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Chapter 11: the Americas, 400-1500

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Chapter 11: the Americas, 400-1500 The Americas 400–1500 Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the history of the Americas. • The early inhabitants of the Americas probably traveled from Asia across a Bering Strait land bridge produced by the Ice Age. • The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations developed and administered complex societies. • Diseases that Europeans brought to the Americas contributed to the downfall of several cultures. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • The Anasazi culture and the Anasazi’s descendants influenced adobe dwellings and handcrafted pottery made today in the southwestern United States. • The Iroquois League was a model for the British colonies. • As in the Incan Empire, compulsory military service has been used in the United States and is used in other countries of the world. World History Video The Chapter 11 video, “Mesoamerican Civiliza- tions,” chronicles the development of cultures and societies in the Americas. 1200 B.C. 10,000 B.C. Organized People migrate societies begin c. 900 B.C. from Asia to North in Central and Moche culture and South America South America thrives 10,000 B.C. 5,000 B.C. 2,500 B.C. 1500 B.C. 500 B.C. 1000 B.C. 400 B.C. Farming Olmec villages appear civilization in Eastern declines Woodlands Olmec ceremonial ax of jade 344 Art or Photo here Archaeologists study the ruins of the ancient Mayan city of Dos Pilas in northern Guatemala. Mississippian burial mound c. A.D. 500 c. A.D. 800 HISTORY Anasazi Mayan c. A.D. 1000 A.D. 1519 society civilization Cahokia Cortés lands established declines flourishes at Veracruz Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History Web site at wh.glencoe.com and click A.D. 600 A.D. 800 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1400 A.D. 1600 on Chapter 11–Chapter Overview to preview chapter information. A.D. 1200 A.D. 1531 A.D. 1535 Aztec migrate Pizarro Pizarro to the Valley arrives in establishes of Mexico central Andes capital in Lima Anasazi pottery with bird motif 345 Mask of an Aztec god Two Cultures Collide ernal Díaz, who accompanied Hernán Cortés on a Span- Why It Matters ish expedition to Mexico in 1519, could not believe his The first organized societies had Beyes when he saw the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán in central begun to take root in Mexico and Mexico: Central America by 1200 B.C.One key area of development was on the “When we beheld so many cities and towns on the water, and plateau of central Mexico. Another other large settlements built on firm ground, and that broad cause- was in the lowland regions along way running so straight and perfectly level to the city of Tenochti- the Gulf of Mexico and extending tlán, we were astonished because of the great stone towers and into modern-day Guatemala. Civi- temples and buildings that rose up out of the water. lizations also thrived in the central ” Andes. Other societies were emerg- To some of the soldiers accompanying Cortés, “All these ing in the river valleys and great things seemed to be a dream.” plains of North America. The Aztec were equally astonished, but for quite different reasons. One wrote, “They [the Spanish] came in battle array, History and You Using the as conquerors, and the dust rose in whirlwinds on the roads, Internet and traditional print sources, research the cities, innova- their spears glinted in the sun, and their flags fluttered like tions, and cultural contributions of bats. Some of them were dressed in glistening iron from head the Aztec, Mayan, and Incan civiliza- to foot; they terrified everyone who saw them.” tions. Create a database that shows Within a short time, the Spanish had destroyed the Aztec both the similarities and the differ- Empire. Díaz remarked, “I thought that no land like it would ences among the three. ever be discovered in the whole world. But today all that I then saw is overthrown and destroyed; nothing is left standing.” 