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Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) : Adult Males, Pupae and Prepupae of Indigenous Species

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Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) : Adult Males, Pupae and Prepupae of Indigenous Species INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS ADVISORY GROUP REPRESENTATIVES OF L ANDCARE RESEARCH Dr D. Choquenot Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr T.K. Crosby and Dr M.-C. Larivière Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF U NIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson Ecology and Entomology Group Soil, Plant, and Ecological Sciences Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF MUSEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF O VERSEAS I NSTITUTIONS Dr M. J. Fletcher Director of the Collections NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit Forest Road, Orange NSW 2800, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 51 Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) : adult males, pupae and prepupae of indigenous species C. J Hodgson Department of Biodiversity and Systematic Biology, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3NP, Wales, United Kingdom [email protected] and R. C. Henderson Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand [email protected] Manaaki W h e n u a PRESS Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2004 4 Hodgson & Henderson (2004): Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): males Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2004 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication HODGSON, Christopher John Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): adult males, pupae and prepupae of indigenous species / C. J. Hodson & R. C. Henderson – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2004. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111–5383 ; no. 51). ISBN 0-478-09360-8 I. Henderson, R. C. (Rosa Constance) II. Title III. Series UDC 595.752.3(931) Suggested citation: Hodgson, C. J.; Henderson, R. C. 2004. Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): adult males, pupae and prepupae of indigenous species. Fauna of New Zealand 51, 228 pp. Prepared for publication by the series editor using computer-based text processing and layout at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand M~ori text by H. Jacob, Levin. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Front cover: Crystallotesta ornata (Maskell): adult male and its test (Illustrator: C. J. Hodgson). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract number C09X0202. Fauna of New Zealand 51 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Sternorrhyncha Superfamily Coccoidea Family Coccidae Male soft scale insects Illustration / Whakaahua: Test of 2nd-instar male of Plumichiton elaeocarpi (Maskell) on a leaf (Illustrator / The soft scale family Coccidae is one of ten families of Kaiwhakaahua: C. J. Hodgson). plant sucking scale insects present in New Zealand. The adult females are relatively long lived (normally at least a month or more), and it is this stage that is usually found and thus most often used to identify any given species. Ng~ pepeke unahi mohe t~ne The adult females differ greatly from the adult males and pass through 2 or 3 immature (nymphal) stages before Ko te wh~nau unahi mohe Coccidae t‘tahi o ng~ wh~nau finally moulting into a stage that is rather nymph-like but pepeke unahi tekau o Aotearoa he ngote tipu t~ r~tou mahi. develops ovaries and can reproduce. Adult females lack Ka ~hua roa tonu ng~ uwha pakeke e ora ana ki te mata o te wings and tend to have relatively short legs and antennae. whenua (ka kotahi marama, roa ake r~nei), ~, koinei te tã~tipu In addition, the division of the body into head, thorax and e kitea nuitia ana. Koinei anÇ i whakamahia nuitia ai te hanga abdomen is not obvious. It is this stage that is economi- pakeke hei tautuhi i ng~ momo. He tino rerek‘ te ~hua o ng~ cally important. The adult females of all soft scale species uwha i ng~ toa – e 2, e 3 r~nei ng~ tã~tipu punua, k~tahi ka known from New Zealand were described and illustrated kounu, ka puta ko te hanga pakeke e ~hua rite tonu ana ki tÇ by Hodgson & Henderson in 2000, when their biology, te punua, engari he whai