중 조사 ...폭력 피해 학생 8명으로 늘어), Channel A,16March.http://news.ichannela. com/society/3/03/20130316/53750995/. Accessed 20 March. I am afraid of going to school. Dong-A Daily, 24 May 1963. http://newslibrary. naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1963052400209202001&editNo= 2&printCount=1&publishDate=1963-05-24&officeId=00020&pageNo= 2&printNo=12790&publishType=00020. Accessed 14 July 2014. [Instiz] Witnesses report a different story to Nichkhun’s drunk driving scandal. Netizen Buzz, 11 May 2013. http://netizenbuzz.blogspot.kr/2013/05/instiz- witnesses-report-different-story.html. Accessed 8 June 2014 Jacobsen, Michael-Hiviid, & Tester, Keither. (2014). Introduction. In: Zygmunt Bauman (Ed.), What Use is Sociology? Cambridge: Polity Press. 336 References

Jaeyeon Woo. (2013). South Korea struggles to Rein in bullying, student suicides. Korea Real Time, 13 March. http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/ 2013/03/13/south-korea-struggles-to-rein-in-bullying-student-suicides/. Accessed 16 March James, Oliver. (1995). Juvenile Violence in a Winner-Loser Culture: Socio-economic and Familial Origins of the Rise of Violence Against the Person. London; New York: Free Association Books. James, Oliver. (2003). The Cassandra complex. The Guardian, 22 March. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/mar/22/health.healthandwellbeing. Accessed 22 February 2015, James, Oliver. (2012). Why didn’tPeteTownshenddiebeforehegotold?Hereare some answers. The Guardian, 24 December. http://www.theguardian.com/com mentisfree/2012/dec/24/health-health-and-wellbeing. Accessed 27 December. Jang Mikyung, & Kim Mi-Sung. (2004). Korea. In: Malley-Morrison Kathleen (Ed.), International Perspectives on Family Violence & Abuse (pp. 301–319). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Jang, Hyeok-jin, & Kang Jin-kyu. (2015). Loudspeakers blared K-pop, news, even weather. Korea Joongang Daily, September 1. http://koreajoongangda ily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3008612&cloc=joongangdaily| home|newslist1. Accessed 1 September Jang, Joo-young. Korea remains ‘Republic of Suicide’. Korea Joongang Daily, 3 July 2014. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=2991496&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 5 July. Jang, Jye-Hyeok. (2015). “Going to school is hell”, The controversy of an elementary school teacher’s ‘One-Day 왕따’ system’ (“학교가는게 지옥” 초등교사가 ‘1일 왕따’ 제도 논란), NEWSIS, 7 July. http://news.naver. com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=003&aid= 0006623682&sid1=001 Accessed 10 July Jennywill. (2013). [OP-ED] Do people forgive and forget? allkpop,27May. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/op-ed-do-people-forgive-and-forget. Accessed 1 June Jennywill. (2013). Hyungsik reveals Kwanghee grew tired of being jealous of him. allkpop, 14 October. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/10/hyung sik-reveals-kwanghee-grew-tired-of-being-jealous-of-him#axzz2hky5RVDK. Accessed 16 October Jeon,Sumin.(2014).Bullyingcultureintheworkplace.Onecaseof bullying oﬀence charged minimum of 15,480,000 won (직장 스며 괴 롭힘 몬화 1건 피해액 최소 1548만원), Kookmin Daily,10October. References 337

http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0922810261&code= 11131100&cp=nv. Accessed 18 December 2015. Jeong Jin Yu. (2011). Reciprocal associations between connectedness and autonomy among Korean adolescents: Compatible or antithetical? Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 692–703. Jeong Min-kyu. (2013). Director and teacher suspended for abusing an infant at Busan child day care center (부산 영아 학대 어린이집 원장·교사 집행 유예), Ohmy News, 24 December. http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_ Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001941011&PAGE_CD= N0001&CMPT_CD=M0019. Accessed 29 December Jeong Yong-soo, & Yoo Seong-woon. (2014). Army prosecutor out of his depth, legal officers say. Korea Joongang Daily, 9 August. http://koreajoon gangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2993266&cloc=joongang daily|home|top. Accessed 12 August Jeong, Hunny. (2013). How are you, really? The Korea Herald, 19 December. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20131219000791. Accessed 21 December. Jhoo Dong-chan. (2015). Lotte Group Chairman wins “Youth exploitation award”. The Korea Times, 22 October. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/ news/nation/2015/10/116_189228.html. Accessed 23 October. Jin Jun-hyun. Kim Hong-do capturestheessenceofJoseonsociety.Koreana: A Quarterly on Korean Culture and Arts. https://www.koreana.or.kr:444/months/ news_view.asp?b_idx=389&lang=en&page_type=list. Accessed 14 July 2014. Jones, Eric. (1991). Practical considerations in dealing with bullying in Secondary School. In Michele Elliott (Ed.) Bullying: A Practical Guide to Coping for Schools (pp. 16–17). Harlow: Longman. Jun Ji-hye. (2014). 28th Division commander to be fired over soldier’s death. The Korea Times,4August.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2014/08/116_162292.html. Accessed 5 August. Jun Ji-hye. (2014). Army uncovers 3,900 violence incidents in barracks. The Korea Times,3August.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2014/08/116_162219.html. Accessed 5 August Jun Ji-hye. (2014). Shooting suspect claims officer beat him. The Korea Times, 1July.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/07/205_ 160136.html. Accessed 1 July Jun Ji-hye. (2014). Son of Gyeonggi governor investigated for hazing in Army division. The Korea Times, 17 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/ news/nation/2014/08/116_163064.html. Accessed 18 August. 338 References

Jun Ji-hye. (2014). Two privates kill themselves at Army barracks. The Korea Times, 28 July. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/07/ 116_161825.html. Accessed 28 July Jun Sung Hong, Na Youn Lee, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, & Hui Huang. (2011). Alcohol and tobacco use among South Korean adolescents: An ecological review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1120–1126. Jun, Ji-hye. (2015). Army sergeant sentenced to death for shooting spree. The Korea Times, 3 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/02/116_172960.html. Accessed 4 February. Jung, Min-ho. (2014). Four in 10 apartment guards suffer verbal abuse. The Korea Times, 31 October. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2014/11/116_167325.html. Accessed 31 October Jung Min-ho. (2015). Daycare center staffer arrested over child abuse. The Korea Times, 18 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/01/116_171919.html. Accessed 18 January. Jung Min-ho. (2015). Professor arrested for ‘torturing’ student. The Korea Times, 14 July. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/07/ 116_182751.html. Accessed 15 July Jung, Min-ho. (2015). Spanking your children will be illegal. The Korea Times, 7September.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/09/ 116_186365.html. Accessed 9 September. Juvenile Protection Act. Dong-A Daily, 8 July 1997. http://newslibrary.naver. com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1986052300329211001&editNo= 2&printCount=1&publishDate=1986-05-23&officeId=00032&pageNo= 11&printNo=12509&publishType=00020. Accessed 17 July 2014. Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231–1237. Kang Hyun-kyung. (2013). Knife rampage turns classroom into nightmare. The Korea Times,19March.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2016/04/116_132359.html. Accessed 21 March Kang Hyun-kyung. (2014). Sons often ruin dads’ political career. The Korea Times,18August.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/ 08/116_163144.html. Accessed 20 August Kang Jin-kyu. (2014). In suicide note, troubled soldier expressed regret. Korea JoongAng Daily,25June.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/arti cle.aspx?aid=2991116&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 26 June References 339

Kang Jin-kyu. (2015). Teacher accused of earlier abuses. Korea Joongang Daily, 17 January. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=2999767&cloc=joongangdaily|home|top. Accessed 17 January Kang Jin-kyu, & Yoo Seong-woon. (2014). Shooter in rampage felt ignored by lower ranks. Korea Joongang Daily, 27 June. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins. com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2991237&cloc=joongangdaily|home|top. Accessed 28 June Kang Seung-woo. (2014). Drunken Navy captain sacked for sexual assault. The Korea Times,18July.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2014/07/116_161276.html. Accessed 19 July. Kang Seung-woo. (2014). Army pledges zero-tolerance against hazing. The Korea Times, 20 August. http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp? req_newsidx=163284. Accessed 22 August Kang Seung-woo. (2014). Park vows to send regulations to ‘guillotine’. The Korea Times,25November.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2014/11/116_168793.html. Accessed 27 November Kang Seung-woo. (2015). No double handshake for soldiers of opposite sexes. The Korea Times, 29 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2015/01/116_172654.html. Accessed 29 January. Kang Yewon. (2014). Poll shows half of Korean teenagers have suicidal thoughts. Korea Real Time, 20 March. http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/ 2014/03/20/poll-shows-half-of-korean-teenagers-have-suicidal-thoughts/. Accessed 22 March. Kang, In-sik, & Kim Bong-Moon. (2014). Bosses at Seoul Zoo acted like beasts, says report. Korea Joongang Daily, 1 December. http://koreajoongang daily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2997933&cloc=joongangda ily|home|newslist1. Accessed 1 December Kang, Jin-kyu. (2013). Handwritten appeals from the heart. Korea Joongang Daily, 26 December. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/arti cle.aspx?aid=2982579&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 28 December Kang, Jin-kyu. (2014). In Daejeon, pope’s words comfort the grieving. Korea Joongang Daily, 16 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/arti cle/article.aspx?aid=2993589&cloc=joongangdaily|home|top. Accessed 17 August Kang, Seung-woo. (2015). K-pop can weaken NK regime. The Korea Times,13 September. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/09/116_ 186730.html. Accessed 14 September. 340 References

Kang, Yewon. (2014). Poll shows half of Korean teenagers have suicidal thoughts. Korea Real Time, March 20. from http://blogs.wsj.com/koreareal time/2014/03/20/poll-shows-half-of-korean-teenagers-have-suicidal- thoughts/. Accessed March 23. Kang, Young-su. (2016). Visiting professor at Seoul National University indicted after attempting to rape at graduate student following an after- work gathering [회식 후 대학원생 성폭행하려던 서울대 초청교수 구 속기소], The Chosun Daily, 22 April. http://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn? mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=023&aid=0003167130. Accessed 26 April Kangin charged $8,000 for DUI and hit-and-run. allkpop, 13 January 2010. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/01/kangin-charged-8000-for-dui- and-hit-and-run. Accessed 8 June 2014. Kaufman,P.,Chen,X.,Choy,S.P.,Ruddy,S.A.,Miller,A.K.,Chandler, K.A.,Chapman,C.D.,Rand,M.R.,&Klaus,P.(1999).Indicators of School Crime and Safety Washington, DC: Departments of Education and Justice. Kazemian, Lila. (2007). Desistance from crime, empirical, methodological, and policy considerations. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice February, 23(1), 5–27. Kim Bong-Moon, & Choi Mo-ran. (2015). Authorities see ﬂood of child abuse complaints. Korea Joongang Daily, 22 January. Kim Bong-moon, & Choi Mo-ran. (2015). Private kindergarten teacher sus- pected of abuse. Korea Joongang Daily, 21 January. Kim Bong-moon. (2015). Authorities looking into second abuse complaint. Korea Joongang Daily,19January.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/ news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999814&cloc=joongangdaily|home|news list1. Accessed 20 January Kim Dong-han. (2013). Gyeongsan suicide—Content in ‘Counterstrike’ of the student who committed suicide (경산 자살’ 가해학생 ‘카스’ 내용 봤 더니), World Daily, 19 March. Retrieved March 20 from http://www.segye. com/content/html/2013/03/18/20130318004182.html. Accessed 20 March. Kim Eui-kyum, & Ko Han-sol. (2016). Lashing out at “Hell Joseon”,young’uns drive ruling party’s election beatdown. The Hankyoreh, 15 April. http:// english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/739886.html.Accessed 18 April Kim Hak-hee. (2013). Physical and verbal abuse. Desperate need to monitor day care centers (폭력에막말까지 ...어린이집 모니터링 시급), SBS References 341

News,3April.http://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id= N1001717028&plink=OLDURL. Accessed 6 April. Kim Hee-jin. (2014). In abuse case, four to be liable for neglecting duty. Korea Joongang Daily, 15 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/arti cle/article.aspx?aid=2993548&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 16 August. Kim Hyung-jin. (2015). S. Korean police say professor fed former student feces. Associated Press,14July.http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ d5d43593e60a4cb99fd12e9722e0a802/s-korean-police-say-professor-fed- former-student-feces. Accessed 23 July. Kim Jae-won. (2013). School violence unveils ugly aspects of Korea. The Korea Times, 18 March. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/ 03/180_132285.html. Accessed 20 March Kim M. J. & Doh, H. S. (2001). The inﬂuence of parenting behaviors, marital conﬂict, and sibling relations on aggression in children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 22, 149–166. Kim Mi-young. (2014). The airline’s reputation appears to have been damaged by harsh and entitled behavior by its owning family. The Hankyoreh, 10 December. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/ 668411.html. Accessed 12 December Kim Rahn. (2015). Heather Cho still has no sense of guilt. The Korea Times, 12 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/02/ 116_173558.html. Accessed 12 February Kim Rahn. (2015). “Monster nanny” angers moms. The Korea Times, 15 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/116_ 171788.html. Accessed 16 January. Kim Se-jeong. (2014). Korea has more low-wage earners. The Korea Times, 3 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_ 184106.html. Accessed 4 August. Kim Se-jeong. (2015). Duksung Women’s University professor under sexual harassment probe. The Korea Times, 16 February. http://www.koreatimes. co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/02/116_173742.html. Accessed 17 February Kim Se-jeong. (2015). Reported child abuse cases jump by 30 percent. The Korea Times, 25 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/01/116_172371.html. Accessed 26 January Kim Se-jeong. (2015). Rules on daycare center will be toughened. The Korea Times, 16 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/ 01/116_171872.html. Accessed 17 January 342 References

