Zimbabwe Crisis Reports Issue 16

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Zimbabwe Crisis Reports Issue 16 ZIMBABWE CRISIS REPORTS Issue 16 ■ October 2007 Fresh insights into the Zimbabwean situation CENTRAL BANKER DISSENTS OVER NATIONALISATION The ZANU-PF administration presses ahead with a plan to take a controlling share in foreign-owned businesses, despite warnings about the consequences. By Mike Nyoni in Harare The Zimbabwean authorities are pressing ahead with a nationalisation scheme despite warnings from the country’s central banker that the economic effects will be ruinous. The dispute highlights the schism Lazele Credit: between politicians who place Main branch of Standard Chartered Bank in Harare. Picture taken October 17. ideological policies above pragmatism, and the technocrats in the administration. Zimbabweans. After the upper Mangwana likened the planned chamber, the Senate, passed the law takeover of foreign banks, mining and On September 26, the lower house of on October 2, only President Robert manufacturing firms to the parliament passed the Indigenisation Mugabe’s assent is required for it to government’s seizure of commercial and Empowerment Bill, which will enter into force. farms which started in 2000 — a move compel foreign-owned firms, including which critics say has been mining companies and banks, to cede Defending the bill in the lower counterproductive, destroying farming 51 per cent of their shares to black chamber, Indigenisation Minister Paul and ultimately the wider economy. NEWS IN BRIEF ■ Zimbabawe’s main opposition lobbying for a new constitution. At say Germany is opposed to the idea party, the Movement for Democratic least 20 students were arrested and while Nordic states agree with Change, said on October 15 that others were injured after being Brown. ongoing violence against its beaten by police at Masvingo supporters showed that President Polytechnic College during a peaceful ■ The mainly white Commercial Robert Mugabe and his ruling ZANU- protest to demand the release of a Farmers Union says it will continue to PF party were not committed to detained student leader. engage the government after a court dialogue. ordered white Zimbabwean farmers ■ Britain is at the centre of a to vacate farms earmarked for ■ On October 15, dozens of diplomatic row over Prime Minister resettlement. members of the Women of Zimbabwe Gordon Brown’s proposal to send a Arise group were arrested in Harare European Union envoy to Zimbabwe ■ A new satirical play titled for demonstrating against alleged — ahead of a landmark EU summit “Overthrown”, due to open in police brutality. The following day, with African states — to assess Bulawayo,was banned by police as several people were arrested when human rights abuses under President Mugabe arrived in the city to attend police broke up a march by activists Robert Mugabe. Diplomatic sources a university graduation ceremony. OCTOBER 2007 ■ 1 THE INSTITUTE FOR WAR AND PEACE REPORTING Mangwana said the new bill “Of particular concern to us as However, an economic analyst in represented a “political decision” monetary authorities would be any Harare said it was unlikely the central taken to correct the injustices of the attempts to forcibly push the envelope banker and his political masters would colonial past. of indigenisation into the delicate area be able to agree on the fundamental of banking and finance,” he said. issues. “They want to create white islands in a liberated Zimbabwe, but we will not Imprudent statements by politicians “Their imperatives are divergent,” said take that,” he said. “The 51 per cent is worsened Zimbabwe’s country’s the economist, who did not want to be only the minimum — we want 90 per sovereign risk factor and undermined named. “Mugabe sincerely believes cent. When you are carrying out a property rights, and this would act as we need price controls to cushion the revolution, you do not do it in half a deterrent to badly-needed foreign most vulnerable members of society. steps. Zimbabwe cannot be half investment, he said. He also wants to take over companies independent.” he believes are working in league with Gono warned that hasty decisions the opposition against his The minister scoffed at warnings that would have “unintended government.” partial nationalisation would prompt consequences”, just as he did in July, foreign investors to pull out of when the government to slash prices of Zimbabwe. goods and services in a bid to curb Powerful interest groups inflation. The result of that policy move want to use nationalisation was that basic goods disappeared from to get rich “in a starkly the shops in a rush of panic-buying. “The 51 per cent is only the greedy but irresponsible minimum — we want 90 Instead, the central bank chief manner” — Gono. per cent” — Indigenisation recommended that the indigenisation Minister Paul Mangwana. process should be managed in such a way as to ensure local people were The analyst said more of the same able to pay for shares. Thus, if a