Stand der Pflanzenzüchtung in den neuen EU-Beitrittsländern aus Mittel- und Osteuropa - zukünftige Strategien Khorasan , Kamut® and ‘Pharaonenkorn’: Origin, characteristics and potential H. GRAUSGRUBER, C. SAILER and P. RUCKENBAUER

Abstract Rheological traits from farinograph, ex- Central Asia (, Mesopotamia, tensograph, and alveograph were gene- , Kazakhstan), and northern Africa The consumer’s interest in natural, un- rally lower than that of check cul- (VAVILOV, 1951; GÖKGÖL, 1961). conventional and nutritional foods led to tivars. The same was the case for total Cultivation in pure stands was restricted new niche markets for numerous special- yellow pigment content. Baking tests (GÖKGÖL, 1961), while the occurrence ty or alternative . Production of revealed loaf volumes not significantly in mixture with durum and wheat many of specialty grains, e.g. einkorn, different from durum wheat, however, (T. aestivum L.) was prevalent (UFER, , or wheat, is related to the the taste of the was evaluated su- 1956; GÖKGÖL, 1961). In wheat evo- rapidly increasing interest in organical- perior to the control durum bread. lution, breeding and production Khora- ly grown products. Until recently ancient Due to the higher height, low lod- san wheat played an obscure role until or primitive were never the sub- recent times. The crop survived probab- ject of modern program- ging resistance and high susceptibility against powdery mildew ly over the centuries in subsistence far- mes; they exhibit some unique characte- may be more suitable for organic farming ming systems (HAMMER, 2000). Re- ristics and are currently produced on a systems. However, further experiments cently, DOKUYUCU et al. (2004) iden- marginal scale. Khorasan or Oriental are necessary to study the interactions tified only one landrace of Khorasan wheat (Triticum turanicum) is such a between sowing density, sowing dates, wheat in their collection of wheat land- neglected and underutilized tetraploid weed suppression, thousand kernel races from the Kahramanmaras region wheat species, which probably survived weight and kernel plumpness in order to of east-mediterranean Turkey, where the over the centuries in the and find production procedures for an opti- spread of modern led to the Central Asia. In the presented study agro- mal and stable yield. nearly extinction of landraces. nomic and quality traits of 14 accessi- Key-words: Ancient wheat - specialty Kamut® is a registered trademark used ons of Khorasan wheat were evaluated in marketing products of the protected in the Marchfeld region, north-east of grain - tetraploid wheat - Triticum tura- nicum cultivated turanicum variety ‘QK-77’, Vienna. which was registered by the USDA in The investigated material was inferior to Introduction 1990 (QUINN, 1999). Originally ‘QK- modern durum wheats in most traits. No 77’ was classified as Polish wheat. Re- accession was found to tolerate low win- Triticum turanicum Jakubz. is a tetrap- identification in 1998 changed the clas- ter temperatures, tolerance to drought loid (BBAA, 2n=28) wheat species from sification into turanicum (USDA, ARS, and fungal diseases was limited and/or Near and Central Asia and was first de- National Genetic Resources Program, modest, and grain yields were signifi- scribed by PERCIVAL (1921) as T. ori- Germplasm Resources Information Net- cantly lower. While the best performing entale Perc. The first scientific name and work (GRIN), Online Database, Natio- spring sown turanicum accessions yiel- the origin of the described varieties, the nal Germplasm Resources Laboratory, ded in average about 260 g m-2, the check Persian province of Khorasan, gave rise Beltsville, Maryland, USA). Kamut® spring durum wheats yielded about 380 to the common names Khorasan and/or products are marketed mainly through g m-2. Several characteristic and interes- Oriental wheat. The taxonomic position health food outlets. The development of ting features were observed which per- of Khorasan wheat was often controver- new specialty foods based on grain mit successful marketing of pure Kho- sial: sometimes this wheat was treated blends has permitted the use of so-called rasan grain or as admixture in grain as independent species and/or subspe- ‘ancient wheats’ as components that con- blends. The grain has an impressive ker- cies, sometimes as variety of durum vey naturalness, unconventional, and nel size and thousand kernel weight, in wheat (T. durum Desf.) (FLAKSBER- nutritional properties. Kamut attracted most cases greater than 50 g and no sel- GER, 1929; BROUWER, 1972). KU- unexpected attention by both wheat sci- dom even greater than 60 g. The high CKUCK (1959) supposed that Khorasan entists and producers to Khorasan whe- thousand kernel weight might be a valu- wheat is a natural bastard between du- at. Growing of Kamut is exclusively able trait to transfer into durum wheat to rum and Polish wheat (T. polonicum L.). managed by license agreements and re- improve grain yield. Moreover, the grain Khorasan wheat was cultivated only oc- quires organic certification of the crop. has an amber colour and high vitreous- casionally on a very limited area, not ex- Today production is mainly carried out ness, and a 2-3% higher content. tending beyond the limits of Near and in Montana, , Alberta and

