DOCSLIB.ORG

Tierras Llaneras De Venezuela

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tierras Llaneras De Venezuela TIERRAS LLANERAS DE VENEZUELA Jean Marie Hétier Roberto López Falcón Compiladores TIERRAS LLANERAS DE VENEZUELA Serie: Suelos y Clima Jean Marie Hétier SC-77 Roberto López F. CENTRO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO E INVESTIGACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y TERRITORIAL CIDIAT Apartado Postal 219 Mérida, Venezuela Título de la obra: Tierras Llaneras de Venezuela Compiladores: Jean Marie Hétier Roberto López Falcón ©CIDIAT Primera Edición HECHO EL DEPÓSITO DE LEY Depósito Legal LF749203800752X ISBN: 980-6483-14-6 Diagramación Digital y diseño de la portada: Carolina Briceño T. Grabado en el Laboratorio de Informática del CIDIAT Mérida, Venezuela 2003 CONTENIDO Pág. PRESENTACIÓN................................................................................................... xvii Español.............................................................................................................. xvii Francés.............................................................................................................. xli Inglés................................................................................................................. lxvii COLABORADORES.............................................................................................. xci SIGLAS Y CLAVES............................................................................................... xciii PRIMERA PARTE: LOS INVENTARIOS........................................................... 1 CAPITULO 1....................................................................................................... 3 EVOLUCIÓN DEL POBLAMIENTO EN LOS LLANOS VENEZOLANOS: PERÍODOS DEL DESCUBRIMIENTO, CONQUISTA Y COLONIZACIÓN 3 Introducción................................................................................................... 3 El proceso del descubrimiento....................................................................... 4 Primer Acto Administrativo del País. La compañía Welser.......................... 5 Nuevos descubrimientos y el proceso de conquista...................................... 6 Continuación del proceso de fundación de ciudades en el marco de la colonia durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Las encomiendas y las misiones.. 9 Segundo Acto Administrativo de relevancia histórica.................................. 13 Situación durante el último siglo colonial..................................................... 14 La sociedad llanera........................................................................................ 17 Bibliografía.................................................................................................... 18 CAPITULO 2....................................................................................................... 19 BOSQUES DE LOS LLANOS DE VENEZUELA: CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES SOBRE SU ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA. 19 Introducción................................................................................................... 19 Llanos Occidentales....................................................................................... 22 Piedemonte Andino.................................................................................... 23 Llanos Occidentales intermedios............................................................... 24 Llanos Occidentales bajos o meridionales................................................. 27 Llanos Centrales............................................................................................ 29 Llanos Centrales altos y bajos.................................................................... 29 Llanos Orientales........................................................................................... 31 Consideraciones Finales................................................................................ 33 Agradecimiento............................................................................................. 36 Bibliografía.................................................................................................... 37 CAPITULO 3....................................................................................................... 49 FAUNA DE LAS TIERRAS LLANERAS...................................................... 49 Introducción................................................................................................... 49 Las sabanas y su fauna asociada.................................................................... 50 iii CONTENIDO (Continuación) Pág. Formas de las sabanas de banco, bajío y estero......................................... 50 Sabanas de banco-bajío-estero, al sur del río Apure.................................. 51 Lagunas, esteros y bajíos........................................................................ 