kind of populist rhetoric could be company had assets valued at 500 expected from the political leadership “If Standard Chartered Bank feel they million US dollars, it would take about as the March 2008 presidential and cannot continue their operations in 15 years for locals to acquire a 51 per parliamentary elections drew closer. Zimbabwe, they can simply go,” he cent stake. said, indicating that local banks would “People like Mangwana are more likely step in and fill the gap. to align themselves with the president Central bank chief warned before they are reined in by prudent A day before the Senate vote, against trying to impose advice from Gono, who better President Mugabe made it clear he indigenisation policy in the understands the implications of such agreed with this view when he reckless utterances on investor addressed ZANU-PF members at “delicate” area of banking confidence,” he said. “When Gono Harare airport on October 1 after and finance. said in his monetary statement that he returning from the United Nations was merely offering advice… he knew General Assembly meeting in New what he was up against. There will be York. Gono alleged that the present more wanton spending and even more nationalisation initiative was being economically damaging statements “The minerals are ours. We are offering backed by “well-connected cliques” until the elections in March. Any partners, good partners, friendly who wanted to use it to “amass wealth meeting of minds on policy issues can partners, a share, 49 per cent or for themselves in a starkly greedy but only be coincidental, although one thereabouts. If they won’t take it, hard irresponsible manner”. would expect government to luck — we will give it to our people,” appreciate the importance of getting he said, according to the DPA news In a pointed rebuke to Mangwana, into an election riding on a healthy agency. Gono challenged those who wanted to economy.” muscle into the banking and financial The same day, the governor of the sector to apply for operating licences Zimbabwe is in its eighth year of Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, Gideon from the central bank. recession, with annual inflation put at Gono, adopted a very different line 6,600 per cent, unemployment at 80 on the issue. In a statement on Mugabe had a five hour meeting with per cent, and widespread shortages of monetary policy, he called for a “fine Gono on September 3, which fuel and basic foodstuffs. balancing act between indigenisation according to the Zimbabwe of the economy and investment Independent, resulted in a “temporary Mike Nyoni is the pseudonym of a attraction”. truce”. journalist in Zimbabwe. ■ 2 ■ ISSUE 16 ZIMBABWE CRISIS REPORTS BANK CHIEF OUT ON A LIMB Some say Gideon Gono is looking for a pretext to jump ship — if necessary by getting the president to push him. By Hativagone Mushonga in Harare For a senior Zimbabwean official, the central bank governor Gideon Gono has become unusually outspoken against the official line, condemning a new bill which will see foreign-owned businesses taken over. Some analysts argue that as the economy continues to implode and the Lazele Credit: latest government policies look more Central bank governor Gideon Gono presenting his mid-year monetory policy misguided than ever, the country’s top statement. Picture taken October 1. banker is looking for an exit route. In the latest of several outbursts, the appropriated farms in the hands of the a June decision to force traders to Reserve Bank governor publicly rich and powerful, even though it was slash the price of basic goods and attacked the government for pushing advertised as a move to help the foodstuffs, in hope that this restrain the the Indigenisation and Empowerment poorest landless peasants. massive inflation rate. Gono predicted Bill through parliament. The bill would that the immediate effect would be to force foreign-owned companies, empty the shops and slash production including banks and mines, to — and he was soon proved right. surrender 51 per cent of their shares We must avoid schemes to indigenous Zimbabweans. that create perceptions of Gono has also been critical of the instant gratification continuing policy of land seizures, The lower chamber passed the law on through grab, take and run” urging the government to end the September 26; the upper house or policy and stop extending cheap Senate approved it without — Gono. credit to the big-time farmers and amendment the day after Gono made instead focus assistance on his comments, and the bill now only smallholders. needs President Robert Mugabe’s “As monetary authorities, we also call assent to come into force. upon government to ensure that the When Gono took over as head of the empowerment drive is not derailed by Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe in In an October 1 report on monetary a few well connected cliques, some December 2003, he famously declared policy, Gono warned, “We must avoid who are already making the most that “failure is not an option”.
