Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S

BarleyBarley DiseaseDisease HandbookHandbook Stephen Neate and Marcia McMullen Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University Introduction

Diseases are just one factor that , 2005 may produce spots and other symptoms on barley. They may be caused by the genetics of the cultivar, the environment, agricultural chemicals or even nutrient defi ciencies. Determining the cause of any 2 severe symptoms is important because a disease may lead to economic losses, but could be prevented or treated. Different solutions are needed for chemical injury or nutrient defi ciencies. Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Contents Introduction ...... 2 HEAD AND SEED Parts of the Barley Plant ...... 4 Head Blight ...... 30 Parts of the Barley Spike ...... 5 Loose Smut ...... 32 Leaf, Stem and Head Diseases ...... 6 Covered Smut ...... 34 Root and Crown Diseases ...... 7 Ergot ...... 36 Sampling Procedure ...... 8 Black Point ...... 38 3 LEAF AND STEM ROOT AND CROWN Net Blotch ...... 10 Common Root Rot ...... 40 Spot Blotch ...... 12 Take-all ...... 42 Stagonospora Leaf Blotch ...... 14 Pythium Root Rot ...... 44 Speckled Leaf Blotch ...... 16 Scald ...... 18 Stem Rust ...... 20 ABIOTIC (non-biological) Leaf Rust ...... 22 Nutrient Deficiency ...... 45 Powdery Mildew ...... 24 Physiological Leaf Spot ...... 46 Bacterial Blight ...... 26 Herbicide Damage ...... 48 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ...... 28 Environmental Conditions ...... 50 Parts of the Barley Plant , 2005

Flag leaf Crown Crown Spike or roots Head

4 Seed Stem Subcrown internode

Leaf Seminal roots

Node Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University 2-rowed barley 6-rowed barley

Awns , 2005

Caryopsis (seed)

5 Glumes

Rachis Node

Parts of the Barley Spike Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Leaf, Stem and Head Diseases

DIAGNOSIS , 2005 Diagnosing a disease in a crop from a vehicle is impossible. Stunting or color changes in the crop indicate a need to inspect at close range, but by the time these gross changes 6 are obvious, it may be too late to control the disease. You must walk into the crop and inspect the plant from the crown to uppermost leaves, as many diseases only develop on speciﬁ c plant parts. Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University DIAGNOSIS Root and crown diseases are generally hidden because the , 2005 symptoms are underground or at the soil surface. Often the only visible symptoms are poor crop growth or stunting. In some cases there is a brief period where obvious top symptoms, such as bleached heads or premature death of the plant, occur shortly before the crop ripens. To diagnose root and crown diseases you need a digging implement, a small knife and a bucket with water or access to running water. 7 Plants showing poor growth should be dug with at least 3 to 4 inches of the root system. Loose soil can be gently knocked off the roots and the roots washed free of the remaining soil. Healthy roots on a growing plant are whitish, ﬂ eshy and intact with regular branching. The subcrown internode between the seed and the crown should be white or cream after scratching off the papery covering. The crown and tiller bases, when split, should be cream to yellow on a mature plant. Any browning, blackening or redness on the roots, subcrown internode or stem base is an indication of a diseased plant. Root and Crown Diseases Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Sampling Procedure

SAMPLING TO DETERMINE DISEASE SEVERITY , 2005 One or two mildly infected plants in a fi eld is of no concern, but higher numbers of infected plants or the numbers of plants becoming infected at a rapid rate is important. Determining disease incidence or how 8 severity is progressing requires repeatable and accurate sampling. Walk about 20 yards into a crop and then begin walking in a very large circle stopping at regular intervals so that 8 to 10 stops are made during the circuit. Each time you stop, randomly choose a plant and inspect it for disease. Estimate the amount of disease on each plant and record the average. Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University SHIPPING SAMPLES TO THE NDSU DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY , 2005 • Collect samples from several plants. • Collect large samples, e.g. whole leaves, whole plants. • Place samples in a plastic bag loosely folded at the top, but not sealed. • Wrap roots in damp (not wet) paper towels. • Do not add moistened paper towels to plant leaves; there should be no surface moisture. • Regular mail is sufficient if the sample is not sealed in plastic or sent late in the week. • Complete a sample submission form found on www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/diaglab or, 9 • Include your name, address and phone number. • Describe the problem (symptoms, when they began, spread, location in field, etc.) • Provide background (field history, management, chemical use, neighboring fields, etc.) Note: A fee may apply for disease diagnosis, see website for details. Ship to: NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab 306 Walster Hall Fargo, ND 58105-5012 Sampling Procedure Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University affected resistant. Other crops arenot 2-rowed barleyismoderately susceptible tosusceptible, varieties aremoderately Most current6-rowedbarley HOSTS Severely affected leavesdie. surrounding thenetpattern. Some yellowingoftheareas leaf sheathsandglumes. net-like patternonleaves, develop intoachocolatebrown Small circularbrownspotsthat SYMPTOMS (Pyrenophora teres) Net Blotch . 10

