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Book of Abstracts 2019 Mexico Conference on Earth System Governance

Oaxaca, Mexico, 6-8 November 2019

Version of 5 November 2019

The conference is hosted by the National Autonomous University of Mexico, together with the Earth Sys- tem Governance Project.

The 2019 Mexico Conference will be organized around the five analytical lenses structuring the new earth system governance research agenda, as captured in the 2018 Science and Implementation Plan; and a sixth stream focusing on specific issues band challenges relevant to the Latin American region.

Contents Architecture and Agency ...... 2 Democracy and Power ...... 61 Justice and Allocation ...... 76 Anticipation and Imagination ...... 100 Adaptiveness and Reflexivity ...... 123 Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization ...... 143

Conference Co-Hosts:

Category: Architecture and Agency

Panel ID 3 implementation of the Agenda 2030, therefore, Partnerships for Sustainable Develop- depends on effective and legitimate partnerships and responsive, representative and partic- ment Goals: The promise and pitfalls ipatory models of inclusion of major groups and Chairs: Ayşem Mert, Sander Chan stakeholders. This paper aims to answer this Discussants: Karin Bäckstrand, Åsa Persson question and discuss how these two process-ori- 23 ented goals are being taken up in existing SDG SDG Partnerships for the Implementation of initiatives, how they are perceived and inter- Agenda 2030: Mapping and comparing inclusion preted by key stakeholders and the ways in and legitimacy across goals which different interpretations influence the Karin Bäckstrand, Ayşem Mert, Faradj Koliev perceived legitimacy and success of SDG initia- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden tives. In 2019, we are developing a unique data set at Stockholm University on multi-stakeholder The SDGs and Agenda 2030 highlight the crucial partnerships related to three specific SDGs: Goal role of partnerships in global environmental gov- 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), Goal 11 (Sus- ernance for the achievement of seventeen sustainable Cities) and Goal 13 (Climate Action). tainable development goals. Partnerships, it is These three SDGs are selected because of their argued, could potentially solve implementation priority to the HLPF process and will be assessed gaps and address democratic deficits in sustain- in 2019. Using this database and preliminary inability governance, particularly by including vari- terview data, we systematically analyze and ous stakeholders. In other words, inclusive gov- compare over 1000 multi-stakeholder partner- ernance (Goal 16) and partnerships (Goal 17) are ships and their specific characteristics. expected to go hand in hand and provide the blueprint of a process to achieve Agenda 155 2030. Previous research shows that the specific Joining Forces for Sustainable Development – A ways in which partnership and inclusion are Social Network Analysis of Multi-stakeholder practised have major consequences for the Partnerships for SDG Implementation achievement of the policy goals. Successful and Lisa-Maria Glass1, Simon Ruf2 legitimate partnerships depend on a set of fac- 1Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany. 2Independent tors, such as accountability, transparency, and scholar, Berlin, Germany representative models of inclusion of major stakeholders. However, there is a need for a Multi-stakeholder partnerships have been more focused study on what type of partner- deemed essential for the implementation of the ships have been developed and implemented in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the the specific context of the SDGs? Which groups light of an alleged declining capacity of govern- of SDG partnerships make a meaningful contri- ments to effectively steer societal development bution to the implementation of Agenda 2030, towards a more sustainable future, contribu- and are regarded as legitimate governance tions of non-state actors to the implementation mechanisms by most stakeholders involved? of the 2030 Agenda offer great potential to lev- How can we explain the legitimacy, or the lack erage synergies in the path to sustainable devel- thereof, in these partnerships? The successful opment. Since the SDGs are highly interrelated

Category: Architecture and Agency and involve numerous complex trade-offs re- topology of the current multi-stakeholder part- garding social, economic and environmental ob- nership network and on how synergies for SDG jectives, multi-stakeholder partnerships can help achievement are leveraged in practice. to share knowledge, values and resources and 144 thus facilitate SDG achievement. The 2030 Agenda, as part of SDG 17, explicitly calls for the Creating a “Momentum for Change” in the devel- enhancement of these partnerships as im- oping world through transnational climate part- portant means of implementation. While re- nerships Sander Chan1,2, Frank Biermann2, Friederike Eichhorn3 search has focused on identifying interlinkages 1German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- between different SDGs in theory or through wicklungspolitik (DIE)), Bonn, Germany. 2Copernicus Insti- case study approaches, less is known about the tute of Sutainable Development, Utrecht University, emerging architecture of multi-stakeholder part- Utrecht, Netherlands. 3Independent researcher, Leipzig, nerships for the SDGs and the synergies it cre- Germany ates in practice. In this article, we aim at explor- The body of research on transnational partnering the underlying structure and actor composi- ships in climate resilient and sustainable devel- tion of 4,086 multi-stakeholder partnerships and opment has grown considerably in recent years, voluntary commitments registered on the Part- contributing to a better understanding of their nerships for the SDGs online platform. Since data role in climate and sustainable governance; their is only available through a browser-based web potential to contribute to mitigation, adaptation interface, we develop an automatic crawling and sustainable development; as well as their ef- software to systematically retrieve the infor- fectiveness. However, there is a considerable mation provided and conduct computer-assisted lack of understanding of such initiatives in the identification and matching of entities to create context of developing countries. Current schol- a structured database of actors with normalized arship has observed considerable underrepre- names. Subsequently, we explore the structured sentation and relative underperformance of de- data by means of a Social Network Analysis veloping country-based transnational partner- (SNA). We investigate what kind of interlinkages ships, but has thus far failed to explain these pat- between different SDGs can be identified in the terns. This paper offers a better understanding multi-stakeholder partnership network and how of transnational climate initiatives in developing these reflect nexus previously identified by re- countries in the context of sustainable develop- search. Additionally, we analyze what type of ac- ment, asking how effective these initiatives are, tors (UN Member States, civil society, local au- and what explains variations of effectiveness. thorities, private sector, scientific and techno- The empirical focus is on a broad sample of initi- logical communities, academia) combine in atives under the “Momentum for Change” cam- which constellation to address which goals. paign led by the secretariat of the UN Frame- Here, we further assess the nature of the links work Convention on Climate Change. Despite a identified between individual SDGs by calculat- global coverage, this campaign uniquely focuses ing the betweenness centrality of different types on climate actions in developing countries with of actors. Finally, we examine the centrality of strong sustainable development co-benefits, in- actors in the network and test for potential dif- cluding women empowerment (“women for references between public and private stakehold- sults”), poverty alleviation (“urban poor”), and fi- ers’ connections to the overall network. The nance (“finance for climate friendly invest- findings shall provide insights on the structure of ment”). Using a mixed method approach, which transnational governance for the SDGs, the includes a large-n analysis and expert interviews,

Category: Architecture and Agency we assess and explain effectiveness; patterns of environmental governance and social science implementation; and transnational leadership of scholarship. We find that the research repre- “Momentum for Change” initiatives. sented in the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvesting Database reflects a multi-disciplinary Panel ID 9 and growing field of scholarship with distinct Agency in Earth System Governance: clusters of researchers working in the areas of Sharing the bounty of our harvest (1) global environmental politics, policy studies, and Chair: Andrea Gerlak social-ecological systems.

75 104 Introduction: Agency in Earth System Governance Theories and Methods of Agency Research in Michele Betsill1, Tabitha Benney2, Andrea Gerlak3, Calum Earth System Governance Brown4, Sander Chan5, Ron Mitchell6, Ina Moller7, James Tabitha Benney1, Amandine Orsini2, Devon Cantwell1, Laura Patterson8, Michelle Scobie9, Sandra van der Hel8, Oscar Iozzelli2 Widerberg10 1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. 2Université Saint- 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA. 2University of Louis, Brussels, Belgium Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. 3University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 4Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Parten- This chapter reviews the articles in the Earth Sys- kirchen, Germany. 5German Development Institute, Bonn, tem Governance-Agency Harvesting Database Germany. 6University of Oregon, Eugene, USA. 7Lund Uni- from the perspective of the theoretical and versity, Lund, Sweden. 8Utrecht University, Utrecht, Nether- lands. 9University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad methodological approaches used. The Earth Sys- and Tobago. 10VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands tem Governance-Agency Harvesting Database is a collection of 322 peer-reviewed journal articles The Earth System Governance-Agency Harvest- published between 2008 and 2016 and provides ing Initiative draws lessons from Earth System a snapshot of how Earth System Governance Governance research on agency through a sys- scholars have taken up the analytical problem of tematic analysis of 322 peer-reviewed journal ar- Agency. We observe that most of the scholarship ticles published in the period 2008-2016. Our falls into one of three broad theoretical catego- forthcoming edited volume, Agency in Earth Sys- ries. Social and system dynamics approaches, tem Governance, provide an accessible synthesis which explore the complex interactions between of some of the field’s major questions and de- agents and structures in Earth System Govern- bates and a state-of-the-art understanding of ance, are the most prominent. Agent-based ap- how diverse actors engage with and exercise au- proaches, which place greater emphasis on the thority in environmental decision-making. This autonomy of agents as they engage with Earth introductory chapter details the harvesting pro- System Governance, are also central to this area cess, which involved compiling and coding the of research. Critical theoretical approaches that articles to reveal the broad contours of agency- emphasize asymmetric relationships related to related research conducted within the context of power, class, race, gender, and human-nature the Earth System Governance Project. The Earth relations are surprisingly less common within System Governance-Agency Harvesting Data- this body of scholarship. We find that despite base provides a unique basis for examining how earlier calls for methodological pluralism, Earth scholars within this research community have System Governance-Agency scholarship is domi- approached the analytical problem of Agency, in nated by qualitative research approaches, alt- the process identifying key findings and debates. hough we note that scholars increasingly apply It also allows for reflection on how the Earth Sys- multi-method qualitative approaches to their tem Governance Project engages with broader analyses of agency in Earth System Governance.

Category: Architecture and Agency

In the future, scholars in this field may benefit Earth System Governance scholars better under- from the integration of cross-disciplinary and in- stand how governance can mitigate power im- creasingly complex methods in an effort to foster balances. As a number of authors in our assess- the linking of environmental sciences more ment have demonstrated, using power to ana- broadly into environmental governance re- lyze normative governance considerations can search. reveal dynamics and relationships that might otherwise remain hidden (e.g. Bernstein, 2011; 182 Cashmore et al., 2015; Menga & Mirumachi, Power (ful) and Power (less): A Review of Power 2016). Thus, the field will benefit from studies in the Earth System Governance-Agency Scholar- that effectively use power to further improve ship our understanding of normative issues such as Andrea Gerlak1, Thomas Eimer2, Marie Claire Brisbois3, Me- equity, justice, legitimacy, inclusion, and trans- gan Mills-Novoa1, Luuk Schmitz2, Jorrit Luimers2, Paivi Aber- nethy4 parency in earth systems governance. 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 3University of Sussex, Brighton, 223 United Kingdom. 4University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Can- Issues and Geography in Earth System Govern- ada ance-Agency Scholarship 1 1 1 In the 2009 Earth System Governance Science Andrea Gerlak , Megan Mills-Novoa , Alison Elder , Oke- chukwu Enechi2, Pritee Sharma3, Kanak Singh3 Plan (Biermann et al., 2009), Power was identi- 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2VU Amsterdam, Am- fied, alongside Norms, Knowledge, and Scale, as sterdam, Netherlands. 3Indian Institute of Technology In- a cross-cutting research theme that is crucial for dore, Indore, India the study of each analytical problem, and also for In the 2009 Earth System Governance Science the integrated understanding of Earth System Plan (Biermann et al., 2009), Power was identi- Governance. Power has both constraining fied, alongside Norms, Knowledge, and Scale, as (power over) and enabling (power to) effects. a cross-cutting research theme that is crucial for The purpose of this chapter is to summarise the the study of each analytical problem, and also for ways in which Earth System Governance scholars the integrated understanding of Earth System have studied the link between Agency and Governance. Power has both constraining Power over the last decade through an analysis (power over) and enabling (power to) effects. of publications in the Earth System Governance- The purpose of this chapter is to summarise the Agency Harvesting Database, a collection of 322 ways in which Earth System Governance scholars peer-reviewed journal articles published behave studied the link between Agency and tween 2008-2016. We reflect on how power is Power over the last decade through an analysis used as an explanatory variable in research on of publications in the Earth System Governance- agency in Earth System Governance and note Agency Harvesting Database, a collection of 322 that while power is a frequent consideration, it peer-reviewed journal articles published be- often remains undefined and/or under-theo- tween 2008-2016. We reflect on how power is rized. We differentiate between agency-centred used as an explanatory variable in research on notions of power (power to) and structural per- agency in Earth System Governance and note spectives (power over) and connect these con- that while power is a frequent consideration, it ceptions of power to broader literatures and de- often remains undefined and/or under-theo- bates in the social sciences. Moving forward, we rized. We differentiate between agency-centred hope to see research that better conceptualizes notions of power (power to) and structural per- and measures power. Future research can help spectives (power over) and connect these

Category: Architecture and Agency conceptions of power to broader literatures and grounded in an examination of the Earth System debates in the social sciences. Moving forward, Governance-Agency Harvesting Database, a col- we hope to see research that better conceptual- lection of 322 peer-reviewed journal articles izes and measures power. Future research can published between 2008 and 2016. We identify help Earth System Governance scholars better six key scholarly debates over the last decade re- understand how governance can mitigate power lating to: 1) scientific expertise, 2) participatory imbalances. As a number of authors in our as- knowledge-production, 3) local and indigenous sessment have demonstrated, using power to knowledge, 4) knowledge-based authority and analyze normative governance considerations power, 5) learning, and 6) actor diversity. The can reveal dynamics and relationships that might Earth System Governance-Agency scholarship otherwise remain hidden (e.g. Bernstein, 2011; contributes to larger debates in the social sci- Cashmore et al., 2015; Menga & Mirumachi, ences concerning the growing importance of 2016). Thus, the field will benefit from studies participatory processes of knowledge co-produc- that effectively use power to further improve tion, moving beyond the conventional primacy our understanding of normative issues such as of scientific expertise in environmental govern- equity, justice, legitimacy, inclusion, and trans- ance and elevating the role of non-scientific parency in earth systems governance. knowledge holders.

230 Panel ID 10 Agency and Knowledge in Environmental Govern- Agency in Earth System Governance: ance – A Thematic Review Sharing the bounty of our harvest (2) Manjana Milkoreit1, Jennifer Bansard2, Sandra Van der Hel3 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. 2University of Chair: Michele Betsill Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. 3Utrecht University, Utrecht, 91 Netherlands Agency and Norms: Who Defines What Ought to This chapter unpacks the complex relationship Be? between knowledge and agency in environmen- James Mike Angstadt1, Ina Möller2 tal governance by assessing the scholarship pro- 1Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA. 2Lund University, duced by members of the Earth System Govern- Lund, Sweden ance Project over the past ten years. The envi- This chapter evaluates how the nexus of norms ronmental governance literature accords and agency has been treated in the Earth System knowledge a special status, regarding it as crucial Governance research network, through a review for “identifying problems and devising solutions of the Earth System Governance-Agency Har- to global environmental problems” (Bäckstrand, vesting Database, a collection of 322 peer-re- 2004: 695). Without knowledge of the environ- viewed journal articles published between 2008 ment, there would be no foundation to act upon and 2016. Our review indicates that the subject environmental problems. Seeking to tie this of Norms, identified as an important cross-cut- basic insight to the notion of agency, we explore ting theme in the first Earth System Governance how Earth System Governance scholarship has Science Plan (Biermann et al. 2009), has gar- addressed a number of agency-related ques- nered interest amongst many. However, the tions, such as how do different agents create, ac- amorphous character of this theme makes the quire, use and share knowledge? And how and evaluated contributions fragmented and dis- when does knowledge generate, enable or con- persed, necessitating systematic review to bring strain agency in global environmental govern- together key insights. We find that norms are ance? The analysis presented in this chapter is

Category: Architecture and Agency conceptualized in different ways, including as their individual governance contributions, but regulatory instruments, as parts of the surround- also whether and how interactions affect gov- ing structure, and as expectations held by re- ernance. The Earth System Governance project searchers. These diverse conceptions yield dif- specifically engages questions of the evaluation ferent research approaches that are not neces- and effectiveness of agency against a back- sarily comparable. With respect to agency, we ground of analytic problems, including account- find that actors engage with norms in multiple ability and legitimacy; allocation and access; and ways. These include commonly discussed efforts the design and adaptiveness of institutions, all of to use agency to shape norms, but also include which have prompted diverse scholarship over exercising agency to interpret and use norms the last decade. This chapter reviews publica- and exerting agency to manage norms and other tions in the Earth System Governance-Agency actors’ interpretation of them. We also find that Harvesting Database, a collection of 322 peer-re- the research on norms and agency, at least in viewed journal articles published between 2008 this sample of articles, has concentrated within a and 2016. We find that Earth System Govern- few regions. Thus, the international perspective, ance-Agency scholars have embraced the notion the European perspective and Asian perspective that agent influence is complex, contingent, and are much more heavily represented than African context dependent, with the success of environ- or Oceanian perspectives. We conclude that fu- mental governance depending considerably on ture case studies should give priority to un- propitious environmental and social conditions. derrepresented regions and themes, and we also We note a shift from evaluating agent influence highlight the need for theoretical contributions on behaviour and environmental outcomes to a that draw insights from existing empirical litera- focus on governance processes, with particular ture. attention on democracy, participation, legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. Along 143 with this more nuanced understanding of agency Earth System Governance and the Evaluation of and its effects on Earth System Governance, we Agents and Agency. Growing complexity, contin- observe an increase in the diversity of methodo- gency and context dependency, and the road logical approaches and efforts to integrate find- ahead ings from many different types of studies. At the Sander Chan1,2, Ronald Mitchell3 same time, we see a need to return to evalua- 1German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für tions of agency influence on behaviors and envi- 2 Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany. Copernicus Insti- ronmental quality through more interdiscipli- tute of Sutainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 3University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, nary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary ap- USA proaches to meeting the governance challenges associated with the Anthropocene. Evaluating agents and their effectiveness has long been, and continues to be, an important 169 topic for scholars of Earth System Governance. Agency in a Multi-scalar World The growing number and types of actors en- Michelle Scobie1, Michele Betsill2, Hyeyoon Park2 gaged in environmental governance provides 1The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad 2 new opportunities to understand how agency and Tobago. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA works in Earth System Governance while, simul- Earth System Governance processes take place taneously, making such assessments more com- within and across diverse boundaries, which in plicated. For instance, the growing relevance of turn shape the way actors understand problems multiple agents not only raises the question of and possibilities for addressing them (Bulkeley,

Category: Architecture and Agency

2005; Sternlieb et al., 2013). The scales at which 184 governance processes take place are marked by Policy implications of Earth System Governance- particular ideologies (Bai et al., 2010; Dore and Agency research and reflections on the road Lebel, 2010), goals and values (Armitage et al., ahead 2012; van Leeuwen, 2015), and power dynamics Andrea Gerlak1, Michele Betsill2, James Patterson3, Sander (Mirumachi and Van Wyk, 2010; Sova et al., Chan4, Tabitha Benney5, Marie-Claire Brisbois6, Thomas 7 8 2015; van Kerhoff and Lebel, 2015), which affect Eimer , Michelle Scobie 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2Colorado State Univer- who is able to participate, what forms of author- sity, Ft. Collins, USA. 3Copernicus Institute of Sustainable De- ity are recognized as legitimate, and whether velopment, Utrecht, Netherlands. 4German Development In- agents are effective in influencing decision-mak- stitute, Bonn, Germany. 5University of Utah, Salt Lake City, ing processes and outcomes. This chapter re- USA. 6Sussex University, Brighton, United Kingdom. 7Rad- boud University , Nijmegen, Netherlands. 8The University of views research by scholars associated with the the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Earth System Governance network on the link between Agency and Scale through an analysis of Collectively, the contributions to Agency in Earth the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvest- System Governance provide a state-of-the-art ing Database, a collection of 322 peer-reviewed understanding of how diverse actors engage journal articles published in the period 2008- with environmental decision-making and exer- 2016.We define scale as ‘the spatial, temporal, cise authority in steering society towards (and quantitative, or analytical dimensions used to away from) a more sustainable future as well as measure or rank any phenomenon’ (Gibson et their capacity to deliver effective, legitimate, and al., 2000, p. 218). Noting the existence of multi- equitable Earth System Governance. Drawing on ple scales in Earth System Governance, we find a systematic analysis of 322 journal articles pub- that Earth System Governance-Agency scholars lished in the period 2008-2016 within the con- have focused most heavily on the institutional text of the Earth System Governance Project, the and geographic scales, often in conjunction with chapters offer an accessible synthesis of this one another. Our review reveals that agents de- broad body of literature and a valuable orienta- ploy many different strategies, such as bridging tion to some of the field’s major questions and organisations, networks, and orchestration, to debates. The purpose of this final chapter is to navigate the multi-level and multi-scalar dynam- connect key findings from our analyses of arti- ics of Earth System Governance. Whether these cles in the Earth System Governance-Agency dynamics enable or constrain the exercise of Harvesting Database to broader debates in envi- agency depends on the power relations between ronmental governance scholarship and the social different actors as well as whether agents have sciences. In this final chapter, we outline how sufficient resources and capacities to engage Earth System Governance-Agency scholarship with Earth System Governance. The chapter con- can inform decision-making across the policy cludes by encouraging Earth System Govern- process. We highlight the complex, fragmented, ance-Agency scholars to look to literatures in ge- and multi-scalar nature of environmental gov- ography and political ecology to strengthen un- ernance systems as well as the challenges of de- derstandings of how agents shape the social con- veloping participatory processes that truly em- struction of levels and scales in Earth System power stakeholders and account for diverse in- Governance. terests. We then reflect on what we have learned about ourselves as a research community. While Earth System Governance-Agency scholars have made exemplary advances in