Autoren: Dr. Heinrich GRAUSGRUBER, C. SAILER and Univ.Prof. Dr. Peter RUCKENBAUER, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, A-1180 VIENNA

Bericht über die 55. Tagung 2004 der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzüchter und Saatgutkaufleute Österreichs HBLFA Raumberg - Gumpenstein, 23. - 25. November 2004 75 H. GRAUSGRUBER, C. SAILER and P. RUCKENBAUER

Saskatchewan. Production was recently mental Farm Groß-Enzersdorf (16° programmes. The field trials were ana- reported also for , whereas pro- 332´E, 48° 112´N). In 2003 and 2004 the lysed according to their field design. duction in Europe failed so far because trials were carried out under organic far- Mean comparisons to the standard du- of no suitable production area and/or lack ming conditions. Fertilisation, pest ma- rum (s) were carried out using the of feedback by farmers (http:// nagement, climatic condition and other two-tailed stepdown bootstrap test (SAS www.kamut.com/english/history/ characteristics of the trials are described Institute, 1999; WESTFALL et al., farming.htm). in detail in GRAUSGRUBER et al. 1999). Overall genotypic means of 31 in- In Austria a few farmers made positive (2005). vestigated traits were subjected to prin- experiments with sowing Khorasan whe- During vegetation period date of hea- cipal components analysis. Five princi- at. Today Khorasan wheat is grown on a ding, lodging, plant height at , and pal components with an eigenvalue >1 limited scale and is marketed under the resistances against powdery mildew were extracted. The eigenvectors of the- name ‘Pharaonenkorn’, i.e. grain of the (Erysiphe graminis), leaf rust (Puccinia se 5 principal components were sub- pharaos’. In contrary, in Switzerland recondita) and yellow rust (Puccinia stri- jected to a cluster analysis using Ward’s branched types of Rivet wheat (T. turgi- iformis) were evaluated. Thousand ker- minimum variance method. dum), the ancient T. ramosum, which are nel weight and hectolitre weight were also known as ‘Wunderweizen’ (‘mirac- determined after harvest. In 2003 spike Results and discussion le wheat’) are grown under the name length, the number of spikelets per spike, The cold winter of 2002/2003 aside with ‘Pharaonenweizen’ (FRETZ, 2001; PRO spike density, the number of kernels per no or little snow coverage, especially in SPECIE RARA, 2002). spikelet and the kernel weight were re- February, led to severe damage of the of T. turanicum are characterised corded from 10 randomly selected spikes autumn sown Khorasan wheats. Only a by erect young shoots with very narrow per replicate. After harvest protein and few single plants survived. Although soil pubescent leaves. The plants tiller very wet content were determined. In temperatures were below -5°C for a long little and the is thin. The spikes are 2002 and 2003 rheological traits period they were never below -10°C. narrow, lax or very lax with long nar- were evaluated by the farinograph, ex- Since winter wheats can resist signifi- row white glumes. The spikelet lemmas tensograph and alveograph. Yellow pig- cantly lower temperatures (PORTER and have long and strong, more or less deci- ment and content was determi- GAWITH, 1999), none of the investiga- duous, white or black awns. The stem ned from meal. Baking tests ted accessions of Khorasan wheat can be immediately below the inflorescence is were carried out using / considered to be of winter growth habit. characterized in some varieties by a dis- <275 µm. Data for the winter crops from 2000- tinctive wave. The grains are very large All statistical analyses were carried out 2002, when no severe frost damage was - up to twice the size of bread wheat ker- with SAS 8.2 software and spreadsheet observed, can be found in detail in nels - narrow, vitreous, and flinty with a characteristic hump (PERCIVAL, 1921; VAVILOV, 1951; STALLKNECHT et al., 1996). The aim of this study was to test and describe genetic resources of Khorasan wheat in regard to their agronomic and qualitative potential and value under eas- tern Austrian growing conditions, and to probably identify Khorasan wheat germ- plasm superior in some traits to durum cultivars.

