DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rwandan Diaspora in Canada and the United States: Reconciliation and Justice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rwandan Diaspora in Canada and the United States: Reconciliation and Justice Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2016 The Rwandan Diaspora in Canada and the United States: Reconciliation and Justice Jennifer J. Marson Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Race and Ethnicity Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Marson, Jennifer J., "The Rwandan Diaspora in Canada and the United States: Reconciliation and Justice" (2016). Dissertations. 1607. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1607 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RWANDAN DIASPORA IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES: RECONCILIATION AND JUSTICE by Jennifer J. Marson A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sociology Western Michigan University June 2016 Doctoral Committee: Angela Moe, Ph.D., Chair David Hartmann, Ph.D. Ronald Kramer, Ph.D. Harry Mika, Ph.D. THE RWANDAN DIASPORA IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES: RECONCILIATION AND JUSTICE Jennifer J. Marson, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2016 This dissertation analyzed the attempts at achieving justice and reconciliation among the Rwandan diaspora located in Canada and the United States. Following the 1994 Rwandan genocide, many Rwandans fled and a modest diaspora found a home in various locations throughout Canada and the United States. The diaspora, located thousands of miles from the institutional mechanism of justice and reconciliation in Rwanda, are subject to many of the same concerns regarding justice and reconciliation as those who remain in Rwanda. This research focused primarily on how this specific diaspora attempted to achieve justice and reconciliation, if institutional mechanisms (gacaca) in Rwanda have a residual effect on the diaspora, and if the diaspora has created any diaspora-specific mechanism to facilitate justice and reconciliation among one another. This research also addressed current political concerns in Rwanda and how these concerns affected the diaspora. Telephone and face-to-face interviews were conducted with eight members of the Rwandan diaspora located in a variety of locations in the United States and Canada between May 2015 and March 2016. As a supplement to diaspora participant interviews, telephone interviews with four experts on the Rwandan genocide were conducted in February and March 2016. Interviews with diaspora participants revealed that there exists a culture of silence among them, largely as a result of the authoritarian leadership of Rwandan President, Paul Kagame. Diaspora members believed that it was dangerous to speak negatively about Kagame (including political topics such as justice and reconciliation) and that there are personal and legal consequences both for those in Rwanda and among the diaspora who do so. More specifically, diaspora participants suggested that there is a belief that they may be monitored by the Rwandan government. Diaspora participant interviews revealed that justice among the diaspora is inherently connected with justice in Rwanda. If justice has not been served in Rwanda, justice has not been served for the diaspora. Diaspora participants do not feel that justice has been achieved in Rwanda or among the diaspora. Reconciliation among the diaspora, while tied to attempts at reconciliation in Rwanda, may be its own construct. Interviews demarcated “thin” reconciliation (peaceful coexistence among different ethnicities) and “thick” reconciliation (creation of meaningful relationships among different ethnicities) (Pozen, Neugebauer, & Ntaganira, 2014). Diaspora participant interviews reflected that “thin” reconciliation exists among the diaspora, but that “thick” reconciliation is a rare occurrence. Additionally, diaspora interviews suggested that “thick” reconciliation occurs less frequently among the diaspora than in Rwanda because it is not forced. However, when “thick” reconciliation does occur among the diaspora, it is authentic, precisely because it is not forced. Diaspora members did not heavily discuss the effects of gacaca courts on the diaspora, largely because they did not feel that it addressed justice and reconciliation in Rwanda. Diaspora participants did not report any diaspora specific mechanism regarding attempts at justice and reconciliation. Expert participant interviews supported the claims of diaspora participants regarding the culture of silence both within Rwanda and among the diaspora, and confirmed diaspora participants statements regarding justice and reconciliation. © 2016 Jennifer J. Marson So you now see that the truth in our country is hidden, and you need to look not for what is there, but for what they hide. You cannot pay attention to what they show you, but need to listen to those who are kept quiet. You need to look differently in a dictatorship, you need to think about how to listen to people who live in fear. — Excerpt from Bad News, Anjan Sundaram ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my family and friends, thank you for your patience and understanding throughout this process. I’m sure I was not always easy or fun to be around. To Victoria, Malcolm, and Joshua, thank you for always reminding me of what I was capable of. There is no way I would have believed I could do it without you. You are where my heart starts. Jessie Sullivan and Olivia McLaughlin, you both talked me off the ledge more times than I