Category: Architecture and Agency empirical research, we note that many of the constellations of actors from diverse levels and core analytical concepts, such as agency, power, sectors that interact to influence policy-making. authority, and accountability, remain under-the- Likewise, such interaction, we argue, has a con- orized. In addition, some types of actors, includ- siderable impact in the policy´s effectiveness. ing women, labour, non-human agents, those When studying local climate policies, we must who work against Earth System Governance, and consider the impact of these transnational con- many voices from the global South, remain stellations. How do TMCNs, as programmers of a largely hidden in Earth System Governance- system of constellations of actors, influence local Agency scholarship. We conclude by suggesting climate policy, and the effectiveness of such pol- next steps for future research and connecting icies? We envision these constellations of actors our findings from the past decade of Earth Sys- as complex adaptive systems (CAS), whose in- tem Governance-Agency research to the Earth volvement in urban climate politics has an im- System Governance Project’s new Science Plan pact in the effectiveness of such policies sug- (Earth System Governance Project, 2018). gested by them. The CAS interdependent actors exchange information to explore and exploit the Panel ID 11 system. Nonlinearity, positive feedback and Discussing the (city) network effect I: Is- openness make change very likely. Focusing on sues of effectiveness in global climate the interactions of actors themselves and con- governance stellations of actors rather than on their attrib- Chair: Marielle Papin-Manjarrez utes might help us understand better the dy- Discussant: José Manuel Leal namics of the system, the role of marginal actors, and the origins of change, as well as the effects 79 on policy´s effectiveness. We then conduct a social network analysis and three case studies From Fragmented Global Climate Politics to the based on interviews, observation and document Assemblage of Local Climate Policy: the role of analysis of the CAS identified around three Transnational Municipal Networks actor´s con- North-American cities and their TMCNs: Mexico stellations in effectiveness Marielle Papin-Manjarrez1, José Manuel Leal2 City, Guadalajara, and Montreal. These cities 1Université Laval, Québec city, Canada. 2University of Ot- have had increasing participation in TMCNs over tawa, Ottawa, Canada the years. We find that the implementation of low-impact climate policies by city members Global decarbonization involves politics within might foster the design of climate policies with and between multilevel spaces. An interesting bigger impact by other city members and that example of this comes from transnational mu- the promotion of TMCNs actions might lead to nicipal climate networks (TMCNs) engaged in cli- the design of climate policies in untargeted cit- mate governance. TMNs are spaces where cities ies. discuss a variety of urban issues on an equitable basis. They are also transnational structures that 95 go beyond their staff and cities, but also include The Importance of Networks in Urban Climate diverse partners who collaborate (e.g. local or Policy multinational companies, intergovernmental or- Milja Heikkinen ganizations, research institutes, other TMCNs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland private foundations, NGOs, etc.), influence Cities are widely considered as an important ac- TMCNs and are influenced by them. We claim tor group when it comes to climate change that TMCNs can be better pictured as broad

Category: Architecture and Agency mitigation and adaptation. Different networks and at least cities themselves experience them have been created to support urban climate pol- as effective. Certain networking methods are de- icy. High hopes are placed on the effectiveness scribed as more effective than others. However, of these new parts of governance architecture. from the wider perspective of global sustainabil- However, if and how they actually support ity, there seems to be unlocked potential. Over- reaching the climate goals remains unclear. In all, the four examples demonstrate the difficulty this presentation, I explore effectiveness from of measuring the effectiveness of city networks, four different perspectives regarding networks as well as defining cause and effect relationships. in urban climate policy using both quantitative These sources of uncertainty highlight the need and qualitative methods. I define effectiveness to further develop methodology in the field. as the ability to support change towards sustain- 105 ability. Here, I focus on climate change mitigation and adaptation as parts of change towards Global City Networks and Internal Motivations: sustainability. This means that measuring effec- Four Case Studies Devon Cantwell tiveness of climate change mitigation cannot be University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA reduced to measuring the decrease of GHG emissions or temperature. The mitigation process Globally, many cities have taken on responsibil- needs to support sustainability in a wider sense. ity for climate mitigation and adaptation efforts Similarly, adaptation cannot be reduced to e.g. for myriad reasons. Chief among these reasons responses to direct consequences of climate include increasing climate vulnerability in the change, like sea level rise. This raises the ques- form of heat waves, flooding, and decreased air tion of how the effectiveness of city networks quality. City leadership on climate action plan- can be observed or measured. First, in the level ning has not happened in a vacuum, however. of strategic planning, I analyse how fundamental Especially in the case of cities within countries are the changes cities propose in their climate that have experienced histories of colonialism, change mitigation and adaptation strategies. I occupation, and exploitation, understanding use as a sample example a group of C40 mem- global networks for city climate action planning bers cities, since the network and its members have proved crucial. A recent report from the In- define themselves as leaders towards sustaina- ternational Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Con- bility. Second, I present the results from a statis- ference on City Climate Governance, released in tical analysis of connections between network December 2018, listed the need for “more evi- participation and adaptation planning process of dence […] to understand the impacts and ef- 402 large cities. Third, I explore the effectiveness fectiveness of different forms of govern- from the point of view of city officials and their ance, to solve tensions and reduce trade-offs, daily implementation of climate policy, using in- negotiate business practice and information use terview data from Madrid, Stockholm and Hel- and create enabling conditions for effective city- sinki. All three cities participate in various net- based action.” I argue that given the constraints works at different levels of governance. Fourth, I that many cities in the Global South face, city cli- give a network analysis perspective on how ef- mate action planning networks operate as key fectiveness can be understood in a city to busi- sites for capacity building and financing (e.g. ness network that attempts to commit private funding sustainability initiatives). To support this sector to the climate change mitigation in the argument, I use interview data and city policy city of Helsinki. As a summary of the results, city documents collected between 2005-2019 from networks seem to be effective to some extent, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Buenos Aires,

Category: Architecture and Agency

Argentina; Mexico City, Mexico; and Seoul, article is to discuss the implementation, or the South Korea. In all four cities, I have conducted performance of the Sustainable Development interviews with city officials who work on sus- Goals (SDG) 13 at a subnational level, focusing on tainability initiatives to understand what types of São Paulo, the largest city in South America, with learning occur in climate change action net- a population of 21.7 milion. Replacing the Mil- works, which cities are most influential in these lennium Development Goals (MDGs), estab- networks, and how networks either support or lished in 2000 after the adoption of the United bolster sustainability goals. I also use city plan- Nations Millennium Declaration, the Sustainable ning documents to map references to climate ac- Development Goals (SDG) are adopted without tion planning networks and other cities in order the ensembles of the countries involved having to understand the influence of external actors in achieved the previously established objectives cities setting climate action goals. Through both and targets. In the Millennium Development interview and policy analysis data, I find that city Goals, the environmental issue was focused on a climate action networks can help cities approach single indicator, Goal 7, “Ensure environmental resilience, adaptation, and mitigation in differ- sustainability”, in which climate change, had no entiated ways that take into account each city’s protagonism, focusing on access to water, or in- unique historical background, available re- tegration of principles of sustainable develop- sources, and agency. These findings reframe our ment in public policies to reverse the loss of bio- understanding of how we consider networks to diversity. The goals of Sustainable Development, be effective. While reduction of GHG and de- based on its 17 goals, make a considerable dif- creasing climate vulnerability are important ference to the MDGs in relation to governance measures of effectiveness of city networks, this strategies and the attempt to bring the environ- research shows that climate action networks mental issue transversally to each of the goals. also play a critical role in building technological, From the environmental governance point of financial, and human capacities necessary for cit- view, SDGs actions and obligations are federal ies to sustainably develop. responsibility. However, it has grown not only perception, but also the indication that it is not Panel ID 12 possible to achieve the targets only with national Discussing the (city) network effect II: Ad- responsibility. In this sense, the importance of vances in the study of cities in global cli- cities – and its networks (ICLEI, C40, e.g.) - has mate governance being increasingly emphasized in actively partic- Chair: José Manuel Leal ipating in the decision-making processes. An al- Discussant: Marielle Papin-Manjarrez ternative, therefore, is the implementation of a multilevel environmental governance. A different architecture governance approach, given the complexity of social and intergovernmental rela- 81 tions in the contemporary world, where classical Subnational Contribution to Global Climate Gov- theories are no more apt to explain interrelation- ernance: the case of São Paulo and the SDG 13 ship in the proportion claimed. From a global Pedro Henrique Torres University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil south perspective, how is the current status and planning of São Paulo government in relation to The relevance of subnational contribution to the SDGs 13. Preliminary research indicates two govern climate change is no longer a matter of questions: what are the limits from the subna- discussion, but imperative to the effectiveness of tional contribution to reach the objectives international agreements. The objective of this

Category: Architecture and Agency established and what is the relationship be- the centrality of TMNs and the diversity of their tween initiatives for mitigation and adaptation partners might be significant in their generating to climate change in the São Paulo already un- novelty. Although the attributes of TMNs do derway related to Goal 13 of the SDG which has matter, in a nonlinear and open system, in which synergy with Paris Agreement? In this sense this interdependent entities constantly exchange in- study aims to contribute to a more comprehen- formation, considering interactions is necessary. sive of the architecture of Earth System Govern- The most central TMNs that also have most di- ance global analysis of climate actions from a city verse partners receive more information, and in- level engagement. formation other actors do not necessarily have. Therefore, they are likely to generate novelty, 190 here identified in the production of novel gov- Where Does Novelty Come From? A Social Net- ernance instruments. The paper then conducts work Analysis of Transnational Municipal Net- an empirical analysis based on data compiled by works Engaged in Global Climate Governance the author. Data enumerates the memberships Marielle Papin-Manjarrez and partnerships of 15 climate-related TMNs Université Laval, Québec city, Canada that have at least one city member in the Euro- Research on Transnational Municipal Networks pean Union, and lists their governance tools. An (TMNs), spaces where cities from different coun- analysis of these tools in terms of governance tries discuss distinct issues, among which climate functions, obligation, directness, and target fol- change, has become increasingly promi- lows, and underlines the most novel. A social nent. Scholars have highlighted TMNs’ horizon- network analysis then links interactions to the tal and voluntary nature. Besides, they have an- production of novel tools. By looking at the alysed their effects on local climate action changes TMNs and cities might offer, this work is through various case studies. In that in line with the Architecture and Agency stream sense, ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainabil- of Earth System Governance. All in all, it pro- ity, created in 1990, or the C40 Cities Climate poses a new way to study these entities, which Leadership Group, founded in 2005, have been we must consider more comprehensively in the the object of numerous analyses. Researchers assessment and strengthening of global climate have also emphasised TMNs’ innovativeness, but action. have not clearly defined what this innovativeness is and where it comes from. As in the case 80 of other nonstate actors, reviewing the literature Urban policies related to Low Carbon Emissions on TMNs shows a need for more diverse empiri- Public Transportation (LCEPT) in Latin American cal research, moving beyond individual case cities. The cases of Lima and Mexico City studies and engaging in discussions on how José Manuel Leal University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada TMNs behave as a group. This effort implies observing their interactions and their effects. This According to the International Energy Agency paper thus focuses on the interactions of TMNs (IEA), between 40% and 70% of GHG emissions and their capacity to produce new arrange- in three of the largest cities in Latin America, ments, seeking to answer the following ques- comes from the public transportation system. In tion: why do some TMNs produce more novelty the same sense, the IEA expects urban transport than others? This paper uses a theoretical energy consumption in the region to double by framework based on complex systems ap- 2050, while the tendency in global transport proaches and network theory, and claims that emissions has been growing by nearly 2 billion

Category: Architecture and Agency annual tones of CO2equivalent (CO2eq.) since Transnational Climate Change Governance 2000. In this sense, the question of urban mobil- (TCCG). ity can be studied around different aspects, such 384 as the social, political and economic. This article focuses on the aspect of transportation and mo- From the Ground Up: How Co-development of In- bility of people within an urban area, also known novation Climate Service Provision could Assist as commuting, and all the economic and political Climate Governance in Cities Louis Celliers, María Máñez Costa, Jo-Ting Huang-Lach- interest that guide public policies related to that. mann, Rodrigo Valencia Therefore, the article aims to show the dynamics Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz- involved in their design in two Latin American cit- Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Hamburg, Germany ies; Lima and Mexico City. As a secondary goal, Climate change manifested as both slow-onset the chapter aims to describe Lima´s and Mexico and extreme impacts threaten sustainable devel- City´s relations with foreign actors related to cli- opment and challenges welfare achievements. mate politics. Ananalysis of cities’ international While facing impacts of climate change, cities are activity related to climate change contributes to encountering extreme weather events and this realizing until which point transnational actors has motivated us to further look into whether influence urban politics. The study aims to ob- the different climate scenarios cities employ in serve if the urban politics respond to interest their climate adaptation projections and plan- from external actors, if the urban policies and ning (e.g. perceiving the very different levels of strategies related to climate change follow magnitude from the expected climate risks. Un- tendencies dictated by foreign actors; or up to derstanding how climate is changing, and how which point cities’ climate politics are formu- this change becomes evident as impacts on ur- lated, and driven, by endogenous actors. The ar- ban communities are critically important for lo- ticle is about transnational actors with the power cal adaptation. There is a growing volume of to influence public transportation policies in the both observational and climate change model- big metropolis by offering technical solutions or ling data admissible to decision- and policy-mak- contacting those who have technical solutions ers of different scales, from global to local. It is with city officers. These group of actors, as well the primary role of such actors to address vulner- as international institutions, contribute to shap- abilities and becoming climate resilient. Even ing different cities’ strategy in the public trans- while we are increasingly becoming data rich, portation sector. Specifically, the article de- there are pertinent questions and challenges re- scribes the influence from transnational actors in lating to the usability and admissibility of such Lima and Mexico City –in particular from net- wealth to contribute to local climate change ad- works such as C40- to promote the implementa- aptation. The production of “climate services” is tion of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in each promoted as an important mechanism to close city. For instance, how these actors influenced the usability gap between climate data and infor- the decisions of construction, implementation as mation (model predictions and projections) and well as the expansion of the BRT system based local decision-makers. The development of ser- on the optics and the results its promoters can vices by which (climate) data are transformed as show. Particularly, the article aims to show the part of a specific and applied solution, requires economic interests that motivate the develop- scientific creativity combined with real-world in- ment of BRT systems in each city, and the pro- novation. INNOVA, an ERA4CS project 2017- cess of, what I call, the neo-liberalisation of 2020, is providing pathways to developing climate services covering all components of the

Category: Architecture and Agency climate change policy cycle and how innovations dedicated sectoral vision/roadmap has not been in climate services provisions could assist gov- institutionalized with a high degree of author- ernance in climate policy. The objective of this ity/legitimacy at the international level, the level paper is to demonstrate how INNOVA is identify- of transparency and accountability is low, global ing and exploring ways and means through governance initiatives on innovation rarely focus which the development of climate services can on emission intensive industries, and knowledge be accelerated, simplified and contextualised at creation and dissemination provided by various the local scale. It also promotes innovative de- institutions does not meet the much greater development models for climate services that can mands e.g. for R&D of decarbonized production be replicated and transformed to be broadly fit- technologies or low-carbon alternatives. Given for-purpose. Cities in urban, peri-urban, coastal this apparent gap in global climate governance, and islands case studies are selected for to co- it is the aim of this study, to explore how and to develop and co-produce technological and social what extent sectoral decarbonization club(s) can innovation in climate risk management is critical contribute to closing those gaps towards decar- for addressing vulnerabilities and becoming cli- bonizing emission intensive industries. Based on mate resilient. climate governance. a series of interviews with stakeholders from companies, trade associations, (sub-)national Panel ID 48 governments, and CSOs we will explore different Private sector governance, engagement “club goods” that provide an incentive to join a and activism club (e.g. intensification and coordination of co- Chair: Kate O’Neill operation on technology and innovation, risk sharing arrangements for high capex, high risk in- 18 vestments in demonstration plants, coordina- Exploring the prospect for a sectoral decarbonization on hydrogen infrastructure) and review po- tion club in the steel industry tential roles for different actors. On that basis we Lukas Hermwille prepare a template for a sectoral decarboniza- Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Wuppertal, Germany. IVM Institute for Environmental Stud- tion club. ies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 313 Meeting the well below 2°C target adopted in Hybrid Environmental Governance: Coupling Pri- the Paris Agreement requires the decarboniza- vate Sector Engagement and Institutional Order tion of global economies and societies early in for Sustainable Coastal Zone Management in the second half of the century. Emission inten- Quintana Roo, Mexico. sive industries play a central role in this monu- Susan Baker1, Bárbara Ayala-Orozco2, Eduardo García- mental transformation challenge. The sector Frapolli2 1Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, merits special attention also in terms of the pro- Cardiff, United Kingdom. 2Institute for Ecosystem and Sus- vision of international governance. First, emis- tainability Research, National Autonomous University of sion intensive industries are at the core of com- Mexico UNAM, Morelia, Mexico petitiveness concerns that have historically ham- Designing effective and legitimate solutions to pered ambitious climate policies. Second, sus- environmental problems requires multi-actor tainable alternatives are much less developed governance, particularly for coastal zones (CZ), than e.g. in the power sector. And third, previous where accelerated environmental changes place analysis has shown that the potential for inter- social and natural systems at risk. Agency, national governance to support decarbonization through the substantive participation of private in the sector remains vastly underutilized. A

Category: Architecture and Agency actors in rule making, has been research, but regulatory compliance. This development is oc- there is need to examine the dynamics involved curring alongside, and feeding into, state and in, and consequence of hybrid governance ar- municipal reorganization and legislative reforms, rangements, that is, when public and private ac- resulting in a complex and dynamic hybrid gov- tors come together to govern. Understanding of ernance form. Hybrid governance contributes to whether hybrid governance enhances govern- effective environmental governance of the CZ of mentality, improves environmental outcomes, Quintana Roo. However, this form of govern- and supports or hinders democratic governing ance risks the privatization of environmental (traditionally understood to involve transpar- public goods and may support state retreat from ency, accountability and legitimacy) remains limits public responsibilities. ited. We provide an empirical study of hybrid 324 governance, involving federal and local government and private actor from civil society organi- Keystone actors in the global clothing industry Jacob Hileman, Ivan Kallstenius, Celinda Palm, Tiina Häyhä, zations, environmental non-government organi- Sarah Cornell zations and business interest associations, in CZ Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden governance in the state of Quintana Roo, Mex- ico. The CZ of Quintana Roo has an ecologically The majority of global industries are dominated rich ecosystem with an extensive coral reef, eco- by a few disproportionately large corporations, nomically important for many stakeholder or “keystone actors.” While concentration of groups. However, the area faces strong pres- economic production is not a new phenomenon, sures from economic development, mainly tour- in an increasingly interconnected and globalized ism, with consequences for water pollution and world the magnitude of the impacts that trans- fishery resources. Qualitative, mixed methods national corporations have on diverse social- (in-depth interviews, direct observation, partici- ecological systems is greater than ever before. In patory workshops, and document analysis) were this study, we examine the case of keystone ac- used to gather data during the period 2016- tors in the global clothing industry – one of the 2018. A thick network of private actors was most polluting industries in the world – and iden- found, which have mobilized to play an im- tify potential leverage points for encouraging in- portant role in environmental management and dustry-wide transformations toward sustainabil- to act in collaboration with the local state. Mul- ity. Through reviewing the sustainability reports tiple rationales account for this development, infor the 20 largest clothing companies, followed cluding high levels of environmental awareness by multiple rounds of online snowball sampling, among both state and non-state actors, particu- we map the network of high-level collaboration lar with respect to water pollution, and lack of taking place among global actors to address core institutional capacities that motivates state ac- sustainability challenges in the industry. The net- tors to seek private partnerships. Private actors work consists of 455 actors (e.g., clothing com- also mobilize in response to state corruption and panies, trade associations, NGOs, research insti- failure and concern that environmental deterio- tutes) working on a suite of 16 different biophys- ration is undermining their economic interest. ical and sociopolitical sustainability challenges Outcomes include self-regulation and voluntary (e.g., hazardous chemicals, land use, working codes of conduct, alongside environmental mon- conditions, ethical sourcing). Using social net- itoring to provide data and evidence to the state, work analysis, we identify: (a) which actors, and including about the robustness and suitability of which types of actors, occupy key positions in existing regulations and about problems with the network in terms of their centrality, ability to bridge between diverse communities in the

Category: Architecture and Agency network, and other related structural measures; ambitious public policy interventions to address and (b) which sustainability challenges are most environmental challenges, often partnering with central, or conversely least central, in the net- campaigning NGOs to jointly advocate for work. This approach advances current research stronger government action. How can we ac- on keystone actors by moving beyond examining count for this transition among private sector ac- the actors themselves, to situating keystone actors from apparent reactionaries to apparent actors within a larger business ecosystem, and fo- tivists? What influences how private sector ac- cusing the analysis on identifying other organiza- tors’ involvement in Earth System Governance tions occupying influential positions in the wider has evolved over time? To explore this question, networks in which keystone actors are embed- this paper looks at the empirical case of corpo- ded. Lastly, this study also illustrates how devel- rate involvement in the process to develop the oping approaches to Earth System Governance SDGs. What was the private sector calling for may benefit from considering an industry-wide Category: Architecture and Agency 65 govern- approach, as doing so directly addresses the con- ments to include in the SDGs? How can we ac- nections among different components of the count for private sector lobbying for high ambi- earth system that must be navigated in order to tion SDGs? What does that tell us about how pri- achieve truly global transformations. vate sector actors in Earth System Governance respond to change and evolve over time? Using 325 a critical hermeneutics methodology, the paper From reactionaries to activists? Corporate lobby- examines key documents published by the pri- ing for high ambition SDGs: understanding how vate sector and statements made at meetings and why private sector actors in Earth System between private sector actors and policymakers Governance evolve over time during the process to develop the SDGs. The pa- Matt Gitsham1 , Ajit Nayak2 , Jonathan Gosling3 per additionally examines internal documents 1Ashridge Executive Education at Hult International Busi- and meeting transcripts relating to the negotia- ness School, Berkhamsted, United Kingdom. 2University of tion and drafting of private sector position state- Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. 3University ments. Finally, it draws on interviews with sev- of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom eral of the private sector actors involved, explor- How do private sector actors in Earth System ing their accounts of the meanings that informed Governance respond to change and evolve over their contribution to the process to develop the time? Much literature has documented how, SDGs. The paper discusses the range of public over decades, the private sector has exerted in- policy interventions that many of the private sec- fluence to frustrate efforts to strengthen public tor actors involved in the process to develop the policy and government action on environmental SDGs were lobbying governments to include. The issues. At the same time, a significant literature paper offers a constructivist reading of how so- has also grown exploring how some private sec- cial change influences the thinking and action of tor actors have worked in polycentric govern- private sector actors over time, drawing on the ance networks with others to pursue voluntary accounts of some of the private sector actors in- standards and private governance initiatives to volved. The paper concludes by discussing impli- constructively advance Earth System Govern- cations for the design of global governance archi- ance. In recent years, such action has been com- tecture. plemented by a growing number of empirical examples of some private sector actors actively lobbying governments directly for more