51 Bancos de sabanas................................................................................... 53 Bosques de galería y matas..................................................................... 54 Caños y ríos............................................................................................. 56 Las sabanas de banco-bajío-estero al norte del río Apure.......................... 57 Fauna de las sabanas de Paspalum fasciculatum........................................ 58 Fauna de las sabanas de Trachypogon....................................................... 59 Fauna de los morichales y bosques ribereños............................................ 61 Fauna silvestre asociada a bosques................................................................ 62 Fauna de los bosques húmedos de los Llanos Occidentales 63 Fauna de los bosques secos deciduos y semideciduos de los Llanos Centrales y Orientales................................................................................ 67 Conclusión..................................................................................................... 68 Bibliografía.................................................................................................... 69 SEGUNDA PARTE: LA SITUACIÓN CLIMÁTICA Y EDÁFICA ACTUAL............... 73 CAPITULO 4....................................................................................................... 75 RASGOS CLIMÁTICOS DE LOS LLANOS DE VENEZUELA........ 75 Introducción................................................................................................... 75 Características generales............................................................................... 76 Subregiones climáticas............................................................................... 77 Principales rasgos agro-climáticos............................................................. 79 Evidencias de paleoclimas......................................................................... 82 Conclusión..................................................................................................... 84 Bibliografía.................................................................................................... 85 CAPITULO 5....................................................................................................... 89 GEOMORFOLOGÍA Y SUELOS DE LOS LLANOS VENEZOLANOS...... 89 Introducción................................................................................................... 89 Delimitación y características generales de las tierras llaneras..................... 90 Principales unidades geográficas............................................................... 90 Origen geológico y evolución geomorfológica de la región de los Llanos 91 Historia geológica................................................................................... 91 Evolución y características geomorfológicos......................................... 93 Efectos de la evolución paleoclimática................................................... 95 Los campos de dunas.............................................................................. 97 El Holoceno............................................................................................ 99 Definición y descripción de los paisajes geomorfológicos del Llano.............. 100 iv CONTENIDO (Continuación) Pág. Planicies aluviales................................................................................... 100 Planicie de desborde............................................................................... 101 Formas de terreno de la llanura de desborde....................................... 101 Los bancos........................................................................................ 101 Los bajíos......................................................................................... 101 Los esteros........................................................................................ 102 Las lagunas y pantanos..................................................................... 102 Los orillares...................................................................................... 102 Los desparramaderos........................................................................ 102 Los cauces abandonados................................................................... 103 Posiciones geomorfológicas de la llanura de desborde....................... 103 Planicies de explayamiento..................................................................... 104 Los ejes y napas de explayamiento...................................................... 104 Los explayamientos de ruptura............................................................ 105 Planicies eólicas.....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The State of Venezuela's Forests
