" THE GEOLOGICAL SOC IET OF WAS HINGTON

PRESIDENTIAL A DDRESS

A R N O L D H A G U E '

W ITH

0 ABSTRACTS OF M INUTES FOR 1897 AND 1898 AND LI T F FFI ERS AND M EMBER S S O O C . S

1 8 9 8

DI D B Y T W S D D W E ETA . . O AND V I H I S EC R RIES E TE TANT N A T ,

WASHINGTON PUBLISHE D BY THE SOCIETY

APRIL 1 99 , 8

" EARLY TERTIARY VOLCANOES OF TH E ABSA ROKA RANGE .

B Y ARNOLD HAGUE .

Address as President delivered Februar 29 ( , y ,

l

u cc b m n l c n c n It is , I s ppose , a epted y a y geologists that vo a i e erg y has played an im portant part n ot only in bringi ng about th e p rese nt con

n Of c M n n in u n u n n n figuratio the Ro ky ou tai s , but b ildi g pth e e tire orther c n m n n n W m n Cordillera . stret hi g fro the Fro t Ra ge alo g Colorado , yo i g ,

and M n n c c c n . o ta a , westward to the Pa ifi o ea Over this wid e area th e volcanic ph en om ena of Tertiary ti me present a varied an d com plex m ode cc n c ff n m ff n n V m n m of o urre e , o eri g fro di ere t poi ts of iew a y proble s of m h n c geological i nterest . Th ese proble s ave bee vigorously atta ked both in l an d in a n d m n h as n acc m the fie d th e laboratory, so ethi g bee o plished n n n n n c te di g toward th eir fi al elucidatio . Th e literature upo the subj e t m n n u n is already volu i ous , bei g scattered widely through th e p blicatio s Offi l and n and i n c n s of cia reports , both State Natio al , th e pro eedi g of n W c n n m s cie tific societies . hile I desire to all your atte tio to so e of these do n ot mm n features , I propose to su arize th e work that has already bee done in this direction in a m an ner whi ch is perhaps usual o n occasio ns . n n o m m ow n like the prese t , either d I wish to review the field fro y n n c m u n c sta dpoi t, possibly be ause , although ch has bee ac omplished , such a vast am ou nt of work remai ns to be don e that the broad field seems

‘

n c c . e c m eve yet s ar ely explored I prefer, th er fore , to pla e before you so e results Of personal observatio n In a region in whi ch I h ave worked for

a n in c c m n several years d whi h I have be o e d eeply i terested .

- n n w n The Absaroka ra ge lies alo g the east side of th e Yello sto e Park . r Of an d n n S u n u Seve al its higher peaks its lo g wester p rs , slopi g grad ally

W n n n . n toward th e Park , lie ithi th e Natio al reservatio Duri g several cc su mm ers w hil e n in c e n in su essive , e g aged geologi al obs rvatio s the Park ,

‘ I foun d it n ecessary to pen etrate beyond its boundaries i nto the higher n M x n enc ircling mountai s . y first e cursio i nto the Absarokas was u nder n in the mm 1885 and m d take su er of , , thereafter for several years I a e lo ng an d protracted journ eys in to this rugged and at that tim e alm ost n n n n n and n n c m u k ow regio , studyi g its geology , retur i g ea h year ore

‘ at hi d r is l o rin d in S i n 11 v l i x 4 5—4 4 2 1 d t c c . s o 2 899 . T s a ess a s p e e e , . , . , pp. , A N 4 THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF W SH INGTO .

a nd m n m m n m . In 1893 ore profou dly i pressed by its a y arvels the year , and n in 1897 mm cu in agai , th e greater part of the su er was oc pied ex ploratio n of th e wild recesses of the Absarokas . n c in W m n m The ra ge , whi h lies wh olly the State of yo i g , stretches fro an d n n o n n the Beartooth S owy ra ges th e orth , southward to the Owl " n n n n In S M n . ou tai s width it is less harp y defi ed , certai outlyi g plateau

ch M a nd - c n n m like areas , su as irror Two O ea plateaus , bei g separated fro G c ma b n the mai n body by deep valleys . eographi ally they y e co sidered G m m c a i n . o s d sti ct physical features eologically , fro their de of o cur en and n c n m r ce the ature of th e ro ks , they are i ti ately associated with he C n m a nd fo r h m a con t e tral ass , th e purposes of this address t ey y be m n n n sidered a . as for i g part of th e Absaroka Ra ge As thus defi ed , the n m 80 m in n 50 m in d n an ra ge easures iles le gth by iles wi th , coveri g area m o f n early square iles . m o ne en d n m n Fro to the other the Absarokas prese t a high , i posi g t n n n m plateau , with eleva io s ra gi g fro to over feet above en m m m t sea level . This tire ass is ade up al ost exclusively of Ter iary

n n fl nk a nd n ig n eous rocks . Near the orth er a s Archean schists g ei ss es

‘ m n n n h c c . n n rop out fro be eath the overlyi g ro ks Resti g upo the Arc ea , n c m n and an n n n e uptur ed Paleozoi li esto es s dsto es , havi g a co sid erabl n s m a nd n t n n thick es , co e to th e surface , alo g the eas er borders of the ra ge , in r W n c . exposed by erosio the b oader valleys , occur Cretaceous ro ks ith

e c n n n m a n o f a lbm er thes ex eptio s , the ra ge co sists of a vast accu ul tio gg fiS a a nd n m t u . ates , , l va flows , i trusive asses n m n o n n l u n Degradatio of the ass has take place a gra d sca e . Vast q a c n ct m n v n renioved m mm tities of vol a ic ej e a e ta ha e bee fro the su it , but n o reliable data exist by which the amount can be estimated eve n ap n n proximately . All the higher portio s have bee sculptured by glacial n m m n c h a lom ice . E or ous a phitheatres have bee arved out of t e l oose gg c an d nn c a nd n f in m rates , peaks , pi a les , relics of great tablela ds testi y so e n l u m m easure to the forces of erosio . Th e p atea is s cored by a co plete n l an d c in c n etwork of deep val eys gorges , which disse t it every dire tio nd c u l n l a lay bare the stru t re of the vast vo ca ic pi e . Nowhere In the northern Rocky Mou ntains do I kn ow grander a nd m n n n ore rugged sce ery tha can be fou d in the Absarokas . But few n m n n and e and atural passes lead across the ou tai ous tract, th se are high diffi cult to scale . For years the ra nge stood as an impassable barrier to the earlier explorers in their attempts to reach the sources of the Yellow sto ne from th e east ; and ev en t oday the regio n is seldom penetrated to its inm ost recesses except by those engaged in scientific e xploration of c n c in S e c c m l b a few the ou try , by the pros pe tor ar h of pre ious eta s, or y n m n in m of Rooki s M ch adve turous sports e pursuit of the big ga e the e . u 0 PRESIDENTIAL A DDRESS .

n w c n u a nd of this regio n is covered by a de se g ro th of o ifero s forest , the greater part of th e forests lying east of the Yello w sto ne park belo ng to n m n the Yellowsto e ti ber reserve , the first of th e forest reservatio s set aside by pro clamation of the President u nder the a ct of Co ngress ap 1 M c 1 189 . proved ar h , Rightly to u nderstand the tru e position Of this vol ca ni c area it is nec essary to review briefly the geologi cal history of the surroun di ng regio n

- m be fore th e pili ng up o f the eru ptive aterial . Th e Absarokas are mm in n a nd h n he ed , both to th e orth to the south , by igh ra ges with n On n approxim ately east a nd w est tre ds . th e orth are the Beartooth M n n e n n c n m c m n n in ou tai s , pr se ti g a broad elevated Ar h ea ass ul i ati g some of th e highest peaks to be fo und in Mo ntana ; w hile to th e south M u n n c n n an c n n c c an d are the Owl o tai s , o sisti g of Ar h ea u leus apped

' for the m ost part co ncealed by a n arch of Pal eozmc beds highly i n cli n ed t w n n n t . n o alo g the ou er edges Betwee these ra ges lies a depressed basi , an d resti ng u nco nform abl y upon the Archean are sedim e nts of great h c n in l m c n n n . t i k ess , derived arge part fro th e earlier o ti e tal areas

d hes e s edim n t n n T e ts , slowly deposited th roughou a lo g period , represe t n n l an d M m nn n early all the great divisio s of Pa eozoi c esozoi c ti e . Begi i g m n in u n c c m u n with the Ca bria , th eir order of seq e e o e th e Sil ria , De v onian u a n d c c c n in , Trias , J ra , all the e po hs of the Creta eous re og ized

Wy m n and M n n ncl u n M n n a nd o i g o ta a , i di g the Dakota , Colorado , o ta a , mie n n w its n u u n the Lara sa dsto e at the top , ith freque t fl ct atio s of sea

' w n c n in th e dev el o m ent - xi n c o n level , foreshado i g ha ges p of th e pre e sti g tinental area . With th e close of the Laramie sandston e th e long- co nti n ued de posi

. n M n m n n m n n In tio of esozoic a d Paleozoic sedi e ts fi ally ca e to a e d. this region u ncon formity of sedi ments by deposition h as n o t as yet been

c n an d in n a n m a be c n f m bl re og ized , this se se lo e th ey y said to be o or a e m M m n m u m m m u n fro iddle Ca bria ti e to the s it of th e Lara ie . S t pe dous

n c m m n t c a nd u un n c un b c m oroge i ove e s took pla e , the s rro di g o try e a e on e o f m n n - b n on n c cc m n c n ou tai uildi g a gra d s ale , a o pa ied by pli atio , — n an d n . nc n s in o ne d c n foldi g , faulti g The evide e all poi t ire tio that this uplifti ng was co ntemporaneous in all the ranges of t h e n orth ern M n n n n Rocky ou tai s . For this reason a d owi g to its great geologi cal

n c nc n o n e t h e m m n in c M n n o sig ifi a e, bei g of ost i porta t Ro ky ou tai g e

o c u n b n n - m l g i al history , this plifti g h as ee desig ated th e post Lara ie m m n ove e t . Along th e west side of the Absarokas a nd lyi ng w ithi n th e Yellowsto n e park exten d n orth a nd south ridges of faulted an d cru mbled strata co n n m nl nc n c u n n m sisti g ai y of highly i li ed Creta eo s sa dsto e , the Lara ie ,

n a n . m n s e rly feet above prese t sea level . Fro this ridge regio ea t 6 TH E A GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF W S H INGTON .

50 m l c a c n m fin l n o u ward for i es stret hes this bro d vol a ic ass , al y dyi g t n n n o n n upo the plai over which th e earliest lavas spread , resti g horizo nd n n n f tal sa sto es at a elevatio o about feet above sea level . After a very co nsiderable erosion of the uplifted Mesozoic contin ental la nd n c ni n d area bega the earliest of th ese vol a c eruptio s , which later displaye c m v n n n n and c su h ar elous e ergy over this e tire regio of cou try , whi h

l - m n m were close y related to the post Lara ie mov em e t . This eruptive a terial c n u n nc n , for i g its way , pward , followed li es of least resista e alo g or near planes of faulti ng or wherever th e strai n had been greatest upon n the weake ed strata . The Absaroka Range was form ed by the piling - up of s uccessive accu

m ul ations c n m n n n of vol a ic ejecta e ta , with occasio al i terbedded flows of n n n m d n lava , buryi g everythi g be eath th e to a epth of several thousa d

n cc m and u feet . Volca ic bre ias , agglo erates , extr sive lavas , or those that n and c l n th e c n have bee poured out oo ed ear surface , o stitute the bulk m n n an l m n m of th e ou tai s . These breccias d avas w ere ejected fro u er

o u ur n and c n n n s . a s fiss es , ve ts , e ters of explosive e ergy I fi nite detail regards min eral compositio n and texture and great com plexity i n m ode cc n m a in and u of o urre ce y be observed . Viewed a broad way red ced to S m m R n c n an d n c its i plest ter s , th e Absaroka a ge o sists of uplifte volca i n n n m o e end n m and n regio , prese ti g fro n to the oth er great u ifor ity , eve m c In m n l IS s n c si pli ity . its ai g eo ogical features . It es e tially a disse ted n b In ff n s n plateau , deeply tre ched y cisive gorges , o eri g exposure varyi g from to feet Of nearly h orizo ntal or only sligh tly inclined th c m exce tion as natural i n a n . s lavas To is th ere are , of ourse , so e p f is y n n n n a nd m m n volca ic regio . Notwithsta di g the varied co plex a ifesta n m m n n tio s of th e eruptive breccias fro a y sources of outflow , this e tire m n n body of extrusive aterial has bee divided broadly i to six epochs , n n based upon their relative ag e and ge eral seque ce of lavas . They rep rese nt in the geol ogical history of th e mountai ns as many disti nct phases n nn n w in c of vol ca i c eruption . Begi i g ith the earliest the order of rup

n n n : E c e tio , they have bee desig ated as follows arly acid bre cia , arly c c l a S c breccIa basi brec ia , ear y bas lt h eets , late a id breccia , late basic , late basalt sheets . n e n n n Briefly stated , th e i terpr tatio of this history , as I u dersta d it, is somewhat as follows : ” So n n e c n n in far as is k ow , the old st vol a ic rocks recog ized the Absa rokas consist o f a series of eruptives m ade up alm ost entirely of frag m n m in n m to e tal aterial , usually light color , varyi g fro grayish white u In m n m n n n p rple . i eral c om positio n they range fro hor ble de a desite

n l n - m c n m to h or b e de i a a desite . So e of the siliceous varieties have de v el oped phenocrysts of quartz in suffi cient amou nt to be classed as PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS .

n n n dacites . These breccias appear to have bee throw out with viole t m n m c n m n n m an explosive action fro u erous e ters , but fro o e of the was y large am ou nt of material piled up ; at least if it was throw n out it was t n In no n nc subsequently worn dow n by a m osph eric age cies . i sta e do n n n n n th ey attai great elevatio , th e exposures bei g due to exte sive erosio and deep trenching of narrow canyons : They are know n only in th e n n nd n and h i n m n u be orth er e of the ra ge , t ere li ited area , bei g b ried c n n eath vast accum ulations of still later m aterial . These e ters appear n to be i ndependent o f later eruptio s . n m n c n c m n Overlyi g th ese acid breccias is a vast a ou t of vol a ic ej e ta e ta ,

and n l n n with here there i terbedded basa tic flows , the e tire body havi g n f accumulated in many places to a height of several thousa d eet . They occur far m ore widely distributed over the mou ntai ns t han any other

o f c c n h in n and m one g roup brec ias , stret hi g bot its le gth breadth fro n c n n n n e d of th e range to the other . They o stitute early all the orther

n n c n . portio of the Absarokas , as well as the ortheast or er of the Park n c cc c n U like the early a id bre ia , they are usually dark olored , owi g to