Recommended publications
  • On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation
    18485_CATO-R2(pps.):Layout 1 8/7/09 3:55 PM Page 353 On the Measurement of Zimbabwe’s Hyperinflation Steve H. Hanke and Alex K. F. Kwok Zimbabwe experienced the first hyperinflation of the 21st centu- ry.1 The government terminated the reporting of official inflation sta- tistics, however, prior to the final explosive months of Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation. We demonstrate that standard economic theory can be applied to overcome this apparent insurmountable data problem. In consequence, we are able to produce the only reliable record of the second highest inflation in world history. The Rogues’ Gallery Hyperinflations have never occurred when a commodity served as money or when paper money was convertible into a commodity. The curse of hyperinflation has only reared its ugly head when the supply of money had no natural constraints and was governed by a discre- tionary paper money standard. The first hyperinflation was recorded during the French Revolution, when the monthly inflation rate peaked at 143 percent in December 1795 (Bernholz 2003: 67). More than a century elapsed before another hyperinflation occurred. Not coincidentally, the inter- Cato Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Spring/Summer 2009). Copyright © Cato Institute. All rights reserved. Steve H. Hanke is a Professor of Applied Economics at The Johns Hopkins University and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. Alex K. F. Kwok is a Research Associate at the Institute for Applied Economics and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University. 1In this article, we adopt Phillip Cagan’s (1956) definition of hyperinflation: a price level increase of at least 50 percent per month.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe After Hyperinflation: in Dollars They Trust | the Economist
    Zimbabwe after hyperinflation: In dollars they trust | The Economist http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576665-grub... Zimbabwe after hyperinflation Grubby greenbacks, dear credit, full shops and empty factories Apr 27th 2013 | HARARE | From the print edition THE OK Mart store in Braeside, a suburb of Harare, is doing a brisk business on a sunny Saturday morning. The store, owned by OK Zimbabwe, a retail chain, is the country’s largest. It stocks as wide a range of groceries and household Small change, old and new goods as any large supermarket in America or Europe. Most are imports. For those who find the branded goods a little pricey, OK Zimbabwe offers its own-label Top Notch range of electrical goods made in China. The industrial district farther south of the city centre looks rather less prosperous. Food manufacturers and textile firms have down-at-heel outposts here. Half a dozen oilseed silos lie empty. Only a few local manufacturers are still spry enough to get their products into OK stores. One is Delta, a brewer that also bottles Coca-Cola. Another is BAT Zimbabwe, whose cigarette brands include Newbury and Madison. This lopsided economy is a legacy of the collapse of Zimbabwe’s currency. Inflation reached an absurd 231,000,000% in the summer of 2008. Output measured in dollars had halved in barely a decade. A hundred-trillion-dollar note was made ready for circulation, but no sane tradesman would accept local banknotes. A ban on foreign-currency trading was lifted in January 2009. By then the American dollar had become Zimbabwe’s main currency, a position it still holds today.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation
    18485_CATO-R2(pps.):Layout 1 8/7/09 3:55 PM Page 353 On the Measurement of Zimbabwe’s Hyperinflation Steve H. Hanke and Alex K. F. Kwok Zimbabwe experienced the first hyperinflation of the 21st centu - ry. 1 The government terminated the reporting of official inflation sta - tistics, however, prior to the final explosive months of Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation. We demonstrate that standard economic theory can be applied to overcome this apparent insurmountable data problem. In consequence, we are able to produce the only reliable record of the second highest inflation in world history. The Rogues’ Gallery Hyperinflations have never occurred when a commodity served as money or when paper money was convertible into a commodity. The curse of hyperinflation has only reared its ugly head when the supply of money had no natural constraints and was governed by a discre - tionary paper money standard. The first hyperinflation was recorded during the French Revolution, when the monthly inflation rate peaked at 143 percent in December 1795 (Bernholz 2003: 67). More than a century elapsed before another hyperinflation occurred. Not coincidentally, the inter- Cato Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Spring/Summer 2009). Copyright © Cato Institute. All rights reserved. Steve H. Hanke is a Professor of Applied Economics at The Johns Hopkins University and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. Alex K. F. Kwok is a Research Associate at the Institute for Applied Economics and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University. 1In this article, we adopt Phillip Cagan’s (1956) definition of hyperinflation: a price level increase of at least 50 percent per month.