    ArtePortada 25/06/2002 09:20 pm Page 1 GLOBAL FOREST WATCH (GFW) WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE (WRI) The State of Venezuela’s Forests ACOANA UNEG A Case Study of the Guayana Region PROVITA FUDENA FUNDACIÓN POLAR GLOBAL FOREST WATCH GLOBAL FOREST WATCH • A Case Study of the Guayana Region The State of Venezuela’s Forests. Forests. The State of Venezuela’s Págs i-xvi 25/06/2002 02:09 pm Page i The State of Venezuela’s Forests A Case Study of the Guayana Region A Global Forest Watch Report prepared by: Mariapía Bevilacqua, Lya Cárdenas, Ana Liz Flores, Lionel Hernández, Erick Lares B., Alexander Mansutti R., Marta Miranda, José Ochoa G., Militza Rodríguez, and Elizabeth Selig Págs i-xvi 25/06/2002 02:09 pm Page ii AUTHORS: Presentation Forest Cover and Protected Areas: Each World Resources Institute Mariapía Bevilacqua (ACOANA) report represents a timely, scholarly and Marta Miranda (WRI) treatment of a subject of public con- Wildlife: cern. WRI takes responsibility for José Ochoa G. (ACOANA/WCS) choosing the study topics and guar- anteeing its authors and researchers Man has become increasingly aware of the absolute need to preserve nature, and to respect biodiver- Non-Timber Forest Products: freedom of inquiry. It also solicits Lya Cárdenas and responds to the guidance of sity as the only way to assure permanence of life on Earth. Thus, it is urgent not only to study animal Logging: advisory panels and expert review- and plant species, and ecosystems, but also the inner harmony by which they are linked. Lionel Hernández (UNEG) ers.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Survey Report of the Llanos Orientales, Colombia. General Report
    FAO/SF: 11/COL L SURVEY OF THE LLANOS ORIENT LE OENERAL FIEPORT fiefNhv UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM *w FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS EXTERNAL TRANSLATION FAO/SF: 11/COL SOIL SURVEY OF THE LLANOS ORIENTALES COLOMBIA VOLUME I GENERAL REPORT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL FUND Rome, 1965 MR/27262 CONTENTS LISTOF TABLES 0000006400090.001.00 LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF MATS o00000000040o0..0.000009.004.00000000000000900.000o0 INTRODUCTION 00.a.00.0009.0.40060000064001.000900000 Background 9 0 9 0011 9 0 9 The Project and lto Execution . o 2 Project Personnel 9 9 3 Tr ning O 0e .00 4,0,0" 1100 9 3 Acknowledgments 3 SUMMARY OF MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 0,10.000m000110000.00000.0400000po* 7 Geography, Location of Survey Area 7 ciimate a 0 0 0 0 0 PO" 9 0 11 VegetatiOn O0000000.4.000004.06"00400QOP0,09.0941000004,04140Opp0 19 Hydrology 00400.11410000000.009080060000000040000009008000O004. 20 Geology, Geomorphology, Landscape Map 23 Agriculture and Livestock 0.0paeo0004.ve0.000000090 35 SOILS AD THEIR USE 40 General 00,900000p 40 Land Capability Classes and Map 42 NEEDFOR RESEARCH 0000.00040.4.000001,044.09."0400WoMes0901,000000.p00 49 LISTOF COLLABORATORS e000m000000*0000000.00090a040%440000090040170.0 54 ENGLISHSUMMARY . onsv011 doonim 00 56 REFERENCES 000900OOM*00.000006008O0.09100000oMOOOR*00000098,000000000.04$ 65 APPENDIX I - PLAN OF OPERATION 67 Budget and Plan of Expenditure - Special Fund Contribution ...o. 77 Budgot and Plan of Expenditure - Government Contribution ....... 78 Amendment 1 of the Plan of Operation 79 - ii - LIST OF TABLES Pago I-1 Calculaticins of actual and potential evaporation and water deficit or surplus at Villavicencio, Meta .........
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography of the Llanos De Moxos Roberto Langstroth Plotkin 183
    MF Geographica Helvetica Jg. 66 2011/Heft 3 Biogeography of the Llanos de Moxos Roberto Langstroth Plotkin 183 Biogeography of the Llanos de Moxos: natural and anthropogenic determinants Roberto Langstroth Plotkin, South Riding Bactris, Ceiba, Coccoloba, Ficus, Genipa, Guarea, Hura, Inga, Maclura, Margaritaria, Salacia, Spondias, Sterculia, Swartzia, Syagrus, Tabebuia, Trichilia, Tripla- 1 Introduction ris, and Vitex (Beck 1983; Langstroth 1996). Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the Semialturas are levee backslopes and splays with human inhabitants of the Llanos de Moxos constructed brief, shallow inundations and vegetation contingent diverse earthworks such as mounds and causeways, upon the fire regimes. Semialturas may support largely raised agricultural fields in the savannas and managed deciduous forest or woodland (genera such as Acroco- the landscape using fire and other tools (Denevan mia, Astronium, Coccoloba, Copernicia, Cordia, Cupa- 1966; Langstroth 1996; Lombardo & Prümers 2010; nia, Enterolobium, Geoffroea, Guazuma, Piptadenia, Lombardo et al. 2011). Erickson (2008) considers the Pithecellobium, Randia, Samanea, Sterculia, Tabebuia, Llanos de Moxos to be an example of an Amazonian and Zanthoxylum), Cerrado («campo cerrado» or «domesticated landscape» and, based on evidence «campo sujo», genera listed below), or pampa with from Moxos, claims that «nature in Amazonia more scattered fire tolerant trees Pseudobombax,( Tabe- closely resembles a garden than a pristine, natural buia) and Copernicia palms (Beck 1983; Langstroth wilderness.» These arguments presume that Moxos 1996). Termite mounds are frequent and present small is representative of Amazonia and also discount the woody islands with Celtis, Cereus, Coccoloba, Coper- roles of longer-term physical and biological processes nicia, Cordia, Machaerium, Rhamnidium, and Sorocea in play since the Miocene when extensive non-forest (Beck 1983; Langstroth 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and Its Offshore Regions