’ - n m c n the amount of ferro m agnesian mi nerals prese t . Th e aterial o sists

- - n - n nd n n n n a . largely of hor ble de pyroxe e a desite , pyroxe e a desite , basalt

n n m n and n n ccu n Co sta t odificatio s tra sitio s o r , but over the e tire area

n n - n a n n c the prevaili g rock is pyroxe e a desite , p ssi g i to slightly less basi rocks carrying hornbl ende on the one han d and into basaltic forms o n

" the n u m l m other . By far the greatest portio of this er ptive ateria is for ed c m m in c n moun of oarse agglo erates , so bre olor , held togeth er by varyi g a ts m n n n t n n c of ce e ti g ash a d sil ts of si milar com posi io . The prevaili g olors and n w n a nd m ud are black brow ish gray , hile the fi er silts flows , free m b ow n in n c n m fro large bowlders , are light r , , stro g o trast to the ass of c the bre cia . It n . is difficult to describe in few words such volumes of volca ic mate e a nd n un n n n rial scatt red over broad fields throw out der varyi g co ditio s .

u n . t cc n a nd c Freq e tly hese basic bre ias prese t a rough ropy surfa e , like n d n ordi ary scoria irregularly heape together , but the bulk of it i dicates

n n n m n - u m i disti ct beddi g . A tu ultuous heapi g p of agglo erate by ex c n c c s c c not n f n plosive a tio hara terizes thi brec ia , whi h i reque tly carries andesiti c and basaltic bowlders m eas uri ng 5 and 6 feet in le ngth an d s ‘ n n n ofte double that size . I o e or two localities huge bowlders of crystal n n a nd c in li e g eisses s hists are also embedded the lavas .

c cc n n fl o ws a arentl S attered over the area o ur the thi i terbedded , , pp y m n m n poured forth fro u erous fissures a d vents . Th ese flows increased

‘ i n freque ncy and thickn ess u ntil fi nally massive outfl ows of basalt co v e c n t n S c red a o siderable por io of the earlier eries of brec ias . Over how at o ne m m a n c nn no w large a field they ti e y have exte ded a ot be told , A S WAS N THE GEOLOGIC L OCIETY OF HINGTO .

n n c r n m m m m a erosio havi g e tai ly re oved the fro large tracts , but they y n n n I n m ev er have bee spread over exte sive reg O s . It is so ewhat curious that this co nti nuous broad field of basalt has a northwest and south east tre nd a nd stretches obliqu ely across th e summit of th e range from Mirror M u n n h ecc in n plateau to Needle o tai , w ereas th e body of the br ia ge eral h n n n n has a n orth a nd sout tre d . The basalts lie upo th e u eve surfaces o f c a nd in c i n c in the brec ia occur piled up a suc ess o of flows , whi h places n c n an t c n ear th eir sour es have attai ed aggreg a e thi k ess of feet, m u nn n although over larg e areas they eas re about feet, thi i g out to n in c n n n n a few hu dred , while ertai places th ey appear to be wa ti g . I di i n in c n m 5 to 50 sh o wing an v dual sh eets ra ge thi k ess fro , feet without y m c in c c c cc aterial hange the physi al hara ters of su essive flows . Th e greatest acc umulatio n of flows appears to be alo ng the trend of the c n n n n and we basalti body , thi i g out both to the ortheast to the south st , n n n r i dicati g that the eru ptio s had follo w ed a fissure o system of fissures . can n in n c m a Of course this be said o ly a ge eral way . as basalti outflows y n A n c n n . S m n c m e o cur a ywhere alo g the ra ge regards i eral o positio , th y

l fine n few - m c c co n are usual y grai ed , with but well developed egas opi i nt m n a nd In m m st tue s . c c , ai ly augite , olivine , plagioclase he i al co po u S w w h n c m c n b n h sitio they h o it i restri ted li its o sidera le variatio , wit c m n n c n in m n m n n m n n a co pa yi g ha ges i eral develop e t , a alyses deter i i g a large amo u nt of the alkalies a nd a correspo ndi ngly low perce ntage of m m n n silica . Nu bers of th ese flows have built up , fro ve ts , rou ded bosses c c c m n c i n of basalti ro ks haracterized by a develop e t of ortho lase , several n i nsta nces associated with leucite . They are the extrusive equivale ts n u ck n t absarokites in n n m n m of i tr sive ro s , desig a ed as disti ctio fro or al n m m in n o f c n basal ts . Refere ce will be ad e to the later speaki g ertai n m n n w n i trusive asses . So far as our prese t k o ledge goes , they belo g n M n n chieflyto this period of eruptio s . a y of these i dividual sheets

c for n n but c c n n stret h out lo g dista ces , others show great la k of o ti uity , thi nning a nd thickening in different directions a nd ofte n overlappi ng o ne n n c n n m s o f u n and n a other, i di ati g u erous source er ptio varyi g force n a d duration o f flo w s . In their tOpog raphic configuratio n the basalts stand out In marked c c m c d c n n m ontrast to the loosely o pa te bre cias , owi g to great u ifor ity of m w a nd f nc in w n . n flo s to dif ere es eatheri g To these basalts— the a e early b n n and are c asalt sheets has bee give , th ey here treated as a g eologi al un t nc h m nc in c n c c i , si e t ey ark a disti t period the history of vol a i rup

o 1 I u a nd n c ti 1 . t b is q ite possi le , eve probable , that they overed this n n a nd w n m n e tire regio ere subseque tly re oved by erosio , but of this n m t o ne m IS n o c c . did c n there dire t evide e If they , the ou try us at ti e v n m m b In m n ha e prese ted a gloo y , so bre field of asalt , poured forth a olte 9 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS .

n n condition a fter a long period of fragmental eruptio s . How lo g th e n n w In m n n n basalt period lasted can ot o be told . deter i i g the seque ce of lavas these early basal t fields play a n im porta nt part as they overlie the early series of acid and basi c b reccias and underlie a som ewhat sim il ar series of eruptive materi al desig nated late acid breccia and late basic

an breccia d flows .

Followi ng the basalts com e the late acid breccias . They occur less

‘ t n earl acid cc a nd m widely dis ributed tha the y bre ias , for th e ost part lie

‘

n Y n . n cc withi the ellowsto e Park U like the earlier bre ias , they are less n m in deeply buried be eath later eruptive aterial , but are piled up suc cessiv e o ne u on n m n mm m layers _ p a other , for i g the su its of several pro i

- n n an d l . c n e t peaks broad , p ateau like ridges Over o siderable areas they c n lie Spread out in thin sheets over the basalt flows . Their e ters of crup n cc c an d m in w a n tio o upy a restri ted area , see to be every y quite i de n In m n m n pende t of the earlier breccias and basalts . i eral co positio they clOs el m c c n n n n - n y rese ble the early a id bre cias , co sisti g of hor ble de a desite

n n - m - n m n and hor ble de i ca a d esite , in places i gled with a good deal of

' x n - n and h ersth en e bein c n m pyro e e a desite , both augite yp g re og ized , so e n M c times one and sometim es th e other predominati g . u h of th e brecci ated m aterial is similar in m i neral com positio n to the Ishaw o oa intrusive m c c . bodies , whi h will be dis ussed later Nearly all of this aterial is frag mn and m u and fi ne ff e tal , th e greater part of it is ade p of coarse tu s .

‘ Frequently the contact betwee n the light - colored acid breccia an d the c n n n still later basic bre cia is sharply draw , the latter filli g up depressio s a nd v n the cc n u f c m cc le elli g a ide ted s r a es of the for er , which o ur at vary i n In m n nc n m c n n ot g altitudes . ost i sta es the li e of de ar atio is so sharply n and no t n n m n n m draw , i freque tly there is a i gli g of aterial , as if there had been a pouring- out of the later ro ck before the com plete cessatio n a n d c n - u m n f n c n losi g p of the ore acid ce ters o erupt io . Oc asio ally these

- c m c n c n light colored ro ks , fro what appear to be lo al ce ters , lie dire tly upo basi c breccia m ade up of basalti c bowlders an d cementing tuffs of the n n n . earlier series , without the i terve i g basalts Overlying these acid breccias there poured forth from n um erous vents

' s eco nd reat m o f basic c a nd m a g volu e ro ks agglo erates , to feet i n n n c m nc thick ess , beari g a lose rese bla e to th e earlier basic rocks . Th ey n n n u n are fou d over the souther portio of the Absarokas , us ally resti g

n c cc n m n n re upo the basalts , the late a id bre ias bei g , as before e tio ed , stricted m n n n S . ec n to a li ited regio of cou try I deed , the o d series of breccias forms the top of n early all the high plateaus and the summits of

m m n n n - the ore pro i e t poi ts . Cross sections exposed in deep canyons re

‘ v n c m n c intervenin on oton eal gra d es arp e ts of both brec ias , with g m ous

. in sheets of basalts Viewed a broad way , these two series of breccias 2 10 TH E A SO OF W' ASH N N GEOLOGIC L CIETY I GTO .

' are sin ularl and a n c n n n n h c g y alike , ppare tly the o ditio s gover i g t eir rup n m m . a n n n m a tio s were uch the sa e If we are to draw y disti ctio s , it y be said that the early breccias are apt to be scoriaceous and slaggy and m c in m m n ore haoti c their tu ultuous accu ulatio . Th e later breccia is m a nd nc an d m m ore regular disti tly bedded , is al ost wholly ade up of both ‘ a nd fi ne m n m c n bo-w lders that coarse frag e tal aterial , arryi g la“rge could n ot n n n e m n n have bee throw a great dista c fro the dischargi g ve ts . ei hm t o n m no m n n mm n In Bowlders w g g a or ore are by ea s u co o . n i m a cc m g e eral , t y be said of these later bre ias that the coarsest aterial n n c n a nd 1 n n n m lies ear th e prese t rest of the ra ge , s see to grow fi er a d ore n m nc n o ne u ifor , with disti t beddi g , as travels either east or west . To this m ik d n a e t . rule , however , there are excep io s n c n h and Followi g the late basic bre cia , basalt tables are fou d ere th ere cappi ng the crest of th e m ai n ridge alo ng th e southern portion of the

. ll m n n n n . a o e n n fl ra ge Probably they are re a ts of co ti uous ow . They es O n n a f m M n n n n are b t bserved whe see eastw rd ro ou tai Basi , wh e they

n n n and - prese t a castellated appeara ce , cappi g the coarser lighter colored I n m al n c . n a d ro ks ge eral habit they rese ble the e r ier basalt sheets , , c n n m m m ex ept for their positio , have little to disti guish the fro other si ilar

111 n nfi n 1 flows . Th e part th ey play th e prese t co guratio of the plateau s n n l In c h m i nsig nifica t . The i terest ies the fa t t at th ese basalts co plete a

c n c n c A accu mu se o d cy le of eruptio , whi h built up th e bsarokas by the n uc and m latio of s cessive flows of extrusive lavas that with the , so far

an n - n n as we have y positive record , the last phase of a lo g co ti ued series m of eruptio ns ca e to a close . That the piling - up of this eruptive material lasted through a long

‘ In l a h c m is c . ce t e period of ti e learly established the first p , early a id breccias Show evide nces of co nsiderable denudation befo re the po uri ng

r n o c n en out of late lavas which w oc upy the eroded areas . Not i frequ tly

n m a n - and fine depressio s y be see filled with water laid silts gravels , m which were afterwards covered by fresh outflows of breccia . Si ilar

- l m a O in water aid deposits y be bserved all the breccias , but they espe ciall y characterize th e early basic series along th e east side of the range , m n and n m n where the for er existe ce of large lakes po ds is a ifest , with sedim e nts of vol cani c m aterial over 200 feet in thick ness deposited in I n com paratively quiet w aters . n certai localities the basalts appear to be th e result of fitful dis charg e and slow building up from numerous n nn n a nd c n n d in n ve ts . The thi i g thi ke i g of be s various directio s , the n n m ff n c n and u n overlappi g of th i beds fro di ere t e ters , the freq e tly chilled surfaces of v esicular basalt all poi nt to a slow accumulation ‘of c n in ff n m a the ejected lava . O c asio ally basaltic cli s betwee lava sheets y

n n n c n and n - n an be see thi beds of volca i sa ds gravels , wi d strew over R S N R SS 11 P E IDE TI AL ADD E .

exposed surface before bei ng buried ben eath fresh flows . Nowhere were c m c i nterbedded layers of clay or earthy beds of de o posed ro k observed ,

but uc n c n in m . s h deposits are , I thi k , ex eptio al ost basalt areas While the gradual building - up of th e plateaus from fresh accum ula n i n n c n n u n tio was steadily progress , erosio was o sta tly at work po th e

u c an d c n c c n n h as n s rfa e , , although vol a i fires eased lo g ago , erosio bee

1 n n m ma and n going 0 1 steadily ever si c e . O e of the ost re rkable puzzli g features Of the country are the areas of undoubted w ater- worn vol cani c m n m a terial w ith m an d . c , its s ooth polished bowlders A cu ulatio s through

a n d n a nd n c nc n floods freshets abou d , , besides the evide e of a ie t lakes an d n un n n po ds fo d dotted over the surface , th ere are stro g grou ds for the belief that u po n the u plan d existed broad rivers whi ch carried th e water n l aId material a cross the plateau to the plai below . All this required a lo ng tim e for its accom plishm ent . n n now n n c n n c n u m n n Tur i g to the la d vegetatio , o vi i g arg e ts are fou d no t n m n n a e c but m n n o ly for deter i i g the g of the ro ks , for de o strati g that

n u u . n n the eruptio s lasted thro gho t a lo g conti ued period of activity . It is doubtful if an y oth er know n regio n in th e world offers s u ch a promis in o f c S n l n n n a nd g field resear h , howi g the re atio ship betwee pla t life vol

n o u n n in . In n s ca i er ptio s , as is to be fou d the Absarokas solvi g the e m problems the geologist is greatly i ndebted to the paleobotanist . Fro m m n c c n n n m n ti e to ti e exte sive olle tio s of fossil pla ts have bee ade , i di n n cati g a rich and varied flora . Portio s of the region hav e been v i s1ted

b n u -m m W and . . y our disti g ish ed fellow e bers , Prof. L . F . ard Prof F . H n c c n n K owlton . All of the olle tio s have bee referred to Professor Kn owl t o n m an x u of m and c , who has ade e ha stive study the aterial , his resear hes n in c c m n n h n are o w press . For Spe ifi deter i atio s of t ese pla ts I refer y ou m A 150 to his on ograph . lready over species of plants have bee n iden tifi ed. The early acid breccias have yielded a terrestrial vegetation regarded as of earlier age than that obtai n ed from the s uperim posed lavas It has furn ished a gro upi ng o f species SO closely allied to the fl ora found in the n n n unc n n and M Fort U io beds , ear the j tio of the Yellowsto e issouri

th e fl oras n c in an d c ns e rivers , that two are regarded as ide ti al age , o u n q e tly referred to the Eocen e period . From these acid breccias eighty c n d n and m n spe ies h ave bee i e tified , twelve of the were previously o ly n n n n n n n k ow as belo g i g to th e Fort U io horizo . Still others are com mo n

c l but are foun d n - . o to both lo a ities , elsewhere as well About e half of c n ew c n bu t cc n n n the spe ies are to s ie ce , a ordi g to Professor K owlto their c afli nities m n n n biologi al relate the closely to the Fort U io flora . A seco d u n nt n n n n n m g ro pi g of fossil pla s , desig ated for co ve ie ce th e i ter ediate fl ourish ed t m n c b c had flora , a a ti e wh e the early a id rec ia about ceased to 12 A S AS N N THE GEOLOGIC L OCIETY OF W HI GTO . be emitted at least they odour nearthe base of the lower basic breccia in