Materials and methods 13 T. turanicum accessions from the ge- nebanks of the IPK Gatersleben and the BAB Linz were evaluated together with ‘QK-77’. The of the latter genotype was originally bought as commercial Kamut. As check cultivars Austrian sp- ring (‘Extradur’, ‘Helidur’, ‘Topdur’) and winter durum wheats (‘Heradur’) were used. Figure 1: Variation in yield for Khorasan wheats (boxplots) compared to stan- The crop was sown both in autumn and dard durum wheats (triangles). Abbreviations: RA, Raasdorf; GE, Groß-En- in spring. The field trials (2000-2004) zersdorf; c, conventional; o, organic; 00, 2000; 01, 2001; 02, 2002; 03, 2003; 04, were carried out at the BOKU Experi- 2004; W, winter crop; S, spring crop.

76 55. Tagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzüchter und Saatgutkaufleute Österreichs 2004 Khorasan wheat, Kamut® and ‘Pharaonenkorn’: Origin, characteristics and potential

Table 1: Overall means of selected agronomic and qualitative traits

1 Genotype YLD TKW PROT GLUT SEDI R50 EA Durum check 381.8* 42 15.5* 42 27 168 195 47 QK-77 264.3* 63* 17.4* 46 16* 130 122* 24† BVAL 212017 260.7* 62* 17.8* 52* 20* 115 129* 21† TRI 680 224.2* 52* 18.1* 45 19* 123 111* 22* TRI 909 164.8* 43 17.8* 46 21* 117 117* 20* TRI 3287 204.4* 56* 18.4* 46 19* 127 123* 25† TRI 4326 218.0* 60* 18.0* 44 18* 143 115* 22† TRI 5254 214.3* 58* 18.0* 45 19* 160 115* 25† TRI 6075 82.7* 49 14.3* 33* 33* 140 202 47 TRI 6243 188.0* 44 17.3* 47 19* 087* 097* 14* TRI 10343 198.4* 58* 18.4* 45 18* 193 111* 29 TRI 11532 209.7* 57* 18.7* 46 19* 190 115* 32 TRI 11533 153.8* 54* 18.7* 48† 19* 197 116* 33 TRI 17462 133.1* 44 18.1* 51* 21* 103 119* 17*

Genotype WAF DDT FQN W P:L G YP LV

Durum check 68.3 3.2 78 237 1.4 19.5 9.3 343 QK-77 65.3 2.8 48 226 2.3* 16.3* 9.3 282 BVAL 212017 66.8 3.0 60 183* 2.2* 16.1* 7.2* - TRI 680 68.9 2.8 53 279 3.2* 15.1* 6.8* 332 TRI 909 70.5 3.3 48 258 3.1* 15.1* 4.1* - TRI 3287 69.4 3.0 50 272 4.1* 13.6* 5.8* 322 TRI 4326 69.2 2.8 49 240 3.8* 13.9* 7.1* 334 TRI 5254 70.4 3.0 56 297* 3.1* 15.3* 6.8* 359 TRI 6075 59.2 3.0 55 - - - 4.1* - TRI 6243 70.6 2.8 48 231 3.1* 14.8* 4.0* 312 TRI 10343 68.9 2.8 55 414* 2.4* 17.7* 6.4* 345 TRI 11532 69.1 3.0 55 410* 2.7* 16.7* 6.8* 333 TRI 11533 70.4 3.0 61 338* 3.3* 15.1* 5.1* 327 TRI 17462 69.5 3.0 50 205 2.7* 15.5* 4.1* 324