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and its Offshore Regions By Franck A. Audemard M., Michael N. Machette, Jonathan W. Cox, Richard L. Dart, and Kathleen M. Haller Open-File Report 00-018 (paper edition) This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards nor with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. 2000 Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and its Offshore Regions A project of the International Lithosphere Program Task Group II-2, Major Active Faults of the World Data and map compiled by 1 FRANCK A. AUDEMARD M., 2 MICHAEL N. MACHETTE, 2 JONATHAN W. COX, 2 RICHARD L. DART, AND 2 KATHLEEN M. HALLER 1 Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas (FUNVISIS) Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra, Prolongacion Calle Mara, El Llanito Caracas 1070-A, Venezuela 2 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Central Geologic Hazards Team MS 966, P.O. Box 25046 Denver, Colorado, USA Regional Coordinator for Central America CARLOS COSTA Universidad Nacional de San Luis Departmento de Geologia Casilla de Correo 320 San Luis, Argentina ILP Task Group II-2 Co-Chairman, Western Hemisphere MICHAEL MACHETTE U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Central Geologic Hazards Team MS 966, P.O. Box 25046 Denver, Colorado, USA January 2000 version i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 87 Washington : 1939 No, 3073 OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS OF NORTPIERN VENEZUELA By Alexander Wetmore An extended journey in the southern republics of South America several years ago aroused a wish to know something in life of the birds of the northern section of that great continent, a desire that was finally gratified in the latter part of 1937 when arrangement was made for field work in Venezuela. In brief, in this second journey work began at the seacoast 50 miles west of La Guaira, was extended inland to the higher levels of the CordiUera de la Costa at Rancho Grande, and, with brief observations at Maracay in the valley of Aragua, was concluded with a stay at El Sombrero in the northern Orinoco Valley 80 miles due south of the capital city of Caracas. The studies thus included a transit through the arid tropical zone of the north coast, the subtropical rain forests of the coast range, the open valley of Aragua, and the northern section of the llanos down to that point where the blanket of thorny scrub that extends south- ward from the hills on the northern boundary of that great level plain begins to open out in the vast savannas that reach toward the Rio Orinoco. The collections from the region included in the Parque Naciondl serve as a link to join work done by earlier investigators in the region of the Cumbre de Valencia and Puerto Cabello in Estado Carabobo, and in the vicinity of Caracas.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia
    Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in coopeTation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-MineTas under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States DepaTtment of State Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia By EARL M. IRVING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in cooperation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Min eras under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States Department of State An interpretation of the geologic history of a complex mountain system UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, vVASHINGTON 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irving, Earl Montgomery, 1911- Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes, Columbia. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 846) Bibliography: p Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:846 1. Geology-Colombia. 2. Geosynclines----Colombia. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico­ Mineras.. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 846. QE239.175 558.61 74-600149 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.30 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02553 CONTENTS Page Pasre Abstract ----------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Download Vol. 39, No. 6
