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The Dutch Resistance and the OSS (U) Maj Studies in Intelligence (1997) Of Market-Garden and Melanie The Dutch Resistance and the OSS (U) Maj. Stewart Bentley On 10 May 1940, the German 10th Some Dutch citizens eagerly joined Army, spearheaded by airborne the new party and to.ok positions in troops, invaded the Netherlands. the government. Others, however, The rest of the Wehrmacht force com- joined with the purpose of pretend- mitted to "the overrunning of the ing to collaborate while remaining West" executed the Manstein Plan loyal co the government-in-exile, through Belgium and the Ardennes allowing them to keep an eye on Forest. On 14 May 1940, the Dutch Dutch collaborators and steer policy commander ordered a cease-fire. and its implementation. The Three days later, the entire Nether- Leegsma family was a good example 44 lands was occupied by Nazi of this tactic. Agardus Leegsma, his Germany.- brother, and their father joined the This evacuation operation Nazi organized Dutch National to Britain of the royal The Dutch royal family, led by Police. The father had been a profes- family and a cadre of the Queen Wilhelmina, along with some sional soldier in the Guards 4,600 Dutch officers, sailors, sol- Regiment of the Royal Dutch Army Dutch Government was diers, and policemen, staged a Dutch during the interwar years. The critical in establishing a Dunkirk, assisted by remnants of the Leegsma family assisted various Resis- Dutch Navy and the entire merchant tance organizations during the Nazi government-in-exile and marine. This evacuation operation to occupation. During the liberation of the initial intelligence Britain of the royal family and a Holland, Leegsma and his brother cadre of the Dutch Government was joined different Allied units, serving networks in Holland. critical in establishing a government- as guides and combatants. in-exile and the initial intelligence 9/ networks in Holland. Additionally, As the harshness of the occupation the emigration to England of Dutch grew, so did native Dutch unrest and civilians and members of the Dutch resentment toward the Germans. armed forces from all over the Conti- Individual Dutchmen took it upon nent and from overseas Dutch themselves to strike back. With no possessions helped form the core of a central command, these brave indi- reconstituted Dutch Royal Army, viduals began recruiting relatives, Navy, and Air Force. friends, and neighbors into the first Resistance organizations. The dan- gers were exceptionally high: All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis Stirrings of Resistance captured members of the Resistance expressed in Studies In Intelligence are those of were usually shot or sent to concen- the authors. They do not necessarily reflect official positions or views of the Central The initial years of the German occu- tration camps. The primary Intelligence Agency or any other US Government pation of Holland were characterized opposition initially came from the entity, past or present. Nothing in the contents Social Democrats and Catholic should be construed as asserting or implying US by the removal of Dutch Jews from Government endorsement of an articles factual their homeland and harsh economic youth leagues. The Dutch Commu- statetnents and Interpretations. and political measures. The Nazis nists began actively resisting after the established their own puppet govern- Germans invaded the USSR. ment at The Hague headed by Maj. Stewart Bentley is a US Army Dr. Seyss-Inquart and established a military intelligence officer. Members of the Dutch royal armed Dutch National Socialist Party. forces who had noz escaped to Britain DECLASSIFIED AND RELEASED BY CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY SOURCES METHOOSEXEMPT ION 3929 NAZI WAR CRIMES 01 SCLOSURE ACT 47 DATE 2007 Dutch Resistance Netherlands 1944 (U) Netherlands ,The Hague •Delft Rotterdam Unclassified 743256 (6011.824) 7.97 48 Dutch Resistance 44 By operating covertly and passively, members of the Resistance were able to and successfully evaded German cap- function without attracting threat, and establish information net- ture secretly banded together and works. The telephone was their began collecting information. Under too much attention. primary means of communications, the leadership of Dr. Johan Stijkel, a and they always used nicknames. In Rotterdam lawyer, Maj. Gen. H. D. 99 face-to-face meetings, masks were S. Husselman and Col. J. P. Bolton often worn to ensure security. organized a Resistance group of young Dutch citizens. With the help MI-9 and the Evaders The Dutch Resistance command and of radio expert Cornelius Drupsteen, control hierarchy was decentralized and compartmented. Additionally, they established a wireless link with The British Military Intelligence Sec- the creation of small groups by indi- the British Secret Intelligence Service tion 9 (MI-9) was set up to exploit vidual Dutchmen with no outside (SIS) and began passing information available European Resistance net- links were widespread. Some of these assist Allied airmen