Means with an appended * and † are significantly different from the durum check at P<0.05 and P<0.1, repectively. The durum check is represented as artificial mean of Extradur, Helidur and Topdur, except for loaf volume, where the durum check is Heradur.

1 -2 YLD, yield (g m ); TKW, thousand kernel weight (g); PROT, protein content (%); SEDI, Zeleny sedimentation value (ml); R50, Extensograph dough resistance at 50 mm extensibility (BU); E, Extensograph dough extensibility (mm); A, Extensograph dough energy (cm³); WAF, Farinograph water absorption (%); DDT, Farinograph dough development time (min); FQN, Farinograph quality number (mm); STA, Farinograph dough stability (min); W, Alveograph dough energy (×10-4 J); P:L, Alveograph ratio dough stiffness:dough elasticity; G, Alveograph dough swelling (mL); YP, total yellow pigment content (ppm); LV, loaf volume (ml 100 g-1 flour)

GRAUSGRUBER et al. (2005). Varia- A winter growth habit would be advan- reaching maximum yields because of the tion in grain yield in the respective envi- tageous in order to benefit from a longer low tillering capacity of Khorasan whe- ronment is demonstrated in Figure 1. vegetation period, winter moisture and at. Ancient wheats in general are inferi- Overall means for selected agronomic an earlier flowering and, hence, grain fil- or to modern wheats in many agronomic and qualitative traits of spring grown ling period. In the Iranian province of characters. Consequently, improvements Khorasan wheat are demonstrated in Khorasan where T. turanicum is still cul- in production are essential to stabilize Table 1. tivated on a small acreage the crop is grain yields. Further investigations on Although Khorasan wheat originates generally sown in autumn. However, optimal sowing densities for maximal from dry regions of the Near East and winters in the Iranian tablelands can not yield, yield components and the build- Central Asia its drought tolerance is be compared to conditions in Central up of yield have to be carried out to iden- questionable. In the presented study Europe. In literature references on tura- tify the optimal production procedures. Khorasan wheat responded with yield nicum exhibiting a high winter hardiness While most turanicum accessions exhi- losses higher than those of the Austrian are rare (DOKUYUCU et al., 2004). bited lower yields and hectolitre weights durum wheats if water supply was not In the present study average yield of the than durum wheats, thousand kernel optimal in spring, e.g. sparse rainfall in best performing spring sown Khorasan weight was significantly higher. AB- 2000 or excessive rainfall in 2002 wheat was 264 g m-2 (with a minimum DEL-AAL et al. (1998a) reported values (GRAUSGRUBER et al., 2005). Alrea- of 146 g m-2 in 2000 and a maximum of for test weight (75 kg hL-1) and thousand dy PERCIVAL (1921) and VAVILOV 352 g m-2 in 2001), which was signifi- kernel weight (67 g) similar to the va- (1951) stated that Khorasan wheat has cantly lower than yields of standard sp- lues of the best performing genotypes in little adaptation to differences in envi- ring durum wheats. ABDEL-AAL et al. our study. SISSONS and HARE (2002) ronmental conditions and is found pri- (1998a) report a yield of about 3 t ha-1 reported a variation in hectolitre weight marily on irrigated land, and MUNNS for Saskatchewan grown Khorasan whe- of 72-79 kg hL-1 and thousand kernel et al. (2000) observed no potential for at. It has to be considered that the sowing weight of 44.0-52.9 g under Australian salt tolerance in 5 turanicum accessions. density in our trials was sub-optimal for environmental conditions. This variati-

55. Tagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzüchter und Saatgutkaufleute Österreichs 2004 77

Khorasan wheat, Kamut® and ‘Pharaonenkorn’: Origin, characteristics and potential grains are often used as germinated genotypes is designated as lax, while the in the diet it is important to note that no other genotypes have very lax spikes free nonprotein amino acids, some of (Figure 4). In the meantime also mole- which are potentially toxic for humans, cular studies using microsatellites re- were found in germinated Kamut seeds vealed that these two genotypes are more (ROZAN et al., 2000). However, since closely related to some durum and polo- the problem of potentially toxic free non- nicum accessions than to turanicum ac- protein amino acids appears more in cessions (BÖRNER, pers. commun.). fresh leguminous seeds, it can be sup- Hence, the classification of Kamut whe- posed that no other wheat species is af- at ‘OK-77’ and BVAL 212017 must pro- fected by that problem, and, therefore, bably be thought over. Cluster 3 inclu- all wheat seedlings can be regarded as ded the wretched genotypes in regard to safe in that respect. almost all traits, while the two subgroups Looking at the whole set of data the per- of Cluster 1 represented the best perfor- formance of TRI 6075 is remarkable. ming turanicum genotypes. This group This genotype performed controversial exhibits acceptable yields, high grain in several traits. According to spike mor- weight, high percentage of plump ker- phology this genotype was identified as nels, etc. especially when a continuous turanicum, however, cytological studies water supply is provided, either through revealed 42 (LELLEY, winter moisture in case of autumn pers. commun.), and molecular studies sowing or through an optimal distributi- using microsatellites confirmed an aes- on of rainfall in spring and during grain tivum introgression (BÖRNER, pers. filling period. From climate data we can commun.). Multivariate analysis grou- conclude that these genotypes will tole- rate low temperatures down to -5°C wi- ped the investigated material into four Figure 4: Spike morphology: lax spike clusters (Figure 2 and 3). Cluster 2 con- thout severe damage, however, do not of Kamut wheat ‘QK-77’ (left; 14 spike- sists of ‘QK-77’ and BVAL 212017, exhibit ‘true’ frost tolerance (GRAUS- lets) vs. very lax spike of Khorasan which among the tested Khorasan whe- GRUBER et al., 2005). wheat TRI 4326 (right; 12 spikelets) ats showed highest values for yield, thou- Analysis of the mineral content revealed (‘QK-77’, TRI 6243, TRI 11532, TRI sand kernel weight, hectolitre weight, that environment, year and/or production 11533). The latter genotypes showed yellow pigment content, etc., but abso- system affects the composition much also somewhat higher values for potas- lutely no winter hardness if sown in au- more than the genotype (Table 2). Con- sium, calcium and magnesium. tumn (GRAUSGRUBER et al., 2005). sidering only the results from the 2003 These two genotypes differ from the rest organically grown crop, higher values for also in regard to spike morphology: 19- single Khorasan wheat accessions com- Conclusions 21 spikelets compared to 12-14 spike- pared to winter durum ‘Heradur’ were The variation in agronomic and quality lets per 10 cm spike length. According observed for iron (TRI 5254), mangane- traits observed in the turanicum accessi- to the descriptors of the European Whe- se (‘QK-77’, TRI 11532, TRI 11533), ons was significantly different from that at Database spike density of the former copper (TRI 11532, TRI 11533) and observed in Austrian durum cultivars. Table 2: Mineral content (ppm) of T. durum cultivars and T. turanicum accessions Genotype Year Fe Mn Cu Zn K Ca Mg