can count. Sully, you’ve been my sounding board for the past 4 years. I am forever grateful for your support and friendship. Liv, thank you for all your work on this project, specifically your help with transcription. You are brilliant. Now start believing it. To Dr. Ronald Kramer and Dr. David Hartmann, thank you for your invaluable instruction and assistance. You both challenged me, theoretically and methodologically. Although, your baseball loyalties concern me. The American League shall always be owned by the Tigers. To Dr. Harry Mika, who encouraged me all those years ago to research exactly what I wanted. I remember barreling into your office and telling you I wanted to go to Rwanda. You didn’t bat an eye. Thank you for seeing more in me than I saw in myself. To Dr. Angela Moe, dissertation chair extraordinaire, my Yoda. You have gone above and beyond what anyone could ever ask for in a dissertation chair and a mentor. I ii Acknowledgments—Continued am eternally grateful for your support and advice during this process. You’ve shown me that it is possible, all of it. To Roosevelt, my furry companion who has spent the past four years tucked close to my feet. You are the joy of my life. Last, and most importantly, Dale. At the end of every day, you often got what was left of me. Not once did you complain, but provided constant encouragement and support. I know how lucky I am. You are my superman. Jennifer J. Marson iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. ii CHAPTER I. RESEARCH INTERESTS AND THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE .................... 1 Rwandan History ......................................................................................... 5 The 1994 Rwandan Genocide ...................................................................... 10 Role of the International Community .................................................... 11 II. NOTIONS OF JUSTICE IN AND OUTSIDE OF RWANDA .......................... 21 Post-Genocide Justice .................................................................................. 21 Conceptual Definitions ................................................................................ 22 Rwandan Gacaca .......................................................................................... 26 Problems with Gacaca............................................................................ 29 Post-Genocidal Notions of Ethnicity: Connections Between the Diaspora and Home Country ....................................................................... 33 Political Landscape and the Culture of Silence ........................................... 39 In Rwanda .............................................................................................. 39 Among the Diaspora .............................................................................. 46 Engaging the Diaspora ........................................................................... 49 The Rwandan Diaspora in the United States and Canada ............................ 51 Rwandan Diaspora in Canada ...................................................................... 52 Ottawa .................................................................................................... 53 Montreal ................................................................................................. 54 Toronto ................................................................................................... 55 iv Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Edmonton ............................................................................................... 56 Rwanda Diaspora in the United States......................................................... 57 Research on Rwandan Diaspora in the West ..............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Being Rwandan in Quebec the Influence of Rwandan Politics on Identity Formation, Social Relations and Organisation in the Diaspora
    Master’s Thesis Social Anthropology NTNU, May 2014 Being Rwandan in Quebec The Influence of Rwandan Politics on Identity Formation, Social Relations and Organisation in the Diaspora Linn Silje Opdahl Thun Abstract This thesis concerns Rwandese emigrants living in Quebec, Quebec, Canada, and the relations between them. It is based on 7,5 months ethnographic research in Quebec. The Rwandan diaspora in Quebec is constituted of individuals who arrived at different moments from the 1980’s onwards, for different reasons, and these factors are part of what influences their relations today. Both media and academia have shown a great interest in Rwanda and the Rwandese, especially since the genocide in 1994. However, the biggest focus has been on finding the reason for the genocide and the ethnic division that was at its root. Little attention has been given to the diaspora. The aim of this thesis is to draw a nuanced picture of the Rwandan diaspora, by linking the identity negotiations within the diaspora to individuals’ understanding of the history and politics of Rwanda; showing how attitudes towards the contested spaces of history and politics in Rwanda, affect the social relations of Rwandese living in Quebec. The fundamentally different ways of interpreting the past in Rwanda, is creating a schism in the population, both in Rwanda and abroad, and the Rwandan government’s policies aimed at the diaspora makes it an agent in shaping the diasporic reality. This is manifested in the two Rwandese organisations in Quebec, CRQ (Communauté des Rwandais de Québec) and AMIRWAQ (Amicale des Rwandais à Québec), whose goals and activities are similar.