‘ n n m n n o f h In h beds i dicati g a i gli g bo t types of ro ck . all probability t ey n a In c n m n n n represe t flora which flourish ed quies e t ti es , duri g a tra sitio m o ne n n n period fro series of eruptio s to a other , but foreshadowi g a period e n n of basic erup tions . This flora is of the high st geological sig ifi ca ce ,

nc n c n n c c n Of si e it i di ates a great duratio of volca ic a tivity , with a ha ge l m n n n m c i atic and physical co ditio s . This i ter ediate flora embraces about c n n n in c thi rty spe ies , of which o ly two or three are as yet k ow th e a id c m n m n n a mm n brec ias . About the sa e u ber have bee recog ized s co o to c cc n n n the basi bre ias , but th e evide t affi ities of the groupi g are such that the flora as a whole is apparently m ore closely allied to th e overlyi ng n than to the u nderlyi ng rocks . For this reaso it is referred to the base M ne and n of h e of the ioce period , is regarded as older tha th e flora t n auriferous gravels of Califor ia . The vegetatio n which flourished during the period of the basic brec c Was c h m mo n ias , like the bre cias t e selves , widely distributed over the u n mud and r S nt n l tai s wherever silts were p e e to fur ish a suitable soi . Nowhere can it be better studied than at th e fossil forest of Specimen in n m . W. . Ridge , the Yellowsto e Park , first explored by Prof H Hol es

- n m . n over twenty fiv e years ago . Si ce that ti e other localities h ave bee

an d c n n m n / m discovered , quite re e tly beds holdi g leaf i pressio s of a si ilar n n o n m n n flora have bee fou d the east side of th e ou tai s . At the fossil forest precipitous walls expose nearly feet of horizo ntal beds of cc and m u d in n and bre ias , silts , flows , part laid dow by floods fresh ets n m mm en a nd i part deposited by quiet waters . Fro base to su it at frequ t "

n n n , and n in i tervals a terrestrial vegetatio has spru g up flourished , o ly d tro d b n m In one turn to be es y e y re ewed lava strea s . of th ese buried ' forests a stum p of a still - standi ng co ni ferous tree m easures 10 feet in diam et er and is surrou nded by m any falle n logs long si nce preserved by

i n o ne n n m an s s ilic ficatio . If co siders the le g th of ti e it takes for y veg tatio n to spring up o n an arid lava field a nd the great age of many of

m n c . o ne these trees , th e ti e e essary to build up a seri es of such forests n n n d above a other ca hardly be overestimated . That th ere were lo g perio s n n m n t i . of rest betwee , the ou pouri gs of the lava see s ev de t Throughout this feet of erupted material it has been fou nd impossible as y et to discrimi nate between vegetation fou nd at the base o f the cliffs and that n mm m m m c i terbedded with the lavas at the su it . This i plies si ilar cli ati c on ditio ns duri ng the time demanded to re new and developa varied flora l m m between successive ayers of tuffs an d uds . It ay be well to state n that all this probably took place before th e period of basalt eruptio s . n S c s and m This flora has yielded seve ty pe ie , is reg arded as arkedly dif ferent from that of the earlier breccia and of later age ; As a groupi ng

FOSSIL T REE EMBEDDED IN BR EC C IA. k Yell owstone Natio nal Par . R S EN A A R SS 1 8 P E ID TI L DD E .

' it sh o w s c f n n m n the losest af i ity to the auriferous gravels of Califor ia , a y S n n m of th e pecies bei g ide tical , while still others have the closest rese n n n m blanc e to species fou n d o nly i the gravels . It has bee a ed the

m an d Mio La ar flora , referred , like th e auriferous gravels , to the upper n In n n Se uoia ma ni ca ce e period . Plate II is sh ow a gra d old tree , a q g fi , n o n l firmly embedded in the breccias . It sta ds the steep s opes of a cliff n n In n n end c m in . at the orther of Spe i e Ridge , the Yellowsto e Park

nc n v m the dista e lies the broad ope alley of th e La ar , a tributary of the n Yellowsto e River . Both th e late acid a nd th e late basic breccias have recently yielded

- m n n n m well preserved leaf i pressio s , provi g the existe ce of a ore or less u n i n c l xuria t flora n all th e great periods of breccia eruptio s . Su h frag m entary m aterial as has been fou n d in these l ater rocks agrees with n in cc and t pla ts preserved the early bre ia at Fossil Forest , herefore has n l m M n bee corre ated with the La ar flora of upper ioce e age . It was a n n c c u vegetatio esse tially haracterized by de iduo s foliage . Several species m n and m n ch of ag olias , aralias , other equally i porta t groups whi are m arked f eatures of th e auriferous gravels flourished o n these volcanic

m Ara lia nota ta c n . c n a d slopes Spe i e s of o cur widely distributed , th e leaves of some of them are s upposed to have m easured 3 feet in le ngth c d m n by 2 in breadth . Asso iate with the are leaves provisio ally referred

n Arlo ar us i ndicatin t he n u to the ge us c p ; g prese ce of th e breadfr it tree .

, c n n n - c and m a A cordi g to Professor K owlto , this flora is extra tropi al y be c om pared in many w ays to the v egetation as seen today in south ern n Mississippi a d the Gulf coast . He says : It is obvious that th e pres ent flora of the Yellowsto ne Natio nal Park has comparatively little rela n a nd c nn n n n tio to ‘th e Tertiary flora a ot be co sidered as a des ce da t of it . th e c m c c n n m n It is also clear th at li ati o ditio s ust have greatly cha ged .

Th e e n ha v e h a d T rtiary flora appears to h ave origi ated , or at least to its ffin w th e n n o f n n a iti”es , at th e south , hile prese t flora is evide tly orth er n origi .

On M n n in center of n n a the slopes of Overlook ou tai , the the ra ge , e rly n sea ccu feet above the prese t level , o rs a prostrate log , preserved b ili ificatio n m i n 2 in m t s c . y , easur g feet dia e er at its base Not far Odis n un and in cc m n c ta t other logs are fo d , the silts o ur i pressio s of de id m c n u ous leaves . Fro this lo ality four species of pla ts have been deter mi n n c c n in m n m ed as ide ti al with spe ies fou d the Fossil Forest , a o g the t a n Ara lia no a ta .

In a perso nal comm u ni catio n Professor Ward i nform s me th at in his

‘ n n e n I opi io th e flora of this r gio grew virtually at sea level . While

rec n m n n in c m a m og ize his e i e t authority su h atters , I hardly prepared

to accept s uch a radical v iew but I ‘ cordially wel com e this expressio n of 14 TH E GEOLOGICAL SOCI ETY OF WAS H INGTON .

n n c i n m m ow n th e opi io , be ause it a easure corroborates , y belief that silts a nd ashes o n whi ch th e flora of Overlook Mountai n flourish ed were -n nd n m u n ow . laid dow at a ch lower le vel tha th“at at which they are fou Briefly summ arizi ng the facts broug ht out by a study of the fossil flora ‘ a nd n n eolo it t n n their beari g upo th e g gy , is , I hi k , i disputable that the flora affords abu nda nt evidence of a great range o f Tertiary time duri ng the c n c u n n t to cc period of vol a i er ptio s , eve if geologis s do hesitate a ept th e pre cise determi natio ns of the ag e of the different fl oras a nd their l n s u u n n c c . o geologi a seque e Thi l x ria t terrestrial veg etati , developed n n c n m V t through thousa ds of feet of lava beds , te ds to o fir the iew tha the accumulatio n of th 1s eru pted m aterial w as an exceedi ngly slow pro n h ch c n n m . e n t cess Ag ai , t ara ter of the vegetatio le ds a forcible argu e to the belief that th e entire regio n must have been elevated Si nce the

m f an - n rm n O c . Fo develop e t so varied extra tropi al vegetatio y part , I desire to pa y tribute to th e great value of th e fossil flora as a n aid in h n c o f n n decip eri g th e geologi al history the Absarokas . Its i terest a d m n nn m i porta c e ca ot be overesti ated .

n f n n m et f t o n u O ly brie allusio s have bee ade as y the i tr sive bodies , altho ugh they play a m ost importan t part in the buildi ng up of the u in Absarokas . Altho gh su ch bodies the form of dikes probably cut the b cc f m m m n t he int ru re ias ro ti e to ti e , it is clearly evide t that all large n t and sio s , togeth er wi h th e greater part of the dikes , were forced upward n b cc - defined d n i to the re ias at two well perio s of eruptio . The first of in c n m n w these periods was part o te pora eous ith the early basalt flows , and in m Th n cc part followed the . e seco d follo w ed th e late basic bre ia an d a nd ca n be m n c i n basalts , , so far as told , co pleted the fi al hapter the f mm n geological history o the i ediate regio . It is possible that later crup n c and m c m o n tio s took pla e , that the aterial ej e ted was re oved by er sio , but of this there is no positive record other th an a few isolated patches c not c n m and of rhyolite . whi h do bear dire tly upo the proble s before us , c m a l whi h y be reg arded as outliers of th e rhyolite of th e Park p ateau . It does n ot follow that the intrusions of either period were co mtempo u c in but m l h n c n ra ous age , si p y that t ey "belo g to a ertai phase of the

n . m a an o f n u eruptive e ergy Dikes y cut earlier series i tr sives , and sub

n m a n m seque tly other dikes y i tersect those whi ch preceded the . For th e purpose o f clearly dis crimi nati ng between these tw o groups of c on e c c n n m ro ks , the that followed the early basi bre cia has bee a ed the un n u m m n n S light i tr sives , fro their re arkable exposures alo g Su light a nd n n m Ishaw ooa Creek Valley , while the later group has bee a ed the n i m the c n n o f n m c m i trus ves , fro a yo that a e , where the o plexity of their occurrences forms o ne of the m ost s triki ng features of that impressive In m gorge . in eral composition the Sunlight i ntrusives range from a

16 A S WA N N THE GEOLOGIC L OCIETY OF SHI GTO .

n n n n Leavi g for the prese t the Su light i trusives , let us take up th e Isha w ooa n c in m n i trusives , whi h I select order the ore easily _ to bri g out in detail certai n facts beari ng upon th e origi n of both types of i ntrusive

c . m n n e M n n n n ro ks Of the a y i trusive bodies , N edle ou tai , i the souther

end m m s n n m . of the Absarokas , is the ost i po i g and i structive of th e all n n e u on e m At the base ru s the Shosho e Riv r, thro gh of the ost rugged a n r n n n i n n n m n a d pictu esque ca yo s to be fou d orther Wyo i g . This gre t c c n n m ah stock , whi h stret hes alo g th e valley for early four iles , rises ruptly feet above the stream bed from an elevation of feet n n and above sea level . It is overlai by feet of partially i durated m m n mm m n etamorphosed breccia . Fro the rou ded su it of this com andi g peak th e brecci as m ay be seen stretching far to the west 0 11 the Opposite n n nc and o n ca yo wall , the e across Thoroughfare Plateau to th e higher n W n P n n an regio s of i d River lateau , where th ey lie early horizo tal at m n elevation approximately the sa e as that of th e Needle Mountai itself. n n n u and in Upo this latter plateau the Shosho e River fi ds its so rces , its rapid descent of feet before reachi ng Needle Mou ntain exposes l n fin u n n large , irregu ar stocks of i de ite o tli e pierci g the breccias . n m M n n c n Looki g eastward fro Needle ou tai , th e bre cias exte d as far as

can c in c n a n l n n . the eye rea h the dire tio of th e bro d , ope p ai beyo d m M n n n n The assive stock of Needle ou tai co sists esse tially of diorite ,

- a nd - cut n m n quartz diorite , diorite porphyry , by u erous arrow dikes of m m n m Off apparently differentiated products of th e sa e olte mag a . shoots a nd apophyses from the parent sto ck pierce the surrou nding

cc and n m m n n breccIa . bre ia , a u ber of s all dikes pe etrate the overlyi g

FrOm n - c n c these dikes sheets of gra ite porphyry stret h out i to th e bre cias , a n 0 11 m n n n n m n d the spurs of th e ou tai erosio has wor the bare , leavi g the c c n o n the them exposed as surfa e rock, The sto k is fou d opposite c n n n m and c ; side of th e a yo , risi g high above the strea apped by the ever n n h c n c . t e prese t bre cia Borderi g diorite stock the brec ias are i durated , c u and n ot n n m b c m r shed , so altered that i freque tly it is i possi le to dis ri inate betwee n breccias and intrusive sto cks without the aid of the micro

a n m n fine- n c scope . Dr . Jaggar h s sh ow that a y of these grai ed ro ks are m a n an m m altered u d d silts d eta orphosed breccias . m M n n M n n n in n Fro Needle ou tai to ou t Chitte de , the Yellowsto e Park , n m l nd in n h n a dista ce of over fifty i es , there exte s a ort west directio a remarkable and probably a conti nuous belt of intrusive rocks . These n ccu and n m i trusive bodies o r as stocks , sheets , bosses , dikes , varyi g fro

- m o f nd n and m irregular shaped asses stupe ous proportio s , two three iles ‘ in and n in n a nd s cam s width several thousa d feet height . to arrow dikes traceable alo ng the canyon walls for only a . few feet and often disco n

‘ nected at m an n the surface fro y other body . A short dista ce north of R S N R SS 17 P E IDE TIAL ADD E .