Heradur 2001 32.6 26.6 4.4 22.1 4667 402 1003 Heradur 2002 27.6 27.6 6.5 28.3 4975 457 1236 Heradur 2003 43.0 10.6 3.8 12.5 3486 278 468 Helidur 2001 42.8 30.4 6.3 39.2 5424 543 1541 Helidur 2002 34.8 30.3 6.5 37.1 4625 468 1432 QK-77 2003 34.7 13.6 3.3 15.8 3129 331 540 TRI 680 2003 26.5 9.8 2.7 9.5 2442 240 355 TRI 3287 2003 27.6 10.0 2.6 9.4 2902 230 365 TRI 4326 2003 33.5 10.2 2.9 9.1 1861 220 362 TRI 5254 2003 55.6 10.0 3.5 9.0 1770 220 370 TRI 6243 2003 37.2 10.0 3.2 20.0 3331 292 585 TRI 10343 2003 30.0 9.9 3.0 10.1 1907 218 387 TRI 11532 2001 34.3 35.5 5.0 35.5 4943 440 1304 TRI 11532 2002 38.2 36.7 5.2 35.7 4512 347 1342 TRI 11532 2003 24.2 9.9 3.0 9.7 1565 261 372 TRI 11533 2003 26.8 10.0 3.6 10.1 2553 242 422 TRI 17462 2003 41.6 10.0 3.4 12.2 2144 295 385

In 2001 and 2002 the crop was grown conventionally, while in 2003 it was organically grown (production details see GRAUSGRUBER et al., 2005)

55. Tagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzüchter und Saatgutkaufleute Österreichs 2004 79 H. GRAUSGRUBER, C. SAILER and P. RUCKENBAUER