Category: Architecture and Agency

Panel ID 49 development of national green bond standards Private sectors, trade and business in several countries such as Brazil, China, Japan, Chair: Kate Negacz and EU. Considering this, the paper hypothesizes that transnational voluntary schemes that are 101 adopted by a number of stakeholders could Influence of private governance schemes for bring a guiding impact on national policy-mak- green bond standard on national policy making ing. This hypothesis is examined through the pa- Toyo Kawabata per as follows. Firstly, the theory of private gov- Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan ernance schemes is reviewed to depict the ana- Literature concerning the shift of authority in cli- lytical framework on the shift of authority. Fol- mate governance highlights that a growing num- lowing that, the paper discusses the institutional ber of transnational actors play an authoritative interplay between several private governance role in policy-making of climate change, which schemes for green bond, underlining the benign was traditionally covered by public authorities characteristic of global discussion on green such as governments and inter-governmental or- bond. Then, a case study illustrates that the out- ganizations. While scholarly attention of the pri- come of the interplay forms the solid ground for vate governance has been centered on the crea- the uptake of the private green bond standard as tion of voluntary self-regulation schemes, an- a guiding standard for national policy-making. other form of emergent private governance The argument gives implication on how to lever- scheme can be a guiding role of private schemes age private governance schemes of green bond to policy-making of public authority. This paper for exploring not only climate finance flow but considers how and why voluntary self-regulation also finance flow for the Sustainable Develop- schemes make an influence on the public author- ment Goals (SDGs). ity’s policy-making, examining the case of the 170 private and national standards for the green The rise of sustainable investment as a private re- bond. As climate finance flow is still far behind gime in global environmental governance from that is required in the Paris Agreement, Noriko Kusumi there is growing interest in the green bond University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA among actors in climate governance as a poten- Sustainable investment (SI) aims to enforce its tial source to bridge the financing gap. There are policy through scrutinizing corporate environ- several private governance schemes for green bonds, among which two notable schemes in- mental and social performance for its invest- clude the Green Bond Principles (GBP) devel- ment decision-making and engaging with corporate management on sustainability issues. Such oped by the International Capital Market Associ- a private governance initiative is widely consid- ation (ICMA) and the Climate Bond Standard (CBS) drafted by the Climate Bond Initiatives ered to create positive incentives and flexibility (CBI). GBP and CBI have been frequently referred for actors to resolve market failures and to meet public expectation. This paper frames SI as a new to as a benchmark to meet the required level of site and mode of global environmental govern- transparency and integrity of disclosed information that will be reported by issuers to inves- ance and argues that, through SI activities, the tors and multi-stakeholders, despite that both global financial industry has become capable of creating a new institution that sets up a global are only voluntary schemes developed by non- state actors. Furthermore, those voluntary private regime, influences multinational corpo- schemes are used as guidance for the rations’ business activities, and shapes the public

Category: Architecture and Agency discourse on sustainability. By investigating the products and services, and participation in col- evolving institutional architecture, agent net- lective deliberations on pathways to (and visions work, and shared norm, the paper aims to criti- of) sustainable futures. Their transformational cally evaluate the effectiveness of SI as a privat- potential encompasses activities that are di- ized environmental regime. Emerging factors in rected toward their own operations, as well as global environmental governance - the expan- playing a role in shaping processes beyond their sion of global markets, the rise of corporate business, such as contributing to neighborhood power and its social and environmental impact, development or influencing practices of other and international/national governance deficits - firms. While an abundance of case studies exist raised a demand for a variety of private govern- that document a long list of sustainability-ori- ance mechanisms to enforce corporate social re- ented actions taken by SMEs, these actions are sponsibility. Over the past decades, market rarely analyzed in terms of their contribution to mechanisms and financial considerations have a broader pathway, including their contribution increasingly taken the central role of environ- to momentum or system-wide ripple ef- mental management and sustainable develop- fects. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of ment at national and global levels. Among the the governance implications these pathways is various market-based environmental initiatives, required to inform more holistic, inclusive, and SI has made a remarkable growth over the past innovative climate change and sustainability pol- decades in terms of the assets under manage- icy. We draw upon a large sample size survey of ment (over $12 trillion as of 2018), as well as the small business in Vancouver and Toronto diversity of actors in its institutional alliance. The (n=1730) over 120 interviews in Vancouver study specifically analyzes the relationship be- (CAN), Toronto (CAN), London (UK) and Rotter- tween the power shift within financial market dam (NLD), and new case studies in Lüneburg since the 1970s and the evolution of sustainabil- (GER) and Melbourne (AUS) to develop catego- ity discourse and practice among the SI partici- ries capturing the transformational actions of pants and discusses how the dynamics of market SMEs. This data suggests that these actions can landscape change act upon the effectiveness of be thought of as i) Adjustment interventions (i.e. the SI regime. modifications of quantifiable features and activities), ii) Function interventions (i.e. changes to 362 practices and interactions between actors), iii) Pathways to transformative sustainability: gov- Design interventions (i.e. changes to the ability erning small business interventions of people to take decisions and the associated in- Sarah Burch1, Linda Westman2, Chris Luederitz1, Aravind fluence over actions), and iv) Purpose interven- Kundurpi1 1University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. 2University of tions (i.e. changes to the reason behind opera- Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom tions, the values and worldviews underlying explicit and implicit goals of a system). We then It is clear that progress towards fundamentally map the connections, to explore the pathways sustainable futures in urban spaces can be that small businesses might follow as they exer- fraught with complexity, surprises, and con- cise their agency to reconfigure the underlying tested decisions made by a multitude of public values that define their business, interact with and private actors. Small- and medium-sized en- the urban system of which they are a part, and terprises (SMEs) are one such actor that can con- feed into broader decision-making or political tribute to prosperous societies in numerous processes. ways, including through provision of livelihood opportunities, creating environmentally sound

Category: Architecture and Agency

Panel ID 15 trajectory of transformative biodiversity govern- Transforming Biodiversity Governance (i) ance: What should be conserved? How should Chair: Ester Turnhout resources for transforming conservation be mobilised and allocated? And how should decision- 265 making processes relating to those transfor- Justice and equity in post-2020 biodiversity gov- mations be structured? First, we discuss ques- ernance tions of justice embedded in proposals for a mas- Jonathan Pickering1, Brendan Coolsaet2, Neil Dawson3 sive expansion of protected areas, as with Wil- 1University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. 2Catholic Uni- son’s (2016) ‘Half-Earth’ proposal. We critically versity of Lille, Lille, France. 3University of East Anglia, Nor- assess debates about whether such an expan- wich, United Kingdom sion could further disenfranchise the global Reasons of justice and equity underpin calls for poor, or whether it may strike a more equitable transformative biodiversity governance to be in- balance between human and non-human inter- clusive as well as effective. Biodiversity loss can ests. Second, we address considerations of jus- create new injustices or exacerbate existing tice associated with an unprecedented scale-up ones, particularly when the ecosystems that sus- of financial investment in nature conservation, tain vulnerable groups degrade or collapse while including how the global conservation effort others profit from ecological exploitation. Trans- should be shared fairly among contributing formations towards more environmentally sus- countries, how financial resources should be al- tainable governance could help to alleviate these located among recipient countries, and what injustices but may also produce other injustices, role the CBD could play in this context. Third, we for example if the creation of protected areas de- discuss how procedural justice applies to deci- prives vulnerable groups of access to their tradi- sion-making about transformative justice, focus- tional lands. Despite considerable advances in ing on the extent to which different actors have theorising environmental justice –and, more re- been included in the process of developing the cently, related concepts such as climate justice CBD’s post-2020 framework. and planetary justice – there remains a need to clarify the scope and content of what could be 332 called ‘biodiversity justice’ or ‘just biodiversity Biodiversity Revisited: Developing a new ap- governance’ and to critically assess its role in proach to sustaining life on earth. 1,2 3 4 transformative biodiversity governance. This Carina Wyborn , Jasper Montana , Lindsey Elliot , Mela- nie Ryan1, Jonathon Hutton1 chapter/paper addresses this task through criti- 1Luc Hoffmann Institute, Gland, Switzerland. 2University of cal engagement with recent theory and practice Montana, Missoula, USA. 3Oxford University, Oxford, United in environmental governance, with a primary fo- Kingdom. 4Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom cus on the negotiation and implementation of The diversity of life that sustains humanity is be- the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s ing severely degraded by human action leading (CBD’s) post-2020 framework. We begin by set- to a deterioration in land, air, and water quality, ting out a conceptual framework for understand- loss of natural ecosystems and widespread de- ing biodiversity justice and its relationships to clines in populations of wild species. Despite sig- environmental, ecological and planetary justice. nificant knowledge about the problem, effective We briefly map how discourses of justice, equity broad-based action has not been forthcoming. and rights have featured in the CBD to date. We With the persistence of major structural chal- then address questions of justice and equity that lenges in the form of economic and trade agen- arise in three key areas of debate about the das that continue to threaten the biosphere and

Category: Architecture and Agency its human inhabitants, we question whether or National Governments of signatory countries to not the concept of ‘biodiversity’ itself – and the the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are science and policy that surround it – is suffi- responsible for translating the national commit- ciently compelling to halt the degradation of life ments on biodiversity into National Strategies on earth. This paper will present the results of and Action Plans (NBSAPs). In this article I as- “Biodiversity Revisited”, a year-long expert con- sume that this process is conditioned by the abil- vening process undertaken throughout 2019 to ity to (A) link objective to national biodiversity catalyse critical reflection and fresh thinking discourses, (B) address dominant causes of bio- around the current research, policy, and practice diversity loss, (C) link objectives and activities to agendas for biodiversity. The Biodiversity Revis- sector specific implementation processes and ited project engages with the five analytical (D) the ability to engage relevant sector actors lenses of the Earth System Governance research and build social capital. Looking at the case of agenda as they relate to the governance of bio- Peru I build an analytic framework based on ex- diversity. Our convening will critically assess the isting studies for each of these aspects (A-D) and shortcomings of existing mechanisms for biodi- analyse their performance based on the NBSAP versity governance from local to global scales, document, reports from the Peruvian National and reflect upon the ways in which biodiversity Commission for Biological Diversity (CONADIB) loss is inseparable from the political issues of and selected expert interviews. A: Despite the land ownership and rights; access to natural re- coexistence of five dominant biodiversity narra- sources; competing concepts, narratives and ep- tives in Peru, I find that the national NBSAP is istemic alliances; and the fragmentation of re- dominated by the Capitalist and the Protection- search and policy efforts into overlapping agen- ist narrative, focussing on the economic value of das including climate, oceans, land degradation biodiversity and protected areas. B: The NBSAP and sustainable development. Through this addresses several elements, such as climate work, we will draw on and contribute to thinking change, deforestation and the use of fertilizers about the earth system in order to inform the fu- and herbicides. Several key causes of biodiver- ture of conservation-related research and cata- sity loss, such as pollution, mining, agricultural lyse more holistic approaches that take account practices and expansion as well as overfishing of social and policy dynamics alongside biophys- however remain unaddressed. C: Few NBSAP ac- ical change. In this paper, we report on the pro- tivities are aiming at supporting sector policies, cess and set out the implications of the “Biodi- such as providing a monitoring guideline for En- versity Revisited” project as they relate to a vironmental Impact Assessments, such as ap- more grounded and inclusive understanding of plied in the Mining and Transport sectors. By ‘biodiversity’ as part of the earth system and the contrast, the NBSAP misses links to many im- governance implications therein. portant sector policies as those regulating fish extraction, forestry and agriculture. D: About 381 two thirds of the CONADIB agenda items are fo- Mainstreaming, discourses and social capital: re- cused on CBD reporting and planning. Partici- flecting existing knowledge on biodiversity con- pants from non-environmental sectors perceive servation with National Planning processes little added value for strengthening implementa- Yves Zinngrebe tion. Despite a growing debate on mainstream- George-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, ing and biodiversity planning, there literature to Göttingen, Germany date falls short of providing specific guidance for how to improve it. Identifying shortcomings in

Category: Architecture and Agency policy planning is a necessary prerequisite to structured interviews with policy, academic, and stimulate institutional learning. In this perspec- civil society actors, we identify six key institu- tive, the findings of this article provide a range of tional developments occurring across multiple practical entrance points for improved biodiver- levels (i.e. programmatic, legislative, constitu- sity policy planning. tional levels), and apply a systematic process tracing methodology to identify causal condi- Panel ID 50 tions and mechanisms explaining them. Findings Multi-level governance: Climate policy at reveal a promising, yet tentative, ‘work in pro- sub-national level gress’ towards institutional reconfiguration for Chair: Benjamin Cashore climate adaptation in Santiago, achieved through a multiple response pattern involving 177 differing causal mechanisms, and synergistic and Institutional development and reconfiguration in antagonistic interplay between them. Yet, there governance systems under pressure: Urban cli- is an evident need for further bold action to con- mate adaptation in Santiago, Chile solidate current developments, although the James Patterson prospects for this seem uncertain. The study re- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands veals the simultaneous presence of multiple in- Governance systems across scales are increas- stitutional logics (i.e. consequence, appropriate- ingly confronted with a need to adapt and trans- ness, history) involved in institutional develop- form under growing social, political, and environment and reconfiguration in practice. This sug- mental pressures. Urban climate adaptation gov- gests the relevance of a variety of existing insti- ernance is a particular example of this issue, as tutionalist and policy change theories, but that cities are confronted with growing climate-re- these may need to be combined with some de- lated risks and impacts. Institutional develop- gree of eclecticism to explain deliberate efforts ment and reconfiguration is a key need. How- to adapt and transform governance systems, and ever, the processes by which this occurs remain constraints on this. Overall, the paper contrib- vastly under-developed, and are still often utes to advancing process-oriented explanations treated as a ‘black box’ (e.g. widely called for, but of change in institutional architectures that goes rarely studied explicitly). Addressing this gap is beyond input-oriented assessments of capacity, challenging, because institutional development or output-oriented assessments of adaptation and reconfiguration largely occur in situ on the planning. It demonstrates a novel exploratory fabric of present setups, potentially in multiple approach to studying institutional development co-occurring ways. This calls for process-ori- and reconfiguration by disaggregating causal ented explanations of how and why (i.e. under processes across institutional levels and over which permissive and productive conditions, and time. This contributes to Earth System Govern- through which causal mechanisms) are institu- ance scholarship on Architecture and Adaptive- tions for climate change adaptation developed, ness, by developing process-oriented explana- and with what consequences for reconfiguring tions underpinning the production of adaptive- urban governance systems? This paper examines ness. processes of institutional development and reconfiguration in urban climate adaptation, through an in-depth case study of Santiago, Chile over a 12-year period (2005-2017). Drawing on primary and secondary data, including 26 semi-

Category: Architecture and Agency

195 approach is used for contextual description of Drawing descriptive inferences from regions and climate change governance, while data results states climate actions data: contributions for un- are analyzed considering the degree of govern- derstanding climate multilevel governance archi- ance architecture fragmentation and its implica- tecture tions for global climate governance. The meth- Thais Ribeiro odology is based on descriptive inferences and Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil statistical techniques using data from subna- New and more pluralistic forms of climate gov- tional actions organized in terms of observable ernance are necessary to achieve emission re- implications of a specific theory: quantity and ductions based on the 2ºC target, and new em- characteristics of subnational actions for climate pirical research has indicated a shift to multi-lev- change, number of national legislation for cli- eled and bottom-up governance architectures. mate change, country GHG emissions profile and Innovative institutional governance arrange- vulnerability to climate change. The CDP Disclo- ments, separate negotiation tracks under UN- sure Insight Action database comprises 140 ac- FCCC umbrella and INDCs evidence this shift. In tions of 63 regions or states in 24 countries, this context, regions, provinces, states and cities which together represent 34% of world emis- actions engaged with climate change mitigation sions. This study expects to offer sound descrip- and adaptation have been presented as alternative inferences based on empirical data and pre- tives to compensate for insufficient regulation at liminary work on global multilevel governance national and international levels, and as means and governance architecture fragmentation. to contribute to national targets and compro- Even though it will not demonstrate systematic mises. There is extensive literature about cities relations between the variables presented, it engagement and commitments, but research will be able to suggest developments for further about the intermediate level comprised of re- research. gions, province and states is still scarce. Such 205 studies can be especially relevant considering Climate policy integration in rapidly urbanizing that seven out of the ten major greenhouse gas middle-income countries: insights from Kenya emitters are federated systems. This paper ob- Steffen Bauer, Eva Dick jective is to draw descriptive inferences from German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- data about states and regions actions for climate wicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany change mitigation and adaptation based on The United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable multi-level governance and architecture frag- Development and the Paris Agreement under mentation approaches. The analytical category the UNFCCC create profound challenges for the is subnational action, which can reveal motiva- development and implementation of coherent tions and differences in behavior made by coun- policies at national and local levels. This paper tries with similar emission profiles or commit- discusses how multilaterally negotiated and na- ments. The research question is how are regions tionally developed policies relate to governance and states' climate actions framed and how this challenges that are pertinent to both climate pol- framing interacts with multilevel governance for icy and sustainable development at subnational climate change. The hypothesis is that the ma- levels. It is based on an in-depth empirical analy- jority of actions is aligned with the UNFCCC, con- sis of climate policy in lower middle-income sidered the overarching frame, and this align- country Kenya with a focus on urban service pro- ment allows a situation of cooperative fragmen- vision in the water and energy sectors. Consider- tation in governance architecture. The multilevel ing cities as increasingly relevant agents in Earth

Category: Architecture and Agency

System Governance, this paper asks specifically 256 to what extent climate policies are integrated in Energy Transition in Yucatán: impacts, responses, urban development in Kenya and how this is re- and possibilities flected in the country’s decentralized govern- Ivet Reyes Maturano ance architecture. Building on the climate policy McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Articulación Yucatán, integration (CPI) literature the paper explores Merida, Mexico enabling and constraining factors for the align- Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable en- ment of national climate policies with subna- ergies (energy transition; ET) is perhaps the most tional development priorities and related chal- important globally coordinated response to cli- lenges for policy implementation. As one of Af- mate change. To understand whether the imple- rica’s rapidly urbanizing countries, Kenya and its mentation of ET is attuned with the protection of domestic “Vision 2030” provide for an interest- local environments and the strengthening of lo- ing case study regarding the synergies and trade- cal governance a critical assessment of the policy offs between climate policy and sustainable ur- framework surrounding ET is needed. This paper ban development. Internationally, Kenya was ac- uses Yucatan, a predominantly indigenous state tively engaged in the development of the Sus- in Mexico, as a case study for analyzing the po- tainable Development Goals (SDGs) and in ad- tential harm to local environments and commu- vancing the Paris Agreement. Domestically, the nities caused by ET. In 2016 Yucatan jumped to country has adopted ambitious climate policies, the forefront of the global renewable energy which it now seeks to integrate with national and sector when it became the “big winner” of the sub-national sectoral development aspirations in first renewal energy auction in the country. To- the context of Kenya's ongoing devolution of day, Yucatan hosts at least 22 renewable energy powers. Against the backdrop of Kenya’s newly mega projects (12 wind farms and 10 solar decentralized governance architecture, the farms) that, if developed, together would occupy country’s dynamically growing cities are facing more than 11 000 hectares of fragile ecosystems. considerable challenges, especially regarding the The paper presents an overview of ET’s main so- provision of adequate basic services such as cioenvironmental impacts (e.g. territorial dispos- clean water and sustainable energy. Empirically, session, land-use planning law violations, indige- the paper draws on qualitative case studies of nous rights violations, deforestation, aquifer de- three Kenyan second-tier cities, Eldoret, Kisumu struction), assesses how those impacts are re- and Nakuru, all of which are concomitantly capi- lated to a global institutional network and Mexi- tals of their respective counties. Differentiating can ET policy, describes how local communities policy frames, political subsystems, policy goals have responded to ET, and suggests how global and policy instruments it provides innovative in- networks and regional policy can be changed to sights regarding challenges and future perspec- redirect ET towards a more sustainable path. tives for the coherent integration of climate policies into urban development and their prospec- Panel ID 51 tive contribution to achieving sustainable devel- Politics and Interests in Global Environ- opment goals in a dynamic lower middle-income mental Governance country. Chair: Peter Dauvergne

Category: Architecture and Agency

249 actors are involved in TEGI which reproduce and China’s engagement in transnational extractives disseminate the transparency norm. Neverthe- governance and global environmental norm de- less, Chinese actors do not actively engage in velopment governance platforms where transparency is the Hyeyoon Park most primary norm, while they are more in- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA volved in business-oriented voluntary programs Traditional norm literature in IR does not suffi- in which transparency is less emphasized. In- ciently explain the impact of changing power re- stead, the Chinese government recently devel- lations among states on norm development. This oped a Chinese version of transnational extrac- theoretical gap leads to a lack of research on the tive governance guidelines to promote social re- role of China as an emerging power in develop- sponsibility in outbound mining investments. ing global environmental governance norms. This result suggests that China is both a norm- Meanwhile, Chinese actors are beginning to en- taker and norm-shaper through a two-way so- gage in global extractive governance due to cialization process in global environmental gov- growing overseas investment and business in ex- ernance. Regarding the conference stream of Ar- tractive sectors. This research explores the role chitecture and Agency, this paper contributes to of China in transparency norm development in understanding how an emerging country (an global extractives governance through the con- agent) interact with existing environmental gov- cept of norm contestation. It examines norm de- ernance institutions (architecture) and influ- velopment as a two-way socialization process ences in global environmental norm contesta- where China is both a norm-taker (adopts exist- tion. ing norms) and a norm-maker (shapes/re-shapes 286 norms) through analyzing forty-two transna- Nationalism and Earth Systems: A Challenge from tional extractive governance initiatives (TEGI) se- the Anthropocene lected based on the Standards Map of Interna- Afshin Akhtar-Khavari, Amanda Kennedy tional Trade Center and previous literature. This School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Bris- analysis will use the data collected from TEGI’s bane, Australia official websites, conducting questionnaires and The rise of nationalism and populism are chal- interviewing TEGI secretariats for Patton’s data lenging international law and global governance triangulation approach (Yin 2014). Applying a developments. Nationalism is more apparent in qualitative coding method, the following charac- the last few years, as countries have reacted to teristics in each initiative will be evaluated: (1) the challenges of globalisation. There is evidence the types of Chinese actors participating in TEGI; that it is increasingly more difficult to generate (2) the distinctive features of their engagement; new international environmental treaties that (3) the centrality of the transparency norm in will coordinate and develop laws and policies for each TEGI; (4) the influence of Chinese actors in the world on particular issues or problems. This transparency-related rules of the TEGI; (5) and is partly because of the high cost for countries in relationships between the TEGIs in which Chi- agreeing to certain environmental standards. nese actors engage. My preliminary analysis The challenges around achieving more ambitious finds that one or more Chinese public or private climate change goals, for instance, pose an ap- actors are involved in one-half of the initiatives, parent and deep problem for global environmen- the vast majority of which emphasize transpar- tal governance and for Earth systems. Drawing ency, for instance, by declaring it in their mission from Australia as a case study, this paper argues statement. This result suggests that Chinese that there are two kinds of emerging drivers of