shot to the Allies. works and groups' activities will never be down over Europe in returning to known, as many were captured and England. MI-9, also known as IS-9, Resistance operations were primarily executed by the Germans. Initially, infiltrated agents, usually by para- they used leaflets and underground limited to organizational and net- chute, into occupied Europe. These newspapers as means to enlist new working functions, as well as agents would link up with a Resis- members and raise money. gathering intelligence on the occupa- tance cell and organize the escape- tion forces. Probably the most heroic and-evasion efforts in a particular and dangerous aspect of resistance area, usually after being notified by The Underground Press was the hiding and sheltering of the Resistance of the presence of Dutch Jews and young draft-age downed airmen. The agents brought Underground newspapers were help- Dutch men and women by other money, maps, and false papers to ful, especially in areas where the Dutch, collectively known as onker- assist these airmen. The usual route telephone lines were monitored and duikers ("underdivers"). The best was either south to Switzerland or use of radiotransmitters was too dan- known story is that of Anne Frank. • west to southern France and then to gerous because of direction-finding Spain and Portugal. operations. These newspapers helped Individual Dutch were horrified and counterbalance Nazi propaganda and One such MI-9 agent was Dick appalled at the spectacle of their the German-controlled media. ICragt, who parachuted into Holland neighbors and friends being rounded Almost as soon as the occupation in 1943. He lost his equipment, up and taken away to an unknown began, anti-Nazi leaflets began to cir- including his radio, but continued culate.3 Period photographs show fate. Most Dutch Jews who escaped on armed only with a Colt.45. He capture were smuggled out of Hol- such newspapers as Dc Union being managed to link up with a Dutch openly distributed on city streets land to England via Belgium through Jew named loop Piller, living in the despite the obvious danger.4 By France and then to Spain, or from town of Ernst, and they built a net- 1943, underground newspapers had Belgium to France, and then to Swit- work designed to hide, protect, and attained a collective circulation of zerland. Smuggling someone out via eventually smuggle downed airmen nearly 500,000. Although some were the Dutch coast was extremely dan- out of Holland. amateurish, they were effective. One gerous, as the Germans increasingly such paper was produced by the fortified the coast in anticipation of Leegsma brothers working at The an Allied invasion. Some young men Initial Operations Hague. It was a translation and tran- and women as well as Dutch Jews scription of daily BBC broadcasts.5 hid throughout the war, participat- By operating covertly and passively, ing in underground activities. The members of the Resistance were able Another newspaper was also a two- underground networks established in to function without attracting too man effort. Working out of a hotel this manner later were instrumental much attention. This allowed them room in Grave, Gerald Peijnenburg in hiding and exfiltrating Allied air- to organize their cells, gauge the level and a Dutch Jew in hiding wrote men shot down over Holland. of the German counterintelligence and copied Young Netherlands. 49 Dutch Resistance By the middle of 1944, there were four major Resistance organizations in Peijnenburg handled the distribu- onkerduikers. Another activity cen- tion, and most of his copies were Holland. tered around the coupons used by passed from person to person, ensur- the Germans and the Dutch Nazi ing some degree of security.6 9 9 government to ration food and keep tabs on the population. The LO made counterfeit coupons, and it terrain prevented the establishment Slow Growth also obtained authentic coupons of hiding areas for large groups of from loyal Dutch citizens in the rnaquis, as was the case in France and employ of the Dutch Nazis. Other 'Ile Resistance developed slowly for Yugoslavia. Moreover, the flat ter- groups conducted raids and robber- several reasons. Because of Holland's rain, interdicted by many bodies of ies to steal authentic coupons from geographic proximity and cultural water, large and small, restricted government agencies. Arid some ties with Germany, many Dutch were movement to the established rail- Dutch civilians gave up their own sympathetic to the ideas of German roads, road networks, and bridges. coupons to the LO. nationalism, and a significant portion These were easily controlled by the of the population joined the Dutch Germans, who established check- Besides keeping an eye on Dutch col- Nazi Party and even the Wehrmacht. points to prevent complete freedom laborators, local LO groups engaged There were also Dutch civilians who of movement. Gasoline was scarce, in whatever resistance they could informed on their neighbors. and many Dutch used bicycles for without endangering themselves.
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