Kim Se-jeong. (2016). Hazing rituals for freshmen still rampant on campus. The Korea Times,28March.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2016/03/116_201344.html. Accessed 29 March Kim Tae-gyu. (2013). President vows to fight school violence. The Korea Times, 15 March. from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/03/ 116_132192.html. Accessed 16 March Kim Tong-hyung. (2013). Can military comedies be funny anymore?. The Korea Times,21July.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/ 2013/07/201_139657.html. Accessed 22 July Kim Tong-hyung. (2013). Empowering bullies. The Korea Times, 18 June. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/06/135_137698. html. Accessed 20 June. Kim Tong-hyung. (2014). Hazing deaths disturbingly unsurprising. The Korea Times, 6 August. Kim, Bo-eun. (2016). Divorce won’t be allowed without parental education. The Korea Times,27March.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2016/03/116_201245.html. Accessed 28 March. Kim, Bong-Moon, & Choi Mo-ran. (2015). Authorities see flood of child abuse complaints. Korea Joongang Daily, 22 January. http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999971&cloc=joongangdaily|home| newslist1. Accessed 23 January. Kim, Bong-moon, & Choi Mo-ran. (2015). Private kindergarten teacher sus- pected of abuse. Korea Joongang Daily, 21 January. http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2999912&cloc=joongangdaily|home| newslist2. Accessed 22 January. Kim, Bong-moon, & Lim, Myoung-soo. (2015). New details come to light in high school assault investigation. Korea Joongang Daily, 4 August. http:// koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid= 3007445&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 4 August. Kim, Bong-moon, & Noh, Jin-ho. (2015). Inspector allegedly drunk, abusive. Korea Joongang Daily, 13 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/ news/article/article.aspx?aid=3007843&cloc=joongangdaily|home|news list1. Accessed 13 August. Kim, Bong-moon. (2015). Seoul education office takes action. Korea Joongang Daily, 7 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article. aspx?aid=3007605&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist2. Accessed 7 August Kim, D. S. (2007). Experience of parent-related negative life events, mental health, and delinquent behavior among Korean adolescents. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 40, 218−226. References 343

Kim, Daisy. (2007). Improving human rights in the South Korean Military. International Affairs Journal at UC Davis. Kim, Ho., & Lee Sung-eun. (2016). Student leaps from building, lands on passerby. Korea Joongang Daily,2June.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins. com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3019494. Accessed 4 June. Kim, Hyun-sil, & Kim, Hun-soo. (2008). The impact of family violence, family functioning, and parental partner dynamics on Korean juvenile delinquency. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 39, 439–453. Kim, J. Y., & Park, S. W. (2009). Predictors of current smoking among male students in a technical high school: A prospective study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 42,59−66. Kim, Jae-Hyun, Park, Eun-Cheol, Nam, Jung-Mo, Park, SoHee, Cho, Jaelim, Kim, Sun-Jung, Choi, Jae-Woo and Cho, Eun. (2013). The werther effect of two celebrity suicides: An etertainer and a politician. PLOS One, 8 (12). Kim, Jeong-du. (1986). Violent classrooms ...followed by school transfer. Kyunghyang Shinmun, 23 May. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index. nhn?articleId=1986052300329211001&editNo=2&printCount= 1&publishDate=1986-05-23&officeId=00032&pageNo=11&printNo= 12509&publishType=00020. Accessed 16 July 2014. Kim, Jeong-ho. (2013). Day care center teacher exposed for child abuse (아동 상 습 폭행한 어린이집 교사 적발), YTN, 13 November http://m.media.daum. net/m/media/society/newsview/20131120155106650. Accessed 13 November Kim, Jongyoung. (2011). Aspiration for global cultural capital in the stratified realm of global higher education: why do Korean students go to US graduate schools? British Journal of Sociology of Education, 32(1). Kim, Koo. (2013). Suicide of saleswoman prompts boycott of Lotte Conglomerate. Korea Bang,6May.http://www.koreabang.com/2013/stories/suicide-of- saleswoman-prompts-boycott-of-lotte-conglomerate.html. Accessed 10 May. Kim, Kyoung-hee. (2014). Netizens in shock from ‘Bupyeong il-jin collective bullying’ video (네티즌들 충격에 빠뜨린 ‘부평 일진집단구타 영상. 서울경제), Seoul Economic Daily, 15 July. http://news.naver.com/main/ read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=011&aid=0002547050. Accessed 21 July. Kim, Myoung-sik. (2015). Our wretched young generation. The Korea Herald, 5August.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150805000960. Accessed 15 October. Kim, Rahn. (2015). Abusive ex-professor gets 12 years in prison. The Korea Times, 26 November. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/11/116_191846.html. Accessed 27 November. 344 References

Kim, Rahn. (2015). Government to enforce rules against gender discrimination. The Korea Times, 3 November. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/ news/nation/2015/11/116_190161.html. Accessed 4 November Kim, Sarah. (2014). Reports of abuse in barracks surge. KoreaJoongang Daily, 21 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/arti cle.aspx?aid=2993813&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1.Accessed 21 August. Kim, Se-jeong. (2014). Korea hits bottom in workers’ rights. The Korea Times, 22 May. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/05/116_ 157733.html. Accessed 24 May. Kim, Se-jeong. (2015). Calls grow for death penalty abolishment. The Korea Times,30August.http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/ 113_185847.html. Accessed 1 September Kim, So-ra. (2014). So-you shines on her own. KoreaJoongang Daily, 27 February. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=2985535&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online. Accessed 1 March. Kim, T. H. (2014). Kindergarten teacher “forced toddlers to hit each other”. The Korea Times, 29 July. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2014/07/511_161927.html. Accessed 29 July. Kim, Tong-hyung. (2014). Hazing deaths disturbingly unsurprising. The Korea Times,7August.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/ 08/164_162400.html. Accessed 8 August Kim, Tong-hyung. (2014). ‘Psycho’ teacher tortures student over homework. The Korea Times, 25 June. http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/ 06/116_159798.html. Accessed 26 June. Kim, Y. (2005). A study on concurrent use of alcohol and cigarette among adolescents. Mental Health and Social Work, 20,40–68. Kim, Y. H., Eo, Y. S., & Ju, H. O. (2006). A study on the diﬀerences of characteristics between potential substance-abuse group and healthy group in middle school students. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 12, 351−358. Kim, Y.T., & Park, H.S. (1997). The survey on bullying among adolescents. Korean Youth Counselling Institute. Youth Counselling Problem Study. Report no. 29, 45–66. Kim, Young Shin, Koh, Yun-Joo, & Leventhal, Bennett L. (2004). Prevalence of school bullying in Korean Middle school students. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 739. References 345

Kim, Oksso, & Baik Sunghee. (2004). Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and subjective health in Korean elderly men. Addictive Behaviors, 29(8), 1595–1603. Klug, Foster. (2015). The islands of abuse: Inside South Korea’s slave farms for the disabled. The Independent, 2 January. http://www.independent.co.uk/ news/world/asia/the-islands-of-abuse-inside-south-koreas-slave-farms-for- the-disabled-9954527.html. Accessed 5 August. Ko Dong-hwan. (2013). High school graduates go frenzy over practical music programs. The Korea Times, September 13. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/ www/news/nation/2013/09/116_142772.html. Accessed 14 September. Ko, Dong-hwan. (2014). 90 percent young adults see Korea as unfair nation. The Korea Times, 2 May. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2014/05/511_156566.html. Accessed 4 May Kolbo, J. R., Blakely, E. H., & Engleman, D. (1996). Children who witness domestic violence: A review of empirical literature. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 281–293. Kolvin, I., Miller, F. T. W., Fleeting, M., & Kolvin, P. A. (1988). Social and parenting factors aﬀecting criminal-oﬀense rates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152,80–90. Koo Dae-sun. (2011). Bullying forces student to take his own life. The Hankyoreh, 24 December. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/ e_national/511691.html. Accessed 15 October 2012. Koo, Hyojin, Kwak, Keumjoo, & Smith, Peter K. (2008). Victimization in Korean schools: The nature, incidence, and distinctive features of Korean bullying or Wang-Ta. Journal of School Violence, 7(4), 119–139. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Statistics for youth behavior risk factor surveillance. Seoul: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korean men use 13 cosmetic products on average. The Korea Times, 31 March 2015. http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/03/113_176220. html. Accessed 1 April. Korean Youth Association. (1996). A research on present conditions and preventive strategies of adolescent drug abuse. Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Culture and Sports (Korean). Koreans face unfriendliest working conditions in OECD. The Chosun Daily,13 December 2007. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/12/ 13/2007121361017.html. Accessed 30 July 2015. 346 References

Koreans happy to have a foreign fling. The Korea Times, 21 August 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_185311. html. Accessed 24 August. Koreans want to leave ‘Hell Joseon’. The Korea Times, 18 January 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/01/116_195720.html. Accessed 19 January. Kwon Ji-youn. (2013). Part-timers suffer abuse. The Korea Times, 23 April. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/04/116_134462.html. Accessed 23 April. Kwon, Dae-kyoung. (2012). 30% of children used violence against col- leagues at school: Survey. The Korea Times,14October.http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2012/10/139_122182.html. Accessed 15 October. Kwon, Insook et al. (2007). Sexual violence among men in the military in South Korea. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(8), 1029. Kwon, Mee-yoo. (2016). Culture will become new growth engine. The Korea Times, 18 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/ 01/135_195719.html. Accessed 19 January. Kwon, Mee-yoo, & Baek Byung-yeul. (2014). Pope urges Asian youth to help the poor. The Korea Times, 17 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/ news/nation/2014/08/632_163082.html. Accessed 18 August La Fontaine, Jean. (1991). Bullying: The Child’s View. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Ladd, G.W., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2003). The role of chronic peer difficulties in the development of children’s psychological adjustment problems. Child Development, 74, 1344–1367 Lagerspetz, K.M.J., Bjorkqvist, K., Berts, M., King, E. (1982). Group aggression among school children in three schools. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23,45–52. Laub, John H., & Robert J. Sampson. (1988). Unravelling juvenile delinquency: A reanalysis of the Gluecks. Criminology, 26(3), 355–380. Laub, John. H. & Sampson, Robert J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28,1–69 Laub, John. H., & Sampson, Robert. J. (2003). Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA:nHarvard University Press. Lee Chang-sup. (2012). South Korea and Racial Ostracism. Omona They Didn’t, 24 May. http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/9256900.html. Accessed 27 May. References 347

Lee Hyori becomes one of the “bad girls” in her comeback teaser photo. allkpop, 14 May 2013. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/lee-hyori-becomes- one-of-the-bad-girls-in-her-comeback-teaser-photo. Accessed 17 May. Lee Hyo-sik. (2015). WeMakePrice apologizes for abuse of recruits. The Korea Times, 5 February. Retrieved February 5 from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/ www/news/biz/2015/02/123_173084.html. Accessed 5 February Lee Hyun-jeong. (2015). Professor accused of sexually abusing student. The Korea Herald,16February.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20150216001046. Accessed 17 February. Lee Ji-hye. (2015). Indie filmmaker rejects mandatory military service. The Korea Times, 26 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/01/116_172462.html. Accessed 27 January. Lee Kyung-mi. (2015). Constitutional Court abolishes “scarlet letter” law banning adultery. The Hankyoreh, 27 February. http://www.hani.co.kr/ arti/english_edition/e_national/680075.html. Accessed 17 August Lee Kyung-min. (2013). Teacher-bashing student idolized. The Korea Times, 17 November. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/12/ 116_147805.html. Accessed 18 November Lee Kyung-min. (2014). Court defends Korean Air for firing abusive worker. The Korea Times, 8 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2015/02/116_173211.html. Accessed 8 February Lee Kyung-min. (2015). Abusive parents may lose parental rights. The Korea Times, 8 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/ 02/116_173212.html. Accessed 8 February. Lee Kyung-min. (2015). Freshman unconscious after drinking at orientation session. The Korea Times, 27 February. http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/ news/view.jsp?req_newsidx=174294. Accessed 28 February. Lee Kyung-min. (2015). Online hotline may be available for sexually abused students. The Korea Times, 5 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/ news/nation/2015/08/116_184287.html. Accessed 6 August. Lee Kyung-min. (2015). Sex offenders abuse positions of power. The Korea Times, 10 August. http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_ newsidx=184562. Accessed 11 August Lee Kyung-min. (2015). Working parents have little time for children. The Korea Times,14July.http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/07/116_182755.html. Accessed 15 July. Lee Su-hyun. (2015). The controversy of an elementary school teacher who made student ‘wang-tta ’for not doing homework (숙제 안 했다" 초등교 348 References