Category: Architecture and Agency environmentally oriented forms of nationalism 306 that have potential implications for Earth sys- Assessing the chances of global climate govern- tems. The first relates to the flexing power of in- ance: the role of Climate Powers in a conflictive ternational environmental administrative agen- world cies in relation to environmental issues that po- Matias Franchini1, Eduardo Viola2 tentially influence Earth systems. The other re- 1Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia. 2University of lates to the sense of solastalgia that comes from Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil more frequent severe environmental damage In previous works, we have assessed the pro- and harm. Solastalgia it is argued can encourage spects for global climate governance - in particu- greater ecological isolation or nationalism for lo- lar mitigation - focusing on the political economy cal communities that are deeply connected to of the world's major climate state actors - or cli- their local environments. The potential reaction mate powers. As such, our question was how of local communities to such experiences of eco- power asymmetries and different levels of logical nostalgia may have detrimental effects on agency affected global climate governance. We Australia’s likely interest in being involved in cer- concluded that the path of global mitigation tain international environmental law develop- would be strongly affected by the level of climate ments. The reluctance of Australia to register the commitment of these powerful actors, namely loss of ecological character in some of its Ramsar the United States, the EU, China, India, Brazil, In- wetlands with the Montreux Record is a good ex- donesia, Japan, South Korea, and Russia. As most ample of the first. To do so would otherwise al- of these actors showed low levels of climate low the Technical and Scientific Committee of commitment, our conclusion was that climate the 1971 Convention on Wetlands of Interna- change mitigation would not increase visibly, de- tional Importance to carry out domestic investi- spite the path taken by the UNFCCC negotia- gations to assist Australia to restore the wetland. tions. In recent years, there have been a number Another similar example includes the decisions of relevant developments in the area of mitiga- to drain some wetlands for farming needs, which tion governance: First, the rise in temperature then impact the long-term ecological character seems to be accelerating, bringing us closer to of those areas. The second driver discussed is the dangerous climate change. Accordingly, the increasing incidences of severe environmental chances of reaching the 2C target by 2100 are degradation evoking solastalgia. For instance, very low. Second, the impact of low-carbon tech- megafires are now common in Australia, as are nologies on the emissions trajectory has in- decisions to continue extracting resources at a creased, particularly in the energy sector, where large scale, with consequent implications for lo- a price revolution is making non-traditional re- cal communities. This form of ecological nostal- newable energy sources competitive with fossil gia, however, can have counterintuitive effects fuels. This has probably been the most notable leading to a sense of nature nationalism. The pa- development in climate change mitigation, and per argues that these drivers of nationalism can is not directly related to public policies. Thirdly, have adverse influences on Earth systems which non-national-state actors continued to increase in turn can further aggravate, if unchecked, the their level of agency: Cities; States and prov- participation of countries in global environmen- inces; NGOs and large corporations. Fourth, cli- tal governance arrangements. mate negotiations have followed the path of many talks and little action, including the Paris Agreement. Fifth, the level of economic and security conflict has increased in the core of the

Category: Architecture and Agency international system, in particular between the environmental issue areas. One possible sce- US, the EU, Japan, China and Russia. Sixth, the nario is that countries that are dissatisfied with climate commitment among climate powers has traditional settings for environmental lawmaking decreased since 2011, with the partial exception engage in a process of “regime shifting” toward of the EU. This paper focuses on the last three PTAs to move forward on their environmental points, i.e. how the increasingly conflictual na- agenda. The alternative is that PTAs’ environ- ture of the international system, combined with mental provisions are the result of “tactical link- the declining level of climate commitment ages” and merely duplicate extant obligations among climate powers, negatively affects the from international environmental law to serve path of cooperation in climate change mitiga- political goals. We shed light on this question by tion, including but not limited to the UNFCCC ne- building on two datasets of 690 PTAs and 2342 gotiations. To achieve this objective, the article environmental treaties. We investigate four po- is divided as follows: A first part describes the tential contributions of PTAs to environmental current characteristics of the conflictive interna- law: the diffusion of multilateral environmental tional system. A second part contains a short his- agreements (MEAs), the promotion of existing tory of how systemic conflict have affected cli- environmental rules, the design of new environ- mate cooperation in the past, a third part as- mental rules, and the legal prevalence of MEAs. sesses the level of climate commitment of the The article concludes that the trade regime con- major climate powers and, finally, our conclu- stitutes an echo chamber for international envi- sions. ronmental law. It provides to environmental law an image of itself, but not an amplified one. Panel ID 52 Institutional interplay 171 Chair: Fariborz Zelli An institutional interplay perspective to multi- level governance: The case of the São Paulo Mac- 39 rometropolitan region promoting environmental protection in trade Leandra Goncalves1, Pedro Fidelman2, Alexander Turra1 agreements: a regime shift or a tactical linkage? 1University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 2University of Noémie Laurens, Jean-Frédéric Morin Queensland, Queensland, Australia Université Laval , Québec, Canada Multi-level governance (i.e., decision- and pol- The prolific literature on the relationship be- icy-making that involve multiple actors and take tween the trade and environmental regimes suf- place across multiple jurisdictions and sectors) fers from two shortcomings. First, it myopically has been proposed as a promising approach to focuses on multilateral institutions while the deal with the multidimensional nature of press- vast majority of trade and environmental agreeing environmental issues . This is because these ments are bilateral. Second, it examines how the issues manifest at multiple levels, from local to trade and environmental regimes negatively af- global, and need to be addressed accordingly. fect each other, leaving aside their potential syn- However, multi-level governance is very often ergies. Conversely, this article assesses the po- challenging given the complex institutional envi- tential contribution of preferential trade agree- ronment (e.g., rules, norms, decision-making ments (PTAs) to international environmental processes and network of actors) in which it is law. Several PTAs include a full-fledged chapter implemented. This paper proposes that the con- devoted to environmental protection and concept of institutional interplay (i.e., interaction tain detailed commitments on various between institutions) is critical if the challenges to multi-level governance are to be better

Category: Architecture and Agency understood and addressed. Drawing on the liter- Numerous International Environmental Agree- ature on institutional interplay, it develops an ments (IEAs) contain provisions that are linked to analytical approach to examine challenges to international trade. Many of these provisions coastal governance at multiple subnational lev- have potential effects on international trade els. São Paulo Macrometropolitan region (MMP, flows. For example, a number of IEAs include in portuguese) is used to ground the empirical provisions that entail a commitment towards lib- analysis. The MMP is one of the largest urban ar- eralized trade or provisions that promote inter- eas in the Southern Hemisphere; it houses the national trade in environmental goods and ser- Metropolitan Region of São Paulo - one of the vices. On the other hand, several IEAs also in- the six largest in the world, and important clude provisions that seek to restrict certain im- coastal urban areas, such as Baixada Santista and ports or exports. While trade-related provisions Litoral Norte. The MMP concentrates critical in- are an important feature of many frequently dis- frastructure, such as ports, airports and roads cussed IEAs, such as the Montreal Protocol on and major knowledge, technology and innova- Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, their tion hubs. The analysis of the MMP underscored implications have not been thoroughly re- several interacting institutions pertaining to mul- searched yet. In this paper, we investigate trade- tiple policy sectors across local, state and na- related provisions in IEAs, putting the focus on tional levels. These comprised a complex envi- their effects on the trade flows between the sig- ronment featuring a great deal of fragmentation, natory countries. To the best of our knowledge, and, consequently, jurisdictional and functional this paper is the first to address this gap in the gaps and overlaps. This environment was best literature. We investigate the effects of trade-re- explained in terms normative, functional and po- lated provisions in IEAs on trade flows in a large- litical interplay. Improved governance of the n study by making use of a novel, fine-grained MMP will require interplay management to en- dataset on “Trade and Investment Provisions in hance synergies and minimise tensions among International Environmental Agreements” the institutions analysed. This includes fostering (TIPEA). To analyse the effects of trade-related cognitive interaction (i.e., promoting inter-insti- provisions in IEAs on trade flows, we use a panel tutional learning and assistance, and enhancing of worldwide bilateral trade flows and use fixed synergy) between institutions with complemen- effects estimations to address issues of endoge- tary and/or similar objectives. Ultimately, inter- neity. We assess the effect of the overall number play management may reduce fragmentation, of trade-related provisions in IEAs but we also improve compliance and monitoring and in- classify provisions by whether they are rather crease cost-effectiveness. The findings from this trade-restricting or trade-liberalizing in nature. paper may prove useful to other jurisdictions Our paper contributes to the literature on the ef- where pressing environmental issues involve fects of international environmental agreements multiple governance levels and interacting insti- and the interplay between trade and the envi- tutions. ronment.

188 235 Trade Effects of International Environmental The inter-organizational interplay of intergovern- Agreements mental treaty secretariats in global environmen- Clara Brandi1, Jean-Frédéric Morin2, Jakob Schwab1 tal governance 1German Development Institute, Bonn, Germany. 2Laval Joshua Elsässer University, Quebec City, Canada University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Category: Architecture and Agency

Over the past two decades, numerous scholars 152 have broadened our understanding of the role Rising China and Antarctic Futures in the Anthro- and function of intergovernmental bureaucra- pocene cies in world politics. Today, there is general con- Nengye Liu sensus in the literature that bureaucracies mat- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ter, in fact, bureaucratic influence plays an im- This paper examines the question: what will the portant role in contemporary policy-making in future of Antarctica look like with a rising China? many political arenas. However, inter-organiza- It first briefly sets out the international legal re- tional interplay between various bureaucracies gime that governs the Antarctic. Next, possible has only recently attracted wider scholarly inter- futures of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) are est in International Relations research, especially examined in the context of China’s rise. The ATS in the field of global environmental governance. has generally been praised as a success for main- Due to their rather narrow mandates, the politi- taining peace and security in the Antarctic. Ques- cal leeway and decision-making capacity of inter- tions have, however, been raised in recent years governmental treaty secretariats has tradition- because no significant new agreement has been ally been considered as rather limited compared concluded under the ATS since the adoption of to other bureaucracies. Yet, in the past few the Madrid Protocol in 1991. Due to the chal- years, these secretariats have adopted a more lenges posed to the Antarctic environment in the active role in global environmental policy-mak- Anthropocene, the resilience and the future of ing by connecting and engaging in horizontal in- the ATS is under increasing scrutiny. The paper terplay with other secretariats across policy do- thus examines the capacity of the ATS to evolve mains. Building upon a qualitative case study ap- to respond to global environmental and political proach, the aim of this paper is to explore the change. The paper points out that 2048 and 2052 genesis, structure, and effectiveness of the inter- are critical time points for the future of the ATS. organizational interplay between three intergov- These dates are respectively when the Madrid ernmental treaty secretariats in the field of Protocol’s Mining Ban could potentially be re- global environmental governance, i.e. the secre- viewed; and when the duration of the Ross Sea tariats of the United Nations Framework Con- Marine Protected Area comes to an end. The pa- vention on Climate Change (“climate secretar- per then reflects on recent Chinese activities in iat”), the Convention of Biological Diversity (“bi- the Antarctic as well as China’s Antarctic law and odiversity secretariat”), and the United Nations policy to determine China’s possible moves in Convention to Combat Desertification (“deserti- Antarctica, as well its potential impact on the fication secretariat”). By focusing on the inter- ATS in next 30-50 years. China appears to have play activities of these secretariats, the results of taken a two-fold approach in Antarctic govern- this study might also shed light on ways in which ance – while China is generally supportive of the intergovernmental bureaucracies better and ATS, China is also keen to make its mark in shap- more effectively provide continuous agency for ing future development of the ATS in a manner multilateral environmental agreements. that promotes China’s interests. The paper thus Panel ID 53 concludes with an assessment of the capacity of the ATS to address the emerging threats of the New Directions in International Environ- Anthropocene in the context of shifting global mental Law powers. Chair: Rakhyun E. Kim

Category: Architecture and Agency

255 towards desirable future states. This paper sets How do we achieve equitable sustainability in the out four inter-related priority areas for interdis- Anthropocene? - An agenda for legal research ciplinary legal research: 1) the adoption of sys- Michelle Lim tems thinking; 2) harnessing mechanisms across Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Aus- a range of legal fields (e.g. from rights based ap- tralia proaches to tort law; 3) exploring legal options in Leach et al. (2018) coin the term ‘equitable sus- the private sphere which mobilise new actors; tainability’ to denote a desirable operating space and 4) strengthening the capacity of legal institu- for humanity in the Anthropocene. Here equity tions to facilitate transparent, democratic and and sustainability are recognised as being so responsive decision-making. The paper con- closely connected that they are emergent out- cludes by calling for lawyers and legal scholars to comes of coupled socio-ecological systems. The reach across disciplinary divides and to under- emergent outcomes of a just and sustainable take the transformations required to achieve eq- world thus arise from the feedbacks across net- uitable sustainability and the continued rele- works formed between the Earth system and hu- vance of the legal discipline in the Anthropo- man societies. Viewing the Anthropocene cene. through the lens of equitable sustainability goes 271 beyond conceptualising equity and sustainability Proxy representation of future generations and as biophysical or social limits or foundations. In- ecosystems: transforming global governance stead, focus is on understanding the dynamic in- through an integrated discourse teractions across human and natural systems Peter Lawrence and the way in which this system could develop Faculty of Law University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia into the future. Transformations to a better future require technological progress as well as Global institutions to represent future genera- dramatic social changes and governance re- tions tend to be more widely embraced than informs. It also requires greater understanding of stitutions to represent ecosystems. One reason how to shift coupled socio-ecological systems to- for this may be the perception that justifying rep- wards a desirable future while recognising his- resentation of ecosystems requires adopting an torical inequities in the contributions made to eco-centric worldview, which is less broadly ac- undermining the stability of the Earth system. In cepted than anthropocentric worldviews. This this paper, I argue that the law is not sufficiently paper argues that in practice there are strong recognised as a key tool for addressing the inter- synergies in the normative justifications behind connected social-ecological challenges of the An- both forms of representation. Part I: Architec- thropocene. Revolutionary approaches to envi- ture. This part outlines models of proxy repre- ronmental law are, nevertheless, required to sentation of future generations and ecological shape a sustainable and just world in the epoch systems found in national and international law of humans. It is vital that we think creatively, yet including: guardianship, trust models (including realistically, about the design and implementa- atmospheric trust), erga omnes claims in relation tion of environmental law. There is the need to to whaling, global commons, actio popularis (in- envision a range of plausible and desirable future ternational tribunals), amicus curiae briefs, and states of the Earth and the human systems that conferral of legal personality on elements of na- operate amidst the uncertainty and surprise of ture (e.g. New Zealand's Te Urewera Act 51 of the Anthropocene. Next, there is the need to 2014). The paper examines the normative justifi- forge legal pathways which steer humanity cations made in relation to each particular

Category: Architecture and Agency mechanism. Part II: Theory. The key theoretical 387 justifications for representation of future gener- Linking gaps in international environmental law, ations of human beings. These theories rest on planetary boundaries and Earth System Govern- either 1) arguments based on the furthering of ance intergenerational justice, or 2) democratic val- Edgar Fernandez Fernandez ues, including the ‘all affected principle’ and ex- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France tension of the demos into the future. It is argued The report of the United Nations Secretary-Gen- that proxy representation is also linked to other eral A/73/419 of 30 November 2018 points out a democratic mechanisms including deliberation series of important gaps in international environ- in the public sphere and education. A golden mental law, including the lack of clarity, judicial thread running through these theories is the consensus and recognition in legally binding in- concept of vulnerability; proxy representation struments of environmental principles, the frag- provides both symbolic and substantive recogni- mentation of multilateral environmental agree- tion of the vulnerable. Schlosberg (2007) justifies ments (MEAs) and institutions, the lack of coher- proxy representation of ecological systems ence and synergy among a large body of sectoral within the context of a theory of ecological jus- regulatory frameworks, the heterogeneity of ac- tice. While proxy representation of ecological tors, important coherence and coordination systems has great appeal as a vehicle for coun- challenges in the governance structure, and the tering the current undervaluing of ecological sys- problematic articulation of MEAs and environ- tems, significant problems in determining inher- ment-related instruments. The main solution ent value, creates difficulties. Nevertheless, proposed in the report for addressing most of given the dependence of human beings on eco- these gaps is the adoption of a single overarching logical systems, representation of future genera- normative framework that sets out the rules and tions' interests goes a long way in achieving the principles of general application in international same objective of representation of ecological environmental law. We argue that the gaps re- systems. Analysis. The theoretical justifications port presents itself a major gap: the absence of for representation set out in Part II with the jus- an Earth system approach that considers the tifications found in the case studies in Part I. Do planet as “a single complex system” (W. Steffen). the justifications for representative institutions Such an approach, based on the planetary in the real world fit with the theory? To the ex- boundaries framework, would present a series of tent that they do not, are there tensions be- advantages for addressing most of the gaps re- tween justifications for representation of human lated to governance. In this paper we contribute beings resting on anthropocentric assumptions to the study of Earth System Governance at the and justifications for representation of ecologi- international level by: 1) identifying the essential cal systems resting on ecological assumptions? elements of the planetary boundaries frame- The paper argues that there are strong synergies work; 2) Analyzing how these elements relate to between the justifications made for represent- Earth System Governance and might be useful ing future generations of human beings and eco- for addressing the governance-related gaps logical systems opening up exciting pathways for identified in the Secretary-General’s report: frag- an integrated discourse. mentation and lack of coherence, synergy and collaboration between sectoral legal regimes, institutions and multiple other actors.

Category: Architecture and Agency

Panel ID 54 Park) and Northern borders (Si-A-Paz Peace Transforming Biodiversity Governance (ii) Park). This paper discusses the governance of Si- Chair: Abigail York A-Paz in relation to the broader nation-building project in Costa Rica. Evidence from this study 146 problematize an image of the Costa Rican iden- Nation-Branding through Peace Parks in Costa tity that has rarely been disputed. We argue that Rica the continuous reproduction of the national Karina Barquet1, Ida Andersson2 identity in Costa Rica, which lays the foundation 1Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. for the Green-Blue nation branding strategy, is a 2Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden major obstructing factor for improved cross-bor- This paper discusses the role of Peace Parks in der cooperation with Nicaragua because of the strengthening nation-branding processes. We failure to recognize and address the historical first trace back the origins of what we refer to as roots of the narrative on colonial politics and the “Green (environmental) – Blue (peaceful)” process of othering that remain present in to- nation-branding project in Costa Rica; then high- day’s discourse and actions. While Peace Parks light the historical events that come to shape the may have been conceived as a way of building Costa Rican identity; and finally reflect upon the further the Green-Blue brand of the country, the expansion of the nation-branding project national imaginary of Costa Rica is built on differ- through the establishment of the Si-A-Paz Peace entiation and is therefore contradictory to the Park in the east border between Costa Rica and goals pursued through the Peace Parks project. Nicaragua. Portrayed by conservationists as the 189 “global solution” to problems of environmental Biodiversity Policy Integration for nature conser- degradation, poverty, and unemployment, vation in agricultural landscapes Peace Parks go beyond these goals to include the Yves Zinngrebe1, Fiona Kinniburg2, Hens Runhaar3,4 promotion of peace between nations. Peace 1University of Göttingen, Department for Agricultural Eco- Parks have been described as the “hallmark” of nomics and Rural Development, Göttingen, Germany. 2Ba- neoliberal conservation since they emphasize an varian School of Public Policy, Technical University of Mu- all-encompassing or “win7”(win-win-win-win- nich, Chair of Environmental and Climate Policy, München, 3 win-win-win) solution that promises benefits for Germany. University of Wageningen, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, Netherlands. 44) a diverse group of actors ranging from large in- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable De- ternational corporations, development agencies, velopment, Utrecht, Netherlands Western consumers, state agencies, and local in- Agricultural landscapes cover over 30% of the habitants. The idea of fostering peace and re- world’s terrestrial surface and support a wide gional unity through protected areas – while sim- range of ecosystem services and habitats. Never- ultaneously promoting economic growth and bi- theless, the agricultural sector has been identi- odiversity protection – fit well with former Costa fied as the single largest contributor to biodiver- Rican president Oscar Arias’ attempts at achiev- sity loss worldwide, principally as a result of hab- ing regional peace. At the same time, Peace itat conversion and agro-chemical pollution. Parks could help to further reproduce the na- Though trends differ across the Global North and tional imagery of a peaceful and sustainable the Global South, with agricultural expansion country, which make up the two main constitu- and land use change of greater concern in the ents of Costa Rican tourist identity. Considering latter, a worldwide trend towards farm speciali- such potential, two Peace Parks were estab- zation, intensification, and enlargement has lished in Costa Rica’s Southern (La Amistad Peace driven losses of biodiversity, soil degradation,