However, the potential of Khorasan whe- rasan wheat has a low tillering capacity Kassel, Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissen- at for the genetic improvement of durum and, therefore, the weed pressure can be schaften. is questionable, since in most traits the high if sowing density is too low. Furt- KASARDA, D.D., 2001: Grains in relation to ce- turanicum accessions exhibited lower her experiments are required to study the liac disease. Foods World 46, 209-210. values in performance than the durum interactions between sowing density, KUCKUCK, H., 1959: Neuere Arbeiten zur Ent- stehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Z. checks. Valuable genes for an introgres- sowing dates, weed suppression, thou- Pflanzenzüchtg. 41, 205-226. sion into durum wheat may be primarily sand kernel weight and kernel plumpness LUPEI, A.Y. and E.A.VOLUEVICH, 1997: Ef- those encoding the high thousand ker- to find production procedures for an op- fects of alien plasmon on seedling resistance nel weight. Benefits in regard to disease timal and stable yield, and clean grain to Septoria nodorum of Belarusian cultivars of resistance and better adaptation to abi- (considering other cereal grains from spring wheat. Doklady Akademii Nauk Bela- rusi 41, 93-95 (in Russian, English summary). otic stress are questionable, since the volunteer plants, weed seeds, freedom Khorasan wheats were all very suscep- from disease, e.g. Fusarium etc.). Kho- MUNNS, R., R.A. HARE, R.A. JAMES and G.J. REBETZKE, 2000: Genetic variation for im- tible to powdery mildew and rusts. Mo- rasan wheat is of interest to increase di- proving the salt tolerance of durum wheat. Aust. reover, winter hardiness and drought to- versity both on the field and on the con- J. Agric. Res. 51, 69-74. lerance is minimal and/or questionable sumers’ table, albeit the adaptation of PERCIVAL, J., 1921: The wheat plant. A mono- in the investigated material. Although Khorasan wheat is low and by far not all graph. Duckworth & Co., London. most rheological traits were inferior to spring wheat growing areas are suitable PORTER, J. R. and M. GAWITH, 1999: Tempe- durum wheats, baking volume and bread for production. ratures and the growth and development of whe- taste of Khorasan wheat was similar and/ at: a review. Eur. J. Agron. 10, 23-36. or higher than that of durum wheat. Ba- PRO SPECIE RARA, 2002: Online Datenbank zu References Nutzpflanzen, St. Gallen, Switzerland (Inter- ked products made from Khorasan whe- ABDEL-AAL, E.S.M., F.W. SOSULSKI and P. net: http://www.genres.de/CF/psr/; verified at with excellent texture, flavour and tas- HUCL, 1998a: Origins, characteristics and po- March 4, 2005) te can be an alternative food source for tentials of ancient wheats. Cereal Foods World QUINN, R.M., 1999: Kamut®: Ancient grain, new aestivum sensitive patients. In regard to 43, 708-715. cereal. In: Janick, J. (Ed.), Perspectives on new , however, it has to be ABDEL-AAL, E.S.M., P. HUCL and F.W. SO- crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, SULSKI, 1998b: Food uses for ancient whe- VA, pp. 182-183. emphasized that Kamut and/or Khora- ats. Cereal Foods World 43, 763-766. san wheat are no alternatives to gluten- ROZAN, P., Y.H. KUO and F. LAMBEIN, 2000: BROUWER, W., 1972: Handbuch des Speziellen Free amino acids present in commercially avai- free products; they are wheats, likewise Pflanzenbaues, Band 1. Weizen - Roggen - lable seedlings sold for human consumption. einkorn, emmer, durum, spelt or bread Gerste - Hafer - Mais. Paul Parey, Berlin. A potential hazard for consumers. J. Agric. wheat. Therefore, all these have DOKUYUCU, T., A. AKKAYA, M. AKCURA, Food Chem. 48, 716-723. toxic to coeliac patients and R. KARA and H. BUDAK, 2004: Collection, SAS Institute Inc., 1999: SAS/STAT® User’s Gui- should be avoided (KASARDA, 2001). identification and conservation of wheat land- de, Version 8, Volume 2. SAS Institute Inc., races in Kahramanmaras province in east me- Cary, NC. SIMONATO et al. (2002) showed that diterranean region of Turkey. Cereal Res. Com- Kamut wheat was as allergenic for pati- mun. 32, 167-174. SIMONATO, B., G. PASINI, M. GIANNATTA- SIO and A. CURIONI, 2002: Allergenic pote- ents suffering from IgE-mediated food FIGLIUOLO, G., S.S. JONES, T.D. MURRAY nital of Kamut® wheat. Allergy 57, 653-654. and P.L. SPAGNOLETTI ZEULI, 1998: Cha- allergy as durum wheat. The authors re- SISSONS, M.J. and R.A. HARE, 2002: Tetraploid commend that allergy patients should be racterization of tetraploid wheat germplasm for resistance to Pseudocercosporella herpotricho- wheat - A resource for genetic improvement of cautious about grains that are proposed ides, cause of eyespot disease. Genet. Resour. durum wheat quality. Cereal Chem. 79, 78-84. as hypoallergenic or safe foods, howe- Crop Evol. 45, 47-56. SISSONS, M.J. and I.L. 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UFER, M., 1956: Studien an afghanischen Wei- zen. Z. Pflanzenzüchtg. 36, 133-152. rasan wheat is mainly determined by the HAMMER, K., 2000: Biodiversity of the genus Triticum. In: Wiethaler, C., Oppermann, R., VAVILOV, N.I., 1951: The origin, variation, im- thousand kernel weight. Due to the hig- Wyss, E. (Eds.), Organic plant breeding and munity and breeding of cultivated plants (trans- her plant height, low lodging resistance biodiversity of cultural plants. NABU, Bonn, lated from the Russian by Chester, K. S.). Chro- and high susceptibility against powdery Germany & FiBL, Frick, Switzerland, pp. 72- nica Botanica 13. Chronica Botanica Co., mildew Khorasan wheat may be more 81. Waltham, Mass. suitable for organic farming systems. In KAMINSKE, L., 2002: Beobachtungen zur An- WESTFALL, P.H., R.D. TOBIAS, D. ROM, R.D. fact, the production of Kamut brand grain bauwürdigkeit von Kamut (Triticum turanicum WOLFINGER and Y. HOCHBERG, 1999: Jakubz.) am Standort Kassel unter besonderer Multiple Comparisons and Multiple Tests is exclusively organic. In this case, ho- Berücksichtigung des Blattbefalls mit Pilzen. Using the SAS® System. SAS Institute Inc., wever, it has to be considered that Kho- Project report, Universität Gesamthochschule Cary, NC.

80 55. Tagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzüchter und Saatgutkaufleute Österreichs 2004