사가 제자에게 '왕따' 지시 논란), MBC News, 8 July. http://news.naver. com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=214&aid= 0000515048&sid1=001. Accessed 10 July. Lee Sung-eun. (2015). Teacher’s smack outrages nation. Korea Joongang Daily, 16 January. from http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article. aspx?aid=2999737&cloc=joong angdaily|home|top. Accessed 16 January Lee Sung-eun, & Chun In-sung. (2015). Ministry to urge colleges to assess student integrity. Korea Joongang Daily, 23 January. http://koreajoongang daily.joins.com/news/article/ article.aspx?aid =3000013&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 24 January Lee Woo-young. (2012). More teachers insulted by students, parents. The Korea Herald,9April.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20120409001207. Accessed 12 April Lee, C. (2000). Analysis of differences in personality traits and sociometric status of bully/victim. Chungbuk: Korea National University of Education. Lee, Chang-Hun. (2010). Personal and interpersonal correlates of bullying behaviors among Korean middle school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 25(1), 152–76. Lee, Claire. (2015). Child abuse surges by 50 percent in Korea. The Korea Herald,30July.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20150730001121. Accessed 1 August Lee, Claire. (2015). Drinking significant factor in domestic violence in South Korea. The Korea Herald, 19 August. http://www.koreaherald.com/view. php?ud=20150819001115. Accessed 14 December. Lee, H. J., Hong, S., Joung, Y., Park, H. J., & Choi, S.-S. (2002). The characteristics of adolescent substance abuse by the age of the first exposure to sub- stances. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 40,1194−1203. Lee, H. K., Kim, S. J., Yoon, S. C., Bong, S. Y., & Park, S. Y. (2001). A survey of adolescent substance uses in a small city. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 40,23−36. Lee, Hyun-do. (1997). Japan comics are textbooks for violence, the truth and the cause of school violence. Dong-A Daily, 4 July. http://newslibrary.naver. com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=19970704002.09137001&editNo=45& printCount=1&publishDate=1997-07-04&officeId=00020&pageNo=37 &printNo=23584& publishType=00010. Accessed 17 July 2014. Lee, J. (2006). Collective ostracism among youth in Korea. In C. Daiute, Z. Beykont, C. Higson-Smith, L. Nucci (Eds) International Perspectives on Youth Conflict and Development (pp. 124–138), Oxford: Oxford University Press. References 349

Lee, Jaeyeol. (2003). The social networks of Koreans. In: Korean National Commission for UNESCO (Ed.), Korean Anthropology: Contemporary Korean Culture in Flux (pp. 505–529). New Jersey; Seoul: Hollym. Lee, Jeong-yeon. (1982). Scary teenagers are getting more cruel. Kyunghyang Shinmun,9March.http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn? articleId=1982030900329203003&editNo=2&printCount= 1&publishDate=1982-03-09&oﬃceId=00032&pageNo=3&printNo= 11213&publishType=00020. Accessed 16 July 2014. Lee, Joo-hee. (2013). 2 out of 3 women feel unsafe from sex crimes. The Korea Herald,2August.http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20130802000575&ntn=0. Accessed 4 August. Lee, Kyung-min. (2015). Teachers face dismissal over sexual abuse claims. The Korea Times, 31 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/ 2015/09/116_185913.html. Accessed 1 September Lee, M. H. (2015). Alleged child abuse case erupts in Ulsan. The Korea Times, 20 January. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/01/511_ 172097.html. Accessed 22 January Lee, Seung-eun. (2014). Abused guard sets himself on ﬁre. Korea Joongang Daily, 13 October. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=2995976&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1.Accessed15October. Lee, Seung-eun. (2014). KCTA says abuse of watchmen must cease. Korea Joongang Daily,14October.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/ article/article.aspx?aid=2996018. Accessed 15 October Lee, So-ah, & Lee, Ho-jeong. (2015). WeMakePrice chief apologizes after hiring uproar. Korea Joongang Daily, 6 February. http://koreajoongangda ily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid =3000611%26cloc=joongangdaily%7Chome%7Cnewslist1. Accessed 7 February. Lee, Soo-bum. (2014). Survey: after-school academies the biggest source of students’ stress. The Hankyoreh,6May.http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/ english_edition/e_national/635740.html. Accessed 12 December. Lee, Sung-eun, & Seo, Ji-eun. (2014). Korean Air heiress could be facing arrest warrant. Korea Joongang Daily, 15 December. http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2998513&cloc=joongangdaily| home|newslist1. Accessed 15 December. Lee, Sun-min. (2015). Controversy over child’s violent poem rages on. Korea Joongang Daily,12May.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/arti cle/article.aspx?aid=3004058&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online. Accessed 14 May. 350 References

Lee, Yong-hwan. (1997). President Kim orders school violence to be eradi- cated. Mae-il Newspaper, 9 July. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index. nhn?articleId=1997070900099102009&editNo=15&printCount= 1&publishDate=1997-07-09&officeId=00009&pageNo=2&printNo= 9801&publishType=00010. Accessed 17 July 2014. Lewis, C., Newson, L J., & Newson, E. (1982). Father participation through childhood. In N. Beail & J. McGuire (Eds.), Fathers: Psychological Perspectives. London: Junction. Lipsey, M. W. & Derzon, J. H. (1998). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In Rolf Loeber & David P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions (pp. 86–105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 94,68–99. Loeber, Rolf. (1988). Behavioral precursors and accelerators of delinquency. In W. Buikhuisen & S. A. Mednick (Eds.) Explaining Crime.London: Brill. Loeber, Rolf, & Le Blanc, Marc. (1990). Toward a developmental criminology. Crime and Justice, 12, 375–473. Loeber, Rolf, Farrington, David P. & Petechuk, David. (2013). Bulletin 1: From juvenile delinquency to young adult offending. Study Group on the Transitions between Juvenile Delinquency and Adult Crime. Maltz, Michael D. & Mullany, Jacqueline M. (2000). Visualizing lives: New pathways for analyzing life course trajectories. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(2), 255–281. Marcus, Stephanie. (2014). Selena Gomez has a new tattoo that reminds her to love herself. Huffington Post, 16 July. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ 2014/07/16/selena-gomez-tattoo_n_5592 685.html?utm_hp_ref=entertain ment&ir=Entertainment. Accessed 19 July. Mark Sichel, LCSW & Alicia L. Cervini, The family myth. psybersquare. http:// www.psybersquare.com/family/myth.html. Accessed 22 February 2015 Marshall Clinard, & Meier, Robert. (1998). Sociology of Deviant Behavior, 10th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Maruna, S. (2001). Making Good: How Ex-convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Maté, Gabor. (2008). In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction. Toronto: Vintage Canada (p. 2). References 351

Mathiesen, Thomas. (1997). The viewer society: Michel Foucault’s “Panopticon” Revisited. Theoretical Criminology, 1(2), 215–234. McCarthy, Kevin. E. (2007). Juvenile delinquency and crime theory in blackboard jungle. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 14(4). McCord, W., McCord, J., & Howard, A. (1963). Familial correlates of aggression in nondelinquent male children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62,79–93. McGee, R., S. Williams, & P. A. Silva. (1984). Behavioral and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive and aggressive-hyperactive boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 270–279. Mednick, B. R., Baker, R. L., & Carothers, L. E. (1990). Patterns of family instability and crime: The association of timing of the family’s disruption with subsequent adolescent and young adult criminality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(3), 201–220. Middle school student commits suicide after talking with home room teaching telling her she was a wang-tta (대구 여학생도 담임교사에 왕따 신고했 다 자살). MBC News, December 30, 2011. http://news.naver.com/ main/read.nhn?mode=LPOD&mid=tvh&oid=214&aid=0000199392. Accessed 14 October 2012. Midlarsky, Elizabeth, & Klain, Helen Marie. (2005). A history of violence in the schools. In: Florence Denmark, Herbert H. Krauss, Robert W. Wesner, Elizabeth Midlarsky, & Uwe P. Gielen (Eds) Violence in Schools: Cross- national and Cross-cultural Perspectives. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. Min Pyeong-uk. (2010). The beginnings of Wangtta and school violence (왕따 학교폭력의시작), 18 August. http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn? rid=47&contents_id=3431. Accessed 14 July 2014. Ministry of Employment and Labor. (1999). Prevention measures concerning bullying at work, Ministry of Employment and Labor. www.kdi.re.kr/infor/ ep_view_source.jsp?num=34531&menu=1. Accessed 18 December 2015. Mo, Sang-Hyun, & Kim, Hyung-Joo. (2014). A study on the mental health improvement policy for children and adolescents III: An investigation into the actual conditions of mental health of children and adolescents in 2013. NYPI Youth Research Brief, 3(2) Moﬃtt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701. Moﬃtt, Terrie E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100,674–701. 352 References

Moon, Seungsook. (2005). Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Na Jeong-ju. (2012). Concerns rise over misbehaving teens. The Korea Times, 8 November. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/11/ 116_124273.html. Accessed 11 November. Na Jeong-ju. (2012). I felt fear of being buried alive. The Korea Times, 22 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2012/07/ 181_105463.html. Accessed 20 June. Na Jeong-ju. (2012). Universities won’t accept bullies, The Korea Times, 18 June. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/07/113_ 113316.html. Accessed 20 June. Na, Eun-Yeong, & Cha, Chae-ho. (2003). Changes in values and generation gap during the past two decades (1979–1998) in Korea. In: Korean National Commission for UNESCO (Ed.), Korean Anthropology: Contemporary Korean Culture in Flux. New Jersey; Seoul: Hollym. Naito, Takashi, & Gielen, Uwe P. (2005). Bullying and Ijime in Japanese schools: A sociocultural perspective. In: Florence Denmark, Herbert H. Krauss,RobertW.Wesner,ElizabethMidlarsky,&UweP.Gielen (Eds) Violence in Schools: Cross-national and Cross-cultural Perspectives (pp. 169–190). New York: Springer Science & Business Media. Nam Hyun-woo. (2014). ‘Salt farm slavery’ causes uproar. The Korea Times, 17 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/02/ 116_151780.html. Accessed 19 February. Nansel, T. R., Craig, W., Overpeck, M. D., Saluja, G., & Raun, J. (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 730–736. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, J. W., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2094–2100. New tomboy girl group GI (Global Icon) releases member images! allkpop,20 March 2013. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/03/new-tomboy-girl- group-gi-global-icon-releases-member-image. Accessed 22 March. Nicks, Stevie. (1977). Dreams. Performed by Fleetwood Mac (Warner Bros). Nishina, Adrienne. (2004). A theoretical review of bullying: Can it be elimi- nated? In C. E. Sanders & G. D. Phye (Eds) Bullying: Implications for the Classroom (pp. 36–59), New York: Elsevier. References 353

No more violence. The Korea Times, 18 March 2013. http://www.koreatimes. co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/03/115_132323.html. Accessed 20 March. Noh, Jin-ho, & Baek, Min-kyung. (2015). Penalty system kept students from coming forward. Korea Joongang Daily, August 5. http://koreajoongangda ily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3007499&cloc=joongangdaily| home|newslist1. Accessed 5 August. Ock, Hyun-ju. (2014). Korean students sleep just 5.5 hours a day: Survey. The Korea Herald,18February.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20140218000688. Accessed 19 February. Offord, D. R., K. Sullivan, N. Allen, & N. Abrams. (1979). Delinquency and hyperactivity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 167, 734–741. Oh Kyu-wook. (2013). Seoul to increase security guards, cameras at schools. The Korea Herald, 14 March. http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20130314000717. Accessed 15 March. Oh, Chang-min, & Lee, Jae-deok. (2013). Fair trade commission imposes a 12.3 Bn won fine on Namyang dairy. The Kyunghyang Shinmum, 9 May. http://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?code=710100&artid= 201307091755457. Accessed 14 May. Oh, Soo-young. (2014). Why Korean youth die young. Human Rights Monitor, 6 May. http://www.humanrightskorea.org/2014/korean-youth-die-young/. Accessed 5 July Olewus, Dan. (1990). Bullying among schoolchildren. In Klaus Hurrelmann and Friedrich Losel (Eds) Health Hazards in adolescence. Berlin: De Gruyter. Olewus, Dan. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Olweus,D.(2003).Aprofile of bullying. Educational Leadership, 60(6), pp. 12–17. O’Moore, A. Mona, & Hillery, Brendan. (1989). Bullying in Dublin schools. Irish Journal of Psychology, 10, pp. 426–41. One in four men engage in high-risk drinking. The Korea Times, 12 August 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_ 184708.html. Accessed 13 August. [OP-ED] Guilty until proven innocent: The lynch mob against T-ara and who’s really to blame. allkpop, 2 August 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/ article/2012/08/op-ed-guilty-until-proven-innocent-the-lynch-mob- against-t-ara-and-whos-really-to-blame. Accessed 5 August. [OP-ED] Is T-ara’s member change a way for Kim Kwang Soo to punish T-ara? allkpop, 8 April 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/04/op-ed-is-t-aras- member-change-a-way-for-kim-kwang-soo-to-punish-t-ara. Accessed 7 August. 354 References