M n n but 0 11 c n n n Needle ou tai , the opposite side of the a yo , a other great

c n n n M n n c m sto k , k ow as Shosho e ou tai , rises pre ipitously above the strea bed a nd n n cc in , it is clearly evide t that its relatio s to the bre ias are every M n n n way similar to those observed at Needle ou tai . Betwee these two m assive bodies smaller outcrops of diorite a nd diorite - porphyry are ex

ih n on m n n a nd n w posed lateral ravi es the ou tai sides , th e et ork of dikes trendi ng in every directio n points conclusively to th e fact that these ih c and in t rusiv e bodies belo ng to one a nd the same stock . Dislo ated durated c n n m n n bodies of bre cia are fou d upo the ou tai spurs , but the overlyi ng cappi ng of breccia peace fully crow ns it all . n c n M n n The i trusive sto k of Shosh o e ou tai , with its rugged slopes ris in c n in c m n n g abruptly above the river , is learly show the ac o pa yi g n n n c and cc illustratio ( Plate I) . The co tact betwee th e sto k the bre ias is m arked by steep ravines runni ng up the m ountai n slopes from the

m one o n - n strea bed to the top of the ridge . The the right ha d side is S c fin m n n pe ially well de ed , but the ass of the ridge beyo d the ravi e is n B c m m n c formed e tirely of basic breccia . a k fro the ai body of the sto k breccias rise still high er a nd form a part of the dissected plateau of the

m a c n n m Absarokas . It y be well to all atte tio here to the three re ark fan n m n a nd mm n able co es for ed of crys talli e ro ck c o i uted breccia . The ‘ m 200 i one be l n . larg est is esti ated to , feet height m n n n n n of w Fro this poi t orthward , followi g alo g the li e the po erful

" ' intrusions each n n n c n m ; dissecti g ca yo , where it uts the i trusive asses , m c n c lays bare nu erous exposures of rystalli e ro ks , which have forced

n cci and follo wIn n their way upward i to the bre as , , g li es of least resist n c in c n i m m x a e , have spread out all dire tio s w th a arvelous co ple ity of m a nd n m n n for outli e . So e of the s to cks pe etrati g the breccia have at t a ined n n u m elevatio s slightly above the prese t level of the platea , but ost o f m i n W the fa led to reach so hig h a positio . . herever they have reached

n nc S in c the top of the plateau their te de y is to pread out sheets , whi h no w m n M n n for the exposed surface of spurs a d ridges . a y of th ese i ter c nn c m c bedded sheets are dire tly co e ted with so e of the larger sto ks , but

‘ others show no such relationship at the surface and stan d out quite in n m n n . cc y S depe de tlyof the O asio all . the heets bulge up with irregular

n m - n m c . outli e ; others are do e shaped , developi g lac olithic for Vertical c n n cc a n and n dikes utti g the i terbedded bre ias p ss i to sheets , later agai m the c n n n m assu e o ditio s of or al vertical dikes . The variable character o f c m m C m a nd n m and h m the bre cia , so eti es o pact u ifor at ot ers ade up an nc n m an d n c n n c n of i ohere t ass of silts ash , te ds to o sta t ha ge in th e m m n m n m m upward ove e t of the olte ag a .

n C and n n m c The gorges of both Cabi reek Ca yo Creek expose si ilar ro ks , c m n n n m n n and Is ha o with ac o pa yi g phe o e a of strai rupture . w oa Can 3 TH E A S OF WASH N N GEOLOGIC L OCIETY I GTO .

’ o one of m of n n r n y n, the ost rugged these i cisive tre ch es , p ese ts varied m i n n m n odificat o s of eruptive e ergy , a bold stock , Clouds Ho e , pierci g the breccias with an irregular outline from the bottom of : the canyon to th to n m n . O ne a m assive e p of the , plateau of the fi est exa ples of i ter n m m n bedded Sheet exte ds for a ile or ore alo g the canyo n wall . Similar

n m n n m in W n n r r phe o e a prese t the selves apiti Ca yo , where fou tributa y

' stream unitin m n in n m s, g to ake the river, have cut dow the i trusive asses in ‘ m n nn i m . c a ost i structive . a er Near the sour es of “Eagle Creek d orite an n - n l and n n c d a desite porphyry are agai aid bare , the ce , trendi g a ross c n en n c the rest of the ra ge , ext d as far as Sylva Pass , where oarsely crys

' - talline diorite and diorite porphyries c ome . to the su rface for the last t m in a n n m l in n n n c i e exposure early a i e le gth . Beyo d this poi t rup ‘

n a and . n n b tive e ergy gr dually dies out, is o ly show y the presence of a n n m t . an n few powerful dikes oticeable for u ifor i y d persiste cy .

. A distinctive feature along this entire li ne of intrusive rock is the belt

‘ n c m n lar rs t cks th e of i durated brec ia which acco pa ies it . Near the g e s o n th e c c n and ‘ not n n l alteratio of bre cia is espe ially oticeable , i freque t y it

'

' is diffi cult to discrim i nate between the sto ck masses a nd ~ the m etam o r m n h phosed m aterial . The ode of weatheri g is so unlike that of t e ordi

‘ nary breccia a nd the transitions are so gradual that it is by no m eans easy to defi ne the outlines of the i ntrusive masses without personal ih h n n t n ection . n s Alt ough ever havi g bee followed as a con i uous body , p , n n u Of n of n r n one Of owi g to the at re the topography , the zo e i du atio is m n a nd n c n i n m a the arked features of the regio , u der favorable o dit o s y ‘ r c i n t he c n n fn iles in ce of be t a ed a yo walls for fifty , with a width pla s

- f m n n n n m ore than one hal mile . Another i porta t a d sig i fica t feature is

’ the i nclination of the breccias away f rom some well - definhd axis or cen

do ‘ not an n l w u rotru tral ridge . They as a rule arch over y si g e po erf l p but n n n o n n r u w h sion, prese t every i dicatio f a broad a ticli al st uct re , it

' the piled - up lavas inclined toward th e w est and southwest on one Side and n n n m and toward th e east ortheast o th e other . Betwee the ore massive bodies that have been forced upward to elevatio ns abovethe

’ ’ n e m a n s OfI ndurat ed r ge eral lev l there y be fou d area i breccia , t aversed by

‘ i nt and ein in i ff t ir . a labyr h of dikes v s the r e or s to force the way, upward Som e idea of this complex of intrusive bodies may ‘ be obtained from the photographic reproductio n of the dikes exposed in one Of the ravines

on M u n n n nl P . e Dike o tai , ear th e head of Su ight Creek ( late III) Th y ' belong to the Su nlig ht intrusive series of dikes; a nd are probably off

- . M n n I n n m n Stinkin water . shoots fro the pare t stock of g ou t”ai ge eral , ' n cc i n ut h s no m eans u ni they pe etrate the bre ias at h gh a gles , b t i is by

’ ' ‘ a n f and th later v ersally t h e b as e . They re of differe t ag es o eruption, e

‘ ' ’ f n n e d n ro e e in in their . o es i ters ct the earlier ikes , cutti g th ugh v ryth g way

R S N R SS 19 P E IDE TIAL ADD E .

W n n n in n ithout e teri g i to petrographic details , a few words additio to n m n a nd what has already bee said see n ecessary . Gra ites diorites are n m seldom m et with other than in conn ection with the larg e u ifor stocks .

AS m o f c n m can n ost these sto ks are o ly partially exposed , their volu e o ly m n in c be a atter of co j ecture , but all th e larger bodies , su h as Needle

M n n m m - n d ou tai , the rock is essentially that of a ediu grai ed iorite or

- m u n no m n nc m n . diorite porphyry . A tr e gra itic structure is by ea s u o o M n n c n u ost of the powerful i trusio s , as regards th eir rystalli e str cture , m a n c n y be classed as gra ular . Th e great bulk of th ese rystalli e rocks

n m un m . c c appare tly carry so e little gro d ass Porphyriti stru ture , with l n m c c n n n n litt e grou d ass , is a hara teristic feature , with tra sitio s i to a de

- n n M n m in n n a d . S site porphyry a desite a y i ilar bodies of defi ite outli e ,

x n ‘ n n l n n c . o ly partially e posed by erosio of the a yo wa ls , are a desites n e the m n c in a n d m I d ed , all relatively s all bodies are a desiti habit , the sa e is true of the m any outlying bodies away from th e gen eral northwest n n southeast tre d of the i truded rocks . A field study o f these rocks of varying degrees of crystallization shows

‘ clearly that they were all exposed to virtually the sam e degree of press n c and S c f n not de ure of overlyi g ro k , that th eir tru tural dif ere ces were n m n m M n e n pe dent pri arily upo pressure fro above . a y of th se a desi tic m m c m n t d a nd c m asses are u h s aller tha th e diori ic bo ies , oc ur at uch w m r n n lo er levels below the superi posed load . All obse vatio s upo th e geol ogi cal relatio ns of these i ntrusives to th e breccias ten d to Sh ow that their structural differences are depe ndent far m ore u pon the chilli ng effect of th e surrou ndi ng rock and the rate of cooli ng than upon th e press ure of the overlying ro ck . Geologists and petrograph“ers have been for a lo ng tim e i nvestigati ng th e structural differences and mi neral variations f n ' n o ig eous rocks . Of th ese philosophical i vestigators Professor Iddi ngs n in m n In n sta ds the fore ost ra k . a exhaustive petrographic study of the C ra ndall Basin i ntrusive body and its complex system of radial dikes of varyi ng composition he reaches the conclusio n that they have all been

v m m n m n m m but crv stallized n r deri ed fro the sa e pare t olte ag a , u de

f n c n n . W n c c n . . J dif ere t o ditio s ith this o lusio I heartily agree Dr ag gar , w h o has been at work upon a petrog raphical stndy of the i ntrusive ro cks

s n has c m c ncl n r of the rest of the Ab aroka Ra ge , rea hed a si ilar o usio as e

Ish aw ooa n c and c a nd and gards the i trusive sto k asso iated sheets dikes , m m m n m n m m believes that they were derived fro a co o olte ag a , whi ch in cc c n in is quite a ord with geologi al observatio s th e field . From these

n and m c l d the c nc n m observatio s , thus briefly i perfe t y state , o lusio see s n b Ishaw ooa n u n n m i evita le that the i tr sive , for its e tire le gth of fifty iles , r n n d c n eprese ts a co tinuous ri ge , the result of the o solidation of a m olten 20 S WAS N N THE GEOLOGICAL OCIETY OF HI GTO .

m m n n c n ag a i truded i to the bre cias . Erosio has as yet laid bare only the m n a nd m t he c nn n n ore elevated portio s so e of o ecti g li ks . If a trained geologist were to stan d 0 11 any o ne of the m ore promi nen t

n in n i n w o f c poi ts the Absarokas his atte t o ould , first all , be attra ted by the vast amou nt o f frag mental ej ectam enta lyi ng with apparent horizon

in e c t n . v n im him tality ev ry dire io Closer obser atio would press with . the bedded nature of much o f this m aterial an d the action whi ch run ni ng water had played in dis integ rating the lava and rou ndi ng the ande i i n s t c a d c . nc n m basalti bowlders If, by ,cha e , he had acquai ted hi self c x in n n n n with the huge sto ks e posed the ca yo s , k owi g the power of dense crystalli ne ro cks to withstand atmospheric agencies better than n n s ur r1s ed find n n the easily disi tegrati g breccias , he would be p to that o e . Of the larger ones towered above the plateau in com mandi ng peaks At on e n n or two localities th ey attai the prese t level of the plateau , but do n ot m c b a nd n n rise u h a ove it, usually give evide ce of the dyi g out of m m n the energy whi ch forced the ag a up w ard . As th ese i trusive stocks " n cc m m s in n ffi are overlai by bre ia so eti e feet thick ess , it is di cult to see how they ever co uld have bee n centers of powerful extrusive n eruptio . In a n address delivered before th e British Associatio n for the Advance m n c n ein m 1893 n n e t of S ie c Septe ber , , Professor Iddi gs took the grou d n n O f n n m c that the Cra dall Basi stock was the core a gra d volca o , fro whi h c and f n end issued the brec ias , silts , tuf s which have built up the orth of n b and n c the ra ge , while th e gab ros diorites represe t the oarsely crystal li n e developm ent of that portion of the magma which co oled at great f n c c n depths be neath the sur a ce . He reco stru ted a vol a o to a h eight of a nd u u n m n feet above the plateau , s bseq e tly re oved by erosio every c n n mm u c n M n vestige of the vol a o dow to the su it of H rri a e esa , th e prese t H e likens in m n and in the c level of th e plateau . it , ag itude pro esses by u c n o f JEtna and AI1 ah c . whi h it was b ilt up , to the vol a oes Vesuvius stract of th e address w as published in theJournal of Geclogy for September

and c 1893 a nd in c m n o n th e O tober , , a forth o i g report the geology of Yellowsto ne National Park a de tailed des cription of th e Crandall sto ck f n of m c will be ou d , togeth er with the results his ad irable petrographi

ee c n n m . studies of the r ks , to whi h allusio has already bee ade r n seem s hardl n c s Afte what has bee said , it y e e sary to add that with I n n M n these geological views of Professor ddi gs I do ot agree . y i terpreta tio n of the history of this region m ay possibly call forth the friendly oriti cism that this address is an accou nt of the early Tertiary volcanoes of th e n c c c m m a Absarokas w ith the vol ca oes left o ut . For Su h riti is there y be

m n a an n o f n so e slight grou d but , while I f il to see y evide ce the buildi g c c n c u and E n a f up of su h vol a i piles as Ves vius t a , or , s I should pre er