    [Show full text]
  • Money Demand and Seignorage Maximization Before the End of the Zimbabwean Dollar
    Money Demand and Seignorage Maximization before the End of the Zimbabwean Dollar Stephen Matteo Miller and Thandinkosi Ndhlela MERCATUS WORKING PAPER All studies in the Mercatus Working Paper series have followed a rigorous process of academic evaluation, including (except where otherwise noted) at least one double-blind peer review. Working Papers present an author’s provisional findings, which, upon further consideration and revision, are likely to be republished in an academic journal. The opinions expressed in Mercatus Working Papers are the authors’ and do not represent official positions of the Mercatus Center or George Mason University. Stephen Matteo Miller and Thandinkosi Ndhlela. “Money Demand and Seignorage Maximization before the End of the Zimbabwean Dollar.” Mercatus Working Paper, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, Arlington, VA, February 2019. Abstract Unlike most hyperinflations, during Zimbabwe’s recent hyperinflation, as in Revolutionary France, the currency ended before the regime. The empirical results here suggest that the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe operated on the correct side of the inflation tax Laffer curve before abandoning the currency. Estimates of the seignorage- maximizing rate derive from a short-run structural vector autoregression framework using monthly parallel market exchange rate data computed from the ratio of prices from 1999 to 2008 for Old Mutual insurance company’s shares, which trade in London and Harare. Dynamic semi-elasticities generated from orthogonalized impulse response functions
    [Show full text]
  • Diamonds in the Rough
    Diamonds in the Rough Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-505-9 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org June 2009 1-56432-505-9 Diamonds in the Rough Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe Map of Zimbabwe and the Marange Diamond Fields ........................................................... 1 Glossary of Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 2 I. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3 II. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 7 To the Government of Zimbabwe ........................................................................................... 7 To the Government of South Africa ........................................................................................ 7 To the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 'Inclusive Government' : Some Observations on Its First 100 Days
    Zimbabwe's 'Inclusive Government': Some Observations on its First 100 Days MARTIN WELZ University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany ABSTRACT Zimbabwe seemed to be in a political transition-but only on the surface. In actual fact, the new government established under the power-sharing agreement between President Mugabe and newly elected Prime Minister M organ Tsvangirai proved unsuccessful in its first 100 days owing to continued rivalry and a lack of commitment on behalf of Mugabe and his party. Mugabe managed to secure key positions in the new government for his cronies. They continued to control the relevant security organs as well as the Reserve Bank, which held a key position because its Governor guarded the budget available for the new ministers. Consequently, sabotage was an imminent threat for the new government. Mugabe benefited from the weakness of the opposition, which was split and had an indecisive and un charisma tic leader who failed to secure financial support from the West. To complicate the situation evenfurther there were more players involved in the political arena of Zimbabwe, including the two major farmers' groupings, an emerging third party under Simba M akoni, the trade unions and white businessmen. They all had their own agenda. Mugabe and his ruling clique relied on each other as they had both committed gross human rights violations over the last 25 years. They either fall together or their mutual dependency keeps them going. Change was unlikely to occur; even the new Movement for Democratic Change ministers were aware of this. KEY WORDS: Zimbabwe, Mugabe, Tsvangirai, Inclusive Government, ZANU-PF Introduction Zimbabwe's new government faced severe difficulties during its first 100 days in office.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe 313 Government’S Fiscal and Monetary Policies, Led to Progressively Higher Rates of Inflation
    The Vol. 14 | NO. 3 | 311–346 QUAR T ERLY FAll 2011 JOURNAL of AUS T RIAN EC ONOMI C S THE HYPERINFLA T ION IN ZIMBABWE JAYSON COOMER AND THOMAS GS T RAUN T HALER ABSTRACT: Zimbabwe’s economic crisis originates from its struggle for independence in the 1970s. Military adventures and reckless spending led to exploding budget deficits, and the forced seizure of commercial farms almost brought the agricultural production to a halt. Zimbabwe entered into a state of hyperinflation, which culminated in a de facto dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy, made official in early 2009 by the Minister of Finance. Given all the hyperinflations of the past, the question to ask is whether the Zimbabwean experience is an isolated economic novelty; or is rather a repetition of the economic and political follies that have plagued some of the fiat governments of the modern world. This paper provides a detailed historical account of the economic crisis, which we will subsequently compare to other past hyperinflations, first and foremost to Mises’s account of the Hyperinflation in Germany of 1920-1923. KEYWORDS: hyperinflation, inflation, Zimbabwe, monetary policy, fiscal policy JEL CLASSIFICATION: E31, E51, H63, N87 Jayson Coomer is a post-graduate student at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Dr. Thomas Gstraunthaler ([email protected]) is an adjunct professor at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. 311 312 The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 14, No. 3 (2011) They had learned then how easy it is to issue it; how difficult
    [Show full text]
  • A New Era for Organized Crime?