Category: Architecture and Agency and the pollution of landscapes worldwide. In 15), as well as that relating to sustainable pro- 2010, parties to the Convention of Biological Di- duction and consumption (SDG 8). versity (CBD) collectively agreed to transform 250 their agricultural systems to ensure sustainable management of biodiversity (Aichi Target 7 of Can 'Nature’s Contribution to People' Facilitate the 2011–2020 Strategic Plan), as well as to re- Effective Orchestration of International Law for duce harmful subsidies (Aichi Target 3). Achiev- Integrated Biodiversity Governance in the Anthro- ing those targets and the upcoming targets un- pocene? Michelle Lim der the post-2020 Strategic Plan of the CBD, as Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Aus- well as several SDG targets, requires a coherent tralia mainstreaming of biodiversity into agricultural policies and practices. Theory on Biodiversity The magnitude of global biodiversity decline is so Policy Integration (BPI) suggests that objectives, significant it poses a greater risk to humanity legal frameworks, political incentives, and instru- than climate change. Managing biodiversity at ments and implementation processes all need to the appropriate scale complicates attempts at be integrated to produce coherent guidance to- global biodiversity governance. This is evi- wards agricultural sustainability. Based on an denced, for example, in the challenges of delim- analysis of BPI using the criteria of Inclusion, Op- iting a planetary boundary for biosphere integ- erationalisation, Coherence, Capacity, and rity. Emerging legal scholarship and jurispru- Weighing (Zinngrebe, 2018), we (a) assess the dence underline the urgent need for legal re- potential biodiversity gains of BPI by identifying gimes which achieve an appropriate balance be- the presence or absence of the above conditions tween ecological integrity and the livelihoods and (b) identify and analyse the structural eco- that rely on the use of the environment. Never- nomic and political factors which explain the theless, legal frameworks often undervalue or ig- presence or absence of the conditions and which nore the importance of biodiversity for sustaina- need to be favourable for transitions towards ag- ble livelihoods. At the same time, governance ricultural sustainability. Data are derived from frameworks largely fail to coordinate responses desk research and two ongoing research projects in a manner which adequately addresses the in the Global North (EU) and the Global South complex issues that impact on biodiversity and (Peru, Uganda, Rwanda, Indonesia, and Hondu- human well-being. This is particularly evident in ras). While there are large differences in the the fragmented nature of international instru- presence of the five conditions across countries, ments relevant to biodiversity which span areas the overall inclusion of biodiversity objectives in of the environment, trade and human rights. The agricultural policies and practices is generally Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for low. Biodiversity instruments and policies are Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has predominantly ‘add on’ policies that do not di- developed a conceptual framework that aims to rectly address the dominant productivist para- inspire an integrated approach to biodiversity digms in both the Global North and the Global which includes the full cycle of interactions be- South. In general, a stronger transformation of tween humans and nature. ‘Nature’s Contribu- agriculture integrating biodiversity objectives tion to People’ (NCP) is a central component of will be necessary to achieve both global biodiver- this framework. NCP represents the new global sity goals and the Sustainable Development framing of the relationships between humans Goals (SDGs), especially those aiming at preserv- and biodiversity and with it a shift in thinking ing life on land (SDG 14) and life in water (SDG from ‘services’ to ‘contributions. The premise of NCP is that humans and nature co-produce the

Category: Architecture and Agency benefits we get from the environment. NCP ex- Nature and People Therefore’. Consequently, tends previous conceptualisation of human-na- there is a need to identify and map existing initi- ture relationships by elevating Indigenous and atives, as well as to assess their effectiveness in local knowledge and emphasising the fundamen- relation to the CBD objectives. The aim of this pa- tal role of culture in shaping our interactions per is to analyze the emerging institutional land- with the natural world. NCP aims to incorporate scape of the transnational biodiversity initia- multiple world-views, a range of disciplinary per- tives. Based on empirical research, we character- spectives and the multitude of ways stakehold- ize the distribution of actors, members, func- ers value biodiversity. This paper evaluates the tions, focus areas, geographical coverage, moni- capacity of NCP to facilitate global governance of toring, and reporting and verification mecha- biodiversity in a cohesive, socially legitimate and nisms in place. We apply a replicable methodol- effective manner. It identifies the range of inter- ogy suitable for exploring and analyzing any national legal instruments that would need to be given governance landscape. First, based on a coordinated at the global scale while highlighting large set of initiatives from the climate, agricul- the broad range of values that need to be recon- ture, forest, fisheries and energy governance, by ciled across these instruments. The paper also in- using carefully chosen keywords, we identify bi- terrogates the ability of existing international odiversity-related initiatives in the RStudio soft- law to address biodiversity at the appropriate ware. Second, we crosscheck remaining promis- management scale in a manner which incorpo- ing initiatives with the biodiversity experts to rates the concerns of Indigenous and local peo- create a comprehensive database. The prelimi- ples. nary results show that mapping transnational biodiversity initiatives offers useful insights for the 453 action agenda and a post-2020 biodiversity Biodiversity Governance Beyond 2020: The Land- framework. These initiatives are often the first scape of Transnational Initiatives candidates on the international level to engage Philipp Pattberg1, Oscar Widerberg1, Katarzyna Negacz1, in the promising voluntary commitment-pro- Marcel Kok2 1VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2PBL cess. Therefore, the outcomes of our analysis are Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Den Haag, particularly interesting for biodiversity policy Netherlands makers. Keywords: biodiversity, governance, Biodiversity decline is one of the most pressing fragmentation, mapping, MRV. sustainability challenges. Despite the ambitious Panel ID 57 2020 Aichi targets, the state of biodiversity con- Transformation and its tensions: drivers, tinues to deteriorate. The upcoming negotiations for a follow-up to the Aichi targets within dynamics and struggles the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) pro- Chair: Marie Claire Brisbois vide an excellent opportunity for discussing ways 185 to increase the ambition level and to start imple- (Re)conceptualizing institutional dynamics for ur- menting effective biodiversity actions. Many ob- gent transformations in Earth System Govern- servers believe that transnational initiatives, ance public-private partnerships and commitments by James Patterson the private sector might be the way forward. The Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands CBD itself has recognized the important of non- state actions for biodiversity by establishing the Transformations in Earth System Governance ‘Sharm El-Sheikh to Beijing Action Agenda for are urgently needed to address multiple major

Category: Architecture and Agency sustainability challenges, as well as fundamental provides a novel set of ‘entry points’ for scholars social, political, and environmental shifts unfold- studying institutional dynamics, a bridging con- ing in the Anthropocene. While there has been cept to enable communication and debate, and rapidly growing attention to understanding a tool for comparative study within and across transformations in society and the environment political settings. It also allows novel proposi- (e.g. behavioral, technological, infrastructural, tions about institutional change to be formu- and cultural changes), scholars still do not have lated and tested, both within a single category or a good grasp on how fundamental changes in by combining multiple categories (e.g. tensions governance systems themselves occur and can between Uptake, Lock-in, and Decline; synergy be accomplished. Institutional dynamics are cen- between Uptake and Interplay; or nuance be- tral to transformations in governance, entailing tween Decline and Maintenance). Overall, this the processes by which institutional architec- contributes to advancing Earth System Govern- tures change. But this remains a difficult issue to ance scholarship at the intersection of Architec- get a grip on, not least because it also means ture & Agency and Adaptiveness & Reflexivity, by confronting questions about how intentional or providing a novel lens for unpacking the institu- deliberate efforts to bring about change (e.g. re- tional dynamics of “urgent transformations” in form, renewal) collide with long-recognized chal- governance systems. lenges of institutional complexity, contestation, 197 and path-dependency. This raises questions about how scholars can systematically study in- Navigating complexity in Canadian climate poli- stitutional dynamics in order to better under- tics: evidence from elite interviews Christopher Orr stand how urgent transformations in governance McGill University, Montreal, Canada systems may be realized. This paper presents a novel conceptual synthesis of institutional dy- Transformations to low-carbon economies are namics within governance transformations, fo- unpredictable, present trade-offs, and may be cusing at domestic political and policy scales, politically risky. How can decision-makers better drawing on a broad range of insights from vari- navigate these political minefields in ways that ous scientific communities which have emerged minimize trade-offs and risks that may deter ac- in recent years. For example, this includes lines tion? This paper proposes that transformations of thinking on governance innovation, policy re- can be better navigated by understanding their form, and transitions thinking; each of which underlying sociological dynamics and processes. points towards a variety of sometimes overlap- Using a typology of these dynamics and pro- ping and sometimes differing dynamics relevant cesses, this paper draws on document review to understanding governance transformations, and elite interviews to understand how decision but which so far remain quite fragmented. A ty- makers in Canadian politics are navigating the pology of six broad categories of institutional dy- complexities of the transformation to a low-car- namics is presented, comprising: Novelty (e.g. in- bon economy. Semi-structured interviews were novation, experimentation), Uptake (e.g. scaling- conducted with over 20 elite participants – cur- up, diffusion, catalysis), Decline (e.g. disman- rent and former politicians, senior public serv- tling, drift, decay), Lock-in (e.g. path-depend- ants, business leaders and NGO representatives ency, reinforcement, increasing returns), Inter- involved in Canadian economic and the environ- play (e.g. coherence, competition, mutual ad- mental policy, with particular attention to cli- justment), and Maintenance (e.g. productive sta- mate change. Participants were identified and bility, protection of democratic norms). This contacted using snowball sampling techniques

Category: Architecture and Agency to increase the potential number of respond- security, rural and agricultural development, and ents, while ensuring a diverse range of perspec- education. In this study, we investigated the tives was included. Interviews were transcribed changes that one of Brazil’s flagship SPP pro- verbatim. These were input into NVivo 12 and gram—the National School Meal Program (PNAE coded for themes, both the hypothesized dy- for its Portuguese acronyms)—drove in farming namics and processes, as well as themes that systems among family farmers and discuss how emerged from the data. Interviews and docu- this program restructured food system government review were then used to identify how ance. This study shows how the creation of an elite decision-makers navigate the complexities institutional market aligned with nutrition and of Canadian politics of climate change. Results il- development goals may restructure food sys- lustrate the ways elite complexity-managers tems. PNAE is an exceptional PP program in that navigate these dynamics, but are also con- 30% of its spending budget need to be spent on strained by them. Looking beneath the surface purchases from family farmers and a price pre- can reveal counter-intuitive strategies, open up mium is offered for organic food products. By possibilities for transformative change, and ulti- rechannelling a portion of spending budget ex- mately help complexity-managers more effec- clusively for family farmers, PNAE creates an in- tively navigate towards sustainable economies. stitutional market that offers a stable and reliable demand for diversified food products (e.g., 369 vegetables, legumes, fruits, dairy products). We Sustainable Public Procurement: An underutilized found that family farmers with relatively small policy instrument to transform governance in landholdings were able to shift their production food systems away from monocultures and volatile cash crops Vivian Valencia 1,2, Hannah Wittman3, Jennifer Blesh 2 (e.g., soybean) to diversified farming systems for 1Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Neth- erlands. 2University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. 3The Uni- food production. This shift resulted in the reduc- versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada tion of commodity crops mostly for regional or international markets, to the production of food Governments may play a key role in the transfor- for local consumption. Because the program is mation of earth governance systems towards de-centralized and procurement and consump- sustainability by using a neglected instrument tion occur at the municipality level, short food capable of driving large-scale transformation: circuits emerged, characterized by the flow of public procurement (PP). PP is an underutilized nutritious food products and the creation of al- policy instrument that has the potential to con- ternative economic opportunities. We demon- tribute to sustainable development goals strate that SPP may serve as a policy instrument through the purchasing power of the State. Sus- to change the structure and governance of local tainable public procurement (SPP) builds on the food systems to foster a transformation towards realization that “business as usual” is no longer sustainability. an option and that our production and consumption patterns need to be realigned with social and environmental values. PP may drive sustainability in food system by leveraging the purchasing power of the state to restructure production and consumption patterns. Brazil offers a remarkable case in which SPP programs (under the Zero Hunger Strategy) were designed to address cross-sectorial goals in food and nutrition

Category: Architecture and Agency

383 effect of yearly extreme weather events on the Warm to the Idea: Do Extreme Weather Events ambition of climate policy by employing data Compel Countries to Implement More Ambitious from the EM-DAT international disasters data- Climate Mitigation Policies? base and Germanwatch’s Climate Change Per- Lauri Peterson formance Index (CCPI) on climate change mitiga- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden tion policies from 2007 to 2015. The results of Meteorological research shows that anthropo- the paper contribute to the ever-expanding body genic climate change increases the risk and in- of literature on comparative climate politics. tensity of extreme weather events such as hurri- Panel ID 59 canes, droughts and sea level rise. The economic Conservation governance and social impacts caused by climate extremes Chair: Yves Zinngrebe are, however, unevenly distributed across the world. Literatures on public policy and natural 320 hazards management discuss the likelihood of Assessing conservation effectiveness of different external shocks triggering public action. Govern- governance regimes: Evidence from protected ar- ments, however, do not always respond to long- eas in Uganda term hazards by introducing new policies. Rather Michaela Foster they may respond with denial or continue busi- Yale University, New Haven, USA ness as usual. A growing body of research has The establishment of protected areas has been sought to investigate the particular effect of cli- one of the most widely employed strategies to mate impacts on climate policy. It is ambiguous address tropical deforestation and biodiversity whether national governments consider the of- conservation across the globe. Along with the ten-lethal effects of extreme weather events proliferation of protected areas, a growing body such hurricanes, heat waves and floods as a nec- of research has emerged that attempts to assess essary impetus to take further action to curb the impacts of protected area networks and aims greenhouse gas emissions. The central aim of to better understand the conditions that are this paper is to empirically investigate whether conducive to effective conservation. Many stud- climate change-related natural disasters have an ies have compared the effects of protection ver- effect on countries’ climate change mitigation sus no protection on deforestation, finding that policy. Previous studies have shown that munic- many protected areas have successfully main- ipalities and federated states, which are more tained forest cover. Little empirical evidence ex- exposed to climate impacts, are also more likely ists, however, on the conservation effectiveness to implement more ambitious climate policies. of different protected area governance regimes, While this potential mechanism has been inves- and few studies have assessed how protected tigated on the level of local governments, there area performance varies with the level of protec- is a research gap on the level of country govern- tion and management authority. This study ad- ments. Moreover, while most research has relied dresses this gap by evaluating the impact of pro- on in-depth case studies, there is a lack of large- tected areas on deforestation in Uganda from n analyses. Addressing this knowledge gap, the 2000 to 2017. In this paper, I use satellite data to paper asks the question whether countries that measure deforestation and matching methods have been more significantly affected by ex- to compare the effects of more strictly protected treme weather events are more likely to take on national parks and wildlife reserves with mixed- more ambitious climate change mitigation poli- use forest reserves and community managed cies. Specifically, the analysis investigates the

Category: Architecture and Agency areas. Protected areas experienced less forest but also imposes it by introducing strict regula- loss than comparable unprotected sites. The tions against crop field rotations. At a broader analysis uncovered heterogenous effects across scale, time series analysis of remotely sensed the different types of protected areas, suggest- vegetation suggests that the intensification of ing that protected area governance is an im- agricultural practices is contributing to the stabi- portant factor affecting outcomes. The findings lization and simplification of the formerly dy- of this research highlight the need for additional namic and complex agro-forest mosaic of the re- empirical evaluation on the impacts of protected gion. Our findings illustrate how government areas that go beyond inside-outside compari- subsidies and environmental regulations, alt- sons to consider how different aspects of gov- hough seemingly disparate, converge in pushing ernance influence performance. towards the disarticulation and spatial segrega- tion of agriculture and forests in Calakmul. This 334 division of the landscape works against the local Between subsidies and parks: Agroecological practice of swidden, failing to acknowledge its change amid agrarian and conservation policy in potential to minimize the environmental costs of Calakmul, Mexico farming while securing subsistence livelihoods in Carlos Dobler-Morales1, Rinku Roy Chowdhury1, Birgit the face of scant economic alternatives. The em- Schmook2 1Clark University, Worcester, USA. 2ECOSUR, Chetumal, pirical contribution of this study resonates with Mexico key themes of interest for the 2019 Conference on Earth System Governance, in particular, with Over the last decades, tropical agro-forest land- the relationship between structural forces and scapes have been increasingly exposed to cen- decision-making across scales (Architecture and tralized forms of state governance, often rooted Agency), as well as the role of governments and in modernist logics of agrarian development other actors in the transformation of earth sys- and/or environmental conservation. In land- tems through a Mexican experience (Socio-envi- scapes dominated by swidden agriculture, fa- ronmental impacts of economic globalization in vored policy arrangements often target re- the developing world). strictions to the access to old-growth forest on the one hand, and the reduction of farmland ex- 434 tents through agricultural intensification, on the International conservation treaties and biodiver- other. Broadly referred to as land-sparing, such sity declines: Exploring the fit between formal and interventions can have unintended impacts, informal rule structures to assess treaty robust- such as the loss of resilient agroecosystems and ness landscape multifunctionality. In this study, we Ute Brady examine the role of the state in advancing land- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA sparing governance frameworks in Calakmul, Studies have consistently confirmed exception- Mexico, a region historically characterized by ally high and accelerating species extinction swidden agriculture. Drawing on household sur- rates that are indicative of a sixth mass extinc- vey data, key-informant interviews, and satellite tion event. These are troubling developments imagery, we trace the multi-scale linkages be- from a moral and an anthropocentric perspec- tween state institutions, smallholder farming tive because nonhuman species have an intrinsic practices, and landscape-scale dynamics. Statis- right to exist and losing them will result in sub- tical analysis and qualitative insights reveal how stantial ecological, social, and economic conse- the prevailing policy regime incentivizes intensi- quences. International conservation treaties fication through subsidies and cash-transfers,

Category: Architecture and Agency play an important role in generating the neces- as the effect that formal/informal fit may have sary collective action to foster species conserva- on the decision-making of key actors. Finally, a tion efforts. Yet, it remains unclear to what de- theoretical contribution is made by testing the gree treaty rule structures are robust to change usefulness of CPR methods to examine rules at and can operate within parameters that foster the international governance level. global conservation efforts. I suggest that a com- 445 parative analysis of conservation treaties based on common pool resource (CPR) methods and Governance architecture of Brazilian agencies theories from a coupled infrastructure system that act against illegal hunting Daniela Teodoro Sampaio1, Frederico Machado Teixeira2 perspective may provide a different lens with 1Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil. 2In- which to examine international conservation stituto Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil governance and its effect on decision-making processes. Utilizing the institutional grammar Hunting is illegal in Brazil. To control the exploi- tool and the design principles of long-enduring tation of wildlife, environmental laws and public CPR governance systems, I code the treaty texts policies were created, the country is a signatory and relevant resolutions of four wildlife conven- of multilateral environmental agreements and tions (CITES, CMS, CBD, and the ICRW) (formal enforcement strategies, especially in protected rules), as well as key informant interviews and areas are carried out. However, there are several the literature on treaty effectiveness (informal opportunities for crimes against the fauna to oc- rules). This facilitates an exploration of the writ- cur with ever greater intensity. Recently, pres- ten regulatory and generative rule structure sures from groups interested in the permission which I then compare to the rule perceptions of sport and commercial hunting resurfaced in within and across treaty forums to assess: (1) the Brazil and the main argument is the contribution feedback and fit between the formal and infor- to environmental conservation. Considering that mal rule structures; (2) rule consistency and the economic exploitation of a natural resource completeness; and (3) the scope, clustering, and such as native fauna requires extensive configuration of treaty rules. Preliminary find- knowledge of species richness and diversity, ings suggest that the degree of fit (1) within the long-term studies on dynamics, monitoring and formal generative rules—i.e., the way the origi- population management and an efficient en- nal drafters of the treaties envisioned and de- forcement system, it is relevant to question the fined how the world ought to be—and the for- viability economic and technical capacity of Bra- mal regulatory rules that define the prohibited, zil to invest in this sector. Despite scientific ef- required, and permitted actions of member forts to estimate the hunting pressure on Brazil's countries; and (2) between the formal and infor- forests and efforts of actors involved in the de- mal rules is an important indicator of treaty ro- tection and punishment of crimes against wild- bustness. The greater the degree of fit, the more life in Brazil, the results are not satisfactory re- likely the treaty rule structure can cope with garding the effectiveness of punishment. In the change and continue to operate within desirable absence of governance on the issue it is funda- parameters that foster core conservation objec- mental to understand the efficiency of the pun- tives. My research provides a complimentary ap- ishment of environmental crimes before any dis- proach to traditional international relations and cussion about release of commercial and sport political science analyses of treaty effectiveness hunting in Brazil. The study of the architecture of and design. It also offers practical insights into the chain of agencies involved from the enforce- the treaties’ strengths and weaknesses, as well ment system to the punishment of environmental crime can generate a governance model for

Category: Architecture and Agency the effective punishment of illegal hunting. In research was carried out in two locations on the this sense, this study intends to answer the ques- coast of Oaxaca, where community ecotourism tions: what are the deficiencies and difficulties of projects have been developed. The study period the agencies of enforcement and punishment to runs from 1996 to 2016. Semi structured interact against the illegal hunting? What are the mo- views were conducted among community au- tivations of the agents? How do agencies work thorities, presidents of community cooperatives together? What factors undermine the effective- and representatives of governmental and non- ness of punishment of illegal hunting? What governmental organizations. The data obtained strategies can strengthen them? We believe that was analyzed through Social Networks Analysis, understanding which mechanisms provide effi- which allows the identification of nodes and links ciency to environmental regulations and the ar- between actors. The results show that the period ticulation of agencies contribute to the field of from 2005 to 2012 was characterized by the environmental governance studies. growth of ecotourism in both locations. The community cooperatives already formally con- Panel ID 60 stituted, increased their offer and tourist infra- Policy and technological innovations structure. Reforestation, cleaning and protection Chair: Claudia Monzon Alvarado of species were carried out. Networks highlights the increase of organizations supporting both co- 342 operatives. The predominant organizations over Network Governance To Enhance Community time were government agencies that operate Based Ecotourism, Case Study In Oaxaca Coast public policy on environmental conservation. Alejandra Ramírez-León, V. Sophie Avila-Foucat These organizations provide financing, training, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas-UNAM, Ciudad de operating permits and advice to access govern- Mexico, Mexico ment programs. These programs require the for- Ecotourism has been promoted as a strategy of mation of community groups to access their ben- two common goals: eradication of poverty and efits. Besides, non-governmental organizations conservation of natural resources. In addition, have been vital entities to generate training to community based ecotourism (CBE) encourages offer services to tourists. Also, they built bridges community participation in the management of of trust between locals and other organizations. ecotourism projects, to generate decentraliza- The role of civil organizations acquires special tion of natural resource management, which im- relevance in Ventanilla community, where uni- plies redistribution of power, transfer of respon- versities and tour operators have been also col- sibilities from central governments to rural com- laborated in favor of ecotourism. In contrast, munities, collaboration, and creation of social there is little participation of non-governmental capital. This change depends on the networks organizations in Escobilla community where dis- that are built among different organizations trust and imposition of government agencies is trough time to develop CBE. The approach of perceived. network governance focus on the institutional 377 arrangements to enhance the empowerment of communities and could improve the environ- Rolling the snowball: Norway’s efforts to electrify mental governance. This research presents the transportation Nathan Lemphers, Matthew Hoffmann, Steven Bernstein characteristics of the networks that have been University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada built around CBE and the role they have played in the instrumentation of this activity. This

