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The Maya Ceramic Book of Creation The Maya Ceramic Book of Creation The Trials of the Popol Vuh Hero Twins Displayed on Classic Maya Polychrome Painted Pottery “First they entered the dark house. […] but they didn’t burn the torch - instead, something that looked like fire was substituted. This was the tail of the macaw, which looked like a torch to the sentries.” (Tedlock 1996, 119) “So next they entered the midst of the fire, a house of fire with only fire only inside. They weren’t burned by it, just toasted, just simmered, so they were well when it dawned.” (Tedlock 1996,125) Laura Beukers Text: Tedlock, D., 1996. Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. New York: Simon & Schuster. Figures: Kerr, J. Maya Vase Database: Kerr Number 1561, added 01-04-1998. Digital image, www.mayavase.com, accessed 2009-2013. Kerr, J. Maya Vase Database: Kerr Number 3831, added 25-01-1999. Digital image, www.mayavase.com, accessed 2009-2013. The Maya Ceramic Book of Creation The Trials of the Popol Vuh Hero Twins Displayed on Classic Maya Polychrome Painted Pottery Author: Laura Beukers Course: Research Master Thesis – ARCH 1046WTY Student number: 0417920 Supervisor: Professor M.E.R.G.N. Jansen Specialisation: Religion and Society of Native American Cultures University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 17 June 2013 Email: [email protected] Telephone number: +31793518367 +316174232 Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: The ancient and contemporary Maya ...................................................... 11 1.1 The ancient Maya civilization ...................................................................................................... 11 The Preclassic period (ca. 2000 B.C.-A.D. 250) .............................................................................. 12 The Classic period (ca. A.D. 250-900/1100) .................................................................................. 17 The Terminal Classic (800-900/1100) ............................................................................................ 20 Postclassic (900/1100-1500) ......................................................................................................... 22 Conquest (1502-1697) ................................................................................................................... 23 1.2 The rediscovery of the Maya civilization and decipherment of the script .................................. 24 1.3 The contemporary Maya ............................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 2: The “seeing instrument” of the Ancient Maya ...................................... 30 2.1 The alphabetic Popol Vuh ............................................................................................................ 31 History of the document ............................................................................................................... 32 Originality of the Popol Vuh .......................................................................................................... 33 Authors of the Popol Vuh .............................................................................................................. 35 2.2 The hieroglyphic Popol Vuh ......................................................................................................... 36 2.3 The oral Popol Vuh ...................................................................................................................... 39 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3: Maya ceramics ................................................................................................. 42 3.1 Production and painting .............................................................................................................. 43 Production process ........................................................................................................................ 43 Painting process ............................................................................................................................ 44 Workshops..................................................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Hieroglyphic texts ........................................................................................................................ 46 The PSS .......................................................................................................................................... 47 3 3.3 Maya artists ................................................................................................................................. 50 3.4 Functions ..................................................................................................................................... 53 Service ware .................................................................................................................................. 54 Social currency .............................................................................................................................. 56 Funerary ware ............................................................................................................................... 58 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 4: Theory and Method of iconography ......................................................... 61 4.1 Iconographical theory .................................................................................................................. 61 Panofsky’s iconography ................................................................................................................. 61 Primary meaning ........................................................................................................................... 63 4.2 Semiotcs ...................................................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Iconographical method................................................................................................................ 67 4.4 Illustrating a story ........................................................................................................................ 70 4.5 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 5: The Hero Twins identified ............................................................................ 75 5.1 The birth of heaven and earth ..................................................................................................... 75 The creation of the cosmic in the Classic period ........................................................................... 76 The creator gods............................................................................................................................ 79 5.2 The trials of Jun Junajpu and Wuqub Junajpu ............................................................................. 82 Jun Junajpu and Wuqub Hunajpu ................................................................................................. 83 Head in tree ................................................................................................................................... 84 Ballgame scene .............................................................................................................................. 85 5.3 The birth of Junajpu and Xbalanq’e ............................................................................................. 88 Junajpu and Xbalanq’e .................................................................................................................. 88 The Hero Twins identified ............................................................................................................. 90 Iconographical elements of the Hero Twins ................................................................................. 91 Nominal glyphs .............................................................................................................................. 93 4 Examples of representations of the Hero Twins ........................................................................... 93 5.4 Categorizing the Hero Twins scenes on Maya ceramics ............................................................. 95 Chapter 6: The Hero Twins on earth .............................................................................. 98 6.1 The defeat of Wuqub Kaqix ......................................................................................................... 98 Wuqub Kaqix ................................................................................................................................. 98 Shooting of Wuqub Kaqix .............................................................................................................. 99 6.2 The defeat of Sipakna and Kab’raqan........................................................................................ 107 Sipakna .......................................................................................................................................
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