Passado, Presente E O Ambicioso Futuro Do Programa
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General Studies Series
IAS General Studies Series Current Affairs (Prelims), 2013 by Abhimanu’s IAS Study Group Chandigarh © 2013 Abhimanu Visions (E) Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the owner/ publishers or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, 1957. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claim for the damages. 2013 EDITION Disclaimer: Information contained in this work has been obtained by Abhimanu Visions from sources believed to be reliable. However neither Abhimanu's nor their author guarantees the accuracy and completeness of any information published herein. Though every effort has been made to avoid any error or omissions in this booklet, in spite of this error may creep in. Any mistake, error or discrepancy noted may be brought in the notice of the publisher, which shall be taken care in the next edition but neither Abhimanu's nor its authors are responsible for it. The owner/publisher reserves the rights to withdraw or amend this publication at any point of time without any notice. TABLE OF CONTENTS PERSONS IN NEWS .............................................................................................................................. 13 NATIONAL AFFAIRS .......................................................................................................................... -
Only Six Chinese Human Spaceflight Missions
Fact Sheet Updated April 29, 2021 CHINA’S HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM: BACKGROUND AND LIST OF CREWED AND AUTOMATED LAUNCHES China's human spaceflight program, Project 921, officially began in 1992. The program is proceeding at a measured pace. The most recent crewed launch, Shenzhou-11 in October 2016, was the 11th flight in the series, but only the sixth to carry a crew. Shenzhou Spacecraft: Shenzhou 1-4 were automated tests of the spacecraft. Shenzhou-8 was an automated test of rendezvous and docking procedures with the Tiangong-1 space station. The others (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11) carried crews of one, two or three people and were launched in 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2016 respectively (see list below) Space Stations: Tiangong-1, China's first space station, was launched in September 2011. It hosted the automated Shenzhou-8 in 2011 and two three-person crews: Shenzhou-9 in 2012 and Shenzhou-10 in 2013. It made an uncontrolled reentry at 8:16 pm April 1, 2018 EDT (00:16 April 2 UTC; 8:16 am April 2 Beijing Time) over the southern Pacific Ocean. Tiangong-1 was a small 8.5 metric ton (MT) module. As first space stations go, it was rather modest -- just less than half the mass of the world's first space station, the Soviet Union’s Salyut 1. Launched in 1971, Salyut 1 had a mass of about 18.6 MT. The first U.S. space station, Skylab, launched in 1973, had a mass of about 77 MT. Today's International Space Station (ISS), a partnership among the United States, Russia, Japan, Europe, and Canada, has a mass of about 400 MT and has been permanently occupied by 2-6 person crews rotating on 4-6 month missions since November 2000. -
China's Space Program: an Overview
Order Code RS21641 Updated October 18, 2005 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China’s Space Program: An Overview Marcia S. Smith Specialist in Aerospace and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The People’s Republic of China successfully completed its second human spaceflight mission on October 17, 2005. China is only the third country, after Russia and the United States, able to launch people into space. Its first human spaceflight was in 2003 when a single astronaut, or “taikonaut,” made a flight lasting slightly less than a day. The 2005 flight lasted five days, and involved two taikonauts. As the United States embarks upon President Bush’s “Vision for Space Exploration” to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020 and someday send them to Mars, some may view China’s entrance into the human exploration of space as a competitive threat, while others may view China as a potential partner. This report will be updated as warranted. Introduction China has been launching satellites since 1970. Most of the launches are of Chinese communications, weather, remote sensing, navigation, or scientific satellites. Some of those satellites may be for military applications, or are dual use. Some were commercial launches for foreign countries or companies, primarily placing communications satellites into orbit. China launched its first astronaut, or “taikonaut,”1 in October 2003. China has three space launch sites: Jiuquan (also called Shuang Cheng-tzu) in the Gobi desert; Xichang, in southeastern China (near Chengdu); and Taiyuan, south of Beijing. Jiuquan was China’s first launch site, and is used for launches of a variety of spacecraft, including those related to the human spaceflight program. -
<> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA
1 SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 10 <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA TIERRA. Esta es una relación cronológica de todos los lanzamientos de satélites artificiales de nuestro planeta, con independencia de su éxito o fracaso, tanto en el disparo como en órbita. Significa pues que muchos de ellos no han alcanzado el espacio y fueron destruidos. Se señala en primer lugar (a la izquierda) su nombre, seguido de la fecha del lanzamiento, el país al que pertenece el satélite (que puede ser otro distinto al que lo lanza) y el tipo de satélite; este último aspecto podría no corresponderse en exactitud dado que algunos son de finalidad múltiple. En los lanzamientos múltiples, cada satélite figura separado (salvo en los casos de fracaso, en que no llegan a separarse) pero naturalmente en la misma fecha y juntos. NO ESTÁN incluidos los llevados en vuelos tripulados, si bien se citan en el programa de satélites correspondiente y en el capítulo de “Cronología general de lanzamientos”. .SATÉLITE Fecha País Tipo SPUTNIK F1 15.05.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK F2 21.08.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 01 04.10.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 02 03.11.1957 URSS Científico VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 01 31.01.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 02 05.03.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 03 26.03.1958 USA Científico SPUTNIK D1 27.04.1958 URSS Geodésico VANGUARD-2A -