Opinion. (2010). Ban on corporal punishment. The Korea Times, 2 November. Retrieved, from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/01/ 202_75641.html. Accessed 12 January, 2015 Opinion. (2014). Shooting rampage. The Korea Times, 22 June. http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/06/202_159565.html. Accessed 23 June Pakman. (2014). Korean military to change ranking system in order to prevent bullying. allkpop,14October.http://www.allkpop.com/buzz/ 2014/10/korean-military-to-change-ranking-system-in-order-to-prevent- bullying. 15 October. Pakman. (2015). Daycare center teacher charged with child abuse after throw- ing a 2-year-old to the ground repeatedly. allkpop, http://www.allkpop.com/ buzz/2015/01/daycare-center-teacher-charged-with-child-abuse-after-throw ing-a-2-year-old-to-the-ground-repeatedly, 9 January Yonhap News. (2013). Park calls for deregulation to facilitate M&As of venture firms. The Korea Herald, 14 May. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php? ud=20130514001150. Accessed 17 May 2013. Park Eun-jee. (2013). Court argues ordinance cannot be ‘nullified’. Korea Joongang Daily, November 29. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/ news/article/article.aspx?aid=2981236 &cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 14 January 2014 Park Su-yeon. (2013). 7 cm Knife scar photos in my 13 year old daughter’s Kakao story (13살 딸 '카스'엔 '7 cm 칼빵' 인증샷이 ...). Nate News,12 August. http://m.news.nate.com/view/20130812n02406?f=nate_app&s form=yes. Accessed 18 August. Park, Dae-lu. (2012). Mokdong middle-school girl who was bullied commits suicide, how was she bullied (종합]목동 왕따자살 여중생, 대체 어떻게 괴롭혔기에 ...), NEWSIS, 7 February. http://news.naver.com/main/ read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=003&aid=0004327162. Accessed 11 February Park, Eun-jee. (2014). More cases of exploitation uncovered. Korea Joongang Daily, 17 February. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=2985038&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 19 February. Park, H.Y, Heo Jongho, Subramanian, S. V., Ichiro, Kawachi, Juhwan, Oh. (2012). Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent depression in South Korea: A multilevel analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e47025. Park, Hye-min, & Kim, Hyung-eun. (2014). Office drama strikes a chord with workers. Korea Joongang Daily, 11 November. http://koreajoongangdaily. References 355

joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2997458&cloc=joongangdaily| home|online Accessed 20 November. Park, Ji-won, Nam, Hyun-woo, Baek, Byung-yeul, & Lee, Kyung-min. (2013). Why young workers quit so soon?. The Korea Times, 7 May. http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/07/399_135301.html. Accessed 8 May. Park, Ju-min. (2014). “Nut rage” prompts South Korea to consider law against high-handed conduct. Reuters, 15 February. http://www.reuters.com/article/ 2015/02/15/us-southkorea-nuts-backlash-idUSKBN0LJ05Z20150215. Accessed 18 February Park, S. (2009). The causal association between smoking and depression among South Korean adolescents. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 20,93−103. Park, S. H. (2007). Factors aﬀecting cigarette use and an increase in smoking frequency among adolescents in South Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 13, 318−328. Park, Si-soo. (2013). Root of K-pop. The Korea Times, 31 October. http:// koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/10/135_145257.html. Accessed 2 November. Park, Si-soo. (2013). Unstable stardom. The Korea Times, 5 September. http:// www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/09/386_142285.html. Accessed 7 September Park, Su-ji, & Choi Sung-jin. (2014). Survey: Academic stress threatening South Korean children’sverysurvival.The Hankyoreh, 5 November. http:// english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/663037.html.Accessed 12 December Park, Yeon-mi. (2014). Yeon-mi Park: The hopes of North Korea’s “Black Market Generation”. The Washington Post, 25 May. https://www.washing tonpost.com/opinions/yeon-mi-park-the-hopes-of-north-koreas-black-mar ket-generation/2014/05/25/dcab911c-dc49-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_ story.html. Accessed 27 March 2016. Patterson, G. R. (1980). Children who steal. In Travis Hirschi & Michael Gottfredson (Eds.), Understanding Crime. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Patterson, G. R. (1986). Performance model for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41(4), 436. Patterson, & Thomas J. Dishion. (1985). Contributions of families and peers to delinquency. Criminology, 23(1), 63–79. Patterson,G.R.,DeBaryshe,BarbaraD.&Ramsey,Elizabeth.(1989).Adevelop- mental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44(2), 329–335. 356 References

Patterson, G. R., Dishion, T. J., Stoolmiller, M. & Skinner, M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 172. Pellegrini, A. (2004). Bullying during the middle school years. In C. E. Sanders & G. D. Phye (Eds) Bullying: Implications for the Classroom (pp. 177–202). New York: Elsevier. Pepler, Debra, Jiang, Depeng, Craig, Wendy, and Connolly, Jennifer. (2008). Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors. Child Development, 79(2), pp. 325–338. Pew Research Center. (2012). The global religious landscape. http://www.pew forum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf. Accessed 15 October. Piquero, Alex R., Farrington, David P. & Blumstein, Alfred. (2003). The criminal career paradigm. Crime and Justice, 30, 359–506. Professor forced student to eat human waste: police. The Korea Times, 14 July 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/07/113_ 182720.html. Accessed 15 July. Public Prosecutors’ Office. (2013). The number of juveniles criminals according to the types of crimes and SES (1993–2013). South Korean Statistical Information Service. http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId= 135&tblId=TX_13501_A151&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=135_ 13501_5&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id= &conn_path=E1#. Accessed 22 November. Radford, Tim. (2016). Study shows human sacrifice was less likely in more equal societies. The Guardian,4April.https://www.theguardian.com/ science/2016/apr/04/study-shows-human-sacrifice-was-less-likely-in-more- equal-societies. Accessed 5 April. Radio Free Asia. (2007). North Korean defectors face huge challenges. World Corporal Punishment Research,21March.http://www.corpun.com/ krs00703.htm#19022. Accessed 12 January 2015. Ray, Larry. (2009). Violent crime. In: Chris Hale, Keith Hayward, Azrini Wahidin & Emma Wincup (Eds), Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 255–278. Rebellious ex-baseballer in tears over past. The Korea Times, 21 August 2015. http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/08/135_185307.html. Accessed 24 August. Respect your children. The Korea Times, 27 January 2013. http://korea times.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2013/01/137_129522.html.Accessed1 February. References 357

Richardson, Hannah. (2013). Overprotected children ‘more likely to be bullied’. BBC News, 26 April. http://www.bbc.com/news/education-22294974. Accessed 28 Apri.l Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1999). Suicidal ideation among adolescent school children, involvement in bully/victim problems and perceived low social support. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 29, 119–130. Ross, D. (2002). Bullying. In J. Sandoval (Ed.) Handbook of Crisis Counselling, Intervention, and Prevention in the Schools, 2nd ed (pp. 105–135). Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. Salem, Ellen. (2004). The landowning slave: A Korean phenomenon. In: Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments (pp. 185–198), New Jersey: Hollym. Salmivalli, Christina, Lagerspetz, Kirsti, Bjorkqvist, Kaj, Osterman, Karin & Kaukiainen, Ari. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior. 22, pp. 1–15. School violence ends in murder. Kyunghyang Shinmun, 20 March 1996. http:// newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId= 1996032000329103007&editNo=40&printCount=1&publishDate=1996- 03-20&officeId=00032&pageNo=3&printNo=15714&publishType= 00010. Accessed 16 July 2014. School violence should be kicked out from school. Kyunghyang Shinmun,5 December 1957. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId= 1957120500329201004&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1957- 12-05&officeId=00032&pageNo=1&printNo=3814&publishType= 00020. Accessed 14 July 2014 Schuster, B. (1999). Outsiders at school: The prevalence of bullying and its relation with social status. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2, 175– 190. Schwartz, D., Farver, J. M., Chang, L., & Lee-Shin, Y. (2002). Victimization in South Korean children’s peer group. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 113−125. Schwartzman, Nathan. (2009). How Gangnam mothers choose their kids’ friends. Asian Correspondent, 7 December. http://asiancorrespondent.com/26065/ how-gangnam-mothers-choose-their-kids-friends/. Accessed 6 April, 2015. Semba, J., Mataki, C., Yamada, S., Nankai, M., & Toru,M. (1998). Antidepressant-like effects of chronic nicotine on learned helplessness paradigm in rats. Biological Psychiatry, 43(5), pp. 389–391. 358 References

Seo Ji-eun. (2014). ’Evil’ in the military decried by Park. Korea Joongang Daily, 14 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx? aid=2993503&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 15 August. Seo, Ji-eun. (2014). Pope urges Koreans to come together. Korea Joongang Daily, 15 August. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article. aspx?aid=2993552&cloc=joongangdaily|home|top. Accessed 16 August. Seo Ji-eun, & Yoo Seong-un. (2014). Troubled corporals in twin suicide. Korea Joongang Daily,13August.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/ article/Article.aspx?aid=2993443. Accessed 15 August. Ser Myo-ja. (2013). Bill created to revise student rights ordinance. Korea Joongang Daily,31December.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/ news/article/article.aspx?aid=2982809&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 14 January 2014. Ser Myo-ja. (2015). Sentences reduced for four soldiers in abuse case. Korea Joongang Daily,10April.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/arti cle.aspx?aid=3002929&cloc=joongangdaily|home|newslist1. Accessed 10 April. Serendipity. (2015). GI (Global Icon) return with a new lineup and change in concept in “Doligo Doligo” MV! allkpop, 2 September. Retrieved 4 September from http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/09/gi-global- icon-return-with-a-new-lineup-and-change-in-concept-in-doligo-doligo-mv. Accessed 4 September. Seth, Michael. (2011). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Plymouth: Rowman & Littleﬁeld. Sexual abuses on campuses. The Korea Times, 30 November 2014. http://www. koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2014/12/202_169041.html. Accessed 2 December Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349–363. Shin, Kim Young, Leventhal, Bennett L., Koh, Yun-Joo, Hubbard, Alan, & Thomas Boyce, W. (2006). School bullying and youth violence: Causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1035. Shin, Su-won. (2012). Tiara bullying rumor brings about “Tiara game”.Isthis spilling over to become a social issue? (티아라 왕따설,'티아라놀이' 파 생 ...사회적 문제로 번지나?), Korea Daily,18August.http://m.news. naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=102&oid=038&aid=0002289796. Accessed 25 August. References 359

Slapping and exposure to gas (그것이 알고싶다, 997소 ‘쓰싸와 가스), I want to know, episode 997. SBS TV Program, 8 August 2015. http://www. ajunews.com/view/20150816133335721. Accessed 14 August. Smith, Peter. (2004). Bullying: Recent developments. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(3), pp. 98–103. Smith, Peter K. & Sharp, Sonia. (1994). School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives. London; New York: Routledge. Smith, Peter. K. & Brain, Paul. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behavior, 26(1), 1–9. Song Sang-ho. (2014). Military culture under fire. The Korea Herald,24June. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140624000935. Accessed 25 June Song, S.H. (2011). Happiness index for Korean teenagers lowest among OECD states. Korea Herald,4May.http://www.koreaherald.com/view. php?ud=20110504000521. Accessed 8 February 2015. South Korea’s exam suicides. al Jazeera, 10 November 2011. http://www. aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2011/11/20111110121212136117.html. Accessed 2 July 2014. South Korea—SOCIETY. Mongabay.com. http://www.mongabay.com/refer- ence/country_studies/south-korea/SOCIETY.html. Accessed 19 July 2014. Special Reporting Team. (2014). In Korea, there’s no room at the juvenile prisons. Korea Joongang Daily,10July.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/arti cle/article.aspx?aid=2991818&cloc=joongangdaily|home|top. Accessed 11 July. Staff Writer. (2012). Super Junior Yesung, ‘99% of the time idol members don’t get along. Kpop Starz,4July.http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/ 9978/20120704/super-junior-yesung-99-percent-of-the-time-idol-members- dont-get-along.htm. Accessed 7 August. Starsung. (2013). Lee Hyori makes it hard to believe she’s in her thirties with her jaw-dropping bikini body for “Cosmopolitan”. allkpop,19June.http://www. allkpop.com/article/2013/06/lee-hyori-makes-it-hard-to-believe-shes-in-her-thir ties-with-her-jaw-dropping-bikini-body-for-cosmopolitan. Accessed 21 June. Statutes of the Republic of Korea. (2014). Act on the prevention of and counter- measures against violence in schools. http://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/ lawView.do?hseq=24031&lang=ENG. Steinberg, L., Blatt-Eisengart, I., & Cauffman, E. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: A replication in a sample of serious adolescent offenders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 56. 360 References

