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Arkeologisk Tidsskrift Primitive Tider Utgis Av Marie Ødegaard (Redaktør), Hege Skalleberg Gjerde, Gaute Reitan, Marte Spangen, Vibeke M

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Arkeologisk Tidsskrift Primitive Tider Utgis Av Marie Ødegaard (Redaktør), Hege Skalleberg Gjerde, Gaute Reitan, Marte Spangen, Vibeke M 21 arkeologisk tidsskrift Primitive tider utgis av Marie Ødegaard (redaktør), Hege Skalleberg Gjerde, Gaute Reitan, Marte Spangen, Vibeke M. Viestad og Mari Arentz Østmo Sektretær: Andreas Ropeid Sæbø ISSN 1501-0430 Postadresse: Primitive tider Postboks 6727, St. Olavs plass 0130 Oslo E-post: [email protected] / [email protected] Internett: https://journals.uio.no/PT/index Ombrekk: Hege S. Gjerde Trykk: Reprosentralen ved Universitetet i Oslo ©Primitive tider. Ettertrykk for mangfoldiggjøring kun etter avtale med redaksjonen. Forsideillustrasjon: Handelsrelaterte gjenstander fra Vikingtid. Foto: Åge Hojem, NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet. Fra artikkelen Metallsøkerfunn som grunnlag for kunnskap og vern. En case-studie fra Sunndal – et knutepunkt i jernalder og middelalder av Dahle et al. s.81-99. Skrive for Primitive tider? Primitive tider oppfordrer spesielt uetablerte forfattere til å skrive. Vi er interessert i artikler, kommentarer til tidligere artikler og rapporter (enklere, ikke fagfellevurderte tekster). Kanskje blir din artikkel neste nummers debattema! Send inn ditt manuskript og la det få en faglig og seriøs vurdering av redaksjonen. Husk at hele prosessen kan være tidkrevende, så planegg i god tid. Innleveringsfrister finner du på våre nettsider. Det er likevel ingen grunn til å vente til siste øyeblikk, send gjerne inn før fristen! For å lette arbeidet for deg og for oss, er det helt nødvendig at du setter deg godt inn i forfatterveiledningen og følger den. Forfatterveiledningen finner du på våre nettsider: https://journals.uio.no/PT/index Artikkelutkastet bør lengdemessig omtrent tilsvare den ferdige artikkelen. Det må med andre ord være noe mer enn en skisse/ løse ideer, men også vesentlig kortere enn en avhandling. Vi ser fram til å høre fra deg! Kontakt oss enten pr. mail: [email protected] eller send utkastet til postadressen over INNHOLD Fagfellevurderte artikler Ferd og frakt over fjell og vidde 7 Kjetil Loftsgarden Mistet på sjøen? En nyoppdaget fiskekrok fra steinalderen i Søgne, Vest-Agder. 25 Elling Utvik Wammer, Anja Mansrud, Pål Nymoen og Frode Kvalø. Variasjon i praksis? 45 Sammenføyingsteknikk – og materiale i nordnorske jernalderbåter. Thomas Lund Pløyelagsfunn i skjæringspunktet mellom forskningspotensial og 63 forvaltningsprioriteringer: Fokus og holdninger i diskusjonen om privat metallsøking i Norge Caroline Fredriksen Metallsøkerfunn som grunnlag for kunnskap og vern. 81 En case-studie fra Sunndal – et knutepunkt i jernalder og middelalder. Kristoffer Dahle, Carl Fredrik Vemmestad og Jarle Stavik The Fimbulwinter theory and the 6th century crisis in the light of Norwegian 101 archaeology: Towards a human-environmental approach. Ingar M. Gundersen Feltkurs som læringsform. 121 50 år med arkeologisk feltutdanning ved Universitetet i Oslo. Axel Mjærum og Steinar Solheim Rapporter Practical experiences with cross-disciplinary research – the case of Saving 143 Oseberg. Susan Braovac Anmeldelser Gustaf Trotzig: Arkeologins fotografier. Några milstolpar. 149 KVHAA Handlingar Antikvariska serien 56. Mölndal 2018. 328 s. Einar Østmo Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier 2017. Klimatet och människan under 153 12 000 år. Dialogos. Stockholm. Eivind Heldaas Seland Oma, K.A. (2018). The sheep people. The ontology of making lives, building 157 homes and forging herds in early Bronze Age Norway. Equinox Publishing Ltd, Sheffield, UK; Bristol, CT. David G. Anderson Bender Jørgensen, Lise, Soafer Joanna og Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (eds.) 159 2018 Creativity in the Bronze Age. Understanding Innovation in Pottery, Textile, and Metalwork Production. Cambridge University Press.. Nils Anfinset Dufeu, Val (2018): Fish Trade in Medieval North Atlantic Societies - An 163 Interdisciplinary Approach to Human Ecodynamics, Amsterdam. Hans Christian Küchelmann Morgengry over vikingenes tid 169 Anmeldelse av utstillingen VÍKINGR, Kulturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo Brita Brenna Fagfellevurdert artikkel The Fimbulwinter theory and the 6th century crisis in the light of Norwegian archaeology: Towards a human-environmental approach Ingar M. Gundersen Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo The Fimbulwinter theory, as outlined by Bo historical transformations carries with it Gräslund and Neil Price (Gräslund 2007; a certain deterministic and positivistic per- Gräslund and Price 2012; Price and Gräslund spective, downplaying the importance of 2015), has gained considerable attention in long-term trajectories when studying cultural Scandinavian archaeology in recent years. change. The