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Plant resistant varieties • Apply fungicides • Rotate with crops other than barley • Destroy infected barley residue

LEAF AND Net Blotch STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Spot Blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) , 2005 SYMPTOMS On leaves, dark brown round or elongated spots that may join into larger irregular patches. Both spots and patches surrounded by yellow. 12 Severely affected leaves die and dry up, leaving the characteristic brown lesion visible. If severe, brown spots can occur on glumes. HOSTS Recently released 6-rowed barley varieties have good resistance; most 2-rowed varieties are moderately susceptible. Wheat and durum are affected to a lesser extent. Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University CONTROL , 2005 • Plant resistant varieties • Apply fungicides • Avoid continuous barley; rotate with non-hosts, such as oats, rye, broadleaf species • Destroy infected barley residue • Use clean seed 13

LEAF AND Spot Blotch STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Stephen Neate and Marcia McMullen, North Dakota State University Stagonospora Leaf Blotch

(Stagonospora avenae f. sp. triticea) , 2005

SYMPTOMS Spots fi rst appear as small yellow fl ecks, later becoming tan with a yellow border. Spots are boat- shaped at fi rst, then merge to form blotches. The margins of the spots 14 are indefi nite. Leaves dry and shrivel.

HOSTS All barley varieties are susceptible. Attacks wheat, durum and some grasses. Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University CONTROL , 2005 • Destroy infected cereal residue • Apply fungicides

LEAF AND Stagonospora Leaf Blotch STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Speckled Leaf Blotch

(Septoria passerinii) , 2005

SYMPTOMS Light brown elongated spots surrounded by yellow tissue with the margins of the leaf often dried. Spots may merge. Eventually, lines of very small black structures 16 called pycnidia form in the brown tissue of the lesion.

HOSTS Current barley varieties are susceptible. Other crops are not affected. Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University CONTROL , 2005 • Use most resistant varieties • Apply fungicides • Rotate with other crops • Destroy infected barley residue

LEAF AND Speckled Leaf Blotch STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University All barley varieties are susceptible. HOSTS margins. straw coloredwithbrownortan soaked andbecomebleachedor shaped andbluish-greenorwater wet weather. The spotsareoval Leaf spotsdevelopduringcool, SYMPTOMS (Rhynchosporium secalis) Scald 18

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Apply systemic fungicides • Rotate with other crops • Destroy infected barley residue • Plant clean seed

LEAF AND Scald STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University epidemics rare. environmental conditions make varieties aresusceptible,but f. sp. and rye( graminis Barley andwheat( HOSTS awns. the leafblades,andglumes If severe,sporescanformon on thestemsandleafsheaths. Dark red-brownsporemasses SYMPTOMS (Puccinia graminis) Stem Rust secalis Puccinia graminis f. sp ). Mostcurrent . tritici Puccinia ), barley 20

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Apply fungicide sprays

LEAF AND Stem Rust STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Leaf Rust Leaf planted. Barley, particularlylate HOSTS affected andleavescandie. If severe,sheathescanbe develop onupperleafsurface. by ableachedoryellowhalo spore massessurrounded Small orange-browncircular SYMPTOMS (Puccinia hordei) 22

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Apply systemic fungicides

LEAF AND Leaf Rust STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University humid andovercast. Barley, particularlywhencool, HOSTS leaf tissue. yellowing, browninganddeathof Symptoms areassociatedwith of theplantcanbeaffected. blade. All above-ground parts or completelycoveringtheleaf masses ofsporesscatteredon White tobuff orgraypowdery SYMPTOMS (Blumeria graminis Powdery Mildew Powdery f.sp. hordei) 24