Steinberg, L., Chung, H. L., & Little, M. (2004). Re-entry of young offenders from the justice system: A developmental perspective. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1(1), 21–38. Stuckleberger, Astrid. (2005). A transgenerational perspective on peace and on violence prevention. In: F. L. Denmark, H. H. Krauss, R. W. Wesner, E. Midlarsky, & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Violence in Schools: Cross-national and Cross-cultural Perspectives. New York: Springer, pp. 119–168. Sukkyung, You, & Hguyen, Jule T. (2011). Parents’ involvement in adolescents’ schooling: A multidimensional conceptualisation and mediational model. Educational Psychology 31(5), 547–558. Suzet, Tanya Lereya, Muthanna Samara, Dieter Wolke. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta- analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1091–1108. Sykes, Gresham, & David Matza. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review 22, 664–670. T-ara members’ tweets following Budokan concert receive some criticism. allkpop, 28 July 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/t-ara-members-tweets- following-budokan-concert-receives-some-criticism. Accessed 5 August. T-ara N4 confess they were nervous and scared about their comeback. allkpop, 29 April 2013. http://www.allkpop.com/2013/04/t-ara-n4-confess-they- were-nervous-and-scared-about-their-comeback. Accessed 3 May. T-ara representative remarks, "Hwayoung got arrogant". allkpop, 3 August 2012. Retrieved. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/08/t-ara-representa tive-remarks-hwayoung-got-arrogant. Accessed 5 August. T-ara/Hwayoung Controversy: Cliff Notes Edition, allkpop, 30 July 2012. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/t-ara-controversy-cliff-notes-edi tion. Accessed 5 August. T-ara’s Hwayoung leaves an ambiguous tweet. allkpop, 28 July 2012. http:// www.allkpop.com/article/2012/07/t-aras-hwayoung-leaves-an-ambiguous- tweet. Accessed 5 August. Teenager gets prison term for bullying classmate until suicide. The Korea Herald, 9 May 2012. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20120905001352. Accessed 15 October. Teplin, L. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(12), 1133–1143. The 8 main specs for finding a job (취업8대스펙,이것만알면취업성공), Issueman.com, 25 October 2013. http://issueman.com/112. Accessed 7 November. References 361

The Associated Press. (1999). South Korea doesn’t spare the rod. The New York Times,4February.fromhttp://www.nospank.net/n-e21.htm. Accessed 19 July 2015. The centre for juvenile protection measures: Adolescents avoid reporting harm. Dong-A Daily, 16 January 1975. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index. nhn?articleId=1975011 600209207001&editNo=2&printCount= 1&publishDate=1975-01-16&officeId=00020&pageNo=7&printNo= 16397&publishType=00020. Accessed 15 July 2014. The Children’s Society. (2015). The Good Childhood Report 2015. London: The Children’s Society. The classroom is shaking with fear from violence. Dong-A Daily, 6 November 1959. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId= 1959110600209103001&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1959- 11-06&officeId=00020&pageNo=3&printNo=11536&publishType= 00010. Accessed 14 July 2014. The Korean. (2009). Military service series: Part II—Life in the Korean military. Ask A Korean, 3 April. http://askakorean.blogspot.co.nz/2009/04/ military-service-series-part-ii-life-in.html. Accessed 22 January 2015. The Korean. (2011). Suicide in Korea Series: III. Sociology of suicide in Korea. Ask A Korean, 7 November. http://askakorean.blogspot.kr/2011/11/suicide- in-korea-series-iii-sociology.html. Accessed 6 July 2014. The price of fame. The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 April 2013. http://www. smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/the-price-of-fame-20130418-2i31d.html. Accessed 21 April. The school’s responsible for my son’s death: 1 million won compensation sought. Kyunghyang Shinmun, 28 March 1963. http://newslibrary.naver. com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1963032800329207015&editNo= 5&printCount=1&publishDate=1963-03-28&officeId=00032&page No= 7&printNo=5359&publish Type=00020, Accessed 15 July 2014. The tears of parents ...“Remove the teacher who made the one-day wang-tta system” (학부모들의 눈물 ..."1일 왕따제 교사 전출을"), News1, 9 July 2015. http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid= 421&aid=0001516907&sid1=001. Accessed 10 July. The way to and from school is scary. Dong-A Daily, 16 February 1982. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId= 1982021600209211001&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1982- 02-16&officeId=00020&pageNo=11&printNo=18575&publishType= 00020. Accessed 16 July 2014. 362 References

Thunder also leaving MBLAQ + G.O tweets about the departures + J.Tune Statement + FINAL ALBUM IN NOV. Omona They Didn’t, 12 October 2014. http://omonatheydidnt.livejournal.com/14331278.html. Accessed 14 October. Thunderstix. (2011). [Discuss] G-Dragon’s comeback too early? Soompi,10 December. http://www.soompi.com/2011/12/10/gdragons-return-too- early/#.U7N_PbHm6BA. Accessed 9 June 2014. Top court recognizes marital rape as crime for ﬁrst time. Yonhap News Agency, 16 May 2013. http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/05/16/3/ 0302000000AEN20130516003100315F.HTML. Accessed 14 December 2015. Troubling snapshot of average Korean teenager. The Korea Times, 4 May 2013. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/05/116_135109. html. Accessed 6 May 2013. Turnbull, James. (2010). Fighting sexual harassment at Samsung: Part 1. The Grand Narrative, 10 August. http://thegrandnarrative.com/2010/08/10/sex ual-harassment-samsung-korea/. Accessed 6 March 2013. Turnbull, James. (2010). Sex as power in the South Korean Military. The Grand Narrative, 31 March. http://thegrandnarrative.com/2010/03/31/sex ual-violence-korean-military/. Accessed 4 August 2014. Tyas, S. L., & Pederson, L. L. (1998). Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature. Tobacco Control, 7,409–420. Um Dong-jin, & Park Hyun-taek. (2014). For Hyun-A, sexy sells. Korea Joongang Daily,8August.http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/ article/article.aspx?aid=2993171&cloc=joongangdaily|home|online. Accessed 10 August UNICEF. (2014). Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence Against Children. New York: United Nations Children Fund. Unnever, James D. (2005). Bullies, aggressive victims, and victims: Are they distinct groups?. Aggressive Behavior. 31(2), 153–171. Victoria. (2013). South Korea—The suicide capital of the world. Beyond Hallyu, 16 May. http://beyondhallyu.com/culture/south-korea-the-suicide- capital-of-the-world/. Accessed 5 July 2014. Voice-changing procedure a hit in Gangnam Clinics. The Chosun Daily, 1 August 2015. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/08/01/ 2015080100456.html. Accessed 4 August. Was M to M using noise?. allkpop, 25 March 2010. http://www.allkpop.com/ artic le/2010/03/was-m-to-m-using-noise-marketing. Accessed 27 March. References 363

Watts, Joesph, Sheehan, Oliver, Atkinson, Quentin D., Bulbulia, Joseph, & Gray, Russell D. (2016). Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies. Nature, Research Letter, p.1. West, D. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1973). Who Becomes Delinquent? London: Heinemann. Where is the breeding ground for student gangsters?. Kyunghyang Shinmun,25 March 1958. http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId= 1958032500329201005&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1958- 03-25&officeId=00032&pageNo=1&printNo=3923&publishType= 00020, Accessed 15 July 2014. Widom, C. (2000). Childhood victimization: Early adversity, later psychopathology. National Institute of Justice Journal, 1,2–9. Williamson, Lucy. (2014). Kimchi: South Korea’sefforts to boost its national dish. BBC News, 4 February. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia- 25840493. Accessed 8 February. Wright Mill, C. (1959). The Sociological Imagination. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Yang,S.,&Shin,C.S.(2008).Parentalattitudes toward education: What matters for children’s well-being? Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1328−1335. Yang, S., Kim, J., Kim, S., Shin, I., & Yoon, J. (2006). Bullying and victimization behaviors in boys and girls at South Korean Primary Schools. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, pp. 69–77. Yi Whan-woo. (2014). President calls for thorough investigation into soldier’s death. The Korea Times, 5 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/ nation/2014/08/116_162372.html. Accessed 6 August. Yi Whan-woo. (2014). SK C&C fined for abusing SMEs. The Korea Times,11 February. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2014/02/123_ 151381.html. Accessed 12 February. Yim Seung-hye. (2011). Student bullied over game commits suicide. Korea Joongang Daily, 26 December. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/ article/article.aspx?aid=2946117. Accessed 12 October 2012. Yonhap. (2013). Day-care teachers in Busan abuse children. Yonhap News,19 November. http://m.media.daum.net/m/media/society/newsview/ 20131119215205210. Accessed 23 November. Yonhap. (2014). Sex abuse allegations emerge over dead draftee. The Korea Times, 1 August. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/08/ 205_162178.html. Accessed 5 August 364 References

Yoo In Na reveals what it was like being a YG Entertainment trainee for 11 years. allkpop, 3 May 2013. http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/ yoo-in-na-reveals-what-it-was-like-being-a-yg-entertainment-trainee-for-11- years. Accessed 5 May. Yoo Seong-un, Ser Myo-ja. (2014). Army attempts to curb abuse with peer system. Korea Joongang Daily, 11 September. http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2994666. Accessed 12 September. Yoon Min-sik. (2012). High school student kills self over grades. The Korea Herald, 22 August. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud= 20120822000768. Accessed 14 October. Yoon Min-sik. (2015). Sex crimes at schools left unchecked. The Korea Herald, 9August.http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150809000393. Accessed 10 August. Young Shin, Kim, Koh, Yun-Joo, & Leventhal, Bennett L. (2004). Prevalence of school bullying in Korean Middle school students. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 740. Young, Jock. (1999). The Exclusive Society. London: Sage. Yun, Ji-lu. (2013). 58% of victims of school bullying were also bullied at the workplace (학교 왕따 피해자 58% “직장서도 따돌림”), World Daily, 12 December. http://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode= LSD&sid1=001&oid=022&aid=0002609020. Accessed 14 December. Index

A cases, 45, 147, 152, 156, 162, Absence, 33, 256, 275, 279, 280, 164, 198–200, 217, 229, 259, 295, 296, 312 275, 282, 285 Abuse, 33, 36, 39, 41–45, 84, 89, child, 149–156, 158, 160, 136, 147, 148–169, 170, 172, 227–229, 271, 282, 285, 287, 177, 178, 182, 187, 190, 192, 304, 306 196, 197–201, 215, 217, 227, domestic, 199, 228–229, 320 228–229, 258, 259, 260, of elderly workers, 200–202 262, 271, 275, 282–289, emotional, 33, 136, 160, 294–295, 304, 306, 311, 282, 287, 294–295, 311, 314–315, 320 314, 320 among soldiers, 42, 17 habitual, 187, 201, 215, 314 and authoritarian violence, and harassment, 44, 161–163, 275, 282 167, 177, 262 bullying and, 8, 19, 23, 33, 36, labour, 168, 196, 198, 199, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 84, 147, 298, 311 158, 159, 160, 162, 166, 168, mental, 36, 44, 136, 172, 178, 170, 172, 190, 197, 259, 282, 198, 199, 304, 306, 315 289, 294, 320 in the military, 42, 147, 170