22 ‘ THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON . ogis ts who have seen them a profou nd sense of the power of volcanic , “ n Th n m n m n . oro dds e a e ergy , Dr , who has lived a o g the , protests ag i st th e z f‘ rE n idea that th ey were b uilt up like Vesuvius or t a . He says : The vast lava waste o f Odadahra u n was produced by the eruptio n Of over

n c n a nd m n n o f n twe ty vol a oes , perhaps a y of the oldest ce ters eruptio that co ntributed to th e formatio n of this desert have become obliterated by later lava stream s Wh en o ne recalls geological text - book descrip n m n c n and n tio s of oder vol a oes their activity , it is early always Vesuvius n c n c that everywhere tur s up like a spe ter , whereas the regular volca ”i m f n t n and ff in n c n o . o e , co posed alter a i g lavas tu s , is rather rare Icela d The cou n try wh ich he is describi ng m ay be about One -half th e size of n but no m e m n n the Absaroka ra ge , I have aps or accurate data for d ter i i g n r n f n . : ew n e the area Agai , late , he says O ly a old volca o s are fou d n m In c n n n havi g this for . I ela d it is very ge erally fou d that the fissure n m n n n Th has not give rise to the for atio of a y real volca o . e lava there has som etimes 1 w ell ed out alo ng the e ntire length of th e fissure wi thout m n m n m the for atio of a crater , but ostly there has bee for ed a series of n oInts m m n o f rm low slag co es at the p where the ag a , by reaso th e fo of the

u m n . c fiss re or for so e other cause , fou d it easiest to break fo”rth Su h c n in c n n n n rows of raters are fou d all vol a ic reg io s of Icela d . A other n c b n in c n c n oti ea le feature , eve the a tive regio s of I ela d , is the ease with whi ch sources of eruptio n m ay become obliterated by fresh flows from n n n f n Th r d n m o . o od se eighbori g ve ts discharge Accordi g to Dr . , the fa ous Hekla itsel f is a lo ng ridge built up by a ch ai n of small craters alo ng a n u li e of fiss re . A c G in m 0 11 nc n c n Sir r hibald eikie , his ad irable work the A ie t Vol a oes G B n In c m n c n h n m n n of reat ritai , o pari g the vol a ic p e o e a of the Icela dic n eruptio s with those exhibited by th e basalt plateaus of the British Isles ,

m : c n c n and re arks It is , therefore , to the I ela di types of fissure eruptio , not n c m c n JEtna to great ce tral o posite o es , like Vesuvius or , that we m ust look for the modern analogies that would best serve as comm e ntary a nd e xpl anat”io n for the latest chapter in th e long volcanic history of the British isles . In compari ng vol cani c areas of Ic eland with th e phenomena exhibited i n R n n n n In the Absaroka a ge there Is o e striki g differenc e to be oted . th e former th e extravasated molten m agma consists largely of basaltic w 1 11 one c n n m n m flo s , while the latter is o sta tly i pressed by the e or ous

m u n cc c m m - fifths a o t of bre iated ro k e itted . It is esti ated that four of these extrusive ro cks whi ch make up the rang e consist of coarse and fin cc a nd m n n n one c . e bre ias , silts related”eje ta e ta Dead I dia Peak, of V ulkan e r I e t r "e k a et en D No do s tli e I l n d ill o n Sv ns s b Th Th orodds e n B ih an . V g s a , y . , g T K g k -Akade mie ns H a ndlin ar Stockh o lm rch 1888 aps g , , Ma , . 23 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS .

n n m n the domi nating poi ts of the ra ge , rises ore tha feet above th e n n b cc c in m valley , prese ti g layers of re ia whi h the aggregate easure c n v m e c nearl y o ne mile i n thickness . It is a very o ser ative esti at to pla e the volume of bre ccia at on e - half mile in thi ckness over the e ntire region n u n c m m m c n ot m c u der dis c ssio , whi h , it should be re e bered , e bra es u h n n an m n less than square miles . This o ly allows for erosio a ou t u m m it ffi n o ne a n equal to the highest plateau s it, but is su cie t to give n n m idea of its vast bulk . That the de udatio fro the top of the exist s in c n n u n . g plateau was very o siderable is u q estio ed , but th ere exi t I n n o n n an m thi k , reliable data upo which to base eve approxi ate esti m f m n c n o ne m c h ate o the a ou t . Possibly the ou try was at ti e overed wit m n c n n n u c u a a tle of basalt , whi h , withsta di g erosio , wo ld , of o rse , pro n teet the friable vol c anic material throughout a lo g period . It is evident that the gran ular rocks required for their uniform crys m o n allizati n an n . w t o overlyi g load of g reater or less depth For y part , I am m ore or less Skeptical as to the n eed of an imm ense thick ness of overl y ing m aterial to develop su ch u niform co nsolidatio n as is generally

' n o - n supposed to be ecessary to produ ce the s called pluto ic roc ks . At Needle Mountain th e m edium - grained granular diorite for the entire

c c n m n feet of ro k fa e is appare tly the sa e throughout , whereas o ly a short distance from the mass and at a lower level small bodies of rock in n n t cooli g have developed a characteristic a desitic s ru cture .

' ' m ust be b orn e in m n m m n It i d that all this aterial , of varied i eral

c m n n n n c o positio , grouped together u der the desig atio of brec ias , was c n and c l f u o gealed rysta lized be ore it was h rled out by explosi ve action . This m eans stupen dous crushi ng an d crunching of the mass as it was c and nc m n c m for ed upward disturba es of the first ag itude , whi h ust have n in m m n VVh n c had their origi great crustal ove e ts . e e cam e this e nor m ous mass of breccia ted ro ck Twic e during the long period of their eruptions thes e breccias had been i nvaded by enorm ous bodies of gran c c n n an n ular ro k whi h had elevated the e tire Absaroka ra ge , elevatio th at was phenomenal in its n ature and form ed a part of the great series n c m m n c n n of oroge i ove e t whi h uplifted the orther Cordillera . This

c - m m m n c uplift was losely related to the post Lara ie ove e t , whi h was one of th e most profoun d and far- reaching orogeni c disturbances any where c n re og ized by geologis ts . Throughout this address the large i ndividual protrusions i nto the cc n c but m bre ia have bee alluded to as sto ks , I regard the as the more elevated portions of a great complex of crystalli ne ro cks u nderlyi ng at n u W least a large part of this regio of co ntry . here the underlyi ngm olten m agm a was subjected to the severest pressure,the material was squeezed

l n n n and n upward to higher levels , fo lowi g li es of least resista ce , co soli 24 AS N N THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF W HI GTO .

n m dated at greater or less depths be eath the surface . This upward ove m e nt was probably coi ncident with the crustal m ovem e nts that elevated n n n Is h a o oa n u m the e tire Absaroka ra ge . The li e of w i tr sives arks the n o ne m m n m n m m c th e tre d of such upward ove e t of olte ag a , whi h for m n n ost part co gealed without fi n di g egress to the surface . That a por tion of the m ag m a m ay have bee n pushed upw ard through fissures and n and c f n e ve ts dis harged as sur ace flows of a desite is possibl , but of such no n m n flows , if they existed , positive evide ce re ai s . Co nditio ns somewhat Similar to those fou nd in the Absarokas are described by Professor Adolph Stel zner as occurring in the A ndes of n n n and n n n Arge ti a . He describes gra ites , diorites , sye ites as pe etrati g n ff and o f and n u n the a desitic tu s lavas Tertiary age , as cooli g der a s m m not m heavy load of uperi posed aterial . He does regard these ass c n n c n m ive rystalli e bodies as co duits of vol a oes , but as large stocks for ed n n m n i i dependently of su ch ve ts . He refers to the as taki g part n the n c c m c a n great orog e i uplift whi h elevated the Cordillera of South A eri a , f n in J s m M c and upli t which bega uras ic ti e , lasted through the esozoi , c n n r o ti ued through th e g eater part of the Tertiary . In the discussio ns of vol canic phen om ena found throughout geolog ical t c c n m n s li erature , ir ular ve ts of great depths see to be regarded as i di pe nsable a nd are supposed to furnish a n open door for the molten m ag m as mi n m S m n , per tti g the to take a straight hoot fro the eter al depths In h n m n n to daylight . t is way geologists certai ly avoid a y perplexi g physical problems which confront us in the case of sto cks and laccolith s n n n n f pe etrati g sedime ntary rocks a d stoppi g far short o the s urface . In n n one m speaki g of areas of ig eous rocks , al ost hesitates to use the m cc n r in n ter la oliths , so u iversally is it refer ed to its relatio to sedi F r m m m n m n . o e tary rocks y part , it see s far ore reaso able to look for su ch i ntr usive bodies in areas of ign eous rock than in regio ns of sedi m n n u m n h entatio . That large i tr sive bodies ca e to a sta dstill wit out a n s urficial m n f n in n y a i estatio s , the Absarokas , is , I thi k , fairly well m n deter i ed . Two years ago it was my good fortu ne to cross the Cascade Range at a n m and c m m n u ber of localities , to li b far above ti ber li e the slopes of M n in W n t n M n in n and M n ount Rai ier , ashi g o ; ou t Hood , Orego , ou t “ n n mm n n m n i . m n Shasta, Califor ia Fro these co a di g poi ts co prehe sive

. n panoram ic views were obtain ed over a broad field o f ig eous rock . M and m s n and n in aj estic i pre sive as are these volca oes , gra d their isola n c m all r in the tio , I could but feel that ba k of the lay earlie chapters c n n 0 11 s Tertiary history of vol a ic e ergy the Pacific ide of the Cordillera , that these powerful volcan oes were but a late expression of the i ntensity he n and h l n m in of t eruptive e ergy , t at still ear ier volca ic asses had 25 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS . som e way take n part in the orogenic disturbances of an earlier Tertiary m n . SO o ti e , the east side of th e great Cordillera , the early Tertiary fires n n in and n n lo g si ce ceased to glow the Absarokas , th e ce ter of volca ic energy m oved westward and built up on differe nt li nes the broad rhyo of n n n lite plateau the Yellowsto e Park , a plateau stro gly co trasted with n m n n th e Absarokas i the al ost e tire abse ce of breccias . The work of such investigators as Emm o ns and Cross in Colorado an d Weed and Pirsson in Montana is slowly but surely solving the problems — c in n n C an d of the post Creta eous uplift the orther ordillera , it will , I n n n c n c n thi k , fi ally be show that th e rystalli e rocks o solidated below the surface have played an important part in bringi ng abo ut the Cordilleran n revolutio . On a bright crisp autumnal day In 1897 I left the Absarokas by the ’ m n n n way of that ost i teresti g of valleys , Clarke s Fork of th e Yellowsto e , still im pressed with the m any unsolved problems co nnected with th e

n n in c n geology of the ra ge . I at first visited th e reg io the expe tatio of fi nding a partially subm erged range of Paleozoic and Mesozoi c sedi m n ‘ c n m e ts . If ever su h ra ge existed , it had co pletely disappeared by f n n n m pro ou d subside ce . I the looked for the roots of so e powerful m n n c n c n c n do i ati g vol a o whi h had bee the sour e of the varyi g breccias , In c . n ac but this also I failed to dis over its stead , if I i ter pret the f ts

' c n n n breccias th e n m a nd i n orrectly , I fou d pe etrati g the toweri g do es p nacl es n and c in m - n of gra ular porphyritic ro ks . which so e far dista t day ,

' n n n m Of n m whe de udatio has re oved a greater part the overlyi g ass , m ay be foun d to form one connected body which erosIon has already so far laid bare as to i ndicate that th ey all form a part of on e broad com f n c o f plex o coarsely crystalli e ro k early Tertiary age .

ABSTRACT OF THE MINUTES

OF TH E

GEOLOGICAL SOCI ETY OF WASHINGTON

1 7 and 189 8 For the Years 89 .

F t - ixth Meetin Januar 18 189 7 s . fi y g , y ,

n n 2 n nt Preside t Hague i the chair ; 3 perso s prese .

C C O S OMMUNI ATI N .

m n m G : cu d n . G . K . ilbert Pe liarly arke Triassic sa dsto e fro Utah l tt c u n in c . Wa co C . The o c rre ce of gold ore th e Silver Peak distri t , D d Nevada . “ ” l Arnold Hague The Yellowston e Park folio . Geologic At as of the

n 80 . U ited States , folio

' m m n G . E S urr z . o ur. J . . p The easure e t of faults J of eology , vol v , n n 238 189 2 c c c . s . . . . . 3 7 pp 7 Abstra t , S ie e , , vol v , p , m c n m n o f u n Ab Bailey Willis : So e Pleisto e e for atio s P get sou d . l 288 u c c nc 11 . s . v o . . . u n : stra t S ie e , , v , p P blished der title Drift phe , ” Am 1 — 2 1 m n n . . . 11 16 89 . n G . . 8 o e a . of Puget Sou d , Bull eol Soc , vol ix . pp ,

fi t - seventh Meetin Januar 9 7 189 7 f y g , y ,

n u n 85 n n Preside t Hag e i the chair ; perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

M r M m . Fa l : . E c an . d. C W. Hayes e“orial of J n n n m W. u : n in n in a n u n C . P ri gto Arra ge e t of talus a basi th e S J a

M u n n . nc i n m na on m n n o tai s , Colorado I luded Preli i r”y report the i i g n n u 18 Ann . . . i d stries of the Telluride quadra gle , Colorado , th . Rep U S 4 5—84 1 . . 8 98. G . 7 8 eol Survey , pt iii , pp , ‘ ”

W M G : n . m n J c ee”Desert erosio E bodied i arti cle entitled Sheet n m — G . Soc . A d . 1 fl oo . . 112 89 . . 8 7 erosio , Bull eol , vol viii pp 7 , “ , m n . G : n N n G K . ilbert Di e sio s of the iagara gorge and their relatio s to the history of the glacial lakes“. ” n and ff . . . . : m n G c N H Darto J A Ta The Pied o t folio . eologi Atlas 2 n 8. of the U ited States , folio 2 TH E A F 8 GEOLOGIC L SOCIETY O WASHINGTON .

Fi t - ei hth Meetin Februar 10 189 7 f y g g , y ,

n in c 2 n n Preside t Hague the hair ; 3 perso s pres e t .

CO CA S MMUNI TION .

W m n n c ll a nd hit a Cross”: The ig eous ro ks of the Leucite Hi s Pilot m 4 — m n A u . . h 11 4 1 1 t . 5 1 9 . . . . 8 W . 7 Butte , yo i g Jo r Sci , ser , vol iv , pp , 1 36 . c nc n . s . . . Abstra t , Scie e , , vol v , p n n n Ab Waldem ar Li dgre The gra itic rocks of the Sierra Nevada . l 6 3 1 . c n n . s . v o . . stract , S ie ce , , v , p

Fi t - ninth Meetin Februar 2 189 7 f y g , y 4 ,

n in c 2 n n Preside t Hague the hair 3 7 perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

n n f n M m G : . e L . C . i O t C r i le Th e phys ography Sou"h a ol a ostly in n u n e c : . c G bodi d arti le e titled So th Caroli a , Jour of S hool eography , n nd M 189 Ja uary a arch 8. “, n : G m frOm d in k . ee N H Darto eother al data p wells the Da otas . — \ 4 th . 16 16 1 9 1 h nn Am . . . 1 8 8 8 8t A . Jour Sci , ser , vol v , pp . , ; . Rep . U . S . 606— 11 n . . . d 1 9 . G v 6 ls . a 8 8 , , , i eol Sur ey pt “iv pp p xl v xlv , ” W : A n in M n n u W. . b . W H eed sapphire beari g dike o ta a ”ill be p lish ed In G Mo n n f M n n 20 h An n o t . eology of the Little Belt u tai s o ta a ,

. G . . Rep . U . S eol Sur“vey m n m : c . G W n . hit a Cross A al ite basalt fro Colorado Jour of eology , — l , 684 3 18 v o . v . 6 9 97. , pp ,

Sixtieth Meetin March 10 189 7 g , ,

c - n in c 2 n Vi e Preside t Diller the hair ; 9 perso s present .

