Lord of the Skunk Works
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The list of Kelly Johnson designs is a roll call of legendary aircraft. Lord of the Skunk Works Clarence “Kelly” Johnson left an unmatched legacy to military aviation. In his 42 years with Lockheed, he designed or led the design of more operational aircraft than anyone else, and his masterpiece, the A-12/SR- 71 (YF-12 interceptor variant above) retains absolute speed records more than a decade after its retirement. 76 AIR FORCE Magazine / June 2005 The list of Kelly Johnson designs is a roll call of legendary aircraft. Lord of the Skunk Works By Walter J. Boyne EW AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERS ing the United States with aeronautical HAVE RECEIVED THE ACCLAIM systems that were sometimes decades ACCORDED TO CLARENCE LEON- ahead of adversary aircraft. ARD “KELLY” JOHNSON, A M AN Many believe that his most enduring FM ANY BELIEVE TO BE THE NEST AIRCRAFT fi contribution was the creation of a new DESIGNER OF THE 20TH CENTURY. JOHNSON methodology for aircraft design and IS REVERED FOR P LAYING THE LEADING ROLE manufacture in Lockheed’s world-fa- IN M ORE THAN 40 LOCKHEED DESIGNS, mous “Skunk Works.” This legendary INCLUDING SUCH EP IC AIRCRAFT AS THE P- engineering complex grew from humble 38 LIGHTNING, P-80A SHOOTING STAR, beginnings into what may have been XF-104 STARfiGHTER, U-2 SP YP LANE, AND the most sophisticated development SR-71 BLACKBIRD. organization ever. IN HIS 42-YEAR CAREER AT LOCKHEED, Johnson radiated energy. His aggres- JOHNSON BECAM E WORLD FAM OUS FOR fiND- sive attitude—it came across whether he ING SOLUTIONS TO SEEM INGLY IM P OSSIBLE was striding around some new aircraft P ERFORM ANCE DEM ANDS AND FOR M OTI- or merely sitting at a table—made the VATING HIS WORKFORCE TO ACHIEVE WHAT five-foot-11-inch, 200-pound Johnson SEEM ED TO BE UNATTAINABLE GOALS. ABOVE seem much larger than he actually was. ALL, KELLY JOHNSON EXCELLED IN P ROVID- A construction worker in his youth, AIR FORCE Magazine / June 2005 77 Arrow automobile and a Studebaker racing car. Johnson often joked that he earned more from his college wind tunnel work than he did during his first 10 years at Lockheed. He claimed that his techniques for use of titanium as a basic structural material derived from the practices he had learned working the wind tunnel at Michigan. In 1932, in the depth of the Great Depression, Johnson had his first in- terview, in Burbank, Calif., with the Lockheed Aircraft Corp., which Gross had just re-established. Johnson was told that there were no job openings, but he was invited to try again later. He returned to Michigan and earned a master of science degree in aeronautical engineering. he was physically powerful, and his strength was matched by a powerful personality. He could be imperious and rude and had a hair-trigger temper. As a result, Johnson was not uni- versally loved by his co-workers, but he was universally respected. John- son benefited from Lockheed’s strong leaders at the time. Among them were Hall Hibbard, the enormously talented chief of engineering, and Robert E. Gross, Lockheed’s president and chair- man. Hibbard learned how to manage Johnson, serving as an intermediary between him and the gentlemanly Gross, who might easily have been offended by Johnson’s sometimes brusque manner. Farewell to Clarence Johnson has been called the “engineer The top photo shows an SR-71 and a U-2 (lower right), two legendary Johnson designs. In the bottom photo, a Blackbird lands and deploys its chute at the 1974 without a peer.” He racked up a long Farnborough air show in England. list of honors, including two Collier Trophies and the Medal of Freedom. His origins, however, were humble. Johnson led a simple life, working Hibbard, his future mentor, re-in- Johnson was born on Feb. 27, 1910, hard at any available job and spending terviewed him in 1933, hiring him in Ishpeming, a tiny town on Michigan’s lots of time in the local library, reading as Lockheed’s sixth engineering em- Upper Peninsula. The seventh of nine the great Tom Swift adventure books ployee—a tool designer. children of Swedish immigrant parents, of the era. He became fascinated with Johnson was assigned to do wind Clarence inherited his father’s appre- flight, designing his first aircraft, the tunnel testing on Hibbard’s brand-new ciation for good tools and precision “Merlin I Battle Plane,” in 1920. John- design, the all-metal, twin-engine craftsmanship. son kept meticulous records throughout Lockheed Model 10. The new hire The nickname “Kelly” stemmed from his life, and the drawing of the Merlin didn’t hesitate to criticize his boss’s a fight in grade school. A bully made still exists. design, saying Hibbard should replace the