Category: Architecture and Agency

Norway’s policies to encourage electric vehicle Norway’s electrification efforts along with a adoption have been highly successfully. In 2017, range of secondary sources. 39 percent of all new car sales in Norway were 392 all-electric or hybrid, making the country the world’s most advanced market for electric vehi- The challenges of technology selection for meet- cles (EV) (IEA 2018). This high rate of EV owner- ing the needs of the poorest farmers: A Case Study ship is the result of thirty years of EV policies, of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Alicia Harley Norway’s particular political economy, and sig- Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, USA nificant improvements in electric vehicle and battery technology. This paper argues that Nor- The System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is a tech- way’s sustained policy interventions to make it nology for growing rice that emerged onto the easier to purchase and drive an electric vehicle, global stage in the early 2000s. SRI has an uncon- and prove that it can be done, is not only starting ventional innovation history. It was invented by to decarbonize personal transportation but is a French Jesuit missionary working with local also spurring innovative electrification efforts in farmers in Madagascar in the 1980s. SRI consists other sectors in Norway, such as maritime of a set of practices, including earlier transplant- transport and short-haul aviation. To explain this ing and wider spacing of seedlings. SRI has the pattern of scaling, the paper employs Bernstein potential to be a “pro-poor” technology because and Hoffmann’s (2018) framework on policy it increases yields while decreasing input costs, pathways towards decarbonization. It finds polit- including for seeds and irrigation. However, Al- ical causal mechanisms of capacity building and most as soon as SRI emerged on the global stage, normalization have helped create a welcoming the technology received virulent pushback from domestic environment to realize early uptake the formal rice research community, including and scaling of electric vehicles, and subsequently scientists at the International Rice Research In- fostered secondary scaling in other modes of stitute (IRRI).The first part of this paper analyzes transportation. The initial scaling was facilitated the controversy surrounding SRI at the transna- by Norway’s unique political economy. Ironi- tional level. This section of the paper demon- cally, Norway’s climate leadership has been, in strates several challenges at the selection stage part, because of its desire to sustain oil and gas of innovation systems in prioritizing the needs of development. This desire has steered the emis- the poorest farmers and demonstrates how the sion mitigation focus towards sectors of the established rice research community engaged in economy that are less contentious and lack op- boundary-work to protect their own epistemic posing incumbents. Indirectly, the wealth from authority. The second part of the paper grounds hydrocarbon extraction bankrolls these pricey the discussion of SRI in a local context (Bihar, In- policies and the growing number of beneficiaries dia). The paper finds, that while the physical di- ensure these policies remain in place, creating mensions of the technology have the potential to positive feedbacks. Despite these domestic polit- benefit the poorest farmers, in Bihar, relatively ical economic concerns, the demonstration ef- wealthier farmers are benefiting more from SRI fects from Norway’s electrification are spurring than their poorest neighbors because of limited other countries, companies and cities to pursue and expensive access to irrigation, but also be- action. Evidence for these causal mechanisms cause the institutional design of the govern- and effects is drawn from interviews with key ment’s support policy is not well-targeted at the policy and industry participants and observers of poorest farmers. These findings demonstrate that even when the physical dimensions of a

Category: Architecture and Agency technology are “pro-poor,” the ability of the designed and what forms of agency are needed poorest farmers to realize these benefits re- to ensure the coherent implementation of the quires reorienting the entire sociotechnical re- 2030 Agenda. To do so, it focuses on the Water- gime undergirding innovation systems towards Energy-Food (WEF) nexus under conditions of the needs of the poorest. The paper concludes water scarcity and land degradation using Mex- that actors on both sides of the ‘rice wars’ fell ico as a case study. Mexico has demonstrated a victim to more general challenges in the selec- high level of commitment to the 2030 Agenda - tion stage of agricultural innovation systems for evident through high-level political support and meeting the needs of the poorest farmers, in- the incorporation of the Agenda’s objectives into cluding 1) propensity for silver bullet thinking; 2) the national development framework. Further- failure to take into account variance and uncer- more, Mexico has experience in cross-sectorial tainty in local conditions, where all agricultural coordination mechanisms at sub-national level technologies are ultimately applied; 3) selection to deal with water scarcity and land degradation. of technology based on institutional incentives One example is the National Water Law, which not aligned with the needs of the poorest farm- adopted innovative approaches such as sustain- ers (e.g. political and professional incentives). able management, integral planning and Basin The paper offers some potential solutions drawn Councils as early as 1992. At the same time, 58 % from science and technology studies for over- of Mexico’s national territory consist of drylands coming the challenges of technology selection. with problems related to water and land re- These solutions include institutionalizing greater source use, competition and availability posing reflexivity into innovation systems through obstacles to human development and threaten- greater focus on framing and distribution. ing societal peace. Our case study on Mexico provides insights into how trade-offs between Panel ID 61 the SDGs closely linked to the WEF Nexus (par- Breaking down silos: Governing policy in- ticularly SDG 2, 6, 7, 15 and 16) manifest in the tegration local context and are being dealt with. To this Chair: Steffen Bauer end, Mexico’s existing institutional arrangements, coordinating mechanisms and policy in- 26 struments are analyzed both at the national as Institutional mechanisms for governing the wa- well as at sub-national level in one of Mexico’s ter-energy-food nexus: mediating competing in- most water scarce and land degraded re- terests and fostering policy coherence in rural gions. Drawing on expert interviews and a Social Mexico Network Analysis (SNA) of communication be- Anita Breuer, Hannah Janetschek tween WEF-stakeholders, this paper seeks to an- German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- wikcklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany swer the question whether and how existing institutional arrangements contribute to promot- The 2030 Agenda has set an ambitious vision for ing a coherent implementation of policies and human development in times of global environ- strategies that are relevant for achieving WEF se- mental change and earth system transformation. curity and for dealing with the related trade-offs In the Agenda’s networked system of targets, in a sustainable and socially just manner. Specif- policy sectors do not stand isolated. Instead, syn- ically, the paper will address the following re- ergies and tradeoffs exist between the SDGs. The search questions: Which governance mecha- proposed paper seeks to contribute to the de- nisms of cross-sectoral coordination exist for an bate on how governance architectures should be integrated implementation of the SDGs at

Category: Architecture and Agency national and sub-national level? How do these 432 mechanisms address the challenge of inter-sec- Policy integration for REDD+: insights from Mex- toral and multi-level coordination in provision of ico WEF-Nexus securities? Can policy coordination Jovanka Špirić, María Isabel Ramírez Ramírez and institutional learning between sub-national Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Morelia, coordination mechanisms and national SDG im- Mexico plementation arrangements be observed? Mexico counts with a national strategy for Re- ducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest 216 Degradation, plus promoting conservation, sus- Integrating renewable energy promotion with tainable forest management, and enhancement other SDGs to scale up collective actions: A case of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). REDD+ is a new study from an island village in India form of environmental governance aimed at Maria Noelyn Dano University of Science and Technoglogy of Southern Philip- aligning the views of a variety of actors on how pines (USTP), Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines to address the problem of deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and in The dual function of renewable energy in miti- such way contribute to climate change mitiga- gating climate change and meeting basic human tion, biodiversity conservation and rural devel- needs is increasingly appreciated. Achieving opment. According to Mexico’s strategy, REDD+ SDG7 plays a critical role in addressing both hu- should be implemented as a set of productive man security and ecological sustainability of and conservation activities directed toward sus- many countries in the global south, such as India. tainable rural development and should be in- Second in world population, eighth in GDP formed by a landscape approach. The object of (2010), and the third largest in terms of CO2 this study is the multilevel forest governance in emission (Yoshida et al. 2014), India has the high- Mexico during the REDD+ readiness process and est number of people living in extreme poverty the implementation of early REDD+ actions in (UN 2015) who are among the 1.4 billion without two federal states, Campeche and Jalisco. We access to electricity (UNDP 2016). Accompanying evaluate the effectiveness of the current REDD+ the growing economy of the country is a rising design by examining the level of the integration inequality. This paper is drawn from a case study of Mexico’s REDD+ objectives in land use public that examines a non-state actors’ initiative pro- policies in terms of their objects, goals, actors, moting a hybrid solar-wind energy system in a structures/procedures and instruments. We are remote island village of the Sundarbans region in in particular interested in responding to the fol- West Bengal, India. Key informant interviews lowing questions: How policy integration has and focus group discussions were the main been conceptualised and unfolding in Mexico so sources of the empirical material. The results far? Whether REDD+ has induced changes in pol- identify community impacts of renewable en- icy framing at the federal and state levels in the ergy access and elucidate how they are linked country? Starting from 2008, when Mexico en- closely with other SDGs highlighting the issue of tered the REDD+ readiness, we analyse 1) nor- energy equity and social justice. Lessons and in- mative and organisational characteristics of sights drawn can hopefully contribute in concep- cross-sectoral and coordinated policy bodies es- tualizing future strategies for a more effective in- tablished to promote synergistic institutional integration and policy coherence, which is recog- terplay between forest and other land use sec- nized as one of the most daunting challenges of tors, and 2) if and how the federal and states of SDG implementation, yet, necessary in the scal- Campeche and Jalisco land use policies and ing up of collective actions.

Category: Architecture and Agency programs have been cancelled or reformed to interviews to discern how network structure and respond to the objectives of REDD+. A set of relations demonstrate dynamics of policy inte- qualitative research techniques, including docu- gration interplay. A comparative approach is ment review and semi-structured interviews taken to address the diversity of the three initia- with key actors, is employed following a mul- tives, which each feature a distinct structure, ac- tiscale research design. tor roles, and relations, in regards to how the network operates and leads to particular policy 447 implementation outcomes. Mapping the social Breaking out of agriculture and energy policy silos relations and structure of the network of each in- to deliver upon common climate objectives for itiative elucidates a visual model of the govern- agri-food system sustainability in the United King- ance architecture on integrating energy and ag- dom riculture policies to achieve climate targets. The Emilia Noel Ptak , Morten Graversgaard, Tommy Dalgaard findings highlights that the initiatives represent Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark social innovation on governance, offering practi- Climate change is a crosscutting global issue that cal insights regarding how policy interplay takes challenges the traditional sectoral silo approach place in practice. Further, the comparative cases to governance and management of agri-food study identifies constraining and enabling fac- systems. As scientific knowledge of climate tors of governance capacity to implement en- change advances, the implications of the impacts ergy-saving practices on-farm that achieve cli- demonstrate the interdependency and complex- mate objectives through policy integration. ity of interactions taking place within these systems. Thereby, the validity of existent govern- Panel ID 77 ance models is called into question as being suf- International agreements, domestic efficient to adequately address agri-environmental fects? challenges. Policy integration is recognized as a Chair: Michelle Lim framework to address crosscutting policy issues. The study explores how advancing cross-sectoral 36 policy integration on agriculture-climate-energy green international relations: taking sustainabil- (ACE), can lead to a more holistic governance ap- ity seriously proach that enhances the capacity of agri-food Peter Jacques systems to deliver synergistic environmental University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA benefits. In bringing the otherwise disparate sec- This paper proposes a “new” international rela- tors of energy and agriculture together, a place tions (IR) theory, or rather one that was pro- for exploring novel governance modes emerges posed in the 1990s but abandoned by the side of within the political discourse. The study com- the IR road for no good reason I can think of, ex- pares three initiatives in the United Kingdom cept perhaps a vicious cycle of promoting main- that promote energy-saving practices within the stream theories in graduate schools, journals, agriculture sector to reduce greenhouse gas and conferences. This new IR theory is informed emissions on-farm. Taking a practice-led re- by Green Political Theory (GPT) and some im- search approach, the initiatives are examined as portant challenges from Burke et al.’s (2016) governance networks that represent sites of pol- manifesto for “Planet Politics” who rightfully ar- icy interplay. Policy integration theory is com- gue that IR has failed to take ecological change bined with network analysis, utilizing quantita- seriously. Green IR has four main tenets: it as- tive survey responses with qualitative in-depth serts that there is no society without ecological

Category: Architecture and Agency support systems, that non-human nations mat- 74 ter, that the world is radically inter-dependent, The implementation of international agreements: and that the Children of Modernity: state sys- when do treaties matter for domestic environ- tem, capitalism, individualization, modern sci- mental legislation? ence all carry a heavy price. Green IR is also very Clara Brandi1, Jean-Frédéric Morin2, Dominique Blümer1 critical of blind growth which can undermine the 1German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany. 2La- preconditions of human and non-human exist- val University, Quebec City, Canada ence. Another way to put all of this, is that Green While thousands of environment-related trea- IR takes “true” sustainability seriously. Sustaina- ties have been concluded, it remains unclear bility is “essentially contested” but there are whether they have been implemented. This pa- agreed upon core principles, and these principles per investigates the relationship between the are systematically ignored by current IR the- conclusion of treaties, namely international en- ory. Thus, it is not surprising that the current vironmental agreements (IEAs) and preferential core social and political systems are also unrav- trade agreements (PTAs) that include environ- eling critical life support systems—such as caus- mental provisions, and the adoption of domestic ing the Sixth Great Extinction and climate environmental legislations. Thanks to datasets change. I will make two broad claims. First, I that are significantly more comprehensive and make an instrumental claim—that GPT explains fine-grained than those previously used, we can existential problems facing global populations focus on the direct link to environmental legisla- even though IR has generally treated these prob- tions rather than the less direct link to environ- lems of sustainability as trivial or specialty areas mental outcomes. We are also able to study the unremarkable to the general work of IR theory relationship between international obligations and global governance. I argue here that Earth on specific environmental issue areas and legis- systems and cycles are elemental to material lation in the same issue areas. As expected, we power, wherever it is held. I will argue that “sus- find a significant and positive relationship be- tainability” matters to world politics in multiple tween both IEAs and PTAs with domestic legisla- ways. Second, I will argue that GPT can explain tion. The link between treaties and domestic leg- the loss of critical ecological life supports by the islation is more robust for PTAs than for IEAs, fetish of economic growth, rarely questioned in more pronounced in developing countries and, IR theory but often taken for granted as a benef- in these countries, more pronounced before ra- icent element of a strong economy/economies. ther than after entry into force. This relationship The general proposition for a Green IR addresses can be observed for many specific environmen- two main themes of the conference: Architec- tal issue areas, but not all of them. These findings ture and Agency, and Democracy and Power. contribute to the literature on environmental re- Green IR criticizes the structural arrangement of gime effectiveness and the domestic impact of world politics, argues that there are agents (non- treaties. human persons) we should not ignore, and challenges modernity’s privilege out of a hope for a 210 world that is still “full” with diverse communities Are international environmental regimes effec- and robust systems. tive? The case of the Hyogo Framework for Action and its implementation Maxmilian Wanner Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Centre of Natural hazards and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala, Stockholm and Karlstad, Sweden

Category: Architecture and Agency

While there is partial agreement that interna- 413 tional environmental regimes matter, it is still Mitigating Energy Poverty on the Islands of the In- unclear when and to what extent. Despite the in- donesian Archipelago: Climate Finance for Low crease in numbers of such regimes and the asso- Carbon Solutions ciated efforts, many environmental problems Abidah Setyowati persist including climate change and losses Australian National University, Canberra, Australia caused by natural hazards. In this context, this Mitigating energy poverty remains a big chal- study systematically assesses for the first time lenge for Indonesia to overcome. Nearly 25 mil- the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), which lion Indonesians still live in energy poverty; many was set up by the United Nations International on outlying islands or other remote areas where Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as a logistical problems and a sparsely distributed first global audit of the national measures for dis- population preclude grid-based solutions. This asters risk reduction (DRR) with the substantive situation resembles many countries in Asia-Pa- goal to substantially reduce disaster losses by cific where similar challenges are prevalent in- 2015. While the body of literature in DRR re- cluding around 421 million people remain with- search has to a large extent focused on single out electricity access. On such islands and other case studies and in particular failures, this study remote areas where much of the population attempts to offer an alternative perspective us- lacks access to electricity there is an opportunity ing a large-N approach with the spotlight on suc- to leapfrog fossil-fuel based energy solutions and cess. This analysis of effectiveness focuses on the embrace technologically advanced and increas- outcomes of the regime, meaning the national ingly cheap renewables technology (i.e. zero-car- implementation of measures. Thereby, it investi- bon electricity expansion). However, financing gates whether widespread progress in the na- renewable energy proposals has proved ex- tional DRR strategies, i.e. substantial positive tremely problematic. Beyond geographical chal- change in HFA indicator scores, materialised lenges, there are oft-cited challenges that could over the runtime of this environmental regime. deter the growth of private low-carbon invest- Descriptive statistics are used in the search for ments such as misaligned policy, an underdevel- evidence for the effectiveness of the regime and oped financial sector, scaling up challenges, lack to spot instances of progress and success in of credible climate finance business models and space and time. Although there is no support for an inclement investment environment. How- the effectiveness of the HFA on a larger scale, ever, to what extent and in what ways the above this study is able to identify several countries and factors constrain climate finance is an empirical periods of progress for future research. These question which the literature has not yet re- findings can enrich scholarship on both the effec- solved. This paper examines layers of barriers to tiveness of environmental regimes and disaster private financing identified above and considers governance. The study provides future research the entrenchment and complexities of such chal- with potential success and failure cases deserv- lenges. This approach is crucial to generate more ing of closer investigation and comparative anal- realistic policy goals, effectively design se- ysis for unraveling mechanisms and pathways quences for policy measures and improve de- that have led to successful implementation. signing priorities for public finance allocation to leverage private climate finance. The first level constitutes policy/regulatory barriers that are caused by uncertain regulatory environment and complex institutional arrangements could be

Category: Architecture and Agency superficially tackled in a short term. The second unique epistemic, ontological and normative level consists of structural barriers and problem characteristics, demands and nature of Earth with underdevelopment which need longer time System Governance in the Anthropocene. We and support to overcome. The third level in- call this new legal phenomenon and its accom- cludes the barriers posed by geography and com- panying research agenda ‘earth system law’. plex dealing with land access. The paper con- Earth system law, as we will show, could intro- cludes with exploring the form of viable policy duce a new era in legal scholarship, while seek- and governance arrangements to narrow the fi- ing to comprehensively respond to the regula- nancing gap. tory challenges presented by a changing Earth system as reflected by the Anthropocene’s Panel ID 78 global socio-ecological regulatory and associated The Earth System: Law and Targets normative and epistemic demands. In elaborat- Chair: Rakhyun E. Kim ing earth system law, we first introduce the An- thropocene as the broader context within which 31 to contemplate the relevance and role of law in The Juridical Dimensions of Earth System Govern- a radically altered human-dominated geological ance: Initiating a De-bate on Earth System Law epoch. We then reflect on the prevailing juridical Louis Kotzé 1,2, Rakhyun Kim3 1North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 2Uni- response to global environmental change, focus- versity of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom. 3Utrecht Univer- ing for the sake of brevity specifically on environ- sity, Utrecht, Netherlands mental law and its attendant scholarship. We specifically highlight some of the mounting regu- While the focus of Earth System Governance is latory and epistemic concerns surrounding envi- explicitly on the human-social aspects of Earth ronmental law in the Anthropocene; concerns system changes, law has played a conspicuously which we believe could in time be more effec- peripheral part in the Earth System Governance tively addressed through the lens of earth sys- scientific agenda. To date, Earth System Govern- tem law. The paper then offers a first working ance perspectives have also not significantly in- definition of earth system law and describes, for filtrated the juridical domain, despite increasing illustrative purposes, what a conceptual progres- calls for such a convergence. Thus, while there is sion from international environmental law to a a clear link between Earth System Governance planetary form of earth system law might entail. and the law, this link is largely under-explored, We conclude the discussion with a brief elabora- and it remains unclear how law could respond tion of a proposed future research agenda that from a regulatory perspective to some of the key could contribute to establishing, clarifying, elab- problem characteristics of Earth System Govern- orating and further developing earth system ance. As a first contribution to the work of the law. recently established Task Force on Earth System Law as part of the Earth System Governance Pro- 51 ject, the purpose of this paper is to initiate an ac- The earth system as a new legal intangible object ademic debate on the juridical dimensions of Paulo Magalhães Earth System Governance. We make out a case CIJE- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Common Home of in support of developing a new overarching legal Humanity, Porto, Portugal phenomenon that comprehensively accommo- Our planet is more than a geographic area span- dates and encapsulates all juridical aspects of ning 510 million km2. While all planets have a ge- Earth System Governance, including a new re- ographic area, only Earth has a unique system in- search agenda that is able to respond to the trinsically coupled to the physical planet, capable