    POLITICAL TRANSITION A New Era for IN ZIMBABWE Organized Crime? Mafaro Kasipo August 2018 POLITICAL TRANSITION IN ZIMBABWE A New Era for Organized Crime? Mafaro Kasipo August 2018 Cover photo: Philimon Bulawayo / REUTERS © 2018 Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Summary This policy brief constitutes a first step towards developing more comprehensive assessments that will broaden our understanding of organized crime and illicit markets in Zimbabwe. It analyzes the development of illicit economies during the three periods of political transition that occurred in Zimbabwe since the country attained independence in 1980, and looks ahead to the current phase of transition under its new president, Emmerson Mnangagwa, whose young administration was cemented by victory for his party at the polls on 30 July 2018. The brief outlines the relationship between Zimbabwe’s political transitions and its illicit economies, in particular the central role played by the state in controlling, shaping and benefiting from organized crime. Certain forms of state-sponsored illicit activity have been prevalent during specific phases in Zimbabwe’s political trajectory, but are not exclusive to those transitions. In Zimbabwean politics, illicit economies have been a mainstay of the patronage system that ensured that the ruling party, ZANU–PF (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), remained in power for 37 years under Robert Mugabe.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Advice
    Country Advice Zimbabwe Zimbabwe – ZWE35970 – Coalition Government – Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) – MDC Supporters – Women – Sexual assault – Police – Asylum seekers – Returnees 5 January 2010 1 What is the current status of the joint MDC-ZANU-PF coalition government? Power Sharing Agreement A ‗Global Political Agreement‘ to institute a government of national unity was signed in September 2008. However, the MDC and Zanu-PF were unable to reach agreement on several issues including the distribution of portfolio ministries between the parties. Further information on power sharing arrangements of the coalition Government can be found in Research Response ZWE34457 from February 20091 as well as a BBC article from September 20082. Current Status In October 2009 The New York Times cited the announcement by MDC leader Morgan Tsangvirai that after a number of difficulties in working with Zanu-PF ―he and his party would boycott cabinet meetings and withdraw from dealing with Mr. Mugabe‘s party, in the biggest breach yet in the transitional government‖: The catalyst for this step was the jailing Wednesday of Roy Bennett, Mr. Tsvangirai‘s deputy agriculture minister-designate, a white farmer who is scheduled to stand trial Monday on three-year-old terrorism charges that his party, the Movement for Democratic Change, says are fabricated. But even after Mr. Bennett was granted bail on Friday after the news conference, officials in his party said their decision to disengage had not changed. ―This is the time for us to say enough is enough,‖ said Thabitha Khumalo, a spokeswoman for the M.D.C3. Africa Confidential adds that Tsangvirai‘s walkout ―appear[s] to have scored a palpable hit against President Robert Mugabe and his allies‖.
    [Show full text]
  • Mugabe, Gono and the Rule Of
    Mugabe, Gono and the Rule of Law Derek Matyszak, Senior Researcher 3rd October 2014 The breakdown of the rule of law in Zimbabwe, and the extent thereof, is sometimes missed by those not paying attention, or who are insufficiently informed or equipped to assess the issue. This is because the approach of President Mugabe and ZANU PF to the rule of law, or its lack, has always been more nuanced than say, Sani Abacha style, simply issuing a proclamation to the effect that whatever the president decrees, ipso facto, becomes law. Simply, because the rule of men rather than laws is often (but not always) more subtle in Zimbabwe, this does not necessarily mean that it is not just as pervasive. At the root of Mugabe’s approach to the law is the notion that rules, including the national constitution, its subsidiary laws, and indeed, the ZANU PF party constitution are not inviolable. With this attitude as the foundation of governance by successive Mugabe-led regimes, the whole edifice of legality and constitutionalism has crumbled. For example, Mugabe and ZANU PF hold the new constitution to be a mere guideline that the government may adhere to at some unstated time in the future, rather than a sacrosanct document the provisions of which require immediate, absolute and fearful compliance. Zimbabweans appear to have become so inured to the former attitude that, although the country is in fact in the throes of a major, but silent, constitutional crisis - the symptoms of which are insouciantly brushed aside as inconsequential by government - has been inadequately commented upon.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—House H11630