COMMUNICATIONS .

W. n H . Fairba ks : Oscillati ons of the coast Of California duri ng the c n and n Mr A c . . m G . Plio e e Pleisto e e ( Read by Diller ) . eologist , vol — xx 213 724 5 1 . 8 9 . , pp , 7

W. . G c n m n n C Hayes eologi al relatio s of so e souther iro ores .

c c nc n . 5 s . 5 8. stra t , S ie e , “, vol . v , p . n N . H . Darto : Discovery of marine Cretaceous deposits in eastern n A . c n co m Virgi ia bstra t u der”title . Dis very of arine Cretaceous In n — n . u G . . . 14 4 6 ol . 4 1 bori g at Norfolk , Virgi ia B ll eol Soc v ix , pp . , 1 898.

30 A S WASH THE GEOLOGIC L OCIETY OF INGTON .

A nc : n n c l e in . C . Spe er Exp”la atio of a pe u iar f ature the structure of M n n P in M n n assa utten Mou”tai n . ublished Geology of assa utte Moun n in n n n 1 9 W 8 7. tai Virgi ia , “ashi gto , M n n : . W. H . Weed The Judith ou tai s

Pir s on : n c M u n n L . V . s Ig eous ro ks of the Judith o tai s .

m in n M W and These two paper“s are e bodied a j oi t paper by essrs . eed Pirss on n G an d m n c M n , e titled ”eology i eral resour es of the Judith ou n — 1 h Ann . . n M n 8t . . G . . 4 39 616 tai s of o ta a , Rep U S eol Survey , pt iii , pp . , 8 8 1 9 . ” M un m : on n . G . O . S ith “Notes the g eology of o t”Rai ier Published M n n 1 : c 8 Ann . . . . under the title The ro ks of ou t Rai ier , th Rep U S 4 1 — 2 1 6 4 3 89 . G . . . 8 eol Survey pt ii , pp , , “ Waldemar Lindgren The Tertiary bed“s of a portion of the lower n m in m n n na I . E t ct S ke River Basi , daho bodied ”The i i g dis”ri s of the n nd th n h 1 A n a e 8 n . . . . G . Idah o Basi Boise Ra ge , Ida o , th Rep U S eol 61 — 1 1 9 9 8 . . 7 8 . 7 Survey , pt iii , pp ,

Sixt ourth Meetin M a 6 189 7 yf g , y ,

n i n 2 n n Preside t Hague the chair ; 6 perso s prese t .

CO C MMUNI ATION .

V n n n n f u . an : n a d O C R . Hise Shorte i g elo gatio th e o ter part of th e earth Published under title : Estimates a nd causes of crustal shorten in 10—64 1898 G . . g , Jour . of eology , vol . vi , pp ,

Sixt - th Meetin Ma 19 189 7 y fif g , y ,

n n 22 n Preside t Hague i the chair ; perso s present .

C C NS OMMUNI ATIO . m m W. : n C . Hayes So e features of Appala”chia structure as exe plified n n n n M n c c y . by th e a ti li e e“ar Ha co k , ar la d m n m . m n n m f S F . E o s : A ew for o po cket cli o eter . P n n f l n . W o C uri gto The ore deposits the Te luride quadra gle , Colo n n m n m n n n Of rado . I cluded i Preli i ary report on the i i g i dustries the ” ' n n 1 n . U . S. G . e 8 A . Tellurid quadra gle , Colorado , th Rep eol Survey , — 0 8 . 51 4 8 1 n s . . . 9 . n . 7 8 898. c c part iii , pp , , , , Abstra t S ie ce , vol v p” m m n . . . E : c S F o s Physiography of the west oast of Peru Abstract , n c 11 . s . . 889 Scie e , , vol v , p . . 31 A BSTRACT OF M IN UTES .

ix - sixth Meetin Ma 26 189 7 S ty g , y ,

n President Hague in the chair ; 31 persons prese t .

COMMUNICATIONS .

E c in n c n m m David Whit”e : t hed pebbles Carbo iferous o glo erates fro n Pen nsylva ia . m n n M m : E c Ga . . R . Ca p“bell t hed pebbles fro Big Sto e p, Virgi ia

. G : nn n W. . J . A . Taff The Buckha o ( Va ) folio eologic Atlas of the

n 34 . U ited States , folio W n n cc and n n W . : . H eed The Sho ki sag la olith its differe tiatio phe

n . G . o n nom n W i . . e a . ill be published”Bull U S eol Survey The High n n wood Mou ntai n“s of Mo ta a . n n l in o l T W . c nc u . d R T . Hill ypes of est I dia geo ogy Published ing ch apter of The geology a nd physi cal geography of Jam aica : a study m M m n n n . us . Z m . . Ca of a type of the A tillea develop e t, Bull Co p ool ,

1899 in and Rico l w ith n . t C bridge , Abs ”ract uba Porto , th e other isla ds

We n n 1898. of the st I dies , Ce tury Co

Sixt - seventh Meetin November 10 189 7 y g , ,

24 n n President Hague in the chair ; perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

W : m n Of Carboniferous n c in David hite Si ilar groupi ”gs _ pla t spe ies n Asia Mi or an“d th e United States . n In m . . : c c . c c n R T Hill The geologi al seque e Ja aica Abstra t , S ie ce , 15 in n 11 . . . 8 . a s . d c , vol vi”, p Published The geology physi al geography of Jamaica . W c m n n . i n n Lester F ard The Creta eous for atio southwester Ka sas .

A n 1 . 14 1 1 8 . c . s . . 8 97 bstract , Scie e , , vol vi , p ,

Sixt - ei hth Meetin November 2 189 7 y g g , 4 ,

n in c 26 n n Preside t Hague the hair ; perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

G . : n F . Becker A propos”ed cha ge of nomen clature in the Classifi ca n a d m n tio of rocks n i“erals . ‘ M m . . : m n m Tea W i ni R Ca pb“ell La i ated clay fro y valley , est Virg a . . S. : n m i n n J Diller The origi of Ca as Swale , a valley wester Oregon . s c S c nc n 2 . s . . 9 3. Ab tra t , ie e , , vol vi , p . 32 A S AS N N THE GEOLOGIC L OCIETY OF W HI GTO .

Gi An m m G . K . lbert : atte pt to esti ate”the relative a nd absolute quan n m n tities of the pri cipal sedi e tary ro cks .

Sixt -ninth Meetin December 8 189 7 y g , ,

- Vi ce Preside nt Diller i n the chair ; 3 1 persons prese nt .

O C MMUNICATIONS .

W c t in n . z c C . D”al ott Progress the study of the Paleozoi sectio of Cali f rnia o . ” b n m n n G . G : ew c c P K . il e“rt A ter for dis o ti uous ro ks . ublished U n : n c n m ncl der title A proposed additio to physiographi o e ature , l ii 9 95 1 n n . 4 89 . c e c . s v o . V . 8 S i e , , , pp , , : W w : A c n m v m n in J . Po ell n hypothesis to a cou t for the o e e ts th e — G . 1 1 c . . 89 . . 9 8 rust of the earth Jour of eology , vol vi , pp ,

Emm n : ec n n n n n G S . F . o ”s The r e t I ter atio al Co gress of eologists at St . Petersburg .

Seventieth Meetin Fi th Annual Meetin December 22 189 7 g , f g ,

n President Hague in th e chair ; 33 perso ns present,26 members voti g .

COMMUNICATION .

Waldemar Li ndgren : The Seve n Devils a nd the canyo n of Salmon 1 1898 a nd n . c c nc n . s . . . . 7 . S ake rivers , Idah o Abstra t , S ie e , , vol vii p , The an nual reports Of the Secretaries a nd the Treasurer were read and 1 9 a nd 8 8 e . accepted , officers for w re elected

F A 189 . REPO RT O THE SECRET RIES , 7 33 ABSTRACT OF M IN UTES .

n n m n m n - - The atte da c e at the eeti g s varied fro twe ty two to thirty three ,

n - n with a n average of twe ty seve . — Communications Sixty - two comm uni catio ns have been received at th e m n Of n - n m n n ot eeti gs , which twe ty two were brief i for al otes previously annou nced a nd forty were papers whose titles appeared o n the pri nted m c mm n c n n ffe n progra s . These o u i atio s were prese ted by thirty di re t

m m and n m m in n . e bers , eightee e bers took part th e discussio s The total

- n umber of m embers participating in the proceeding s was thirty four . AS m n f c ub usual , a y of the papers read be ore the So iety have been p li h in s ed various j ournals . — Membership Four persons were elected to active membership and ten c n n m m n One c n n and to orrespo di g e bership duri g the year . orrespo di g

c m m n and on e c m m . four a tive e bers have resig ed , a tive e ber has died One active member and on e correspon ding m ember have been dropped n on- m n n n for pay ent of dues . The et result of these cha ges is a gai of

m m n m m c n o n un a n d six e bers . The prese t e bership o sists of e h dred

c m m a nd - c n n m m : one two a tive e bers forty six orrespo di g e bers Total , h undredf and - forty eight . Publica tion — c c n n n nn The usual bro hure , o tai i g the a ual address of

n n n i n a nd n n and th e retiri g Preside t , th e Co stitut o Sta di g Rules , list of m m c in n e bers of the So iety , was published Ja uary . It was distributed to the members of the So ciety a nd to the libraries on the ex change list o f G o the eol gi cal Society of Am eri ca . Council — u nc n n m n n The Co il held seve tee eeti gs duri g th e year , with a n n n f average atte da ce o eight . W . Y S C . HA E ,

W. N T . STA TON , Secretari es .

REPORT F THE TREASURER 1 O 8 . , 97

D m W SH G . C . ece ber 22 189 7 A IN TON , D , , .

To the President o the Geolo ica l ciet o hin t f g So y f Wa s g on . SIR : I have the honor to tra nsmit herewith my report as Treasurer of the Geological So ciety of Washington for the year ending December

Cash on h and D c mber 23 1896 e e , $206 58 Cash received during 1897: Delinquent dues for 1895 (1 active) Delinquen t dues fo r 1896 (5 activ e a nd 3 correspondi ng) Dues 88 ac i e m mb rs for 1897 at , t v e e , Dues 4 1 co rres o ndin m mb rs fo r 1897 at , p g e e ,

7 O E F A N 34 TH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY O W SHINGTO .

1 ri i m m r 1 Du s co es ond n b fo 898 . e , p g e er Interest on deposit w ith the Ameri can Security and TriIst Com

T ei f r 1 . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o a ec 7 O O O O O t l r pts o 89 O O O O

Total

Disburs men s as er Six en ouchers a ached as fo o w s e t , p te v tt , ll

i n a r m a n i n E . Morr o P e Co s a o s p p y , t t ery W H s c rica s r ic C . . a e e s y , l l e v e

‘ A Taff c ica se ic s and J . . , ler l rv e

C H c ca ser an o a . W. a s e ces d s . ye , l ri l vi p t ge 6 udd De w i r rin in r s den ia addr ss J t e le , p t g p e i t l e

. F ber s rin in no ic s a nd r cei s W . Ro t , p t g t e e pt C W H a s os a e . . ye , p t g ’ B ui d rs E xchan e Im ro v m n Co m an ren of ha fo r l e g p e e t p y, t ll f ir A hi iki address O S rc bald Ge e . P B Pi rc x ens s of o in Co mmi io n . . e ss e e , e p J t

. K h n r i F e v i . M ss . a s c s as ew J ig , e typ riter W F Rob r s rin in and s a ion r . . e t ,p t g t t e y

urr i u ra n a r ss of Sir A chiba d eik . B P . M a s dd . y, ll t ti g e r l G ie udd D t w il r in n r or of Commi o n the oin t J e e e , pr ti g ep t ttee J Co mmission

i r i W. a s c r ca s v ces C . H ye , le l e rr i u ra n tu B . P . Mu a s ec y, ll t ti g l re Treasurer of Cosm os C ub ren o f ha l , t ll

Total expenditures

Ba anc on h and D cembe 22 1897 69 4 5 l e e r , $ M c . . Very respe tfully , R CAMPBELL ,

Tr r r easu e .

F FF ELECTION O O ICERS .

The following board Of Offi cers for 1898 was ele cted

r t : n P esiden Ar old Hague .

i - r sid nts . m n W . V ce P e e . J S Diller , hit a Cross

Trea ur r : M m s e . R . Ca pbell .

t ri Secre a es : . n W. . W. n . C Hayes , T Sta to

M emb r - t-Lar o t m e s a e he un il : E m M W. . o c G . . C . n g f S F . o s , P errill , H W W W eed , David hite , Bailey illis . ABSTRACT OF M INUTES .

- Seve nt rst Meetin Januar 12 189 8. yfi g , y ,

- 4 n Vice President Diller in the chair 0perso s present .

COMM UNICATION S .

u m c Y . G . . G . K ilbert exhibited a gla iated bo lder fro Ithaca , N , whose su rface showed fractures a nd other evidences Of impact made during its n glaciatio . o in t m E : . E in G . H . ldridge Asphalt de p si”ts U ah bodied The f h 1 t h Ann n n O . 7 . . G ui taite (gilso ite) deposits Uta , Rep U S . eol . Survey , — — 1 9 94 lx 896 . 0 9 l s . . 9 pt . i , pp , p lix , ‘ n : c u c n A . C . Spe cer The Upper Creta eo s se tio of southwestern Colo n 11 14 3 c c . s . . . . rado . Abstract , S ie e , , vol vii , p

W m n : c versus hit a C”ross Th e geologi al the petrographical cl assifica — rn G . n c . 9 1 . . 7 9 1898. tio of ro ks Jou al of eology , vol vi pp , Abstract , 4 Ii 1 3. c nc . s . . . . S ie e , , vol vii p

Sevent -second Meetin Jan uar 26 18 8 9 . y g , y ,

n u in c 32 n n Preside t Hag e th e hair ; perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

G e PTM errill : c n c on L eorg The oc urre e of fulgurites ittle Ararat , M n Asia i or .

G . . G : K ilbert The Pueblo folio . Geologi c atlas of the United

a 36 . St tes , folio David White an d Whitman Cross : The Mo ntreal m eeting of the m Geolog ical So ciety of A eri ca .

Sevent - third M eetin Februar 9 189 8. y g , y ,

n in c 31 n n Preside t Hague the hair ; perso s prese t .

CO U IC S MM N ATION . m W. n . : on c c n n H Tur er Re arks the lassifi atio of ig eous rocks . n — 11 . 6 2 c c ; s . 2 25 . 6 1 898. S ie e , , vol vii , pp ,

c an d VVartbu r Arthur Keith The Bri eville g folios . Geolog i c Atlas n 33 a n 4 U d 0 . of th e ited States , fo“lios W M n n . . m C ”e de hall : So e stratigraphi c changes in the New River - coal field . n . . a d W l : o n M n R T Hill ”Bailey i lis Notes the Sierra adre . ear Mo n t ere M c y , exi o . 36 TH E GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH INGTON .