    ... r , 5 Mt; , - J.$.I' ~''i. I I I of the FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BODY MASS AND SKULL MEASUREMENTS IN FOUR JAGUAR POPULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR PREY BASE Rafael Hoogesteijn and Edgardo Mondolfi Volume 39, No. 6 pp. 195-219 1996 1 - 'Ii;*5' 3'-*t-lf-' I + ' ''. ' '·*'*114/I.M.' "' t Jit:j *40 k 2 JE <111111Pip rEL- fi;7~AilhRE'F .1 1 d.- 11 4 -A-- / _I_ r It 5 T *43 MI 5* -:IA UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY am published at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not necessarily completed in any one calendar year. JOHN F. EISENBERG, EDITOR RICHARD FRANZ, CO-EDITOR RHODA J. BRYANT, MANAGING EDrrOR Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publications and all manuscripts should be addressed to: Managing Editor, Bulletin; Florida Museum of Natural History; University of Florida; P. O. Box 117800, Gainesville FL 32611-7800; U.S.A This journal is printed on recycled paper. ISSN: 0071-6154 CODEN: BF 5BA5 Publication date: September 30,1996 Price: $1.35 BODY MASS AND SKULL MEASUREMENTS IN FOUR JAGUAR POPULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR PREY BASE Rafael Hoogesteijnt and Edgardo Mondollf ABSTRACT Body mass and nine skull measurements of two floodplain (Pantanal and Llanos) and two forest (Amazon and Central America) jaguar (Panthem onca) populations, were analyzed to compare them, relate their morphometric dimensions to preybase and latitude, and examine the relationship with their subspecies status. Analyzing data from males and females separately, jaguar at all sites differed significantly for most variables studied, with the exception of rostral breadth, maxillary teeth row length, and pterygoid fossa breadth for both sexes, and postorbital breadth for females, which were either not or only weakly significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Perception of Anthropic and Extractive Interventions in the Colombian Llanos
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Collective Perception of Anthropic and Extractive Interventions in the Colombian Llanos Luca Eufemia 1,2,* , Hector Morales 1,2, Michelle Bonatti 1,2, Maximilian Graser 2, Marcos Lana 3 and Stefan Sieber 1,2 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Humboldt University, Invalidenstraße 42, 10099 Berlin, Germany 2 SusLAND: Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF e. V), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany 3 Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 760 07 Uppsala, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 5 September 2019; Published: 9 September 2019 Abstract: Increasingly, the developmental model of anthropic and extractive interventions is a global concern. Its impacts are challenging not only the precarious equilibrium of natural resources but also the one of local communities and identities. The case of the Colombian Llanos shows how the local culture of the Cultura Llanera (CL) is deep-rooted with natural resources, their use and their management. Throughout the use of a survey based on the Governance Analytical Framework (GAF), this paper presents and discusses shared problems and social norms. The collective perception of local groups shows that the CL, in particular traditional livestock practices in flooded savannahs, is a key element for the sustainable development of the region. Furthermore, it reveals that agricultural and extractive activities, primarily rice and oil, are considered the main threats to both the ecosystem and the protection of the CL. Keywords: governance models; Colombian Llanos; Cultura Llanera; extractivism 1. Introduction Increasingly, the developmental model of anthropic and extractive interventions is a global concern.
    [Show full text]
  • AMR 53/010/2003 6 June 2003 Further Information on UA 130/03
    PUBLIC AI Index: AMR 53/010/2003 6 June 2003 Further Information on UA 130/03 (AMR 53/007/2003, 9 May 2003) and follow-up (AMR 53/009/2003, 15 May) - Death Threats/Fear for Safety VENEZUELA Miguel Díaz Loreto (m) Dinorah María Díaz Loreto (f) Jairo Alexis Díaz Loreto (m) Bladimir Díaz Loreto (m) Alexandra Gualdron (f) Killed: Enmary Cava (f) On 26 May, Enmary Cava died in hospital in the town of Cagua, Aragua state. She had been in hospital in a critical condition after being shot six times by an unidentified man on 10 May. A female friend who was with her when she was shot is still in a critical condition in hospital. On 27 May, a judge in the town of Cagua ordered the authorities to ensure the protection of Dinorah María Díaz Loreto, Alexandra Gualdrón and Jairo Alexander Díaz Loreto. However, it is not clear what measures will be taken and when they will begin. Amnesty International is concerned that no measures were ordered to protect Enmary Cava's injured friend, witnesses to the killings of Robert Díaz Loreto, Antonio Díaz Loreto and Octavio Ignacio Díaz, and other members of Enmary Cava’s family including Miguel Díaz Loreto and Bladimir Díaz Loreto. It is believed that the attack against Enmary Cava and her friend may be related to the increasing number of death threats received by Enmary Cava and members of her family, allegedly from agents of the Aragua State Police. The family members had been pressing the local authorities to carry out an exhaustive investigation into the killings of brothers Robert Díaz Loreto, Antonio Díaz Loreto and their father, Octavio Ignacio Díaz.