    [Show full text]
  • IN SEARCH of Africa's Greatest Safaris
    IN SEARCH of Africa's Greatest Safaris A S E R I E S O F L I F E C H A N G I N G J O U R N E Y S T H A T L E A V E A F R I C A ' S W I L D L I F E I N A B E T T E R P L A C E Who We Are Vayeni is owned and run by Luke & Suzanne Brown. Together they have built a formidable reputation for seeking out the finest safari experiences Africa can offer and combining these into cathartic experiences for the most judicious travellers. Luke and Suzanne also co- founded the Zambesia Conservation Alliance together with Luke's brother Robin. Through Zambesia their goal is to successfully assist Africa's increasingly threatened habitats and wildlife. Where We Take You East Africa Indian Ocean Islands Southern Africa Antarctica Comfort Between Destinations All journeys include a private jet between destinations & a dedicated, highly acclaimed African specialist guide throughout. CA AFRI EAST NDS ISLA CEAN AN O INDI ly p s e S e e E d d f i o R v a s U o . h r f e c S p o d i r A l t e r r a E c o a e e R n h w S t e S T d n S e i d y ' c v e T t e I la e c F p s e n I n s r R e n A l o u d c o n u J o re b atu ign S S OU T HE IND RN IA AF N R OC ICA ch of EA In Sear N ISL ICA AN T AFR DS EAS FRICA ERN A DS ECRETS UTH SLAN ZAMBESIA'S S SO EAN I N OC A INDIA CTIC NTAR A A vast & rich region of s, s, wildlife presided over by the o d of in r rgest African elephant herd 7 h pa s la ch R o le r T , e a on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • ARMING RWANDA the Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War
    HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT January 1994 Vol. 6, Issue 1 ARMING RWANDA The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War Contents MapMap...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 IntroductionIntroduction....................................................................................................................................................................................4 Summary of Key Findings ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Summary of Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 6 I. Historical Background to the WarWar......................................................................................................................................7 The Banyarwanda and Uganda..............................................................................................................................................7 Rwanda and the Habyarimana Regime............................................................................................................................ 9 II. The Record on Human RightsRights..............................................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
    The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda: Gender Politics and Women’S Rights I AFRS-3000 (3 Credits) Online Seminar: (July 13 Th to 31St)
    Rwanda: Gender Politics and Women’s Rights I AFRS-3000 (3 credits) Online seminar: (July 13 th to 31st) This syllabus is representative of a typical semester. Because courses develop and change over time to take advantage of unique learning opportunities, actual course content varies from semester to semester. Course Description Rwanda is currently depicted as a model of quick growth and success in many areas including gender equality. In fact the country leads the world with women holding 61.3% of seats in the lower chamber of national legislature. In 2011, the Royal Commonwealth Society and Plan-UK, a British NGO, in its report published on March 14th, = ranked Rwanda as the 10th best country to be born a girl among 54 commonwealth countries. According to the same report, Rwanda was the 2nd country on the African continent after Seychelles. In 2020, Rwanda ranked 9th worldwide in the gender gap index between men and women in the four key areas of health, education, economy and politics (World Economic Forum Report on global gender gab index, 2020). This course is all about understanding what these apparently tremendous achievements mean in the everyday life of female citizens of Rwanda. Drawing on critical African women’s studies, contemporary feminist theories and theories of social change and social transformation, the course will examine the contemporary political, economic, legal, social as well as cultural reforms that have been influencing Rwanda’s gender politics and impacting women’s rights in all aspects of life. This is an online seminar that will be delivered from July 13th to 31st 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies Economics Department 2014 History, External Influence and oliticalP Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR) Henry Kam Kah University of Buea, Cameroon Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jade Part of the Econometrics Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Economics Commons, Political Economy Commons, Public Economics Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Kam Kah, Henry, "History, External Influence and oliticalP Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR)" (2014). Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies. 5. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jade/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies 2014 Volume 3 Issue 1 ISSN:2161-8216 History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR) Henry Kam Kah University of Buea, Cameroon ABSTRACT This paper examines the complex involvement of neighbors and other states in the leadership or political crisis in the CAR through a content analysis. It further discusses the repercussions of this on the unity and leadership of the country. The CAR has, for a long time, been embroiled in a crisis that has impeded the unity of the country. It is a failed state in Africa to say the least, and the involvement of neighboring and other states in the crisis in one way or the other has compounded the multifarious problems of this country.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV DR in CENTRAL AFRICA
