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Class Struggle in Capitalist Society As Depicted in George Bernard Shaw's i CLASS STRUGGLE IN CAPITALIST SOCIETY AS DEPICTED IN GEORGE BERNARD SHAW’S PYGMALION A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum) Degree in English Language Studies by Yohanes Tuaderu Student Number: 066332012 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 i ii ii iii iii iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, and sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if he takes somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references. Yogyakarta, October 15, 2008 Yohanes Tuaderu iv v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPERLUAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Yohanes Tuaderu Nomor Mahasiswa : 066332012 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: Class Struggle in Capitalist Society as Depicted in George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikan di Internet atau media lain untuk keperluan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Di buat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 23 Januari 2009 Yang menyatakan (Yohanes Tuaderu) v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise the Lord for all of His blessings. It is solely His grace that I can get this very special opportunity to pursue my education to the graduate program. It is only with His companion and guidance that I eventually finish this thesis. Deo gratias. Great gratitude is sincerely addressed to my supervisor, Bapak Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Soemanto, SU., for his critical guidance and his patience that allow me to go deep down into the essence of the analysis of the thesis. I am very impressed to his welcome invitation to me to come to his house in Podang 2 Demangan Baru anytime I need his help. Honestly, his friendly and familiar attention has become a very helpful factor that encourages me to finish the thesis. A special thanks goes to Ibu Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A., who gives so many inputs through her careful reading on this thesis. She is also very friendly and welcoming as well. My thankfulness should also be addressed to Ibu Sri Mulyani, M.A and Bapak Paulus Sarwoto, M.A who taught and guided me in literature classes in very interesting teaching and approaches. I will not forget the special meeting held on June, 26, 2008 when Bapak Dr. B.B. Dwi Jatmoko (the Head of English Language Studies Program), Bapak Dr. J. Bismoko, Bapak F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D., and Ibu Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A. encourage all students of ELS to finish vi vii their thesis as soon as possible. This meeting is very important for me since it makes me aware again to continue compiling this thesis. Thank you for your warm attention and powerful motivation. I dedicate this thesis especially to my beloved wife, Ika Situmorang, and my lovely and smart children I left, Febby and Nuel, for more than two years to finish this study. They are the greatest inspiration and the strongest motivation when I encounter hard and boring times in my period of study. For them, I will give whatever I have for I love them very much till the end of my life. Last but not least, I thank all my friends of KBI 2006 batch for their warm friendship I may enjoy for more than two years. I need to mention some names: Mbak Endang, Mas Suryo, Mas Widya, Mbak Ari, Mbak Ully, Mbak Zaki, Mas Tigor, Mbak Santi, Mas Davy, Mbak Ruth, Thomas, Dian, Kapris, Yuni and Venty. When I remember and imagine their faces, I remember the unforgettable togetherness I experienced with them in Yogyakarta. Good luck, Friends. God bless you all! vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………....... i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………….. ii BOARD OF EXAMINERS …………………………………………………….. iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………………. iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPERLUAN AKADEMIS ............................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………. viii LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………... x ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………. xi ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………... xiii I. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………. 1 B. Problem Limitation ………………………………………………. 9 C. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………... 10 D. The Objectives of the Study ……………………………………… 11 E. Research Method …………………………………………………. 12 F. The Significance of the Study …………………………………….. 14 II. LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………….. 16 A. Review on Related Studies ……………………………………….. 16 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………… 23 1. Theory of Homology ………………………………………… 23 a. Class Distinction ………………………………………… 27 b. Human Exploitation …………………………………….. 28 2. Marxist Criticism …………………………………………….. 33 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………… 40 III. SOCIAL CONDITION IN CAPITALIST SOCIETY AS 42 PORTRAYED IN PYGMALION ………………………………...………... A. Class Distinction ………………………………………………….. 43 1. Physical Appearance …………………………………………. 43 2. Names of Characters …………………………………………. 56 3. Way of Behaving and Speaking ……………………………... 58 B. Human Exploitation ………………………………………………. 67 C. Social Implication of Class Distinction and Human Exploitation .. 83 1. Dehumanization ……………………………………………… 83 2 Poverty ……………………………………………………….. 93 viii ix IV. MAIN CHARACTER’S REACTION TO THE SOCIAL CONDI - 100 TIONS AS THE PORTRAIT OF THE WORKING CLASS STRUGGLE IN CAPITALIST SOCIETY …………………………... A. Class Struggle to Oppose the Capitalist Oppression ……………… 101 B. Class Struggle to Abolish Class Distinction ……………………… 125 V. CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………… 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………… 146 APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………….. 150 1. Biography of George Bernard Shaw ……………………………………. 150 2. Synopsis of Pygmalion ………………………………………………….. 161 ix x LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Description of Physical Appearance and Clothes ……………….. 44 Table 2. The Comparison of Room Items …………………………………. 54 x xi ABSTRACT Tuaderu, Yohanes. 2008 . Class Struggle in Capitalist Society as Depicted in George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion . Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies. Sanata Dharma University. Class struggle is a collective reaction of the workers toward the inhumane treatments of the capitalists. The bad treatments manifest in low wages, long working hours (12 to 19 hours per day), and the imposition of bad discipline and fine system. The capitalists’ avarice to accumulate the surplus value as high as possible is believed as the main causal factor of the treatment. By employing sociological approach of literature, Pygmalion – a play of five acts written by George Bernard Shaw – is considered as one of the literary pieces of the early twentieth century that portrays the social condition of British society at the era when capitalism reached its height. Shaw himself is a socialist who supports the working class struggle through his propaganda, public lectures, critical essays, and literary works that attack the human exploitation in industrial sphere. The objectives of this research are: 1) to reveal the social conditions in capitalist society in England in the end of nineteenth century and the early twentieth century as reflected in Pygmalion , 2) to present the class struggle which is done by the main character of Pygmalion as the reaction toward the social condition in capitalist society. These two objectives are formulated in their inseparable relationship with the practices in capitalist society where human relation is always related to the economic affair between the capitalist and the workers. The capitalist has a big economic power since the capital, production machinery, and raw materials are fully in his hands. Meanwhile the workers do not have anything except their labor power that they sell in a very low price to earn their living and to stay survive. This is a qualitative research using two main theories i.e., 1) Theory of Homology postulated by Lucien Goldmann which is used to prove the interdependent relationship between the society which is told in Shaw’s Pygmalion and the real society in England at the time when Pygmalion was written, 2) Marxist criticism which is theorized by some scholars to analyze class struggle done by the main character of Pygmalion which is assumed as the portrait of the unstopped struggle of the proletariat to achieve their rights which are ignored by the bourgeoisie for hundred of years. These two theories are considered as the most appropriate instruments to analyze one of Shaw’s masterpieces, Pygmalion , since Shaw himself was a genuine socialist who strived for the social reform of British society which is signed by the presence of democracy, the admission of human rights, the just distribution of social welfare, and the reasonable respect to the individual freedom. The data which are used in the analysis consist of the main data and the supporting data. The main data are gathered from the text of Pygmalion in forms of
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