    [Show full text]
  • Pautas Para El Conocimiento, Conservación Y Uso Sostenible De Las Plantas Medicinales Nativas En Colombia Conservación De Plantas
    PAUTAS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO, CONSERVACIÓN Y USO SOSTENIBLE DE LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES NATIVAS EN COLOMBIA CONSERVACIÓN DE PLANTAS Nuestras publicaciones ESTRATEGIA NACIONAL PARA LA Las publicaciones del Instituto Humboldt divulgan el conocimiento sobre la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad de Colombia para provecho de su sociedad y hacen parte de sus estrategias institucionales de comunicación, educación y conciencia pública. www.humboldt.org.co [email protected] [email protected] PAUTAS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO, CONSERVACIÓN Y USO SOSTENIBLE EN COLOMBIA DE LAS MEDICINALES PLANTAS CONSERVACIÓN NATIVAS EL CONOCIMIENTO, PARA PAUTAS Henry Yesid Bernal, Hernando García Martínez, Germán Felipe Quevedo Sánchez (Editores) Pautas para el conocimiento, conservación y uso sostenible de las plantas medicinales nativas en Colombia Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de Plantas Henry Yesid Bernal, Hernando García Martínez, Germán Felipe Quevedo Sánchez (Editores) Índice de autores* Henry Yesid Bernal Profesor Asociado Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática, Unesis © Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial 2011 Herbario Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, HPUJ © Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt 2011 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Todos los derechos reservados. Se autoriza la reproducción y difusión de material contenido [email protected]; [email protected] en este documento para fines educativos u otros
    [Show full text]
  • Spring Shorebird Migration Through Central Venezuela
    Wilson Bull., 99(4), 1987, pp. 571-578 SPRING SHOREBIRD MIGRATION THROUGH CENTRALVENEZUELA BETSY TRENT THOMAS ’ AnsrnAcr.-Nearctic-breeding shorebirds regularly migrate through the llanos of central Venezuela in the spring (March-May). At a single site, consisting of three feeding areas with a total of 3-5 ha, 10 species were recorded. Four migrating Least Sandpipers (Culidris minutilla) banded at this site were recaptured there in subsequent years. White-rumped Sandpipers (C. fusicollis) dyed and flagged in the Venezuelan llanos were observed a few weeks later, one in Texas and two in Kansas. Shorebird weights, numbers, passage times, and lengths of stay at the study site are given. Nearly all shorebirds had recently completed molt of remiges and rectrices, but none were in distinctive breeding plumages or colors. Received27 Jan. 1987, accepted4 June 1987. Although shorebird migration routes are relatively well known in North America, their passage routes in South America, where most species spend over half of their lives, are poorly understood. Recently, interest has increased in the welfare of migrant nearctic-breeding shorebirds because feeding and resting sites are limited and declining in both number and quality (Myers 1983, Senner and Howe 1984). I briefly sampled spring shorebirds on migration at a single site in 1982 and 1983. In 1983 I recaptured one of the 2 1 Least Sandpipers (Calidris minutilla) banded in the previous year. Because of this I decided to study in detail shorebird passage in 1984. Here, I give data on species, passage times, numbers, weights, molt, length of stay, and returns. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The site of most observations and all mist-netting was a 4000-ha cattle ranch, Fundo Pecuario Masaguaral, approximately central in the llanos of Venezuela (08”3 lN,’ 67”35W).’ A description of the vegetation of this ranch is in Troth (1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Sector
    Law and Business Review of the Americas Volume 15 Number 3 Article 4 2009 Developments in the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Sector Larry B. Pascal Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra Recommended Citation Larry B. Pascal, Developments in the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Sector, 15 LAW & BUS. REV. AM. 531 (2009) https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra/vol15/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law and Business Review of the Americas by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE VENEZUELAN HYDROCARBON SECTOR Larry B. Pascal* I. VENEZUELA A. INTRODUCTION TO VENEZUELAN ENERGY SECTOR ENEZUELA, a founding member of the Organization of Petro- leum Exporting Countries ("OPEC"), is one of the most impor- tant energy producers in the world. It has the largest proven oil reserves in South America1 and the seventh largest in the world,2 is the seventh largest petroleum exporter in the world,3 and is the fourth largest net exporter.4 Venezuela also has Latin America's largest natural gas reserves and the eighth largest gas reserves in the world.5 It is also the home of the world's most important refining complex (Paraguandi) and the second largest hydroelectric complex (Radl Leoni).6 The national oil company, Petr6leos de Venezuela, S.A. ("PDVSA"), is indisputably one of the most important oil companies in the world. Finally, the oil and gas sector accounts for more than three-quarters of total Venezuelan export *Larry B.
    [Show full text]