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Apply fungicides

Close-up of spore masses LEAF AND Powdery Mildew STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University (Xanthomonas Bacterial Blight and grasses. Barley, wheat,durum HOSTS stripes. surfaced brown irregular glossy- and mergeinto The lesionselongate damp weather. droplets developonleavesafterseveraldaysofrainy, Linear water-soakedareasandbacterialexudate SYMPTOMS transluscens

pv transluscens) 26

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Rotate with broadleaf species • Destroy infected stubble • Plant clean seed

LEAF AND Bacterial Blight STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Barley YellowBarley Virus Dwarf grasses. Barley, wheat,oats,andother HOSTS seed andsterility. of olderleaves.Stunting,small Bright yellowtipsandmargins symptoms can occur in patches. several speciesofaphids,and The virusistransmittedby SYMPTOMS (left) Diseased plant 28

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Plant resistant or tolerant cultivars • Change timing of planting • Increase plant nutrition and health • Apply insecticides to control aphids

Aphid vectors of BYDV LEAF AND Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus STEM Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Head Blight many grasses. Barley, wheat,durum,cornand HOSTS as bleachingofheadsandsterility. clusters ofsporesareseenaswell rachis. Ifsevere,salmon-orange Brownish lesionsontheglumesor SYMPTOMS (Fusarium spp. ) 30

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Rotate with broadleaf crops • Apply fungicides • Destroy infected residue • Plant clean seed • Plant more resistant varieties 31

Infected pink seed with black perithecia (fruiting bodies)

HEAD AND Head Blight SEED Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University (Ustilago nuda) one ormoreraces. All barleyvarieties aresusceptibleto HOSTS developing seed. established intheembryoof infects openﬂ owers andbecomes surrounding thembreak. The fungus wind whenthedelicatemembranes are dislodgedandscatteredby earlier thanhealthyheads.Spores awns. Smuttedheadsoftenemerge little developmentofﬂ oral bractsand replace theentireheadofplantswith Masses ofolive-brownsmutspores SYMPTOMS Loose Smut 32

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Plant clean seed • Apply fungicides

HEAD Cross-section of healthy (left) and infected seed (right) AND Loose Smut SEED Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Covered Smut (Ustilago hordei) to oneormoreraces. All barleyvarietiesaresusceptible HOSTS the seed. dislodged bythreshingandinfect until plantmaturitywhentheyare are containedinamembrane least partiallydevelopandspores plants. Floralbractsandawnsat spores replacetheentireheadof Masses ofdarkbrownsmut SYMPTOMS 34

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Plant clean seed • Apply fungicides

HEAD AND Covered Smut SEED Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Ergot wet conditionsat ﬂ owering can increasethe disease. levels oats andgrasses.Disease Barley, wheat,durum,rye, HOSTS into pieces. can remainintactorbreak During harvesttheergots times largerthanthegrain. head. The sclerotiacanbe2to4 replace oneormoregrainsonthe a pointedelongatedgrainshape Purple blackergots(sclerotia)with SYMPTOMS (Claviceps purpurea) often arelow, butcool, f Germinating ergot ruiting structures honeydew Ergot oozing 36

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Plant clean seed • Sclerotia in the ﬁ eld can be inactivated by burying 2 inches deep • Rotate with non-host crops for at least two years 37

Ergoted seed (left) and healthy seed (right) HEAD AND Ergot SEED Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University susceptible. All barleyvarietiesare HOSTS be decreased. shriveled. Germinationcan darkens andbecomes severe moreofthegrain to black,andwhenmore become chocolatebrown Embryo endsofthegrain SYMPTOMS (Alternaria Black Point spp., Bipolaris,Fusarium sp. ) 38

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Plant one of the few resistant cultivars • Manage irrigation

HEAD AND Black Point SEED Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Common Root Rot resistant. susceptible tomoderately resistant; mostare moderately No varietyiscompletely Barley, wheatanddurum. HOSTS to darkbrownandrotted. shriveled androotsarehoney Kernels intheheadare may turnprematurelywhite. the season. Affected plants Crown rotdevelopslaterin stems belowthesoilline. subcrown internodeoron Dark brownspotsonthe SYMPTOMS (Cochliobolus sativus) seminal rootinfection Subcrown internode and Stem-base infection 40