- v nt ourth Meetin Februar 23 189 8. Se e y f g , y ,

- 1 n Vice President Diller in the chair ; 5 perso s present .

COMMUNICATIONS .

' n : h and . c N . H . Darto Tertiary of Sout Dakota Nebraska Abstra t , in 19t Ann 3 s h . . . . 59 . W n n . . . c c . s S ie e , , vol vii , p ill be publi h ed Rep U S Geol . Survey . “ ” m n Ah Th n Y . W. n : e H . Tur er origi of th e ose ite valley, Califor ia

35 T in 20th Ann ; 8. o . ac n 11 . s . . . str t , Scie ce , , vol vii , p be published Rep

G . . U . S . eol Survey

- 1 Sevent th M etin March 9 89 8 . yfif e g , ,

- n n Vice President Diller in the chair ; 25 perso s prese t . . The Society havi ng bee n i nvited to n omi nate a Vice - President of the W n m n M . m nc r. Washi ngton A cade y of Scie es , Charles D alcott was o i ated by ballot .

CO C S MMUNI ATION . ” n Ab M c n . W. n n c T . Sta to The esozoi se tio , Sierra Bla ca , Texas 4 2 9 . c n c n . s . . stract S ie e , vol . vii , p , , “ n n n o n M u F . H”. K owlto The Belly River horizo the upper isso ri 2 i i . . 9 4 . c c nc . s . River . Abstra t , S ie e , , vol vii , p ” i n m Trach a ndes te O . F . Leslie Ra so e flows f the Sierra Nevada ( Pub l ish ed u nder title Some lava flows Of th e Western slope of the Sierra — 4 h . 5 3 m i . t . . 5 1 i n A . . Sc 3 75 898 Nevada , Cal for ia , Jour , ser , vol v , pp , , 9 . 8 . . G . and Bull . U . S eol Survey , No

- ti M r h 28 1 8 Sevent sixth Mee n a c 89 . y g , ,

3 n President Hague in th e chair ; 5 perso s present .

COMMUNICATIONS .

nd fl V an : n c a c o w a e. u C . R . Hise Crystalli e s hists ro k ”g P blished h m f c a nd f n : M m o . G . Soc u der title eta orp is ro ks rock lowage , Bull eol . — x 2 9 32 1898. i . 6 8 m . A . , vol , pp “, n u n m n in n c M n n m : . G . O . S ith Ig eo s phe o e a the Ti ti ou tai s , Utah n 502 u in . . . W A c nc . s . n bstract , S ie e , , vol vii , p ill be p blished j oi t paper m n M n n nd . h a G . o n W. t e G . by Tower , Jr O S ith i i g geology of Ti tic 1 An G l 189 n 9 th n . . . . 9 M un . . o tai s , Utah , Rep U S eo Survey, u n M n nc : c . A . C . Spe er A blowo t ear a os , Colorado

38 H A S Y WA If T E GEOLOGIC L OCIET“OF S INGTON. n a nd e . Th n . . c G e n in A C Spe er G o . H irty Devo ia south western A n 1 . 10 . c c c 1 . S . . . 8 Colorado bstra“t , S ie e , vol vii , p ” mm A n . . E n : c i n i n R . n S F o s geological ex urs o souther ussia Tra s .

m n M n n n ol x 1 - A . . 898 n E . b . n n v c c s . I st i i g gi eers , x viii , A stra t , Scie e , . , 10 . 8 . vol . vii , p

i t - t M t n N m r 1 E h rs ee i ove be 9 89 8. g y fi g , ,

‘ n u in h air 5 n n Preside t Hag e th e c 5 perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

Robert Muldro w : Narrative o f a rece nt trip u p the Sushitna ri v er Of western Alaska . “ n Th h - m . : t e t e . E C . Bar ard survey of For y ile district of Alaska

Ei ht -second Meetin November 28 1 8 89 . g y g , ,

n in 35 n n Preside t Hague the chair ; perso s prese t .

C C S OMMUNI ATION .

x m f m n . M n o Geo P . errill e hibited speci e s stalactites co posed of sa d cemented by a fu n“gus growth formed on cypress trees . W c : on - m n in o n C . D . al ott Note pre Ca bria fossiliferous rocks M 1 Am . 89 . n ; G . . 9 ta a Bull . eol Soc , vol x , An m n m n u n G : c . G . K . ilbert A eri a boulder pave e ”t P blished u der

r m n n N r. i B o i1 1de W ew . G t tle , pave e t at ilso , York Jou of eology , 1— 5 1 8 89 . V i . 77 77 vol . , pp “,

An nt n i n a n c . l . c . G G . K i bert “a i li al ridge alluvial terra e n m . Th n a d n . M . e w W . R Ca pbell Taze ell folio , Virgi ia est Virgi ia 4 4 G c th e n . eologi Atlas of U ited States , folio “ i n n a nd m n W. : n H . ”Tur er The Neoce e rece t Tuolu e valley , Cali fornia .

- i d i mb r 7 1 Ei ht th r Meet n Dece e 89 8. g y g , ,

4 n n President Hague in the chair ; 0 perso s prese t .

COMMUNICATIONS .

n M h n . N . H . Darto esozoic stratigraphy of the sout er Black Hills

n 11 103 1899 . c c . s . . i . Abstract, S ie e , “, vol x , p , ” - ~ n . . . G t m a n . G . G K . ilber : Ri pple arks d cross beddi g Bull eol Soc — Am . 1 n 13 1899 . : 35 14 0 1 i n . 9 . 899 c c c . s . . , , . t , , , , , vol x pp “ Abs ra t S e e , vol ix p H n . W. n e Tur er The glaciated regio of the Sierra N vada . 39 ABSTR ACT OF M IN U TES .

- Ei ht ourth Meetin Sixth Annua l Meetin December 21 189 8. g yf g , g , ,

m n President Hague in the chair ; 16 me bers prese t .

I COMMUNICAT ON .

David White exhibited specim e ns of boulders fou nd in coal - beds in

Pennsylvania a nd Tennessee . The annual reports o f the Secretaries and of the Treas urer were read

and cc t and ffi c 1899 . a ep ed , o ers for were elected

A 1 REPORT OF THE ECRET RIES 898. S ,

i a in t To the President of the Geolog ica l Soc ety of W sh g on . . SIR Th e following report for the year 1898 is respect fully submitted by the Secretaries of the Society : — Meetings and Attendance Duri ng th e year begi nni ngwith the fifth an nual m eeti ng th e So ciety h as h eld fo urteen regular m eetings in the As m n an m n s embly Hall of the Cos os Club . The average atte d ce at the eeti gs

n - five n m mi nim m n n n m m m has bee thirty , varyi g fro a u of i etee to a axi u

fif - fi of ty ve . ' ‘ m ic t ons - l h e m m m n c n n n nc on Com un a i . for al co u i atio s a ou ed the

n ro ram s h av e n m - o ne n n - n pri ted p g u bered forty , prese ted by twe ty seve n m m a n n n m m differe t e bers d o e visitor . There were also four i for al co n n n in m n m m m u icatio s prese ted the preli i ary half hour by three e bers .

‘ ' The subj ectS of the com mu ni cations have bee n dis cussed by twen ty - two m m and l t - m m n m in e bers , a together hirty two e bers have take so e part the pro ceedings — Membership Two perso ns have been elected to active m em bership n n a nd o n n n m m duri g the year . Seve active e correspo di g e bers have re sig ned and three active m embers have been dropped for non - payment of n et t c n Of n n m m dues . The result of hese ha g es is a loss i e e bers . The prese nt m embership consists of ninety - eight active a nd forty - fiv e corre

ndin m m s m n n n an d - s o o e . p g e ber , aki g a total of hu dred forty three

' ‘ Publications —l h m n n u n . e c o c . So iety has ade publi atio d ri g the year . — Council The Council has held o ne special and twelve regular meeti ngs u n a n n n Of n m d c . im d ri g the year , with average atte a e seve The ost portant busi ness whi ch has com e before th e Cou ncil has been th e form u latio n a nd dis cussio n Of plans looking to the form ation of an A cademy n m m n n of S cie ces . The ove e t for t he reorgan izatio of the Joi nt Com mis n n in G c c n an c sio origi ated the eologi al So iety , which has take a tive part in n m m n m n an c m and the subseque t ove e t for the for atio of A ade y , the v arious steps leadi ng to that result have been fully discussed in the n Cou cil . W . Y S C . HA E ,

. W. T STANTON , Secret ri s a e . 4 0 A S AS N N THE GEOLOGIC L OCIETY OF W HI GTO .

REPO RT OF THE TREA URER 1 898. S ,

W SH G N C D c mber 1 1 . . e e 2 89 A IN TO , D , , 8.

To the President o the Geolo ica l Societ o Wa shin ton f g y f g . SI R : I have the ho nor to transmit h erewith my report as Treasurer of the Geological Society Of Washi ngto n for the year ending Decem ber 21, 1898

Cash on hand D c mb 22 1897 e e er ,

Cas h received during 1898 as follo w s

D in uen dues for 189 7 8 ac i e at el q t , t v , Dues o r 1898 81 ac i at f , t ve , Du s o r 1898 39 co r s ond n at e f , r e p i g , i Dues or 1899 1 ac and 2 co s ondin . f , t ve rre p g In eres on de osit Am ri can ecur and Tru CO t t p , e S ity st

Total receipts fo r 1898 223 00

Total $292 4 5

D sburs m n s as er 9 ouch s a ach d as fo ow s i e e t , p v er tt e , ll

F R b r s s a ion and in n . 1 . . . o W e t , t t ery pr ti g R ber s in in no ic s W F. o . t , pr t g t e

B P M u a use of an n o ne n h . L . . rr y , l ter ig t

ss e S an on c ica se ic s . Je i t t , ler l rv e T S an on osta W. . t t , p ge F Rob s in in no ic s W. . ert , pr t g t e

' Tr as u r of Cosmos C ub n of ha e re l , re t ll

Mar are S . Ca m b os a . g t p ell , p t ge B P Mur a use of an n h e ni h s . . r y, l ter t r e g t

Total disbursements

B nc 0 11 hand . D c mb 21 1898 . ala e e e er , M . . B Very respectfully , R CAMP ELL ,

Tr r easure .

F FF ELECTION O O ICERS .

The follo wmg boa-rd of officers for 1899 was elected

President : Whitman Cross

- : . W. . r sidents . . Vice P e J S Diller , C Hayes m : M . . Treasurer . R Ca pbell

n D n W . retaries : . W. Sec T Sta to , avid hite

- - o he il : mm M e t Counc . . E n mb rs at La Geo . . Me e rg f S F o s , P errill

W . . n . . . illis , N H Darto , A H Brooks OFFICERS OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON .

President

WHITMAN CR OSS .

Vice- Presidents

W. . L . Y S DIL ER , C HA E

Tre asurer M . R . CAMPBELL .

Secretaries

W O D H W . T . . STANT N , DAVI ITE

Members - a t- Larg e of the Council

S MER i Wi LLi S E G . . R LL Y F . MM ON P , BAILE ,

N . O . O S N . H DART , A H . BR OK .

Committee Communica tions

S G . M . Y L H W. . G . . . C HA E , P ERRI L , O SMIT LIST OF MEMBERS

OF TH E

GE G E W NG OLO ICAL SOCI TY OF ASHI TON ,

WITH DAT r A M I A R E CORRE TED To APRIL 1 1899 . ES o D SSION AND DD ESS S , C ,

A ctiv C Corr s o ndin . A e . e p g A L L D J R. n . . ABBE , C EVE AN , Fou der m r M Wes ern Mar and Co e Wes ns e d. t yl lleg , t i t ,

M M m 13 1893. . GG . . f ) . BA , R ( Ru us ather Dece ber , C

Co o ado Co e e Co orado rin s Co o . l r ll g , l S p g , l

R M C S . n BAKE , AR U Fou der . A .

Geological Survey .

D E E u n . BARNAR , . C . ( dward Chester) . Fo der . A

r Geologica l Su vey. M n 3 2 189 . SC i . c 6 . BA OM , ss F, ( Flore e) April , C n r r P B Ma w Co e e B r n Ma w a . ry ll g , y , ‘ 3 m 26 189 . Y . . W. W . BA LEY , S ( illia Shirley) April , C

Co b Un rs t Wa r i e M . l y ive i y, te v ll , e A M m M . . W. . W . n BEAMAN , ( illia aj or) Fou der

i r Geol og cal Su v ey . n m . . C W. . W H n BE K , H ( illia e ry) . Fou der A

1 24 N r 4 ew Yo k avenue . n n C . n . . G . G . BE KER , F ( eorge Ferdi a d) Fou der A

i r Geol og cal Su vey .

23 1 4 . Ma 8 . CH H S E. Em n . 9 BEE ER, C A . ( Charles erso ) y , C

Ya e Univers Ne w Ha n Conn . l ity, ve , A l m . . . L . . n BEL , C J ( Char es Ja es) Fou der 14 r 05 G st eet .

Y m 13 1893. . W. m . c . W BE ER , S ( Sa uel alter) De e ber , C Io waA ricu ura Co Am s Iow a g lt l lleg e, e ,

‘

S H v m 28 18 4 . . U . 9 BIBBIN , ART R No e ber , C ’ M Woman s Co e e Ba imore d. ll g , lt ,

O Y n . n . . N . c BL U T , HENR F ( He ry Fit h) Fou der A

1 r 4 05 G st eet . 4 n n 10 189 . . BRANNER , J . C . ( Joh Casper) . Ja uary , C

S anford Uni ers i Ca iforna . t v ty, l i

S H c m 26 . BROOK , A . H . ( Alfred ulse) . De e ber , A i r e Geol og cal Su v y .

n Ma 26 189 . . h m B n . 7 S . . K M AJ . BROO , T B ( T o as e to ) y , C i Ba nbr d e Ga . i g , 1 4 S BERS 898. 3 LI T OF M E M ,

n G E . E n . . . SS . BUR E , S ( dward Sa ford) Fou der C i No rma Co New York c . l llege, ty

n un . M . M . L . CAMPBE L , . R ( arius Robiso ) Fo der A

Geological Survey . n m r . H Ch o w der . . C AMBERLIN , T . C . ( Tho as ) Fou der A

Uni si of Ch ca o Ch ica o I . ver ty i g , g , ll

H O r . u n . . C APMAN , R BERT H . ( Robert Holliste ) Fo der A

Geolog ical Survey. n m M un . H D H M h . . S . C ATAR , T OMA ( T o as area ) Fo der A

1714 Rh ode Island avenue . 2 1 6 8 3 . m c . 9 . W. . W CLARK , B ( illia Bullo k) April , C

h k r i m r M o ns Ho ins Un i s Ba o e d. J p ve ty, lti , m n 8 189 . . L M M . W. . W c 1 C EAVER , ( esley a ley) De e ber , C

h k i r i m r M o ns Ho ns Un e s B a o d. J p i v ty, lti e , 22 OS Y F W nc W 1896 . . CR B , . . ( Fra is April , A , 248 Third r st eet .