Abuse (cont.) day-care workers, 147 physical, 32–33, 36, 41–44, 150, military system, 144 153, 157, 160, 163–164, 178, Academic 199–201, 215, 217, 227–228, achievement, 18, 19, 295 259–260, 262, 271, 282, 288, failure, 17, 299 289, 311 performance, 9, 218, 307 of power, 33, 36, 147, 163, pressure, 17–18, 307 182, 259 stress, 17–19, 141, 223 repeated, 33, 39, 41, 42, 149–151, study, 9, 17, 31, 193, 296, 306, 307 157, 162, 201, 286 Accomplice, 3–5 reports of, 44, 45 Accountability, 162, 172 response to, 190, 285 Addiction, 21, 274, 289, 303–305 sexual, 41–42, 44, 160–167, 172, ADHD, 274, 289, 309, 310 177, 197, 227, 229, 258, 289, Adiaphorization, 214 304, 306, 314–315 Adolescence substance, 136, 295, 304, 306 childhood and, 78, 270, 274 teacher, 41–43, 84, 148–167, and early adulthood, 38, 274, 292 271, 294–295 period of, 73, 77, 168, 309 verbal, 33, 42, 44, 148, 150, process of, 38, 93, 292 163, 187, 215, 217, Adultery Law, 229 258–262, 282 Adverse childhood experiences violent, 42–43, 147, 148, (ACE), 136 150–151, 153, 157–158, 167, Aesthetics, 101, 103, 109 227–228, 282, 286–287, Afraid 292, 304 of being bullied, 80 of young children, 147 of negative repercussions, 183 Abusive, 7, 41, 43, 144, 147, of revenge, 62, 72 149–151, 164, 167, 170, 194, of teacher, 151 195, 200, 202, 225, 227, 268, Aggression 289, 317 benign-defensive, 57–58 actions, 149, 289, 317 human-speciﬁc, 57–58 acts, 43, 194 malignant-destructive, 38, 57, behaviour, 149, 151, 164, 58, 321 194–195, 200, 202, 225, 268, peer, 69, 269, 272 289, 317 physical, 30, 288, 321 citizens, 200 Alcohol conduct, 7, 147, 164, 194–195, dependency on, 265 227, 317 under the inﬂuence of, 7, 128, 200 Index 367

and tobacco use, 93, 281, 300, tendencies, 285 305, 306 values, 268, 299 Allowance, 6, 28, 90, 303, 308 Army, 2, 40, 41–44, 102, 171–174, Ambivalence, 98, 121 176, 177, 192 Anger barracks, 40, 41–45, 174, 177 brother’s, 90, 91 private, 40, 41, 42, 44, 173, built up, 268 174, 177 control their/her, 244 sergeant, 41–42, 171, 176–177 and depression, 67, 188, 311 Asian financial crisis, 81, 141, express, 271, 315 251, 272 fit of, 67 Assault, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 34, 41, 66, inside of students, 236 70, 71, 73, 89, 90, 149, 163, nationwide, 198 170, 176, 188, 193, 198, 201, pent-up, 265 205, 215, 228, 234, 240, 245, public, 67, 150, 208–209, 236 256, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, vengeful, 6, 51 266, 286, 300, 313 Angry groups, 2, 70, 71, 245, 258, 259 became, 4, 26, 66–67, 236, 242 Attachment, 53, 265, 277, 288, 312 every day, 26, 28 Authoritarianism, 36, 222–223, and frustrated, 160, 191, 301 232, 286 get/got, 90 Authoritarian parenting, 221, 255, made me, 26, 28, 47 256, 278, 286–287, 320, 324 parents, 149, 160, 236, Authoritarian violence, 275, 312, 315 289–290 Anti-bullying, 166, 207 Authoritative parenting, 287, 324 Antisocial Authority behaviour, 31, 63, 73, 268, 270, figures, 3, 23, 115, 210 278, 279, 284–285, 292, greater, 220, 272 293–295, 297, 298, 299, 310, hierarchy and, 13 311, 320 and power, 1, 9, 64, 70, 208, 210, child(ren), 31, 73, 268, 270, 274, 235, 262 278, 279, 284–285, 287, responsibility and, 153, 208, 274 292–294, 297, 299, 310, 320 conduct, 31, 270, 285, 292, 298, 311, 313 B parents, 268, 272, 274, 279, Backstabbing, 2, 281 284–285, 287, 299, 310 See also Twet-dam-hwa skills, 268, 292–293, 299, 313 Bandura, Albert, 155, 214 368 Index

Bauman, Zygmunt, 11, 95–101, collective, 34, 75–76, 107, 160, 104–106, 108–109, 213–214, 211, 245 222, 232, 292–293 cyber-, 34, 76–77 Beaten deep roots of, 10, 56, 59 being, 41, 68, 69, 171, 198, deﬁning, 27, 31–40, 59, 69 211, 245 from a developmental severely, 211, 241 perspective, 78 was, 3, 30, 68, 69, 145, 170, feature(s) of, 10, 35, 59, 75 171, 198, 204, 207, 211, 241, form(s) of, 12, 35, 36, 44, 245, 284 190, 278 Beck, Ulrich, 100, 172 group, 64, 65, 67, 68 Begging/begged, 187, 194, 233, intergenerational, 185 194, 241 international literature on, 77 Bi-directional, 14, 297–298, 307 international studies of, 73 Big Brother, 106 is a relational problem, 10 Big character poster, 142–143 is social, 75 Biophilia, 222–224 method of, 160 Blackboard Jungle, 63 prevalence of, 36, 39, 108, 278 Bly, Robert, 274–275 and psychopathologic Boyfriend, 3, 4, 80, 263 behaviour, 32 Bread shuttle, 37, 86 punitive approach to, 110–111 Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 13, 93, rate of, 79, 174, 278 280, 296 rationalisation for, 45 Buddhist, 53, 56, 155 reason(s) for, 69 demon, 155 reports of, 40, 113 temple, 53 research on, 31, 36, 75, 108, Bulimic society, 147–148 181, 278 Bullying scandal, 111, 117–119 accusations of, 40, 46, 118 in schools, 10, 13, 34, 39, 40, acts of, 9, 26, 110, 113, 147, 211, 320 175, 308 school teachers, 158–160, 163 adult, 31, 38, 73, 82, 87, 147, and school violence, 19, 86 149, 186 severe, 9, 42, 235, 241 in the barracks, 40–45 students, 36, 37, 41, 45, 46, behaviour, 13, 75, 78, 175, 180, 209, 278 183, 184, 185, 186, 195, 213, studies on, 320 219, 236, 237, 241, 278, 294, and suicide, 290 320, 321 tactics, 60, 147, 186–195, 237 Index 369

theories on, 69 Chaebol, 60, 186–195 trajectory of, 78, 180, 185 bullying tactics, 60, 186–195 tripod measure of, 33 See also Conglomerate victimization, 8, 31, 171, 221, Child abuse 259, 312, 320 cases, 156, 228, 229 victim(s) of, 9, 31, 35, 65, 75, 84, charged with, 150 174, 181, 184–186, 190, 209, eradicate, 154 221, 241 ChildLine, 77 at work, 147, 175, 180–186, Child(ren) of 97, 142, 251 183–184 Child Welfare Law, 227 in the workplace, 147, 181, Christian, 10, 12 184–186 Chun, Do-hwan, 64, 96 workplace, 40, 147, 181, 183–186 Cigarette(s) Bully-suicide, 27, 48, 203, 204, 209, alcohol and, 303 215, 226 per day, 191, 303, 306, 307 Bully-victim, 9, 75, 84, 85, 221, started, 25, 91, 256, 303, 306, 307 241, 322 Civilization, 38–39, 56–59 Burglary, 3, 259 Civilizing process, 153, 225–233, 232 Busan, 5, 85, 185, 148–149, 211, Classification officer, 4, 6, 9, 92, 251, 226, 300 252, 259, 260, 262, 263, 266, Bystander, 184 267, 281, 292, 301, 310, 314 Coercive family processes, 267–272, 286, 292, 299 C Cold-blooded, 83, 234 Cambridge Study in Delinquent College entrance exam, 87 Development, 279, 287, 294 See also Scholastic Ability Test Capitalism, 94, 96, 104 Commodities, 101, 104, 116, 214 Case file material, 14, 38, 250, 251, Commodity, 101, 120, 132, 214 272, 277, 294 Communication, 11, 12, 34, 169, Case files, 12, 250, 258–261, 282, 181, 242, 275, 279–281 290, 295, 310–311, 318 lack of, 279–281 CCTV Competition, 15, 19, 98, 99, 112, camera(s), 98, 149, 150, 208, 212 115–117, 119, 142, 143, 165, caught on, 149, 200 211, 213, 220, 222 footage, 148–150, 157 Competitive records, 149 fiercely, 87, 116 video, 148, 150 highly, 49, 83, 141 Celebrities, 99, 101–109, 128, 175 hyper, 87, 124, 179 370 Index

Condemnation, 20, 114, 153, 160, Creative economy, 14, 92, 94–95, 187, 201, 225 128, 130, 137 Condemned, 106, 141, 189, 199 Creativity, 94, 128, 213, Confinement, 3–4, 240 222–223, 225 Conformity, 96, 97, 128, 156, Crime(s) 213, 269 commit a, 108, 163, 302 Confucian, 5, 13, 53, 56, 173, 200, food-related, 10, 94 218, 221, 225, 299 hate, 95 Confucianism, 53, 87, 137, 233 hidden figure of, 161 Conglomerate(s), 133, 186, 187, juvenile, 64, 71, 73, 268 189, 194, 225 public concern about, 63 See also Chaebol rate, 64, 99, 278, 301 Consumer culture sex(ual), 7, 98, 163, 176 in contemporary South Korea, 93 violent, 7 embedded into, 92–93 youth, 39, 63, 71, 227, 268, 295 forces of, 93 Criminal activity, 255, 260, 301–302 possessed by, 101 Criminal justice policy, 10, 94 realm of, 92 Criminal justice system, 226–228 and school violence, 95 Criminal record, 1, 8, 317 and social relations, 94 Cross-cultural research, 77, 180 Consumerism, 99, 101, 105, 222 Cruelty Consumerist, 5, 13, 100, 101, 104, culture of, 177 128, 132, 138, 213, 323 and destructiveness, 38, 57 Contingent, 32, 259, 267, 268, 270, psychological, 33 298, 319 ruthlessness and, 142 Co-offending, 258, 260 vindictiveness and, 84 Core Contents Media, 110, Cultural landscape, 93, 225 112–113, 115, 119, 138 Cyclical, 9, 10, 24, 105, 185, Corporal punishment, 53, 90, 152, 244, 285 153, 158, 160, 165, 218, 222, 225, 228–229, 320 Correctional facility, 20, 135, 243, D 249, 263 Daegu, 26, 46–49, 51, 83, 204, 244 Corrupt/corruption, 43, 147, 167, 225 Data shuttle, 37 Counselling Day-care centre, 68, 77, 85 centre, 147–150, 154, 156–158, program, 173, 174 180, 273 services, 85, 212 facility, 150 Index 371

owner, 149, 158 Detention, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 20, 107, teacher, 41, 150, 153, 157 251, 256, 273, 281, 286, 301, worker, 147, 273 304, 306, 307, 315 Deadly weapons, 65, 70, 87, 238 Detention Centre, 4, 8, 263, 264, Death 301, 307, 309, 318 beaten to, 170 Developmental brother’s, 247 circumstances, 39, 319 bullying-related, 204 context, 13 cause of, 136, 140 criminology, 250, 323 high rate of, 15 handicaps, 266, 319 jumped to her, 46, 48, 189, 211 impairments, 198 penalty, 229–230 life-cycle, 147 premature, 136 obstacles, 221 sentenced to, 171 path, 269, 324 soldier’s, 41n46, 43n55, 45n65, 174 perspective, 78, 267 thoughts of, 123 process, 268, 269 untimely, 27, 47 trajectory, 180, 249–324 Dehumanized, 220 Devil, 110, 155 Dehumanizing, 14, 214 Diary, 6, 90, 251, 262, 309 Delinquent peers, 256, 267, Discarded, 105, 115, 121, 193, 298–299, 312 214, 240 Department head, 190, 196 Disciplinary Depressed actions, 166, 209 feeling, 50, 114 apparatus, 105, 165 teens, 305 committee, 165 very, 18, 50 measures, 155 Depression method, 165 medication for, 174 problems, 53 rate of, 276 record, 218 risk for, 18 social control, 105 suﬀering from, 8 Discipline Deregulation, 94, 96, 323 appropriate amount of, 270 Destructiveness and control, 101, 109 anatomy of human, 56–61 erratic, 317 capacity for, 38, 56 harsh, 270 cruelty and, 38, 57, 322 maintaining tighter, 41, 44 degree of, 57 order and, 43 sadistic, 58 physical, 153 372 Index