mistake of taunting young Clarence, In classic American fashion, he its single-tail configuration with what repeatedly calling him “Clara.” One worked his way through school. Enroll- would become the Lockheed trademark morning, Johnson struck back, and the ing at the University of Michigan, he twin-fin-and-rudder empennage. ensuing tussle left the name-caller with expanded his working skills by running Hibbard implemented Johnson’s a broken leg. Johnson’s classmates, the school’s wind tunnel. Eventu- ideas without resentment. suddenly seeing him in a new light, ally he was able to do subcontracting This was the start of a collaboration thereupon nicknamed him “Kelly,” work of his own with the wind tunnel that would see Hibbard and John- taken from the title of a popular song. facilities. He and a colleague did test son work closely together on several He liked it, and the name stuck. work on both the classic Pierce Silver designs, including the Model B-14 78 AIR FORCE Magazine / June 2005 Hudson and the XP-38, before Johnson moved up in the Lockheed engineering hierarchy. Hibbard always kept a hand in engineering, but recognized that he could do more for Lockheed by mar- shaling and controlling Johnson’s talent than by doing his own original design work. Hibbard, who might reasonably have been annoyed by Johnson’s increas- ing hubris, always backed him. When pressed to define Johnson’s finest characteristic, Hibbard cited his great engineering skills but went on to note that Johnson “was intensely patriotic and a magnificent American.” Chief Engineer By 1937, Johnson completed a pro- posal showing how the Lockheed Model Johnson’s supercharged, twin-tail P-38 Lightning was flown by the two leading 14 Super Electra could be converted Army Air Forces aces of World War II, Maj. Richard Bong and Maj. Thomas McGuire to a bomber. In 1938, he became Jr. It was the first of many successful Lockheed fighters. Lockheed’s chief of research engi- neering. heavy armament package, turbo-super- land-Halford H1.B Goblin jet engine. The following year, Lockheed pro- charged engines, and counter-rotating The next month, Lockheed submitted posed a version of the converted Model propellers. First flown on Jan. 27, 1939, a successful proposal for the Model 14 airliner to the British Purchasing the Lightning starred in the Pacific L-140, subsequently designated the Commission, which was buying aircraft Theater, where it entered combat in XP-80. The company earned a contract in anticipation of the coming war. April 1942. It was flown by the two calling for delivery in 150 days. RAF Air Commodore Arthur T. Har- leading American aces of the war, This urgency played into Johnson’s ris (who was later to head the Bomber Majs. Richard I. Bong and Thomas hands. He had long wanted to estab- Command and become a Marshal of the B. McGuire Jr. lish an experimental group under his Royal Air Force) rejected the proposal, direct supervision. Collaborating with taking exception to some details. To The Jet Beckons a band of more than 120 engineers Harris’ amazement, Lockheed sent a As work on the Lightning pro- and workers, operating out of a scrap- car for him 24 hours later to bring him gressed, however, a greater develop- wood and canvas temporary building, back to the facility. Johnson and Hib- ment was unfolding. Johnson became Johnson delivered the new aircraft bard showed him a wooden mock-up enthralled by the possibility of using ahead of schedule, taking only 143 of an aircraft tailored specifically to the jet engine in combat aircraft. In days. Lockheed, Johnson, and the US answer all of his objections. May 1943, Lockheed was offered Air Force were firmly embarked on a Impressed by this rapid reaction, the opportunity to build a jet fighter journey into the jet age. Harris authorized an initial order of 200 designed around a single de Havil- For most of his career, Johnson was Hudsons. This established Lockheed for the first time as a major military aircraft manufacturer. Eventually the The Skunk Works company built almost 3,000 Hudsons, a production run that also spawned a Kelly Johnson was always fanatical about security. While Lockheed was working host of naval aircraft. on the XP-80 project, access to, and even knowledge of, the design facility was rigidly controlled. Barred from identifying the facility officially, insiders referred The contract solidified Lockheed’s to the workplace as the “Skonk Works”—after the fabled Kickapoo Joy Juice financial situation, enabling it to sustain factory in Al Capp’s “Li’l Abner” comic strip. itself as another project evolved: the Objections from Capp’s lawyers required the facility to be renamed “Skunk twin-engine fighter that would gain Works.” That name was subsequently trademarked by Lockheed.