SS WH u n . CRO , ITMAN . Fo der . A

G eological S urvey . T 9 NE N m n . 11 . L . LSO 18 4 . A E N ) , C D , _ ( Tho as elso April

- Wi i ams Co e Wi iams ow n Mass . ll ll ge , ll t , n LL W m u . W . . DA , . H . ( illia Healey) Fo der A i h n i n Sm t sonia I nstitut o . n un DARTON , N . H . ( Nelso Horatio ) . Fo der . A .

i r Geol og cal Su vey .

V in . S . n . . DAVI , C D . ( Charles D e ) Fou der A

i r Geol og cal Su vey . D D un AY . . . , DAVI T . ( David Talbot) Fo der A i Geolog cal Survey .

L . . un . . DI LER , J . S ( Joseph Silas) Fo der A

i r Geol og cal S u vey . n 2 1 6 2 89 . DG . E . c E . DO E , R ( Ri hard lwood) Ja uary , . C ’ h r 120 th t r t \ N w rk t T ac e s Co e s ee V . e Yo c e lleg , , i y O n W m 22 1 W. c 9 S Y . 8 . . . c 7 D R E , C ( Clare e ilbur) De e ber , A

A ri r Department of g c ultu e . I E K E MB W . n . C . , ILLIAM Fou der A n i u Coast a d Geo det c S rvey . E m n G . E D DG G . . O un . L RI E , H ( eorge Ho a s) Fo der . A i r Geolog cal Su vey . m u n EM S . . n . un MON , S F ( Sa el Fra kli ) Fo der . A . i r G eolog cal S u vey . R I W. m S . W n 1 1 5 3 9 . . u 8 FA BANK , H ( Harold ell a ) Febr ary , k l B Ca . er eley , m n CH D . . 2 1 94 . 5 8 . . FAIR IL , H L ( Her a Leroy) April , C

Uni rs of Roches r R h r N . Y e oc es e . ve ity t , t , R S . . n FA I , R L ( Robert Lee) . Fou der . A . Coas and eo e Sur t G d tic vey . A A ’ 4 4 TH E GEOLOGIC L SOCIETY OF W SH INGTON .

Y n G . ANNETT, HENR . Fou der A e i G olog cal Survey .

G G . . G . n . . ILBERT , K ( rove Karl) Fou der A o i a r Geol g c l Su vey . 2 nu 189 . Y G . G . G G . 7 7 IRT , EOR E H ( eorge Herbert) Ja ary , A

i r Ge ol og cal Su vey. m nu 3 1 n l 1 8 . G . . . 97. LENN , L C ( Leo idas Cha ers) Ja ary , C m r M ohns Ho k ns Uni rsi Ba i o e d. J p i ve ty, lt , 26 m n . G . . RANT , U . S ( Ulysses Sh er a ) April , C

i r i i n S a o o ca S u e M nn a o s M n . t te Ge l g l v y , e p l , i

E r 13 1 93 . m 8 . S . . c G G . G RIM L Y, P ( eorge Perry) De e be , C W h rn k K n as bu Co e To e a a s . lleg , p , G D n A : . HA UE , ARNOL . Fou der

ic r Geolog al S u vey .

M M n 8 189 . . . . c 7 HALL , C ( Charles o roe) De ember , A ri D k a cu u ra Co e Far o N . a . St te g lt l lleg , g ,

SS W . n HARKNE , ILLIAM Fou der . A .

Na a Obs r a or a nd Co s mos C ub 1520 H s t reet . v l e v t y l , n S nn n . . G . G . HARRI , ILBERT D ( ilbert De iso ) Fou der C Corn Uni i I h N Y e s aca . . ell v r ty, t ,

M 0 1 3. Z 1 89 . L . . u a HART E L , J C ( Jose ph C lver) . y , C k B N Loc ox 1068 ew Ha n Conn . , ve , n Y S D . . W W . HA E C . ILLAR ( Charles illard) Fou der A

i r Geolog cal S u vey . Y S M SS E n HA E , I LLEN . Fou der . C .

W s Co e W s e Mass . elle ley lleg , elle l y ,

D S H B n n ; . HEN ER ON , JO N . , Jr . ( Joh Brooks) . Fou der A ix h n S teent street a nd Florida ave ue .

‘

R D W m n Fo uii d r. . W. . c . e HILLEB AN , F ( illia Fra is) A i u Geolog cal S rvey .

K l m . u n . S . n t . e on HILLER , J K ( Joh ) Fo der A

r Geolog ical S u vey . m 2 1 95 8 . . . . 7 HOEN , A B ( Albert Berthold) Nove ber , P B x 1 B l im M 0 . o 6 a e d. . , t or , n 2 1 9 5 8 4 . . L S . HO ME , J . A . ( Joseph Austi ) April , C h ate eo o ica Su r C a e H N . C . St G l g l vey , p l ill ,

E . E E n E n . n . . W . HO ELL , ( dwi uge e) Fou der A 12 n h r 6 Seve teen t st eet .

. 2 . DS H REES n 189 7. J . 7 HU ON , JO N , r Ja uary , A G i r eolog cal S u vey .

' P M 1 1 3 . Y L H S . a 0 89 . H ATT , A EU y , C

Bos to n ocie of Na ura His o Bos on Mass . S ty t l t ry, t ,

A. D GS . n n . D . . I IN , J P ( Joseph Paxso ) Fou der ni r i f hi hi 111 U e s o C ca o C ca o . v ty g , g ,

E 2 1 . . . n n 8 94 W . u u a . u 8 JE LL , C B ( Claudi s B ch a ) Febr ary , A 1324 V rm n n e o t ave ue .

A S Y WAS H N N 4 6 THE GEOLOGIC L OCIET OF I GTO .

’ ARDON N m 23 RE G S 1898. . O . , I ATIU Nove ber , A i r G eolog cal Su vey . l n h l r u . . E . W E w W ee e . PARKER , . ( d ard ) Fo d er A i r Geolog cal Su vey .

. n E . . G E n G . . PAUL , ( dwi eary) Fou der A i r Geolog cal Su vey .

A n . . PEALE , A . C . ( lbert Charles) . Fou der A N m atio nal Museu . x l 2 A n u t n . 5 ROS F. r c PEN E , R . A . , J . , ( Ri hard le a der F ller o ) Apri ,

4 60 B u i Bui din Phi ade hia Pa. ll tt l g , l lp ,

G n W . n . . . W. PILLIN , J ( Joh alter) Fou der A 1 F r 1 h a n 9 7 st eet and 130 Massac usetts ve ue .

PIRSSON L . L n n 26 1 93 8 . . , . V . ( ouis Vale ti e) . April , C m 2 m N n on n Roo eabo d M us u ew Ha e C . , P y e , v n n POWELL , J . W. ( Joh Wesley) . Fou der . A . Bur au of E hno o e t l gy. m m n W L W; . . . W . PO E L , B ( illia Bra well) Fou der A F ank in h B ui in r l Sc ool ld g . ’ DL M D m 13 1 3 M . 89 . PRIN E , L . . (Louis arcus) ece ber ,

Cen ra Hi h h t l g Sc ool .

’

R N m 26 1 4 . I W. 89 . G . W PU N TO , C ( Chester ells) . Dece ber , A 14 mb n Cu e a d s e Bos on Mass . l , , r tre t t "

O 1 . S m 8 89 . . . 7 RAN ME , F L ( Frederick Leslie) Dece ber , A r Geolog ical Su vey .

Li z . A DGW Y H . n v e . n . RI A , JO N L ( Joh y) Fou der

Geolog ical Survey . M A m n 6 1 9 . C . 8. . . 8 RO K , iss A C ( y Cordova) Ja uary , A 14 1 u h n 0 Sta g to street .

O m 1 . W . n 8 9 . . c . c 8 7 R E , R B ( Ri hard Burto ) De e ber , C o h ns H k n Uni i B im r M o s s a o e d. J p i ver ty , lt ,

B Y R n un . S . SALI UR , R . D ( olli D Fo der . A

ni r f hi a hi 111 U s o c o C ca o . ve ity C g , g , H R ER m C H 2 1 96 . S . 5 8 S AD , FRANK C . ( FRANK C ARLE ) Nove ber , o o ica r Ge l g l Su vey . SCH UCH ERT H S M 24 1 a 893. . , C ARLE . y , A '

National M useum . K m 189 . H C G G . n G b . c 13 3 S ATTU , EOR E B ( eorge Bur a k) De e ber ,

ohns Ho ki ns Uni r i B im M s a o e d . J p ve ty , lt r , Z R . n n n SI ER , F ANK L ( Fra k Leo ard) . Fou der . C . 731 uar s r t H n M e e a o n . S , l , “ t t t e e t M G O H G . m 1 1 3 G 89 . . . ec 3 S IT , E R E O ( eorge Otis ) D e ber , A eo o ica S ur e G l g l v y .

P C . Of t m 2 1 4 c 6 89 . . S EN ER , A ( Ar hur De e ber , A

eo o ic r G l g al Su vey .

R . E . E 1 4 . ec m 26 8 9 . SPU R , J ( Josiah dward) D e ber A . o o ica ur Ge l g l S vey. 189 4 7 S B RS 8. LI T OF M E M E ,

- . A Y O . n . . W . STANLE BR N , J ( Joseph) Fou der n e 1318 Massach usetts ave u .

n . m W m . . . W. STANTON , T ( Ti othy illia ) Fou der A m Natio nal Museu .

G G n . . G . STEI ER , EOR E Fou der A

r Geolog ical S u vey.

1 6 . G M b u 26 89 . R E . G E G O . STERNB , ( eorge Fe r ary , A

r m n Wa Depart e t .

13 1 5 . 89 . TO E G W . S S G . W. , ( eorge illis) February , A r Geological Su vey .

F C T m 8 189 . . G . . G 7 SUR A E , T ( Dece ber , C h C orn Uni si 4 8 Haz n s r I aca N . Y . ell ver ty, e t eet , t ,

n . SUTTON , FRANK . Fou der . A

G eolog ical Survey .

1 4 . n m 12 89 . TAFF, J . A . ( Joseph Alexa der) . Dece ber , A

r Geological Su vey . m n 11 1 8 4 . c . 9 . TARR , R . S . ( Ralph Sto k a ) April , C

i r i ha a C Un I c N Y . o ne s . r ll ve ty , t ,

m . M 26 1 DD E E a 897. C. TO , J . . ( Ja es dward) y , i r i f h D k V rmi i n D k Un s O ou a ota o S . a . ve ty S t , e ll , n n A H . . n TORBERT , JO N B ( Joh Brya t) Fou der . . r 4 20 Ninth s t eet. n 22 1 W n . 896 OW G . W. G , . . T ER , ( eorge arre ) Ja uary A

r Geolog ical Su vey . n W. W . n . TURNER, H . ( He ry ard) Fou der . A r Geological Su vey . W M m M . W n 2 W CH . 5 . 1 99 A 8 . . T IT ELL, ( ayville illia ) Ja uary , m n ni r i Colu bia U ve s ty .

. 25 1 4 H . . 89 . U LER , P R ( Philip Reese) April , C . P abo I n i u Ba imore M d s e d. e y t t t , lt , V AN S . . . n HI E , C R ( Charles Richard) Fou der . A . Uni rsi of Wisco nsin Ma n i d so W s . ve ty i , W h m . W n GH Y D d . m 12 18 4 VAU AN , T A LAN ( T o as ayla ) Dece ber , 9 . r Geological Su vey. W ‘ LC . . . n A OTT , C D ( Charles Doolittle) Fou der . A . o Geol gical Survey . W M A M . n . 13 1 95 8 . A ALKER , ALBERT ( lbert ay ard) February , . i ur Geolog cal S vey . W D S . n . n AR , LE TER F ( Lester Fra k) Fou der . A .

National Museum . W W D L . W n EE , A TER H ( alter Harvey) . Fou der . A . o o ca u Ge l gi l S rvey. W S . . n . n EEK , F B ( Fred Boughto ) Fou der . A . eolo ica ur G g l S vey. VV H ITE D . n . , DAVI Fou der . A Na iona M useum t l . 4 8 TH E A S Y F WAS N N GEOLOGIC L OCIET O HI GTO .

M 1 4 O. a 2 89 . . WHITE I . ( Israel C y 3 C

S i r r W a o ca u M an n V a . o e o ow . t te Ge l g l S v y, g t , H Y M 12 1 4 m 9 . . W . c 8 ITNE , ILTON De e ber , A

r r Depa tment of Ag iculture .

S Y n . W . ILLI , BAILE . Fou der A

i r Geolog cal Su vey . ” M L n ; un E . c a e . WOOD G O M . ( George ) Fo der

u r Geological S vey. d m m n . . S W. . W . YEATE , S ( illia S ith) Fou er C

S ta e eo o ica Su e A la n a G a . t G l g l rv y, t t ,

SUMMARY .

Active members Corresponding members

Total FRANKLIN AND MARSHALL COLLEGE

OBlTUARY RECORD

NO . 5

V OL. 2 P RT 1 UNE 1 0 1 , A J , 9

1 838. D Re D D LL. . Geo a n n ILLI . . v . e W o rg shi g t W , , so n o f Jo hn and M arie (Shafer) memb ers o f the Refo me Ch c w as r d ur h , e co n M d ne 1 0 rick u ty , , Ju , in hard w o rk o n his fath er tio n b eyo nd the in the ess entials o f so me o utdo o r labo r a h g o o d he lt . At the ag e o f six aban do nment o f the o a W e e Y rk , P , h r w as moved entered w as a spendin he w as

almo st co ntinuou sly s o m e

n H e r th ki d . h eld fi st e ng o f the effer o n M ano a nd LO 5 o er J s , r , , v h h e f c a fo r o ea m n e e w ich o fi i ted f ur y rs . o ths th r af e he e the F n o w c on e a o n and en t r suppli d u kst n g r g ti , th acc e e the H n n o n c ar e in Penn l an a com pt d u ti g d h g sy v i , po sed o f the Hunting do n and M c Co nnellstow n co ng reg a

n D n the tw o ear a he e c r e he a o tio s . uri g y s th t h ld this ha g ls