Discipline (cont.) Ecological system, 13, 296 and punishment, 105, 153 Economic repressive, 97, 105 development, 65, 66, 70, 199 supervise and, 299 forces, 93, 99 Disciplining, 90, 150, 286 growth, 16, 95 Discontent, 142–144, 146, 218, 302 hardship, 63, 273 Discontented, 15, 67, 68, 195, troubles, 273 283, 321 Educational Discrimination, 135, 218, 225 attainment, 17, 273, 294 Disproportionality, 27, 84 authorities, 166, 218 Dissatisfaction, 80, 142, 144, 302 environment, 87, 220, 221 Dobby, 167–170 institution, 40, 53 Documentary, 22, 51, 119, 120, philosophy, 54 123, 224, 233–235, 237, system, 14, 61, 82, 87, 144, 158, 241–243, 246, 248 213, 222, 224, 225, 236 on school violence, 22, 119, 224, Egalitarian, 59, 60 233, 235, 242 Elias, Norbert, 225, 226 Dokkaebi, 155–156 Embezzlement, 138 Domestic violence, 7, 10, 94, 228, 320 Emotional Dominance, 36, 78–79, 182, 195, 311 abuse, 282, 311 Dominance-submission, 56, 59, dependence, 277 61, 147 diﬃculties, 294 Domination, 36–39, 79, 180 dysregulation, 320 Domination-and-submission, 9 harm, 33 Dong-A Daily, 62n118, 62n119, needs, 265 64n123, 65n126, 69, 71n134, neglect, 136 81n154, 81n155 and physical abuse, 160 Driving without a licence, 258 problems, 136, 314 Drug use, 129–130, 258, 303, 305 satisfaction, 293 Drunk, 7, 62, 167, 243 well-being, 295 Dysfunctional Enlightenment, 96 families, 214, 239, 306 Entertainer, 116, 135, 137, 140 family environment, 288 Entertainment, 6, 104, 113, 115–117, 128, 137, 138, 263, 308 E Eradicate Easy prey, 69, 308 attempts to, 156 Ecological model, 93, 280 measures to, 154 Index 373

or eliminate, 95 Experi-vents, 255 the root causes, 42 Exploitation the roots of school violence, 82 and inequality, 5 school violence, 10, 65, 82, of the majority, 55, 59 206–211 risk of, 197 sex crimes, 176 sexual, 163 sexual misconduct, 166 of vulnerability and sexual violence, 176 weakness, 195–200 Escape from, 90, 161, 245, 246 widespread, 55 Ethics Exploited, 59, 147, 167, 178, 196 confucian, 13 Extortion of a consumerist society, 13 cases of, 70 psychology of, 36n27, 93n1, subjected to, 71, 205 102n29, 232n77, 318n130 of valuable goods and money, 70 research, 167 and values, 94 Europe, 225, 226 F Evil, 10, 43, 79, 84, 92–95, 98, 110, Facebook, 37, 104, 144, 210 115, 155, 156, 206–207, 222, Facebook shuttle, 37 234, 322 Family Court, 12, 285 Ewha Womans University, 14, 168 Family functioning, 274, 288, 305 Excluded, 19, 76, 104, 106, 108, Family management practices, 282, 115, 121, 182 285, 287 Exclusion Family myth concept, 316, 316n126 bullying and, 172 See also Magical family celebrities and, 101–109 Family therapy, 323, 324 inclusion and, 117, 148 Farrington, David, 10, 77, 186, 250, individualization and, 13 279, 287 and moral indiﬀerence, 5 Fear social, 34, 148, 232 anxiety and, 98, 108, 314 structural, 148 of exclusion, 106 Excrement, 84, 169, 190 of failure, 17 Existential needs, 38, 58, 321, 322 of invisibility, 104 Exo-system, 280 of revenge/retaliation, 71, 210 Expectation Feminine, 131, 230 high, 17, 18 Feudal, 193, 194, 195 parental, 17, 79, 224 Filial, 26, 28, 53 Expelled, 64, 291, 298 Financial diﬃculties, 140, 291 374 Index

Fordist, 96 Girl’s Generation, 253 Forgive, 51, 118, 171, 243 Glue sniﬃng, 2, 302 Forgiveness, 83, 129, 216, 241 Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor, 250 Fragmentation, 71, 98, 119–125 Goguryeo period, 53 Fragmented, 82, 97, 121 Goryeo period, 53, 56 Freedom Grandparent, 66–67, 256, 275, 289, of expression, 227 291, 305, 318 from, 223 Greek mythology, 222 security vs, 98 Group ﬁght(ing), 62, 65, 70 structure and, 287 Guidance, 220, 255, 267, 277, 315 to, 223 Guilt, 30, 67, 110, 121, 129, 166, Free market, 96, 97 194, 206, 264, 317 Free will, 4, 19, 145 Gwanpia, 199 Freud, Sigmund, 104, 317 Friendship, 3, 4, 6, 8, 242, 299–302 H Friendship circle, 8, 299, 302 Hagwon, 19, 155, 291 Frightened, 151, 261, 262 Happiness Fromm, Erich, 36, 38, 56–61, and creativity, 223 222–223, 232, 271, 276, era of, 48, 207, 223 317, 321 give, 92 provide, 93 Hatred, 110, 263, 286, 295, 318 G Hazing, 42, 44, 45 Gangnam, 16, 124, 138 zero-tolerance for, 42 Gabjil Healing, 98, 99, 100, 173, 185 phenomenon, 147, 182 Helicopter mums/mothers/ resentment against, 194 parenting, 124, 221 trying to reduce, 186 Hell, 144, 175 victim of, 183 Hell Joseon, 15, 144, 145–146, Gangsters 167, 196 like, 71, 74 Hierarchical school, 64 culture, 172, 173, 181 worse than, 74 order, 176, 177 G-Dragon, 130, 132, 134 social order, 96 General juvenile population, 273, society/societies, 38, 202 275, 282, 284, 303, 304, 310 structure, 38, 202 Girlfriend, 80, 92, 258, 314 system, 144, 158 Index 375

Hierarchy Human sacriﬁce, 59–60 and authority, 13, 323 Humiliate(d), 48, 83, 171, 191, 202 bottom of the, 140, 144 Humiliating, 37, 146 concept of, 266 and power relations, 163 and rank, 177, 180 I school, 124, 164 Identity formation, 69, 117 socioeconomic and cultural Identity making, 94, 105 forces of, 323 Idol(s) system, 177 deviant, 127–131 Historical group(s), 104, 116, 129 context, 52, 221 k-pop, 117, 125, 127 and cultural context, 152 singer(s), 116, 139 developments, 23 star(s), 110, 116, 120, 126, 127, transition, 222 128, 129, 140 Hit, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 25, 40, 44, 51, 64, Ijime, 67, 68, 69, 78 72, 90, 106, 107, 125, 129, Il-jin, 1, 2, 9, 10, 67, 71, 87, 120, 138, 139, 148, 149, 150, 131–135, 136, 189, 209, 210, 152, 155, 157, 168, 217, 228, 211, 233–244, 261, 263, 272, 245, 261 291, 300, 302, 305, 322 Homeroom teacher, 64, 107, Il-jin spec, 131–135, 189 234, 243 Illicit drug, 303–304 Homework shuttle, 37 Imprisonment, 156, 241, 245 Homophily, 231 Impulsive(ness), 73, 92, 264, 267, Homosexuality, 227 290, 291, 310 Hong Kong movies, 81 Impulsivity, 310–311 Human rights Incheon, 85, 150, 155, 157, 158 activist, 172 Indiﬀerence, 5, 54, 66, 108, advances in, 200 214, 281 basic, 220 Individuality, 101, 104, 113, 119, center, 196 132, 221–222 educational and, 160 Individualization monitor, 19 and exclusion, 13 practising, 153, 202 forces of, 99 protections, 153 process of, 172 researcher, 38 of South Korean society, 128 of students, 219, 248 Inequality, 5, 36, 104, 135, violation of, 197 142, 194 376 Index

Inhumane Junior(s), 2, 5, 6, 72, 80, 83, 84, 89, conduct, 155 146, 152, 259, 260, 261–262, education system, 224 263, 266, 308, 313 system, 220 Junior vs. senior, 5, 259, 323 Insecurity Juvenile correctional facility, 135, 208 and fear, 30, 98 Juvenile Court, 12, 233, 241 instability and, 273, 275, 290 Juvenile crime, 64, 71, 73, 294 Instability, 267, 273, 275, Juvenile crime statistics, 294 290–293, 312 Juvenile offenders, 287–288, and insecurity, 273, 275, 290 294–295, 304 Instant gratification, 104 Juvenile offending, 3, 10, 77, 284, Instinct, 57, 58, 321 310, 324 Instinctivistic trait, 57 Juvenile Protection Act, 80, 81, 82 Intergenerational, 185 Internet, 76, 91, 133, 134, 140, 202, 276, 299, 302, 303 K Internet café, 91, 276, 299, Kakao story, 74, 76 302, 303 Kakao story shuttle, 37 Intimidate, 6, 8, 83, 262 Kakao talk, 74, 134, 245 Intimidation, 6, 8, 33, 34, 39, 89, Karaoke bar, 81, 82, 91, 299, 302, 303 190, 258, 259, 260 Kick(ing), 2, 4, 5, 8, 105, 108, 157, Introverted personality, 79, 242 237, 261, 262, 291, 298 IQ, 91, 312 Kim, Dae-jung, 64, 85, 272 Kim, Hong-do, 54 Kim, Young-sam, 64, 82 J Kimchi, 13, 14, 84, 110, 150–151, Jail(ed), 163, 170, 172 290, 297 James, Oliver, 136, 137, 170, 271 Kimchi cycle, 9, 84, 174, 251, 321 Japan, 34, 67, 68, 69, 78, kisaeng, 137 111, 130 Knife scar phenomenon, 74–79 Japanese Korean Air, 191, 192, 193, 195 cartoons, 81 Korean Federation of Teachers’ colonial rule, 127 Association (KFTA), 107, 216, Jjang, 2, 106, 121, 122, 233, 217, 218, 220 234, 235 Korea University, 142, 161, 298 See also Leader Korea Youth Panel Survey Jones, Eric, 35 (KYPS), 273, 275, 282, 283, Joseon, 7, 52, 53, 55, 56 284, 303, 312 Index 377

K-pop Lord of the Flies, 124 boy-band, 1, 249, 263 Lotte, 188, 189 culture, 5, 93 Lotte Department Store, 189 and delinquency, 253 fans, 16 girl group, 110, 253 M group, 95, 114, 115 Macro-system, 93 idol, 117, 125, 127 Magical family, 314–318 industry, 116 See also Family myth concept market, 116 Magic power, 296 music, 115 Maladaptive parenting, 256, 275, song, 72, 102 282, 284 star, 105, 138 Maladjustment, 172, 266, 295 Kyunghyang Shinmun, 64 Maltreatment, 136, 201, 228, 285 Marijuana, 76, 130 Marital conﬂict, 274, 282, 287 L Martin Luther King, 21 Labour Masculine, 131, 230 abuse, 199 Masculinity, 176 conditions, 199, 212 Master-servant, 168 contract, 196 Maté, Gabor, 21, 274, 275, 289, 304 division of, 59 Medication, 174, 309 force, 97 Mental illness, 98, 99, 136, 172 market, 139, 311 Methamphetamine, 130, 176 union, 191, 199 Micro-setting, 280, 302 Lack of communication, 279, 280 Microsystem, 93, 297 Laub and Sampson, 254, 255 Middle class, 135, 273 Leader Military class, 8, 9, 262, 312 abuses in the, 42 See also Jjang culture, 42, 172, 173, 178 Lee Hyori, 126, 127 dictatorship, 41, 96, Lee Myun-bak, 86, 209 127, 190 Legislation, 42, 154, 156, 185 and hierarchical order, 176 Leisure activities, 17, 18, 280, 303 interrogators, 170 Life-course trajectory, 256, 297 investigation, 43 Loneliness, 100, 264, 267 lawyer, 171 Longitudinal research, 223, 274 life, 174 Longitudinal study, 79, 306 oﬃcer, 42 378 Index

Military (cont.) conduct, 239 personnel, 171, 225 dilemma, 121 police, 44 education, 51 prosecutors, 41 evaluation, 109 regime, 64, 65, 66 failure, 304 service, 97, 218, 254 forces, 96 sexual assault in the, 176 imperative, 155 training, 175 indiﬀerence, 5 unit, 178 justiﬁcation, 152, 155 violence in the, 42, 147, 170, 174 self-sanctions, 155 Ministry of Education, 85, 86, standards, 301 154, 212 Moral panic, 10, 27 Ministry of Employment and Motivation, 4, 6, 171, 178, 243, 250, Labor, 183 259, 261, 262, 267, 268, 296, Ministry of Gender Equality and 298, 318, 321 Family, 197, 281, 307 Motorbike, 258 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Motorcycle, 90, 128, 134, 304, 153, 227 305, 308 Misaeng, 179 Murder, 43, 62, 65, 70, 73 Mistreatment, 170, 182 Modernity liquid, 80, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, N 104, 293 Nal-ra-ri, 127, 128, 139 solid, 96, 97, 105, 293 Namyang Diary, 187 Mok-bang, 100 Neglect, 136, 221, 248, 267, 275, Money, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 25, 26, 30, 279, 280, 282, 289, 304 33, 35, 61, 63, 70, 71–72, 83, of duty, 84, 226 91, 140, 188, 190, 205, 233, Neo-liberal/neoliberal, 94, 234, 239, 242, 261, 262–263, 96, 142 272, 290, 308, 324 North Korea, 102–103, 150, 152 Monitoring, 82, 255, 270, 274 Moral actor, 239 O agents, 155 Obedience, 61, 156, 232 blindness, 109 Obey, 60, 190, 265 choices, 213 OECD, 13, 17, 18, 99, 191, 194 concepts, 264 Olweus, Dan, 31, 33 condemnation, 20 Online games, 82, 86, 302 Index 379