    WHO HIVRESNET STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING, November 10–12, 2009, Geneva, Switzerland HIV DR in CENTRAL AFRICA Pr Belabbes Intercountry Support Team Central Africa COUNTRIES COVERED BY THE INTERCOUNTRY SUPPORT TEAM / CENTRAL AFRICA Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda Sao Tome & Principe HIV PREVALENCE AMONG THE POPULATION Legend Generalized epidemic in 10 <1% countries /11 1-5% >5% Excepted Sao Tome& Principe nd HIV PREVALENCE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN Legend <1% 1-5% >5% nd PATIENTS UNDER ART 2005-2008 70000 2005 2006 2007 2008 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Angola Burundi Cameroon Congo Equatorial Gabon CAR DRC Rwanda Sao Tome Guinea Source of data Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. WHO, UNAIDS,UNICEF;September 2009. Training on HIVDR Protocols ANGOLA BURUNDI CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC CHAD CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON RWANDA SAO TOME&PRINCIPE Training on HIVDR Protocols Douala, Cameroon 27-29 April 2009 The opening ceremony Participants to the Training on HIVDR Protocols, Douala Cameroon 27-29 April 2009 ON SITE STRENGTHENING CAPACITIES OF THE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS ANGOLA BURUNDI CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC CHAD EQUATORIAL GUINEA RWANDA TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED TO DEVELOP HIVDR PROTOCOLS ANGOLA BURUNDI CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC CHAD EQUATORIAL GUINEA RWANDA EARLY WARNING INDICATORS BURUNDI : EWI abstraction in 19 sites (October) using paper-based.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda and the Politics of the Body
    Rwanda and the Politics of the Body Erin Baines Working Paper No. 39, August 2003 Portions of the working paper will be published in Third World Quarterly, 24 (3) 2003 and are reprinted here with kind permission. With thanks to Natalie Oswin, Brian Job, Jennifer Hyndman, Susan Thomson, Suzy Hainsworth, Kate Woznow and Taylor Owen for comments and edits on earlier versions of this paper, and to the Social Sciences and Humanities Reseach Council. Recent Titles in the Working Paper Series No. 26 The Problem of Change in International Relations Theory, by K.J. Holsti, December 1998 No. 27 Asia and Nonproliferation After the Cold War: Issues, Challenges and Strategies, by J.D. Yuan, February 1999 No. 28 The Revolution in Military Affairs and Its Impact on Canada: The Challenge and the Consequences, by Andrew Richter, March 1999 No. 29 Law, Knowledge and National Interests in Trade Disputes: The Case of Softwood Lumber, by George Hoberg and Paul Howe, June 1999 No. 30 Geopolitical Change and Contemporary Security Studies: Contextualizing the Human Security Agenda, by Simon Dalby, April 2000 No. 31 Beyond the Linguistic Analogy: Norm and Action in International Politics, by Kai Alderson, May 2000 No. 32 The Changing Nature of International Institutions: The Case of Territoriality, by Kalevi J. Holsti, November 2000 No. 33 South Asian Nukes and Dilemmas of International Nonproliferation Regimes, by Haider K. Nizamani, December 2000 No. 34 Tipping the Balance: Theatre Missile Defence and the Evolving Security Relations in Northeast Asia, by Marc Lanteigne, January 2001 No. 35 Between War and Peace: Religion, Politics, and Human Rights in Early Cold War Canada, 1945-1950, by George Egerton, February 2001 No.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dangerous Impasse: Rwandan Refugees in Uganda
    A Dangerous Impasse: Rwandan Refugees in Uganda CITIZENSHIP AND DISPLACEMENT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION WORKING PAPER NO. 4 JUNE 2010 International Refugee Refugee Law Project Rights Initiative C ITIZENSHIP AND D ISPLACEMENT IN THE G R E A T L AKES W O R K I N G P A P E R N O . 4 Background to the Paper This paper is the result of a co-ordinated research and writing effort between staff from the Refugee Law Project (RLP) and the International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI). The paper was written by Lucy Hovil of IRRI with input from Moses Chrispus Okello of RLP and Deirdre Clancy of IRRI, particularly on the legal dimensions of the research. The field research was carried out by Joseph Okumu and Maloe Klaassen. Dismas Nkunda and Olivia Bueno of IRRI. Bill O‘Neill of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) reviewed a draft of the report and made helpful comments. We would like to express our gratitude to the National Council for Science and Technology for permission to conduct the research, and to all those who participated in the study. Citizenship and Displacement in the Great Lakes Region Working Paper Series The paper is the fourth in a series of working papers that form part of a collaborative project between the International Refugee Rights Initiative, the Social Science Research Council and civil society and academic partners in the Great Lakes region. The SSRC is pleased to be a partner in this project, but does not necessarily endorse the views or recommendations of the resulting reports.