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 , 2005 , 2005

Common root rot infection on subcrown internode: Healthy (left) through to severe (right) 41 CONTROL • Promote rapid emergence by planting in well prepared, warm seed bed • Avoid herbicide stress • Rotate with crops such as oats, or broadleaf crops • Use fungicide seed treatment ROOT AND Common Root Rot CROWN Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University disease; othercrops donot. resistant. Oatswill hostarelatedorganism, Wheat issusceptible, barleysusceptibletomoderately resistant,andryetriticale moderately HOSTS shriveled grain. ripening, plantdeathand infection resultsinpremature As theplantmatures,severe of thecrownandstembases. plants mayshowblackening the root.Severelyinfected black centralcylinderwithin and appear as early as four weeks Characteristic rootsymptoms SYMPTOMS Take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminisvar typically are seenasa G. graminis var avenae. tritici) Mostgrassweeds hostthe 42

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Rotate with a broadleaf crop • Provide good plant nutrition • Use fungicide seed treatment • Biological control agents are in use outside of the U.S. 43

Blackened center of roots infected with take-all fungus ROOT AND Take-all CROWN Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Pythium Root Rot ROOT

(Pythium sp.) AND , 2005 CROWN SYMPTOMS Seedlings are stunted and slow growing, roots and stems become rotted and the seedlings die. Roots show a lack of root hairs and are stunted and brown. Crops show poor emergence and seedling growth.

HOSTS 44 A wide host range, including many agricultural crops. Generally associated with cool, wet conditions at seeding and during early growth.

CONTROL • Avoid stubble retention and reduced tillage that may make the condition worse • Improve phosphorus nutrition • Use fungicide seed treatment Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Nutrient Deﬁ ciency , 2005

SYMPTOMS Stunted or uneven growth, yellowing, abnormal patterns of color on leaves and stems. Poor yield. Barley cultivars can vary in their nutrient use efﬁ ciency. 45 CONTROL • Apply appropriate nutrient in the current season • Apply appropriate nutrient as a preventative measure before the next season

ABIOTIC Nutrient Deﬁ ciency Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Physiological Leaf Spot Physiological Leaf symptoms. associated withthe No pathogensare shape. widely insizeand tan spotsthatvary Dark browntolight SYMPTOMS 46

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • None known • Genetically inherited but only expressed under some environmental conditions

ABIOTIC Physiological Leaf Spot Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Herbicide Damage on leaves chlorotic blotches Brown and agricultural chemicals. vary intheirsensitivitytovarious changes tocolor. Barleycultivars of headandleafdistortion, developed roots,stunting,arange Decreased germination,abnormally SYMPTOMS 48

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 CONTROL , 2005 • Attention to appropriate rates of chemical application • Attention to application technologies to reduce off-target effects

Healthy (far left) and stunted plants due to pre-emergent herbicide ABIOTIC Herbicide Damage Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University Environmental Conditions • • CONTROL waterlogging. Yellowing andplantdeathcausedby and chlorosisonheadcausedbyfrost. Chlorotic bandsonyoungleaves,sterility SYMPTOMS Avoid lowareas prone toﬂ ooding on seedlings avoid frostdamage Time sowingto awns causedbyfrost Chlorosis ofheadsand 50

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005 Photographs supplied by: , 2005 Stephen Neate (NDSU) Marcia McMullen (NDSU) Paul Schwarz (NDSU) Brian Steffenson (University of Minnesota) NDSU, Department of Plant Pathology Design and layout by Mary-Anne Fiebig (NDSU) Financial support provided by North Dakota Barley Council 51 For more information on this topic see: www.ag.ndsu.edu www.ndbarley.net Department of Plant Pathology North Dakota Barley Council North Dakota State University 505 40th St. S.W., Suite E Fargo, ND 58105 Fargo, ND 58103 Phone: (701) 231-8362 Phone: (701) 239-7200 ISBN 0-9655645-1-7 May 2005 Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University A joint production for North Dakota barley growers by: North Dakota Barley Council North Dakota State University

NDSU is an equal opportunity institution. PP1293 This information is available in other formats on request at (701) 231-7881

Barley Disease Handbook, Neate, S. and McMullen, M., North Dakota State University, 2005