Space Warfare and Defense by Chapman
SPACE WARFARE AND DEFENSE www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 SPACE WARFARE AND DEFENSE A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide BERT CHAPMAN Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress 12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 Production Editor: Alisha Martinez Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Manager: Caroline Price Media Editor: Julie Dunbar File Management Coordinator: Paula Gerard This book is printed on acid-free paper. Manufactured in the United States of America www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 To Becky, who personifies Proverbs 31:10. www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 C ONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi Chronology xv PART 1 1 Development of U.S. Military Space Policy 3 2 U.S. -
Chang'e Flying to the Moon
Issue 7 January 2013 All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Editor’s Note COVER STORY If you are a fan of the Chinese space pro- gramme, you must have heard about Brian Harvey, who is the first Western writer to publish a book on the Chinese space pro- gramme. We are very happy that Mr. Harvey contributed an article to Go Taikonauts! The article about Chinese ... page 2 Quarterly Report October - December 2012 Launch Events China made six space launches in the last three months of 2012, setting a new annual launch record of 19 and overtaking U.S. in number of suc- cessful annual space launches for the first time. In 2011, China also ... page 3 Deep Space Adventure of Chang’e 2 From A Backup Lunar Orbiter to An Asteroid Probe Observation Just before Chang’e 1 (CE-1)’s successful mission to the Moon was completed, Echo of the Curiosity in China China announced that they would send the second lunar probe Chang’e 2 (CE-2) The 6 August 2012 was a special day to an to the Moon in 2010. No one at that time could anticipate the surprises that CE-2 American-Chinese girl. She is Clara Ma, would bring a few years later since it was just a backup ... page 8 a 15-year-old middle school student from Lenexa, Kansas. She waited for this day for more than three years. In May 2009, History Ma won a NASA essay contest for naming the Mars Science Laboratory, the most Chang’e Flying to the Moon complicated machine .. -
China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦,航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 -
Moon-Proceedings-Part 1 2006.Pdf
1 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY WORKSHOP ON POLICY AND LAW RELATING TO OUTER SPACE RESOURCES: EXAMPLES OF THE MOON, MARS, AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES Dedicated to Eilene Galloway, who has been advocating and promoting actively international cooperation and peaceful uses of outer space since 1957 WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS organized by Institute of Air and Space Law (IASL), Faculty of Law, McGill University & International Institute of Space Law (IISL) in cooperation with the Cologne Institute of Air and Space Law, the Leiden International Institute of Air and Space Law and the University of Mississippi National Remote Sensing and Space Law Centre, and with the support of United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs, Indian Space Research Organization, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Nicolas Mateesco Matte Fund for Space Law, MDA Corporation, and OPTECH Corporation at Institute of Air & Space Law, Faculty of Law, McGill University 3661 Peel Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 28-30, 2006. Published by the McGill University Center for Research of Air and Space Law 3661 Peel St. Montreal, QC Canada H3A 1X1 Copyright © 2007 by McGill University, Centre for Research of Air and Space Law ISSN 0701-158-07-02 First published in 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface by Ram Jakhu v Welcome Address by Nandasiri Jasentuliyana xiv Remarks by Eilene Galloway xviii Session 1: State-of-the-Art Technologies, Physical and Geological Composition of the Celestial Bodies and International Cooperation 1 “Role of the Moon in Reducing Technical and Programmatic Risks for Long-Duration Exploration Missions” by Carl Walz 2 “Present State of Lunar Exploration & Lunar ISRU Research in Japan” by Kai Matsui 18 “Chandrayaan-1 and Future Planetary Exploration Missions of India: Contributions to International Cooperation” by K.R. -
Section 2: China's Space and Counterspace Programs
SECTION 2: CHINA’S SPACE AND COUNTERSPACE PROGRAMS Introduction China has become one of the top space powers in the world after decades of high prioritization and steady investment from its lead- ers, indigenous research and development, and a significant effort to buy or otherwise appropriate technologies from foreign sources, especially the United States. China’s aspirations are driven by its assessment that space power enables the country’s military mod- ernization and would allow it to challenge U.S. information superi- ority during a conflict. As the Commission has documented in pre- vious reports, China has asserted sovereignty over much of the East and South China seas, as well as Taiwan, and is engaged in a course of aggressive conduct to enforce those claims against its neighbors. Among other purposes, China’s space and counterspace programs are designed to support its conduct as part of its antiaccess/area denial * strategy to prevent or impede U.S. inter- vention in a potential conflict. China also believes that space power drives the country’s economic and technological advancement and provides the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with significant do- mestic political legitimacy and international prestige. Although China’s space capabilities still generally lag behind those of the United States and Russia, its space program is expanding and ac- celerating rapidly as many other countries’ programs proceed with dwindling resources and limited goals. China’s rise as a space power has important national security im- plications for the United States, which relies on its own space capa- bilities to assess and monitor current and emerging threats to na- tional security and project military power globally. -