346 The Peoples of North America Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • The first inhabitants of the Americas Inuit, Hopewell, Iroquois, Plains Indians, Summarizing Information As you read were hunters and gatherers, while later Anasazi this section, complete a separate chart for inhabitants also practiced farming. each of the five major peoples discussed • Because of the great variety of climate Places to Locate in this section. Identify the characteristics and geographic features, many different Amazon, Bering Strait, Gulf of Mexico, listed below for each group. cultures emerged in the Americas. Cahokia, Mesa Verde Preview Questions People Key Terms Region longhouse, clan, tepee, adobe, pueblo 1. Who were the first inhabitants of the Americas? Types of food 2. What archaeological evidence remains Shelter Preview of Events of the Anasazi culture? ✦400 ✦500 ✦600 ✦700 ✦800 ✦900 ✦1000 c. A.D. 500 A.D. 700 c. A.D. 850 Anasazi begin Mississippian culture Cahokia is established farming societies prospers as seat of government Voices from the Past One Sioux sacred woman said: All of this creation is sacred, and so do not forget. Every dawn as it comes is a holy“ event, and every day is holy, for the light comes from your Father Wakan-Tanka, and also you must always remember that the two-leggeds and all the other peoples who stand upon this earth are sacred and should be treated as such.” A Native Amer- ican song says, “The whole Southwest was a House Made of Dawn. It was made of pollen and of rain. The land was old and everlasting. There were many colors on the hills and on the plain, and there was a dark wilderness on the mountains beyond. The land was tilled and strong and it was beautiful all around.” Sioux warrior shirt with —The Native Americans: An Illustrated History, beads and fringe Betty and Ian Ballantine, eds.,1993 As these words illustrate, the first peoples who inhabited North America had great respect for the earth and its creatures. The Lands of the Americas The Americas make up an enormous land area, stretching about nine thousand miles (more than fourteen thousand km) from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Cape Horn at the tip of South America. Over this vast area are many different landscapes: ice-covered lands, dense forests, fertile river valleys ideal for hunting and farming, coastlines for fishing, lush tropical forests, and hot deserts. CHAPTER 11 The Americas 347 Along the western side of the Americas are two With a variety of harpoons and spears made from major mountain ranges: the Rocky Mountains in antler or narwhal tusk, the Inuit became skilled at North America and the Andes in South America. hunting seal, caribou, and fish, which provided them Lower ranges, the Appalachian Mountains in North with both food and clothing. In winter, the Inuit built America and the Brazilian Highlands in South Amer- homes of stones and turf. The traditional igloo, made ica, run along the eastern coasts. Between the moun- out of cut blocks of hard-packed snow, was only a tains of the western and eastern coasts are broad temporary shelter used during traveling. valleys with rich farmland. Through the valleys run great rivers, such as the Mississippi in North Amer- Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders ica and the Amazon in South America. Around 1000 B.C., farming villages appeared in the Eastern Woodlands, the land in eastern North Reading Check Identifying What different kinds of America from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. landscapes are found throughout North and South America? People here grew crops but also continued to gather wild plants for food. Best known are the Hopewell The First Americans peoples in the Ohio River valley, who extended their culture along the Mississippi River. The Hopewell As you will read in the following peoples, also known as the Mound Builders, are section, people gradually spread throughout the North especially known for the elaborate earth mounds that American continent. By 10,000 B.C., people had reached they built. Mounds were used as tombs or for cere- almost as far as the southern tip of South America. monies. Some were built in the shape of animals. Between 100,000 and 8,000 years ago, the last Ice A shift to full-time farming around A.D. 700 led to Age produced low sea levels that in turn created a a prosperous culture that was located in the Missis- land bridge in the Bering Strait between the Asian sippi River valley from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and North American down to the Gulf of Mexico. Among the most com- continents. Many schol- Chukchi monly grown crops of this Mississippian culture Sea t ars believe that small i were corn, squash, and beans, grown together to pro- a r t communities of people RUSSIA S vide plants with nutrients, support, and shade. g Alaska in from Asia crossed this er B Cities began to appear, some of them containing land bridge. Most likely, Bering ten thousand people or more. At the site of Cahokia, they were hunters who Sea near the modern city of East St. Louis, Illinois, were pursuing the herds archaeologists found a burial mound over 98 feet of bison and caribou that moved in search of grazing (30 m) high with a base larger than that of the Great land into North America as the glaciers receded. These Pyramid in Egypt. Between A.D. 850 and A.D. 1150, a people became the first Americans.
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