Category: Architecture and Agency of sustaining life as we know it. The Earth System benefits that forests provide? The objective is to is a global and intangible system, that is not rec- develop a new object of global governance, that ognized by the rigidity of the current interna- will work as a coordination platform where all tional legal system. Planetary Boundaries frame- positive and negative externalities can be aggre- work defines the limits that we must not cross if gated and accounted for. we are to maintain the Earth System in a favora- 65 ble state - the Safe Operating Space for Human- ity. This qualitative and quantitative space is in- The ethical place of the non-human world in earth tangible and non-territorial, and constitutes our system law: pathways of transformation Rosalind Warner true global common, existing both across and Okanagan College, Kelowna BC, Canada beyond all borders. The current legal non-existence of the Earth System thus authorizes its un- Recent trends towards a new conceptualization regulated use and the consequent tragedy of the of law, termed earth system law, are co-evolving support of life, reduced to the category of exter- with the growth of environmental constitution- nality. A planet outside of this favorable state alism and changes in environmental rights cannot serve as our ‘Common Home’. Legal sci- law. This paper will examine various ways in ences have long recognized the existence of which the expansion of the ethical community to some intangible legal assets as a solution for the include the non-human world may inform an protection of certain interests or entities that emergent earth system law. The paper will sur- have become relevant to human societies. vey recent trends in environmental constitution- UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage, the copy- alism, environmental rights, and case law and right of intellectual property, or intangible busi- evaluate the representation of the non-human in ness value are just some examples. The analogy these trends. This paper will argue that if earth between these intangible legal objects and the system law is something distinct from interna- Earth System is crucial — not only to represent tional and environmental law, then its trans- the global and indivisible functionality of the formative potential lies at least partially in its Earth System in the international community but ability to articulate alternative approaches to the also to give economic visibility to the real value human-non-human relationship. This is in align- of the intangible services provided by ecosys- ment with the approach of earth jurisprudence tems. Just as the legal division between the book and its offshoot of Wild Law, which introduces a and the idea was the fundamental legal concept novel legality within a unique ethical framework that underlies the construction of a society of rights, property and human-earth enhance- based on knowledge, we argue that for the con- ment within an earth-centric legal philosophy. In struction of a sustainable society we must build accordance with the philosophical approach of an autonomous legal object capable of repre- earth jurisprudence, earth system law addresses senting the Earth System, as support economy itself to current international law, environmental capable of giving visibility to the natural intangi- law and human rights law, which have so far not bles. A system of accounting for positive and proved effective in responding to planetary cri- negative pressures is needed to change the dom- ses. This ineffectiveness demonstrates flaws, inant rule of destruction and consumption as the gaps and silences which deserve to be ad- sole driver of economic growth. And this is only dressed. To this end, earth system law may prove possible if the intangible nature enters into our more ‘fit for purpose’ than existing anthropocen- accounts. For all intents and purposes, what is of tric law by enhancing justice, adaptability, and vital value to us? The timber or the intangible sustainability in areas where prevailing regimes

Category: Architecture and Agency of law have failed. The paper will include a com- dynamics. Examples of multi-scale targets on parison of three distinct modes of change to- soils, forest cover, freshwater and others are ex- ward earth system law: through environmental plored and discussed. constitutionalism, through the continued and ex- 290 tended greening of human rights law, and through increasing synergies among diverse re- The Boundaries of the Planetary Boundaries Ap- gimes of international law. As well, the paper will proach: A Critical Analysis Frank Biermann, Rakhyun Kim address philosophical and legal ambiguities aris- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ing from these different pathways, including different conceptualizations of ‘personhood’, This comprehensive paper analyses, from a criti- ‘property’ and legal standing. The pathway of cal perspective, the most recent conceptual, an- building coherence between diverse regimes of alytical and prescriptive work around the propo- international law is considered to be the most sition of scientifically decided planetary limits to promising, both for addressing the role of the the "operating space" of human societies, and its non-human world in law and for instigating proposed relevance as a normative guideline for transformative changes in development policies Earth System Governance. We focus on "plane- and practices toward improved justice, adapta- tary boundaries" but review also similar termi- bility and sustainability over time. nology that describes the same idea, such as the older concept of "planetary guardrails" and the 99 concept’s most recent incarnation as "earth sys- A rationale and examples for Earth system targets tem targets". After a conceptual and historical Roger Cremades introduction into this debate, the paper critically Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) , Hamburg, Ger- many assesses the development of this problematic concept of planetary boundaries over time, em- Initiatives to achieve global sustainability paid lit- phasizing the many branches that the debate has tle attention to the solution space for Earth sys- taken, from the proposal of regional boundaries tem components. Although several initiatives to a variety of additional boundaries that had not have explored the limits and the boundaries of been included in the original exposé of 2009. We the planet where anthropogenic pressures on then elaborate on the different critiques that the the Earth System have reached a scale causing concept had to face since 2009. We cover the irreversible environmental changes, there is a conceptual critique from earth scientists – for in- lack of measures to suitably quantify the biolog- stance, that quantification is not possible or that ical and physical components of the Earth so that the concept in general, or the specific determi- they can continue to provide their life-support- nation of some boundaries, is flawed. We also ing role for humanity. The solution space for this address the more fundamental critique from civil role has not been approached and large uncer- society, social scientists and humanist scholars, tainties exist about the interaction of its ele- including more general social science and hu- ments. These knowledge gaps translate into so- manist criticisms from Science and Technology ciety by limiting the impact of Earth System Gov- Studies that object to expert-driven, techno- ernance, thus threatening human development cratic attempts at a sort of Platonian world of a and sustainability. The interconnections of Earth "global expertocracy". Related to the critique system components and cycles across scales and from the social sciences and the humanities, we their intimate relation with society and the econ- then analyse the real-world political impact of omy call for a complex systems approach to im- the concept of planetary boundaries, which is prove the understanding of the overall

Category: Architecture and Agency strongly linked to the science machinery behind authority and how they engage with Earth Sys- the concept. At the 2012 UN Conference on Sus- tem Governance through the performance of di- tainable Development, the notion of planetary verse governance functions. The discussion is boundaries became marginalized in the final based on an analysis of publications in the Earth documents, and the concept has not found entry System Governance-Agency Harvesting Data- into the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals as base, a collection of 322 peer-reviewed journal well. Even more, as we argue, the overall inte- articles published between 2008 and 2016, 254 grated and balanced structure of the Sustainable of which related to the question "How do agents Development Goals is exactly the opposite of exercise agency?" We identify 20 distinct gov- what proponents of planetary boundaries had ernance functions performed by agents in Earth originally proposed. We conclude by a critical as- System Governance and note that the articles in sessment of the value and dangers of the plane- the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvest- tary boundaries concept, including here the ing Database have focused most heavily on rule- most recent incarnation of this concept in the making and regulation; convening and facilitat- form of "earth systems targets" or "science- ing participation; and knowledge generation, based targets for earth" as they are promoted by provision, and sharing. We observe that while the powerful global research alliance "Future the state has remained a central agent in Earth Earth" – of which the Earth System Governance System Governance-Agency scholarship, the Project has become part. functions performed by state agents have diversified, particularly as they engage in partnerships Panel ID 79 and networks with other types of agents. We ar- Dynamics of agency and architecture gue that the performance of governance func- Chair: Nengye Liu tions is enabled or constrained by structural factors, especially the forms of governance in oper- 76 ation (hierarchies, markets, or networks) as well The Performance of Agency in Earth System Gov- as the multi-level or multi-scalar dynamics of a ernance particular governance context. We conclude by Michele Betsill1, Manjana Milkoreit2 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA. 2Purdue Uni- identifying gaps and areas for future research. versity, West Lafayette, USA 221 Recognizing agents as “authoritative actors,” we Politics, Metaphors, and the Fractal Carbon Trap seek to understand how agents enact, conduct Steven Bernstein, Matthew Hoffmann and perform agency in Earth System Govern- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ance. We acknowledge the iterative and inter- The international community has largely treated dependent relationship between becoming au- climate change as an emissions challenge—re- thoritative and enacting agency. It is through the duce greenhouse gas emissions to address the process of governing that agents continuously problem. While not wrong, this approach fo- (re-)constitute, secure, maintain and sometimes cuses on the proximate cause of the problem ra- lose their authority (Heubaum & Biermann, ther than the underlying pathology: the prac- 2015; Orsini, 2012; Partzsch & Ziegler, 2011; tices, processes and policies that produce green- Pattberg, 2012). The form of authority that gives house gases. The focus on emissions reductions rise to agency also enables, shapes or constrains lends itself to framing around the analytic meta- the governance functions and activities that phors of the carbon budget, global public goods, agents can legitimately perform. In this chapter, and the global commons, and thus the politics of we foreground what agents do with their

Category: Architecture and Agency collective action and international cooperation functioning of single international institutions as (Keohane and Victor 2016). These guiding meta- well as clusters of institutions. It is now widely phors have so far failed to produce the global re- understood that the structure and dynamics of sponse necessary to catalyze transformation on architectures are crucial variables in determining the scale required to avoid catastrophic impacts the overall effectiveness of global governance. of climate change. We argue that new guiding Therefore, the analytical focus of global govern- metaphors and analytic tools are needed to ance research is no longer confined to the more move the global response forward with requisite limited examination of treaties or regimes and speed. In this paper we propose decarbonization their interaction, but to situations in which an is- as the key political goal and that the challenge of sue area is regulated by multiple institutions and carbon lock-in (Unruh 2000; Seto et al 2016) can norms in complex settings. Our study presents a be usefully characterized as a fractal system state-of-the-art analysis of this new body of lit- (Perey 2014; DeFlorio et al 2013; Barret and erature on architectures of global governance. Swallow 2006). The analytic/policy problem is We first delineate the concept of architecture in therefore how to escape what we call the fractal the global governance context, and demarcate carbon trap (a characterization we adapt from boundaries between key concepts used to refer Barret and Swallow 2006, on fractal poverty to various building blocks of an architecture traps)—how to produce catalytic action that (e.g., intergovernmental institutions and non- generates transformation by disrupting the sta- state actors), their key structural features (e.g., tus quo in a way that overcomes the inertia in regime complexes and fragmentation), as well as social systems that tends to reinforce equilibria. policy responses (e.g., integration and orchestra- This new metaphor implies a different kind of tion). We then present key findings to the five politics and research agenda—a focus on experi- core research questions presented in the 2009 mentation and multilevel action (Overdevest Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth and Zeitlin 2014; De Búrca et al. 2014; Bulkeley System Governance Project. These are questions and Castán Broto 2013; Hoffmann 2011; Bern- relating to the performance of institutions and stein and Hoffmann 2018) in fractal systems. We governance architectures; overarching or cross- argue that this metaphor will be more analyti- cutting norms that shape the ideational struc- cally and practically productive in generating ef- tures of governance architectures; architectural fective means of responding to the climate chal- voids or instances of non-governance; the rela- lenge and illustrate its utility drawing on primary tive performance of different multilevel govern- and secondary case material from our project on ance architectures; and interaction between the politics of decarbonization. governance architectures from different policy domains. We then continue with a critical reflec- 301 tion of three recent research trends around com- Architectures of Global Governance: A State-of- plexity, dynamics and transformation, as well as the-Art Assessment associated methodological challenges and ad- Frank Biermann, Rakhyun Kim vances. We conclude by highlighting the poten- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands tial political impact that an ‘architecture lens’ in- The emergence of global governance architec- vites for a much deeper debate about a new vi- tures now constitutes an established phenome- sion on the fundamental restructuring of world non in world politics. As large web-like structures politics. at the meta-level of governance, architectures shape, enable and at times hinder the

Category: Architecture and Agency

Panel ID 80 The paper draws on interview and document Multilateral environmental agreements data as well as observational data collected at the twenty-fourth Conference of the Parties to and international organisations the UNFCCC in Katowice in December Chair: Yixian Sun 2018. Building on the concept of transfor- 60 mations and focusing on the architecture of the Fit for transformation? An assessment of the un UN climate change regime, the paper is relevant climate change regime’s efforts to integrate to the main theme of the 2019 Mexico Confer- transnational actors ence on Earth System Governance and falls Laura Mai within the ‘Architecture and Agency’ conference King's College London, London, United Kingdom stream.

This paper assesses how the UN climate change 108 regime has evolved to integrate transnational ac- Withdrawing From Common Goods: Exiting Mul- tors and whether the emerging institutional ar- tilateral Environmental Agreements rangements are fit for purpose to facilitate and Claire Peacock 1,2, Jean-Frédéric Morin3, Véronique Four- bring about the transformational processes of nier1 change that are required to achieve the goals of 1University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada. 2Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada. 3University of Laval, Quebec the Paris Agreement. In so doing, the paper fo- City , Canada cuses on transnational climate governance initiatives, understood as cross-border alliances of When and why do states withdraw from multi- sub-national and non-state actors which explic- lateral environmental agreements? In 2012, Can- itly seek to mobilise their members’ climate ac- ada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, followed tion potential. The paper pays specific attention by its withdrawal from the United Nations Con- to the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate vention to Combat Desertification in 2013. Japan Action and the Global Climate Action Portal, also announced its pending withdrawal from the In- known as the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate ternational Whaling Commission in 2018. These Action (NAZCA), as structures which seek to link events are not uncommon occurrences. Empiri- the inter-state with the transnational sphere of cal evidence from a broad sample of multilateral engagement within the United Nations Frame- treaties suggests that from 1975 to 2005, one work Convention on Climate Change (UN- state withdrew from a treaty commitment FCCC). The aim of the paper is to set out a model roughly every ten days (Helfer 2005). Yet, we of climate change transformations which can know little of the general conditions under which contribute to developing a better understanding states engage in treaty withdrawal, other than of how top-down state-driven interventions may suspicions that the costs of remaining in the re- be combined with bottom-up climate action to gime must outweigh the benefits (Helfer 2005) achieve the fast, deep and systemic changes im- or of treaty exit patterns specific to multilateral plied by an effective global response to climate environmental agreements. Understanding the change. In so doing, the paper addresses two key rationales behind treaty-withdrawals in the area aspects of current debates on global climate gov- of international environmental cooperation is ernance, namely: (a) the growing recognition of especially important given the far-reaching (and sub-national and non-state actors as central par- trans-national) consequences of non-coopera- ticipants and stakeholders in the global effort to tive environmental outcomes. While states with- address climate change, and (b) the framing of draw from international agreements for multiple the climate crisis as a transformation challenge. reasons, including war or supersession by

Category: Architecture and Agency another treaty (Tobin 1967), the primary con- Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the World cern of this paper is withdrawal after notice is Health Organization (WHO) are increasingly ad- given by one or more of the parties. In this paper, dressing climate risks although their mandates we introduce a theoretical framework for under- did originally not include climate change. IOs standing international treaty exit and apply it to within different issue areas, such as peace and the case of withdrawal from multilateral envi- conflict, migration and health,vary extensively to ronmental agreements. We identify five ration- what extent they deal with such risks.This article ales for treaty withdrawals—cost distribution, investigates why IOs within different (tradition- success, relevance, inciting new cooperation, ally non-climate) issue areas have (or have not) and incidental effects. In more detail, we argue developed strategies to address climate risks that states use withdrawal procedures to leave over the past decade. To answer this question, international treaties when they perceive the the article combines insights from previous liter- distribution of costs as unfair, they believe the atures on global environmental governance and treaty will not meet its goals or that they will not the population ecology of organizations. These meet their obligations under the treaty, they feel literatures inspire us to argue that IOs are re- the treaty is no longer relevant or its rules have source-dependent organizations with both prin- fallen out of favour, they desire to pre-empt a cipled and strategic preferences to address cli- new treaty regime, another treaty withdrawal mate risks. IOs may both seek to solve climate- has incidental withdrawal effects. States may related problems for the sake of improving the withdraw from a given treaty for one or a combi- lives of affected people, or because this may in- nation of several of these reasons. We present crease their own reputation, resources and an original dataset on treaty withdrawals from power if central member states or donors ap- multilateral environmental agreements span- prove. However, IOs face two main constraints ning 1945 to 2014 and apply our theoretical ex- to address climate risks: problem complexity and planations to four cases of withdrawal from four institutional fragmentation. Strategies to over- multilateral environmental agreements: the come these constraints are (a) to collaborate Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the United with other global governance institutions to ex- Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, change resources (funding, information and and the International Whaling Commission. Our power) in mutually beneficial ways, and (b) to analysis is informed by stakeholder interviews, (de-)politicize climate risks in relation to their primary, and secondary sources. By evaluating mandates in ways that please central member incidents of states leaving their international states or donors who may either prefer IOs to treaty commitments, this paper provides an im- provide technical services or political leadership, portant look at when and why states cease to co- trying to gain relevance in governing climate operate. risks globally. The article illustrates this argument by analyzing an original quantitative and 133 qualitative dataset based on an analysis of offi- Institutional fragmentation, policy complexity, cial documents for United Nations Environment, and the strategies of international organization United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to address climate risks (UNHCR), and World Health Organization Lisa Dellmuth, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Ece Kural, Almut (WHO), as well as 30 qualitative interviews and Schilling-Vacaflor. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 61 standardized interviews with staff and member state representatives in these organizations. A remarkable trend in recent years is that inter- The analysis contributes to burgeoning national organizations (IOs) such as the United

Category: Architecture and Agency literatures on global environmental governance, fragmentation in global environmental govern- which have mainly focused on complexity and ance forward. fragmentation of the global governance architecture, and not on the impacts of institutional Panel ID 81 environments on individual organizations’ strat- Governing through global goals egies to address climate risks. Chair: Fariborz Zelli

345 82 Why do International Organisations Engage with The Global Governance Challenge Examined: Climate Change Adaptation? The Role of Money, Analysis of Why the MDGs Achieved Only Modest Member States and External Events Success and How a Similar Outcome Can Be Ece Kural Avoided on the SDGs Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Montserrat Koloffon Rosas1, Jack Harich2

How and why do intergovernmental organiza- 1Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. tions (IOs) address climate change adaptation? 2Thwink.org, Atlanta, USA When does an IO begin conducting adaptation Since the establishment of the United Nations activities (publishing reports, establishing frame- Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972, the works, working groups, etc.), even if this issue is United Nations (UN) has been increasing its not a part of its original mandate? These are vital scope and effort as an orchestrator for all three questions as adaptation is calling for global and pillars of sustainable development (economic, cross-sectoral responses, with climate impacts social, and environmental). Unfortunately, the having as wide influence areas as economic sec- significant rise in effort has been accompanied tors, human wellbeing and state security. Yet, lit- by a simultaneous rise in the world's ecological tle is known about climate adaptation architec- footprint, a problem that would make all other ture and agency beyond UNFCCC. Firstly, to fill economic and social concerns unmanageable this gap, this paper develops a conceptual and due to an unprecedented ecological collapse if it analytical framework to measure IO integration remains unsolved. Given the worldwide increase with adaptation: constructing a unique dataset in awareness and collective action that has taken across 31 IOs for time period 1990-2017. IOs’ an- place since the Millennium Development Goals nual reports constitute the base for the content (MDGs) were launched in 2000, and redoubled analysis which systematically displays what by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in these actors have done, with whom, and how 2015, we should be seeing more tangible results much they prioritized climate adaptation. Fol- at this point. Yet only partial progress has been lowing this descriptive account, I ask what drives made in most areas. The lack of tangible results, the variations in IO actions, both across actors or low solution element effectiveness, points to and across years. Deriving hypotheses from re- shortcomings in the UN problem-solving pro- source exchange, principal-agent theories and cess. This situation has not escaped the attention theories of power, this study strives to show the of the UN even at the highest levels, as reflected factors triggering IO engagement with adapta- by repeated calls for reform. However, despite tion. The results reveal substantial variation in the pervasive feeling that something needs to institutional change in global climate adaptation change, there is little consensus of what a reform governance across issue areas, IOs, and over would mean in practice. Applying tools widely time. The findings seek to push theories of insti- used in business and engineering, principally for- tutional change, international organizations and mal root cause analysis and model-based

Category: Architecture and Agency analysis, we evaluate the UN's problem-solving of local governance are constructed is fit to ad- process maturity. The central finding is that the dress multi-level and cross-sectoral challenges. UN is using certain tools in their process which In reality, local authorities struggle to transition the evidence shows are not working, such as goal from the traditional way of government-led to setting through Logical Framework Approach cross-sectoral governing system and the chang- and Results Based Management. More appropri- ing agency and functions of private sectors and ate would be the tool of process maturity, which civil society over time are not clearly under- has long been known in the business world to be stood. Further, local governance is often based the key driver for solving otherwise impossible- on means-ends rationality and constantly oper- to-solve problems involving large complex sys- ated within divergent priorities and depended tems. This analysis suggests it is possible to apply on other actors and resources. The focus of this the tool of problem-solving process maturity to paper is to understand the importance of archi- the types of problems the UN tries to solve. In tecture and agency in the local governing of the particular, this work concludes that a very small SDGs implementation, contributing to the re- number of crucial changes to the present UN search field of transition in the context of gov- process are all that is necessary to initiate a ernance. It explores whether a certain form of mode change from low solution effectiveness to architecture leads to positive advantages or neg- high solution effectiveness. We base this conclu- ative constraints in the SDGs policy-making and sion on how well these tools and formal process implementation processes. It examines whether maturity management have worked for industry the changing functions, agency and dependency on somewhat similar problems. of government, private sectors and civil society to implement the SDGs contributes to the transi- 269 tion of local governance. This paper conducts a Local governance transitions and the governing of comparative analysis on the cases of piloting cit- the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia ies for the SDGs in Indonesia and the SDGs Fu- and Japan ture Cities in Japan where multiple modes of lo- Mahesti Okitasari1, Kanako Morita2, Hiromi Masuda1 cal governing through the SDGs implementation 1United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability , Tokyo, Japan. 2Forestry and Forest Prod- is taking place. The transition management for ucts Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan sustainable development is used to build the analytical framework. The impacts of city-to-city Following the discourse on the 2030 Agenda and networks, national policies, experience on im- the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the plementing other development policies, such as implementation of the Agenda calls for an inte- the Millennium Development Goals, climate grated approach and transformational change to change, disaster risk reduction or green econ- achieve its objectives by 2030. This new dis- omy, and exposure to knowledge and infor- course promotes a holistic way of planning and mation on sustainable development will also be implementing policies, and greater involvement examined to understand their functions and con- of private sectors and civil society in the provi- ditions in influencing the architecture and sion of public goods. At the local level, it means agency on transitions. Keywords: architecture, that the SDGs implementation requires an inclu- agency, transition management, local govern- sive and integrated national-local policy main- ance, SDGs streaming. As such, transposing the global SDGs into local policy through close vertical and horizontal coordination of policy efforts implies the needs to ensure the way architecture and agency