kiato k~kano, ka ~hei anÇ ki te distribution, host-plant interactions, parasites and preda- whakaputa uri. K~ore he parirau o te uwha pakeke, he ~hua tors, and economic importance were discussed. poto anÇ ng~ waewae me ng~ pãhihi. Waihoki, k~ore e tino On the other hand, the adult males of all soft scales m~rama te kitea atu o ng~ wehenga o te tinana, ar~, o te known from New Zealand are reasonably typical insects upoko, te poho me te puku. Koinei te w~ o tÇ r~tou mataora in that they have wings (although only the anterior pair are e whai p~nga ai ‘nei pepeke ki te Çhanga. He mea whakaahua properly developed), long legs and antennae, and their body ~-kupu, ~-pikitia ng~ uwha pakeke o ng~ momo unahi mohe is clearly divided into head, thorax, and abdomen. However, katoa e mÇhiotia ana i Aotearoa e Hodgson & Henderson i te they lack functional mouthparts and so live for only a day tau 2000. I reira ka kÇrerorerotia te koiora, te t§taringa, ng~ or two and are therefore much less well known – indeed, hono ki ng~ tipu e nohoia ana e ng~ pepeke nei, ng~ pirinoa, most of those studied have been reared in the laboratory. ng~ hoariri me ng~ p~nga ohaoha. Even when the males described in this contribution are Ko ng~ toa pakeke o ng~ unahi mohe katoa e mÇhiotia included, the adult males of less than 10% of the world’s ana i Aotearoa, he ~hua rite te hanga ki te nuinga o ng~ pepeke soft scale species are known. puta noa. In~ r~, he whai parirau (engari ko ng~ parirau o mua The life cycle of the male differs significantly from anake e tino tika ana te hanga), he roa ng~ waewae me ng~ that of the female. Males have a mobile 1st instar apparently pãhihi, ~, he m~m~ noa iho te kite i ng~ wehenga i waenga i te identical morphologically to that of the 1st-instar female; upoko, te poho me te puku. Heoi anÇ, k~ore e kamu te waha, these 1st instars are known as crawlers. They moult into a nÇ reira kotahi r~, e rua r~ r~nei te toa e ora ana ki t‘nei ao. N~ (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Hodgson & Henderson (2004): Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea): males 2nd stage nymph or instar that may initially be mobile but kon~ i wh~iti noa ake ai te mÇhio ki ng~ toa; ko te nuinga hoki later settles (sometimes on a different plant species to kua rangahaua, he mea ~ta whakatipu ki rÇ taiwhanga pãtaiao. those of the females) and feeds for a few weeks. As a 2nd Ina t~piria atu ng~ kupu whakaahua i ng~ toa o t‘nei mahi instar, it secretes a glassy tent or test that completely rangahau nei ki ‘r~ kua tuhia puta noa i te ao, k~ore tonu e eke covers the nymph, is firmly attached to the substrate by ki te 10% te rahi o ng~ toa pakeke o ng~ unahi mohe o te ao wax secreted by marginal tubular ducts around the margin, e mÇhiotia ana. and forms a protective cover whilst the insect undergoes He rerek‘ noa ake te mataora o te toa i te uwha. Ka metamorphosis, shielding it from environmental excesses nekeneke ng~ toa i te tã~tipu tuatahi, ~, he rite tÇ r~tou hanga such as dehydration. The 2nd-instar nymph moults into i t‘nei w~ ki tÇ ng~ uwha. E rua, e rua, ka k§ia he ngaoki i te the 3rd stage referred to as the prepupa, which lives beneath tã~tipu tuatahi. Ka kounu te toa, ka puta ko te tã~tipu the test secreted by the 2nd instar and does not feed. The tuarua. T‘r~ pea ka nekeneke i te t§matanga o t‘nei tã~tipu, prepupa eventually moults into another non-feeding stage engari k~ore e roa ka tau te noho (t‘r~ pea ka tatã ki t‘tahi called a pupa and then finally into the adult male, still tipu k‘ atu i t‘r~ e nohoia ana e ng~ uwha), he kai te mahi mÇ beneath the glassy test of the 2nd instar. This male cycle ‘tahi wiki. I t‘nei tã~tipu tuarua, ka tukuna e te toa he kiri takes as long as that of the female so the males emerge at kÇataata hei whakakapi i a ia. E honoa ana te ‘t‘neti’ nei ki te the same time as the adult females. mea e nohoia ana e te pepeke ki t‘tahi momo harar‘ ka This volume of the Fauna of New Zealand describes all tukuna e ‘tahi pã i te paenga o te pepeke. Hei kahu the known adult males, pupae, and prepupae of indigenous p§tongatonga t‘nei mÇna kia kore ai ia e pakapaka i te hau, e soft scales of New Zealand. raru r~nei i ‘tahi atu ~huatanga taiao i te w~ e huri ana tÇna ~hua. K~tahi ko te tã~tipu tuatoru e k§ia ana ko te ngeti- Ç Ç Contributor Chris t mua.
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