China Manned Space Flight Program ————Itsits Presentpresent Andand Futurefuture
China Manned Space Flight Program ————itsits presentpresent andand futurefuture WangWang ZhongguiZhonggui,, DongDong NengliNengli,, ZhaiZhai ZhigangZhigang 15-10-2009, Korea Overview z Brief Introduction z Shenzhou-7 EVA Mission z Development in Future Brief Introduction of China Manned Space Flight Program Brief Introduction Development Strategy System Composition Previous Space Flight missions Development Strategy On September 21th,1992,Chinese government decided to implement the manned space flight program and approved a “3-step”development strategy. Step 1:manned spaceship Step 2:space laboratory Step 3:space station Building space Completion of Mastering the rendezvous preliminary experimental and docking technology, station and carrying manned spaceship and launching a space laboratory, out science carrying out experiments and carrying out scientific experiments on a for space application experiments on a certain larger scale with scale with short-term human long-term human participation participation System Composition China Manned Space Space Flight Program application Space Astronaut is a national key ship Project. It’s also the largest space program of China. The Program Space Launch is composed of 8 lab The Program vehicle systems. Landing Launching site site TT&C Previous Missions The program started in 1992, In November 1999, the first un-manned space flight test was conducted. In January 2001, March 2002 and December 2002, China conducted another three un- Shenzhou-1 Shenzhou-2 manned flight tests successfully. These tests comprehensively checked the whole program and its various systems. Shenzhou-3 Shenzhou-4 Previous Missions SZ-5 mission: First Manned Space Flight From Oct. 15th to 16th , 2003, China successfully accomplished the first manned spaceflight. -
China's Space Program: an Overview
Order Code RS21641 Updated October 21, 2003 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China’s Space Program: An Overview Marcia S. Smith Specialist in Aerospace and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The People’s Republic of China launched its first astronaut, or “taikonaut,” Lt. Col. Yang Liwei, on October 15, 2003 Beijing time (October 16 Eastern Daylight Time). China thus became only the third country, after Russia and the United States, able to launch humans into orbit. Lt. Col. Yang landed on October 16 Beijing time (October 15 EDT) after making 14 orbits (21 hours and 23 minutes). The launch is raising congressional interest in the nature and scope of the Chinese space program. The implications of China’s entry into the field of human space flight is unclear. Some may welcome a new entrant in the human exploration of space, some may view it as an indicator of Chinese technological advancements that could pose a threat, and others may find the event unremarkable, coming as it does 42 years after the Soviet Union and United States accomplished the same feat. This report will not be updated. Introduction China launched its first satellite in 1970. By October 16, 2003, it had conducted 79 launches. Of those, 67 were successes, 8 were complete failures, and 4 were partial failures placing satellites into incorrect orbits. Most of the launches were of Chinese communications, weather, remote sensing, navigation, or scientific satellites. Some of those satellites may be for military applications, or are dual use. Four test spacecraft related to China’s human spaceflight program were launched, followed by the first Chinese “taikonaut” (see below). -
August 2011 Issue 1
Issue 1 August 2011 All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Editor’s Note Go Taikonauts! is back! Never heard of it? It doesn’t matter. After you read through this electronic magazine, you will know what it is all about ... page 2 Quarterly Report January - March 2011 Launch Events There were no launch activities in Q1 2011. Launch Vehicle The Long March 5 (CZ-5) is the most im- Cover Story portant launch vehicle development programme in China after its initiation in late 2006. In Q1 2011, the programme pro- Chinese Space Suit: Endeavours in 50 Years gressed steadily: Building the Foundation •The Aluminium Corporation of The Sputnik Moment was a great propelling force to the U.S. space pro- China manufactured a large 5.2 m gramme. And so it was with China. In May 1958 China started planning its diameter forged aluminium ... page 3 first space programme. Three monts later, China’s first satellite programme, Project 581, was kicked-off. In September, the Biological ... page 6 International Cooperation Analysis Is Germany Europe’s trail-blazer to China? Is the Chinese Manned Space Programme a Military It sounds big and moreover it even Programme? sounds like a privilege: The German Aero- space Agency DLR announced on the 11 China recently disclosed more details of its manned space plan. Tiangong 1, a May 2011, that the first non-Chinese ex- small man-tended space station, is one of the hot topics in China now. It also periment on a Shenzhou mission is going received some attention in the Western media.