refinement of the geoscientific Basically, the theory suggests that widespread datasets tends to camouflage the source-critical climate cooling, caused by distant major volcanic problems and interpretative process behind eruptions in AD 536/540, resulted in crop failure, it. The precise dating of past environmental famine, plague, social unrest and population events, an apparent “objectivity-through- decline, subsequently opening up for major precision”, influences our understanding of socio-political change. The theory has influenced contemporary historical events, creating a several recent studies, emphasizing the climate certain risk of confusing concurrency with factor as a catalyst or prime mover for the major correlation (Moreland 2018:99). The predictive changes in the archaeological record around the authority of the geosciences opens up for what middle of the 1st millennium AD (Zachrisson Mike Hulme (2011:249) calls an “episte- 2011; Löwenborg 2012; Arrhenius 2013; mological slippage”, in which interpretations and Bondeson and Bondesson 2014; Tvauri 2014; conclusions are transferred from one academic Stamnes 2016; Solheim and Iversen 2019). The domain to the other without appropriate theory has, in Norwegian archaeology, been theoretical or analytical justification. particularly advocated by Frode Iversen (2013, There is, nevertheless, a general agreement 2016), who argues for considerable socio- among geoscientists that an exceptional 6th political upheaval and societal reorganisation. century climate cooling did happen, surpassing The Fimbulwinter theory draws heavily anything we know of from the past two upon an increasing number of high-resolution millennia when it comes to durability, extent climate proxies, primarily derived from tree-ring and magnitude. The 5th to 7th centuries also chronologies and ice core data (Baillie 2008; represent an important transitional period in Larsen et al. 2008; Sigl et al. 2015; Büntgen Scandinavian archaeology. Major cultural and et al. 2016; Toohey et al. 2016; Helama et material changes can be observed in a wide range al. 2018; Newfield 2018). However, as John of spheres, such as settlement patterns, warfare, Moreland (2018) points out, the renewed ritual deposits, ornamental styles, burial customs, interest in climatological explanations for food practice and social organization (Axboe 101 2019 21. årgang 2001; Solberg 2003:178-211; Nielsen 2006; The AD 536/540 event Göthberg 2007; Herschend 2009; Hedeager 2011; Zachrisson 2011; Löwenborg 2012; Contemporary Mediterranean sources tell of Iversen 2013; Fredriksen et al. 2014; Ystgaard a long-lasting darkening of the sun occurring 2014; Bukkemoen 2016; Gundersen 2016a; in the mid-530s, followed by famine and The Rødsrud 2016; Røstad 2016; Gjerpe 2017). Justinian Plague. According to geoscientists Many of the changes are poorly dated, causing Richard Stothers and Michael Rampino (1983) a risk of circular reasoning when fixed upon the darkening of the sun was caused by a volcanic precisely dated events (Johansen 1972; Baillie induced atmospheric veiling. Their theory 1991). Many of them are, nonetheless, closely sparked off an enduring debate among classical associated with the 6th century in particular, and scholars concerning the societal impact of the serve to define the very transition from the Early eruption in the Mediterranean world, for some to the Late Iron Age, suggesting strong common marking the end of Antiquity (Arjava 2005:74; impulses. It is, in this perspective, apposite to Moreland 2018:97). discuss whether the changes might be related An increasing number of climate proxies to the climate downturn, without turning to seems to strengthen the view that a Northern deterministic and monocausal explanations. Hemisphere cooling took place in the 6th In Norwegian archaeology the idea of a 6th century, due to a double eruption around AD 536 century crisis is, however, not a new one – it is and 540, with suggested severe consequences part of a scholarly discourse going all the way for agriculture (Baillie 1994; 2008; Larsen et back to the pioneering works of Haakon Shetelig al. 2008; Sigl et al. 2015; Toohey et al. 2016; (1912). A corresponding debate also exists Helama et al. 2018). Of particular importance in Swedish archaeology (cf. Näsman 1988a; are tree-ring chronologies and layers of sulphuric 2012). By using a research historical approach, acid in the Greenlandic ice, which confirm I wish to demonstrate how two main inter- major near equatorial and Northern Hemisphere pretative frameworks can be outlined: material volcanic eruptions. The mean European summer change as a reflection of crisis, and material temperatures has been calculated to have dropped change as an expression of cultural innovation. by 1.6-2.5 °C, depending on the reconstruction Clearly influencing the current discourse, this method used. Ulf Büntgen et al. (2016) suggest opposition to some extent camouflages the that a third
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