    H11630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE December 14, 2005 had been executed, hundreds of thousands tions. Families were separated by send- CONDEMNING THE GOVERNMENT more were victims of starvation and malnutri- ing men, women and children into var- OF ZIMBABWE’S ‘‘OPERATION tion. ious labor camps, scattered throughout MURAMBATSVINA’’ Some Cambodians were fortunate enough that country. Famine and disease were Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. to escape the madness and brutality of the epidemic between April of 1975 and Jan- Speaker, I move to suspend the rules Cambodian Genocide, making their way as uary of 1979. Cambodians watched hun- and agree to the resolution (H. Res. refugees to various Southeast Asian nations. dreds of thousands of their loved ones 409) condemning the Government of Nearly 150,000 Cambodians ultimately reset- die by starvation and thousands more Zimbabwe’s ‘‘Operation tled in the United States, and today, there are by torture. Murambatsvina’’ under which homes, more than 200,000 Americans of Cambodian When the Khmer Rouge was over- businesses, religious structures, and descent. thrown in 1979 by Vietnamese troops, other buildings and facilities were de- As Cambodians build new lives in the thousands of Cambodians fled to near- molished in an effort characterized by United States, it is appropriate and timely for by refugee camps in Thailand and to the Government of Zimbabwe as an op- the Congress to recognize the victims of the camps in the Philippines and Indo- eration to ‘‘restore order’’ to the coun- Cambodian Genocide, and to welcome the es- nesia. As many as 145,000-plus coura- try, as amended.
    [Show full text]
  • Diamonds and Clubs A.Indd
    ZIMBABWE DIAMONDS AND CLUBS The Militarized Control of Diamonds and Power in Zimbabwe PartnershiP africa canada June 2010 Cahora Bassa 27 28 Lusaka 29 30 31 32 33 34 ° ° ° Luangw° a Zumbo ° ° Dam ° ° Kafue bezi Z Kafue am Kanyemba Cahora am ZIMBABWE Z b Mazabuka Albufeira de Bassa è Namwala z Cahora Bassa e 16° Chirundu 16° Monze Makuti i Tete n MOZAMBIQUE a Kariba y Muzarabani ZAMBIA n Kariba Dam u H MASHONALAND LakeKariba Centenary Mount Darwin Mulobezi Choma Karoi Mhangura Changara S e a o n CENTRAL z Z Siyakobvu y a 17 a a MASHONALAND 17 ° M ° m Kalomo ti Zave Bindura b WEST Kildonan Shamva e Masuku z Siabuwa Mutoko i Sesheke Maamba Glendale Chinhoyi ST A Kazungula Binga E Lake Harare D NAMIBIA Livingstone Manyame N be Kasane ro A ho Victoria ve L 18 i C M L. Chi 18 °nt Falls Victoria Falls Gokwe u Chitungwiza A Marondera Catandica ° ya ny N Nyanga in Matetsi a Chegutu L Kachikau ti O G Kamativi w Sengwa H a Kadoma S Hwange yi Dahlia Rusape Pandamatenga (Gwayi River) A Hwedza Dete M Nyazura i Sh z anga d ni S O a Lupane Kwekwe v Manica Redcliff Chivhu e 19° MIDLANDS Mutare 19° MATABELELAND Mvuma Chimoio MANICALAND Lago R Eastnor Gweru Chicamba io NORTH R Hot Springs evu G Inyati Shurugwi M è BO TSWAN A w u Gutu a t i y R r i i Chimanimani u k Nata n w Glenclova d i Dombé Bulawayo e 20 Birchenough i 20 ° Masvingo Chipinge z ° Esigodini Lake Bridge u Nata Zvishavane B Mutirikwi Rio e Plumtree v a Espungabera S National capital Mosetse MASVINGO Provincial capital Makgadikgadi Pan Antelope Gwanda Town, village Mine Nandi Mill 21° Triangle Major airport S h West Nicholson Chiredzi Francistown a International boundary s R h Rutenga u e MATABELELAND Mbizi n Provincial boundary U d m e E z Makado U ZIMBABWE Main road SOUTH in Q g I w M B a a Secondary road n n M i Thuli i s A Railroad i Z 22 O ° Selebi-Pikwe Beitbridge M 22° 0 50 100 150 km mpopo Malvernia Messina Li o The boundaries and names shown and the designations op 0 50 100 mi Limp used on this map do not imply official endorsement or S O U T H AFRICA acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]