    [Show full text]
  • 1999-2000 Rwanda Burundi
    COUNTRY PROFILE Rwanda Burundi This Country Profile is a reference tool, which provides analysis of historical political, infrastructural and economic trends. It is revised and updated annually. The EIU’s quarterly Country Reports analyse current trends and provide a two-year forecast The full publishing schedule for Country Profiles is now available on our web site at http://www.eiu.com/schedule. 1999-2000 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, US Hong Kong Tel: (44.20) 7830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.20) 7499 9767 Fax:
    [Show full text]
  • Vision 2020: an Analysis of Policy Implementation and Agrarian Change in Rural Rwanda Sterling Recker University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 8-5-2014 Vision 2020: An analysis of policy implementation and agrarian change in rural Rwanda Sterling Recker University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Recker, Sterling, "Vision 2020: An analysis of policy implementation and agrarian change in rural Rwanda" (2014). Dissertations. 224. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/224 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - ST. LOUIS Vision 2020: An analysis of policy implementation and agrarian change in rural Rwanda By Sterling Recker M.A. University of Missouri – St Louis, 2009 B.S. University of Central Missouri, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Missouri-St. Louis In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In Political Science July 1, 2014 Advisory Committee: Jean-Germain Gros, PhD., (Chair) Joyce Mushaben, Ph.D. Ruth Iyob, Ph.D. Kenny Thomas, Ph.D. Copyright 2014 By Sterling D. Recker All Rights Reserved Abstract In 2000, President Paul Kagame introduced a plan to alleviate poverty as well as to maintain political control over the policy process through a decentralized bureaucracy. Since adoption of Vision 2020 in 2000, Rwanda has been reforming its rural sector to commercialize agriculture, reduce pressures on land, and move the country into middle income status by the year 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Mapping: Women’S Economic Empowerment in Rwanda
    ~ IDRC I CRDI International Development Research Centre Centre de recherches pour le développement international Policy mapping: Women’s economic empowerment in Rwanda Also funded by BILLd-Ml:LINDA . WILLIAM • PLOlA ndotl GATES f,,,_,,,u,,",, I~r I-IENtlettFou on 3 Women’s economic empowerment in Rwanda Report by Judith Kaitesi Katabarwa © 2020, International Development Research Centre This is one of five country-based scoping papers About the GrOW East Africa initiative commissioned by the International Development The Growth and Economic Opportunities for Research Centre to inform the foundations of the GrOW Women (GrOW) East Africa initiative seeks to spur East Africa initiative. Opinions stated in this paper are transformative change to advance gender equality in those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the the world of work. It is funded by the Bill & Melinda views of IDRC or the GrOW East Africa funders. Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and Canada’s International Development Author’s Acknowledgements Research Centre (IDRC). Building on the success of This policy mapping process would not have been the multi-funder GrOW program, GrOW East Africa possible without the invaluable inputs and support from aims to enhance gender equality and the economic a wide range of stakeholders, including implementers, empowerment of marginalized women in five countries development partners, gender advocates, policymakers, of focus: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and researchers, and beneficiaries in Rwanda. I am Uganda. It will foster new in-country knowledge, extremely grateful for all the input received. Thanks to innovations, and solutions to inform policies and the researchers and institutions that took the time to programs addressing unpaid care work, sex segregation participate in interviews, focus group discussions, and in labour markets, and women’s employment.
    [Show full text]