Onset Part-time worker, 195–196 of delinquency, 254 Passion(s) of drinking, 256 character-rooted, 58, 321 of smoking, 256 human, 58, 322 Ostracization, 53, 117 Patriarchal Ostracized, 55, 66, 191 rule, 60 Overprotective parents, 8, 81, 221 society, 15, 176 system, 61 Patriarchy, 60 P Patterson, Gerald, 250, 268, 269, 271, Pan-seong, 130, 301 278, 285, 287, 288, 292, 298 Parental Personal responsibility, 96, 193 affection, 278 Physical abuse, 8, 19, 44, 160, 217, attachment, 288 259, 260 concern, 156 Poem, 19, 20, 21, 249, 318, 322 conflict, 283 Poetry, 20, 137 discord, 255, 256, 278 Poetry therapy, 20, 318 divorce, 136, 275, 278 Police expectation, 17, 79, 224 agency, 7 involvement, 274, 279 cooperation with, 209 panic, 152 department, 85 rejection, 311 figures, 307 resistance, 63 interviewed by, 205 sacrifice, 54 investigation, 1, 3, 44, 152, stress, 229 155, 158 supervision, 288 military, 44 violence, 320 officers, 48, 85, 127, 207, 209, 219 Parent-child relations, 267, 274, 288, questioning, 151 305, 319 report(ed) to, 307 Parenting method, 266, 290 statistics, 73 Parenting practices, 270, 281, 282, Policeman, 240, 245 285, 287, 306 Political Park, Chung-hee, 64, 96 action, 50 Park Geun-hye, 10, 43, 64, 94, 137, apathy, 142, 144 138, 199, 204, 206, 223, 225 consciousness, 143 Part-time job/employment/work, 30, context, 23 59, 91, 190, 195–196, 197, power, 194, 204 299, 308 processes, 94 380 Index

Politics, 23, 53, 143, 144, 231 relations, 163 Pope Francis, 10, 12 superior, 60–61 Popular to, 36 blogger, 142 Powerful boy-band, 125 authority, 272 cool and, 91, 315 companies, 147, 187 entertainer, 137 force, 122, 125 friend, 120 friend, 120 girl, 120 inﬂuence, 299 girl group, 113 rich and, 137–138, 143 k-pop group, 95 student, 120 k-pop song, 72 weapon, 210 music, 135 Powerless person, 139 people, 193–194 and powerful, 122 victim, 176 singer, 130 Powerlessness, 79, 188 song, 132 Precarious, 121, 122, 143, 179, 212, successful and, 102 290, 292 TV drama, 99 Precariousness, 98, 100, 121, 122, TV personality, 125, 130 275, 290, 292 Popularity, 37, 139 Pressure Post-authoritarian, 230, 232 academic, 17, 18 Poverty, 12, 63, 65, 143 continual, 125 Power economic, 273 abuse of, 33, 36, 147, 182 emotional, 47 and Authority, 124, 175, 176, expectations and, 79 234, 259 of fame, 136 decision-making, 313 public, 157 dynamic, 78, 175 and responsibility, 212 elites, 160–167, 225 school, 50 of imagination, 36 and stress, 50, 190 imbalance of, 33, 39, 161 Prestige, 79, 138, 240, 272 of liquid capitalism, 104 Prevalence, 36, 39, 77, 174, 270 of love, 36 rate, 31, 39, 78 over, 36, 38, 39, 60 Prevention measures, 153 and prestige, 272 Prevention Measures for School of, 36, 38 Violence Law, 85, 212, 219 of reason, 36 Prey, 176, 195 Index 381

Prison corporal, 53, 90, 152, 153, 158, juvenile, 47, 67, 208, 160, 165, 218, 222, 225, 228, 264, 266 229, 320 sentence, 43, 46, 48 physical, 153, 221, 226–227, 265, term, 46, 170 288, 297 Privatization, 96, 142, 323 severe, 43, 48 Psy, 129, 137, 138 violent, 97, 105 Psychiatric hospital, 245, 317 Pure bullies, 9, 84 Psychological control, 288 diﬃculties, 267 R discomfort, 213 Rape, 73, 161, 227, 258, 307 distress, 186 Reality TV, 104, 105, 106, 135, and emotional problems, 314 175, 197 and emotional well-being, 295 Rebellion, 96, 97 illness, 315 Recidivism, 251, 301, 324 impact, 102 Regret, 45, 92, 121, 219, 296, 301 life, 11, 309, 319 Regulations make-up, 318 enhancing, 153 maneuveurs, 155 new, 176 problems, 172, 236 rules and, 44, 226 strains, 311 social, 64 stress, 67 strengthening, 166 support, 268 unnecessary, 94 therapy, 229 war on, 94 torture, 190 Rejection, 183, 219, 270 treatment, 236, 309 Reoﬀending, 264, 266, 267, 311 warfare, 102 Responsibility, 96, 108, 109, 153, Psychometric test, 291, 172, 208, 212, 213, 214, 301 312–314, 317 evasion of, 8, 193, 237 Psychopathologic behaviour, 32 Retribution, 47, 112, 226 Public uproar, 153, 189, 197, 198, Revenge, 28, 30, 62, 65, 71, 199, 202 72, 123 Punishment Risk factors, 229, 270, 287, 297, appropriate amount of, 206 300, 320 appropriate form of, Robbery, 73 251, 260 Role model, 131, 189, 271, 293 collective, 47 Roly-poly, 115, 116, 118, 119 382 Index

Runaway, 90, 307 Scolded, 28, 29, 201, 215, 216, 235, Running away, 8, 90, 255, 277, 286, 243, 276 295, 299, 307, 308, 315 Scylla and Charybdis, 222 Security increase, 153, 223 S individual, 142 Sadism, 38, 58 job, 195 Sadistic, 57, 58, 66, 84, 168, measures, 207 172, 322 personnel, 207 Sadistic drive, 36, 37 stability and, 197 Saenuri Party, 27, 146, 152, 153, strengthen public, 207 154, 173, 209 Security-centric, 39, 100, 210, 324 Salt farm, 198, 199 Security guard(s), 5, 147, 200, 201, 202 Samsung, 179, 189, 191 Security vs. freedom, 98 Samsung Electronics, 191 Self-centred, 91, 310 Satisfaction, 22, 46, 57, 58, 121, Self-control, 226, 268, 311, 312 137, 193, 217, 293, 321 lack of, 4, 310 life, 17, 18 Self-determination, 19, 229 Scared, 26, 91, 115, 118, 263 Self-esteem, 208, 284, 313, 314 Scholastic Ability Test, 50 Self-harm, 8, 74, 168, 284, 286, 304 See also College entrance exam Self-image, 267, 314, 320 School Seniors, 7, 45, 84, 91, 146, 171, 261, absent from, 91, 92, 314 262, 300 authorities, 53, 71, 73, 162, 216, Sentence completion test, 91, 266, 220, 234, 238, 247 277, 314 dropped out of, 6, 263, 295, Seoul Juvenile Classiﬁcation and 300, 307 Examination Centre, 210 record, 85, 219, 237, 240, 241 Seoul Juvenile Training School, 20, transfer, 68 249, 283, 284, 296, 309, 322 School grade, 17, 25, 50, 80, 99, Seoul National University, 49, 214, 240 161, 162 low, 239, 295, 312 Servant School Violence Prevention gaming, 30, 59 Program, 265 master, 168 School Violence Victim’s Family public, 161, 178, 273 Committee, 246, 248 treated as/like, 47, 146 Science-and-technology, 94, 95 Sewol Ferry tragedy, 10, 43, 142, Scold, 152, 265, 291 152, 231 Index 383

Sex marijuana, 130 crime, 7, 98, 163, 165, 176, 177 in public, 225 industry, 307 quit, 90 offender, 129 on school grounds, 298 offenses, 160, 162, 166 started, 91, 256, 306, 307 Sexual taking up, 305 abuse, 42, 44, 160–167, 262, 314 Sniff(ing) glue, 2, 71, 83, 302, 306 assault, 71, 72, 80, 163, 176, Soccer, 252, 273, 295, 296, 245, 256 306, 315 behaviour, 196 Social bonds, 100, 254, 305 crime(s), 7, 165 Social class, 38, 53, 55, 104, 292 encounter, 306 Social control, 101–109, 227, 310 experience, 255, 306, 307 Social evil, 10, 43, 92–95, 98, 115, exploitation, 163 156, 206–207 harassment, 44, 66, 162, 163, Social interactional model, 269, 288 167, 191 Social learning theory, 268 humiliation, 41, 175 Social media, 74, 76, 111, 208 misconduct, 44, 164, 166, 197 Social networks, 74, 217, 231–232 molestation, 44 Socioeconomic disadvantage, 38, orientation, 143, 218 274, 292, 323 relations, 164, 302, 304 Socioeconomic precariousness, 275 shaming, 238 Socioeconomic status, 73, 231, 232, violence, 10, 94, 163, 273, 292 174–176, 307 Sociological imagination, 11 Sexuality, 172 Soju, 7, 91, 306, 307 Shadow side, 5, 21, 234 Soldier, 2, 41–45, 59, 74, 102, 170, Shame 171, 173, 174, 176–178 and embarrassment, 226 South Korean Juvenile Law, 252 feelings of, 226 Spec, 132, 133, 134, 138, 182, 214 humiliation and, 175, 193 Stardom, 136, 137, 139 and punishment, 151 Star Wars, 5, 22 Shooting rampage, 42, 170, 173, 176 Statistics, 73, 140, 243, 294 Shunned, 68, 182 Status frustration, 135 Siblings, 80, 280, 292 Steal(ing), 33, 35, 233, 259, Slavery, 55, 56, 198, 199 261, 262 Slaves, 55–56, 59, 60, 168, 194 Step-father, 289, 296, 298, 314, 315 Smoking Step-mother, 66, 264, 276, caught, 90 281, 291 384 Index

Step-parent, 275, 279, 285 careless in their, 280, 285 Stimulation, 6, 94, 302 lack of, 255 Strain theory, 135, 311, 312 Surveillance Street, 4–6, 67, 70, 98, 245, 259, camera, 154, 207 261–262, 276, 308, 309 video, 151 living on the, 6, 259, 261 Swear(ing), 8, 47, 90, 92, Stress 107, 236 chronic, 279 Synoptic, 105 parental, 229 pressure and, 50, 190 psychological, 67 T source of, 19, 50 T-ara, 110, 111, 113, 114, work-related, 181, 281 115, 117, 118, 119, 125, Student’s Rights Ordinance, 218 126, 128 Submission Teamwork, 117, 178, 179 dominance, 38, 56, 59, 61, Teasing, 35, 68, 165, 176, 271 147, 182 Temper(ed) See also Domination-and- ﬁery, 291 submission hot, 90 Suicidal thoughts, 18, 50, 51, 191 quick, 310 Suicide Theft, 67, 73, 258, 259, 260, commit(ted), 8, 26, 28, 29, 302, 308 47–49, 51, 67, 123, 140, 141, Therapy 143, 244, 246 family, 323, 324 copycat, 48 poetry, 20, 318 counsellor, 50 psychological, 229 letter, 26, 27, 141 Third places, 299, 302 note, 14, 29, 46–50, 67, 141, 190, Threaten, 71, 72, 90, 168, 238 202, 204, 211 Tip of the iceberg, 200, 228 rate, 18, 99, 117, 141, 142 Torture Superiors, 41, 42, 146, 173, abuse and, 169 174, 175, 179, 181, 183, expert, 190 196, 197 psychological, 190 Super Junior, 116, 117, 129 water, 26, 30 Superstar K, 116 Traditional Supervision Confucian values, 299 care and, 148, 149 family, 98, 99 Index 385

Korean culture, 178, 180 day-care workers, 147 values, 232 energy, 14 Trainees, 116, 138, 197 expression, 226 Trouble-maker(s), 132, 139 father, 265, 282, 286 Truancy/truant, 256, 294, home/household, 297, 304, 320 295, 296 intruders, 107 Turning point, 251, 254–255 language, 143 TV program, 22, 99, 106, 135 media, 188 Twet-dam-hwa, 2, 76, 106, 111, 112, methods, 81 119–125, 128 mother, 281, 282 Twitter, 104, 111, 112, 213 movies, 63, 83, 86 oﬀending, 73 oﬀenses, 287 U outbursts, 90 Uncertainty, 98, 100, 293 portrayals, 63 Unemployed, 197, 198, 307 punishment, 97, 105 Unemployment rate, 139, 181 school, 27, 235, 236 UNICEF, 284, 294, 304 solutions, 227 Unpopular, 106, 298 students, 10, 26, 70, 209, 216, 222 video games, 63 V when drunk, 167 Vengeance, 173, 181, 226, workers, 147 263, 321 Volunteer(ed), 2, 20, 133, Vietnam, 197 265, 296 Violent Volunteering, 22, 133 and abusive acts, 43 Vulnerable acts, 85, 86, 282 position, 197, 198 and antisocial behaviour, 226 students, 160 behaviour, 77, 219, 220, 282, to victimization, 221 297, 321 brother, 282 carers, 148–158 W cases, 71, 153 Wang-tta, 9, 10, 40, 55, 67, 71, 107, circle(s), 64, 65, 71, 72, 81 117, 159, 160, 172, 175, 241, conduct, 171, 206, 227, 267, 292, 242, 243, 322 317, 323 Weakness, 195, 233, 315 386 Index

Well-being, 100, 114, 223, 322 Y WeMakePrice, 197, 198 Yangban, 53, 55, 137 Werther eﬀect, 48 YG Entertainment, 116 Working class, 63, 97, 279 Young, Jock, 106, 147, 148 Workplace YouTube, 110, 186 bullying, 147, 181, 183, 184, 185 stress, 181 victimized in/at the, 184, 185 Z Wrongdoing, 43, 45, 219, 234 Zero tolerance, 42, 166, 176