Category: Architecture and Agency

277 but also transform it into a much more inclusive Can Sustainable Development Goals Make For- process, by integrating the marginalised commu- eign Policy More Inclusive: Water (SDG 6) as a nities into the discourses and processes, con- Case in Point cerning the planning and implementation of Dhanasree Jayaram SDGs, specifically water, through foreign policy Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, and diplomacy. The paper will provide an over- India view of theoretical foundations of foreign policy Sustainable Development Goal 6 – clean water from an International Relations perspective, and and sanitation – is perhaps one of the most criti- how it has evolved over time at both conceptual cal goals that the United Nations (UN) has recog- and practical levels. It will analyse the interlink- nised as a priority through its initiatives such as ages between foreign policy and SDGs using sci- the World Water Day campaign 2019 on Leaving entific and policy literature, with a special focus No One Behind. Most often, it is the marginalised on SDG 6 (water). The paper, by providing a crit- and vulnerable communities, including women, ical evaluation of the role of marginalised com- refugees and migrants, indigenous peoples, and munities in foreign policy discourses, will also children among others who are affected most by make a modest attempt at identifying avenues of the lack of safe and sustainable access to clean enhancing inclusivity in this process, using the water and dignified sanitation. SDG 6 is also gain- case of water. ing traction in foreign policy and diplomatic dis- 310 courses, as multilateralism is considered the key The Effects of the Millennium Development Goals: to achieving this goal. Water diplomacy is one A Meta-Analysis such entry point; but there are several other Frank Biermann, Matteo Spinazzola, Maya Bogers, Agni frameworks and cases that are increasingly be- Kalfagianni, Rakhyun Kim, Francesco Montesano, Melanie ing used to ascertain the interlinkages. For in- van Driel, Marjanneke Vijge, Abbie Yunita stance, virtual water is at the core of interna- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands tional trade, and by extension, foreign policy, The Millennium Development Goals, agreed and despite the enormity of the problem, very upon by UN member states for the period 2000- little has been done to address it, leaving water- 2015, were an important precursor to the cur- scarce countries (and communities) even more rent Sustainable Development Goals. With the vulnerable. Without taking into consideration Millennium Development Goals, the interna- the geopolitics and geoeconomics of water, find- tional community embarked for the first time ing solutions to escalating water stress as well as systematically on the novel approach of "govern- inequity in the distribution of this resource, will ance through goals" that became so dominant thus, be almost impossible. Foreign policy has with the later Sustainable Development Goals. traditionally been a state-centric and elite plat- Yet, what were the actual impacts of the Millen- form, with little or no room for non-state or pri- nium Development Goals? To what extent have vate actors, which continues to be so in the ma- they been achieved, in what areas, in which jority of countries. However, in a highly intercon- countries, and most importantly – how can we nected world, the ‘local’ cannot be disconnected explain these impacts and the underlying varia- from the ‘international’. Therefore, the pool of tions? Answering these questions can give vital necessary partners in foreign policy has enlarged information to the future success of the Sustain- significantly. In this context, this paper will ex- able Development Goals and could even lead to plore whether SDGs provide an opportunity to important adjustments in the political frame- not only integrate these goals into foreign policy, work around the SDGs. This paper provides a

Category: Architecture and Agency systematic meta-analysis of the current Urban resilience to river flooding often requires knowledge on the effectiveness of the Millen- coordination of policies between upstream and nium Development Goals. We have built a data- downstream municipalities within a river basin. base of all published studies in the English lan- As an example, the realization of a retention ba- guage that sought to assess the impact of MDGs sin within a municipality, which is situated in the so far, limited to academic articles and reviews upstream part of a river basin, may enhance published in the social sciences. We assessed flood resilience in a downstream municipality. these articles with a view of the countries that The central question of this paper is how we can were covered; the selection of MDGs that were understand the interactions between upstream addressed; the methods that were used, partic- and downstream municipalities on urban flood ularly as to whether quantitative or qualitative risk policies. To answer this research question methods were applied and whether the article is we employed a case study strategy and made an theoretical or empirical; and the place where the in-depth study of inter-municipal conflict and co- researchers have been located. Based on this da- operation in the Seveso River Basin on the reali- tabase, we provided a systematic mapping of all zation of retention basins to reduce the hydrau- existing research on MDGs over the last period, lic risk affecting the Metropolitan City of Milan including a meta-assessment of the overall effec- (Italy). Our analysis was informed by Ostrom’s In- tiveness of the MDGs and the underlying varia- stitutional Analysis and Development (IAD)- tion across geographies and issue areas. Based framework and Mirumachi’s Transboundary Wa- on this mapping, we identified a subset of litera- ters Interaction NexuS (TWINS)-theory. Whereas ture that analyzed in detail the causal effects of the IAD-framework has been helpful in analyzing the MDGs and the pathways that led to the re- the characteristics of and rules guiding and regu- sults that have been achieved. We conclude our lating the interactions within the relevant action analysis by detailing our expectations for the arenas, the TWINS-theory enabled us to study likelihood of success for the SDGs, as well as a list the role of power in understanding patterns of of policy recommendations to help decision- inter-municipal conflict and cooperation. We makers adjust the current SDG implementation have carried out a document and media analysis process and strengthen this newest version of as well as 20 interviews. The qualitative coding "governance through goals". of these data aimed at defining relevant action arenas, attributes of the community of actors in- Panel ID 84 volved in urban flood risk management, types of Governing flood risks rules-in-use, relevant contextual factors, pat- Chair: Maria del Mar Delgado Serrano terns of interaction, and power relations. The main findings of our analysis are that a combina- 114 tion of contextual factors (such as the urban Understanding inter-municipal conflict and coop- morphology), attributes of the community of ac- eration on urban flood risk policies in the Metro- tors involved in decision making (for instance the politan City of Milan strong inclination towards realizing engineering Corinne Vitale, Sander Meijerink Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands solutions to flood risks), and institutional factors (such as the authority and financial resources of Because floodplain occupancy and climate the region) may explain why retention basins are change have increased flood risk in many cities pushed as the main solution to reduce the hy- around the globe, flood risk management poli- draulic risk in the city of Milan. The case study cies aim at enhancing urban flood resilience. illustrates that the downstream city of Milan –

Category: Architecture and Agency with the support of Lombardia Region – imposes Grebbedijk as a collaborative governance regime this engineering resilience solution on upstream with the involved formal/informal agents as re- municipalities. This is in accordance with the gime participants. The process performance of TWINS-theory, which argues that other sources Grebbedijk is studied by analysing the principled of power may be more important to understand engagement (behavioural interaction between upstream-downstream interactions than the up- the regime participants), shared motivation (in- stream or downstream position within a river ba- terpersonal and relational components of inter- sin. action process) and capacity for joint action (cross-functional elements of establishing insti- 115 tutional arrangements and consolidating The architecture of collaborative governance re- knowledge and resources). The analysis distin- gimes in Dutch flood risk management guishes between two levels of analysis: (1) the Emma Avoyan, Sander Meijerink participant level, and (2) the collaborative gov- Radboud university, Nijmegen, Netherlands ernance regime level. Supported by an extensive The safety standards for flood protection in the document analysis, observations made during Netherlands have been updated recently. It is ex- project meetings as well as a series of in depth pected that most flood protection infrastructure interviews, we have assessed the overall perfor- will have to be reinforced to meet the new mance of collaborative governance regime for standards. The Dutch government aims at ac- the project Grebbedijk. The main conclusion of complishing this task through innovative inte- the analysis at the participant level is that partic- grated projects in which investments in flood ipation contributes to the accomplishment of in- safety are coordinated with spatial agendas, na- dividual goals and missions of participant agen- ture development or other sectoral objectives. cies in varying degrees. The analysis at the re- The planning and implementation of such inte- gime level demonstrates that in spite of the ca- grated projects is challenging given the sectoral pacity of the regime to facilitate collaborative dy- silos and differences in sectoral interests, objec- namics, power asymmetries between the agen- tives, and decision making procedures. Establish- cies shape the collaborative dynamics of princi- ing collaboration within this polycentric struc- pled engagement and shared motivation. This ture requires effective forms of governance ar- may explain why the water authority, which chitecture and institutional frameworks. The seems to prefer straightforward sectoral rather central question of this paper is which factors than more complex integrative solutions, is the promote or hinder cross-sector collaboration in dominant agency determining the outcomes of Dutch flood risk management and, more specifi- this collaborative governance regime. cally, how governance and institutional arrangements enhance this collaboration. To answer this 214 research question we have employed a case How do we motivate action for flood risk mitiga- study strategy. One of the large integrated pro- tion when there is no flood? Challenges of com- jects within the Dutch Flood Protection Pro- munity capacity building towards local adapta- gramme is the project Grebbedijk along the river tion to climate change. Nederrijn. In this project various alternatives for Elisa Kochskämper Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany realizing the new flood risk standards have been explored by concerned agencies. The integrative Capacity building for the adaptation to local ef- framework for collaborative governance is used fects of climate change has gained weight in re- as an analytical tool to study the project search and practice during the last decade.

Category: Architecture and Agency

Successful adaptation requires the capabilities of research and particularly transdisciplinary ap- individuals and communities to develop and proaches: In contexts without recent disastrous thrive the overall adaptive capacity of their so- events and a low risk awareness, mobilizing in- cial-ecological system. This continuous process terest and participation for the adaptation to lo- includes social learning by the wider public that cal effects of climate change is demanding. The leads to collective action. Social learning and ca- role of the researcher is complicated, meander- pacity building for climate change adaptation ing between neutral observer and promoter. are, however, highly fragmented research fields Eventually, the questions of what actually consti- with scarcely scattered empirical evidence far tutes a community (locality, municipality, com- from clarifying how and under which conditions munity of practice) and who is the addressee of these phenomena materialize. We engaged into actions need conceptual clarification. a community capacity building process for local 424 adaptation to floods from February to July 2017 in Ulm, a southern German city. Employing a sur- A computational model to assess socio-hydrolog- vey, a focus group, and interviews at various gov- ical risk in Mexico City Metropolitan Area Yosune Miquejauregui1, Luis Bojórquez-Tapia2, Fidel Se- ernance levels, we conducted an initial capacity rrano-Candela1, Ileana Grave1, Alejandra Estrada Barón1 assessment developed in the context of the Eu- 1Instituto de Ecología/Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de ropean research project ‘CAPFLO – Local Resili- la Sostenibilidad, México, Mexico. 2Instituto de Ecología/La- ence Capacity Building for Flood Risk Mitigation’. boratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, México, The results conveyed a low awareness of the Mexico high flood risk induced by an alpine river. Institu- Computational models represent a useful ap- tions are in place for informing and advising mu- proach to dynamically simulate feedbacks and nicipalities on flood risk mitigation, yet, interactions among socio-ecological system vari- knowledge seems not to be disseminated further ables while incorporating methodological uncer- ‘down’ to individuals and communities, and the tainties associated to model structure and func- last major flood occurred two decades ago. To- tional relationships. Here, we present a com- gether with participants of the focus group we puter modeling approach applied to assess so- planned participatory pilot actions with the aim cio-hydrological risk (SHR) in Mexico City Metro- of raising risk awareness and motivation for col- politan Area (MCMA). In this context, socio-hy- lective action. The developed formats open for drological risk was measured as the probability anyone interested were deliberately designed as of flooding and ponding occurrence in a given unconventional in comparison to traditional time and specific location. We dynamically simu- ones (e.g. workshops), such as a movie screening late the integrated effects of watershed runoff, and interactive engagement at the river. We rainfall and sewerage capacity on SHR. To incor- evaluated the categories of knowledge gain, mo- porate the impact of watershed runoff on SHR tivation for action, and network building as well we used a water balance model SCS-CN that re- as the perceived quality of pilot actions via ques- lates runoff to land cover type, soil conditions tionnaires and group discussion observa- and daily precipitation and evapotranspiration tion. Our findings show a considerable increase inputs. Water infrastructure attributes such as in knowledge, while motivation for action and topology of the sewerage network, infrastruc- networking score substantially lower. In addi- ture age and total flow were spatially aggregated tion, the actions on- and off-site resulted in dif- and used to model sewerage capacity. Statistical ferent effects. The challenges we confronted techniques were used to estimate SHR as a func- might give useful implications for future tion of watershed runoff, rainfall and sewerage

Category: Architecture and Agency capacity. Our results suggest that SHR increased national security priority assuming a 2-3 degree in areas within the MCMA where watershed run- temperature increase scenario. As authors of the off and rainfall events were more intense. Simi- aforementioned Climate Security strategy pro- larly, increasing sewage capacity through infra- posal in the Senate of Mexico, the aim of this oral structure building and maintenance reduced presentation is to introduce the case study, its SHR. This approach sheds light into the mecha- rationale, the strategy applied throughout the nisms that explain patterns of vulnerability in Mexican laws to spark innovative thinking in ap- Mexico City Metropolitan Area. plying the sustainability-security link in government institutions and policies to guarantee gov- Panel ID 86 ernmental action on both environmental protec- Environmental security and peacebuild- tion and adaptation to climate change. ing 289 Chair: Chucks Okereke Linking Science Diplomacy with Environmental 122 Peacebuilding Climate Security as a Legislative Framework: A Dhanasree Jayaram case study in Mexico Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, India Luis Fernández-Carril1, Andrés Obregón Mayorga2 The role of science in environmental diplomacy, 1 Technológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Mexico, 2Uni- versidad del Valle de México, Mexico whether it is in terms of fostering research col- laborations between countries or communities, Current pledges under the Paris Agreement are or in terms of its role in environmental treaty- insufficient to stay below 2 degrees and it is likely making, has been under deliberation for a long temperatures will raise beyond 3 degrees. With time. However, how can science contribute to this scenario becoming increasingly probable, peacebuilding between nations and communi- vulnerable countries should operate under the ties that are wat war with each other or are paradigm of climate security to manage the una- simply hostile with each other through environ- voidable and to avoid the unmanageable. Under mental cooperation? This is a question that these circumstances, in December 2017, the needs to be addressed more seriously and ur- Special Commission on Climate Change of the gently at a time when environmental security Senate of Mexico introduced the topic of climate challenges and climate-fragility risks are posing security in the environmental agenda by propos- threat to peace and stability in many parts of the ing a set of modifications to more than 15 laws. world. At the same time, it is also critical to ex- The objective was to introduce climate security plore ways in which science could engender or in strategic areas: (1) enhancing sustainable de- advance diplomatic initiatives in the environ- velopment implementation by using the law to mental arena, by acting as a preventive diplo- ensure the protection of the critical natural sys- macy tool, which then contributes to interna- tems beyond the conventional environmental tional peace. Science, being often labelled a dou- protection laws. This objective would be di- ble-edged sword, needs to be attuned to a con- rected at framing sustainable development as a flict-sensitive approach for better results in national security matter, as unmovable strategic peacebuilding, which is also a part of responsible locks in Mexican laws to stop current overexploi- research and innovation in a world that is wit- tation of critical natural systems, as a paradigm nessing the effects of a dramatically changed en- for the development agenda and (2) to opera- vironmental and climate. Similarly, environmen- tionalize adaptation to climate change as a tal peacebuilding efforts could also have

Category: Architecture and Agency backdraft effects, if the mitigation and adapta- questions about who can or should provide se- tion initiatives are not scientifically, socio-eco- curity in the face of increasingly complex socio- nomically and politically sound. In this context, ecological threats, which often transcend state the paper will attempt to identify interlinkages borders and extend beyond traditional risk cal- between two concepts – “environmental peace- culations. While some scholars warn that secu- building” and “science diplomacy” – through em- ritizing environmental issues might unneces- pirical observations from different regions. The sarily militarize global responses, making solu- two conceptual frameworks, at the outset, seem tions exclusionary and non-cooperative, others to have common goals; and therefore, the ques- suggest that linking these two concepts encour- tion is – if they are aligned with each other, can ages collaborative efforts toward overcoming they provide better solutions to the problems of shared ecological challenges. This paper seeks to the 21stcentury? The other objectives of the pa- extend the “environmental security” debate into per are the following: to explore the role of sci- conversations about sources of legitimacy and ence in environmental peacebuilding; to analyse accountability in global environmental govern- the interplay between science diplomacy and is- ance. Specifically, I am interested in identifying sues such as conflict sensitivity and conflict pre- environment-security concepts that are “privat- vention; and to identify the institutions and ized” by the core tenets of ecological moderniza- stakeholders at international, regional and local tion and sustainable development through a levels that could operationalise science diplo- case analysis of the water, energy, and food macy-environmental peacebuilding interface. (WEF) security nexus—an approach to sustaina- The paper will be based on discussions held dur- bility that, I argue, shifts authority over security ing a webinar series on this theme (focussing on from state-centric institutions toward private polar regions, marine/maritime and Cyprus) that sector organizations. My ultimate goal is to un- the author is organising in April-May 2019. Some derstand whether and to what extent this shift of the common sub-elements that are expected away from state-centrism toward private gov- to be addressed through this webinar series in- ernance elicits new sources of legitimacy and ac- clude: responsible research and innovation, in- countability that are otherwise nonexistent in terdisciplinary studies, partnership-building, traditional security apparatuses, and how such communication and stakeholder engagement, new security arrangements reorient the citizen- conflict-sensitivity, capacity-building, gender state relationship within the context of environ- sensitivity and conflict prevention among oth- mental change. My conclusion is that an emerg- ers. ing, transboundary political sphere that governs both security and environmental change consti- 420 tutes new relationships between agents and ref- Non-State Agents of Environmental Security: erents of security, potentially widening the Emerging Sources of Legitimacy and Accountabil- scope of decision-making power among those ity in Global Environmental Governance who are vulnerable to environment risks. Julianne Liebenguth Colorado State University , Fort Collins , USA

The concept of “environmental security” is rapidly expanding into global policy debates about environmental change and sustainable development. Connecting environmental issues to concerns about security prompts important

Category: Democracy and Power

Panel ID 7 changes in preferences, greater levels of agree- Democratic transformations in Earth Sys- ment with decision outcomes, and greater perceived fairness. This research sheds some light tem Governance (i) on the relationship between deliberative democ- Chair: Kyla Tienhaara racy and decisions related to sustainability and 19 governance of collective goods. Improving Collective Problem-Solving through De- 142 liberative Democracy Democracy and power in Earth System Govern- Tara Grillos Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ance: progress, paralysis and potential Jonathan Pickering1, Thomas Hickmann2, Karin Bäckstrand3, Stakeholder participation in decision-making has David Schlosberg4 been widely lauded as a method for improving 1University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. 2Potsdam Uni- 3 outcomes in environmental management, inter- versity, Potsdam, Germany. Stockholm University, Stock- holm, Sweden. 4University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia national development, democratic governance, and sustainability science, among other areas. Confidence among scholars and policy-makers in While there are normative reasons to encourage the ability of democracies to respond effectively more inclusive decision-making processes, costly to environmental problems has been shaken by and time-intensive group decision-making pro- recent shifts in political power. This includes the cesses are often justified on the grounds that rise of anti-environmental populism across a they may also improve outcomes. Deliberative range of countries, as well as collective failures discussion, in particular, is believed to be more to mitigate climate change and reverse biodiver- transformative than a mere aggregation of indi- sity loss. Yet many authors argue that demo- vidual preferences. Empirical work confirms that cratic processes remain essential for ensuring in- deliberation results in shifts of opinion, but it has put legitimacy, and there is substantial – alt- had little to say about the quality of the resulting hough contested – evidence that they also en- decisions, which are understandably difficult to hance output legitimacy, i.e. that democracies assess in a field setting. This research involves perform better on environmental issues than controlled laboratory experiments conducted in non-democratic countries. Building on previous Nairobi, and it examines the hypothesis that de- scholarship on Earth System Governance and the liberative discussion leads to better decision- section on ‘democracy and power’ in the new making regarding the creation of a collective Earth System Governance Project’s Science and good. I find that participation in group decision- Implementation Plan (2018), this paper charts making involving deliberation (but not a simple new directions for research on democracy and majority vote) does result in more successful col- power along four dimensions, each correspond- lective good production. This effect is not ing to one of the four contextual conditions set achieved through greater effort exerted, but ra- out in the Plan: the Anthropocene, transfor- ther through better strategic decision-making mations, inequalities and diversity. Across each that minimizes the costs associated with contri- of these dimensions we survey scholarly litera- butions. Deliberation is also associated with ture and policy innovations since 2010. Whereas

Category: Democracy and Power

previous work at the intersection of democracy Research results largely demonstrate democ- and Earth System Governance (e.g. Dryzek and racy’s positive effect on sustainability. At the Stevenson 2011) focused on the global level, our same time, even established democracies are far paper spans intersecting democratic processes from reaching internationally agreed-upon tar- from the local to the global, as well as fore- gets, such as those set in the Paris Agreement grounding the nexus between democracy and and the Sustainable Development Goals. When power. First, we assess the implications of the taking into account shrinking timeframes for ac- Anthropocene for democracy and power. De- tion, incremental democratization is unlikely to spite calls for technocratic or authoritarian re- improve democracies’ sustainability perfor- sponses to emblematic problems of the Anthro- mance sufficiently. Against this background, this pocene, we argue that democracy takes on re- paper introduces the concept of “leapfrogging newed importance as democratic interactions democratization”. While much of the current ef- prove crucial for the societal rethinking needed fort in democratization research is spent on ana- to change unsustainable practices. Second, we lyzing transitions along the autocracy-democ- address the transformations needed to respond racy continuum and on democratic innovations to the earth system risks that societies now face. at a small scale or as non-viable blueprints, we We critically review the role of democratic pro- know little about fundamental democratization cesses in recent literature and practice on sus- leaps of established democracies omitting single tainability transformations, and outline the asso- reform steps. An illustrative example is provided ciated implications of technological change (e.g. by Thomas Jefferson’s idea that “the earth be- mobilising social movements for and against ac- longs in usufruct to the living” and thus every law tion on climate change) for democratic legiti- should expire with those who created it. The ac- macy and sustainability. Third, we explore the tual implementation of this proposal might lead role of institutionalised economic and power in- to the adoption of numerous sunset clauses for equalities in impeding or accelerating demo- every law related to the use of natural resources. cratic transformations towards sustainability, fo- Each generation would then experience demo- cusing on populist movements (often driven by cratic self-efficacy in the act of negotiating fun- real or perceived inequalities), including leaders damental laws on whether path dependencies in the US and Brazil, as well as the gilets jaunes (e.g.,the subsidization of fossil fuels, which is still movement in France. Finally, we address diver- higher than that of renewable energies world- sity and show how different visions of democ- wide), are compatible with the usufruct princi- racy – e.g. the Indian concept of ‘ecological swa- ple. This form of step-change democratization raj’ (radical ecological democracy) – and diverse that goes beyond incremental reform consti- knowledge systems can enrich Earth System tutes a conceptual gap in the literature, which Governance, while acknowledging the need to “leapfrogging democratization” aims to fill by agree on collective responses to earth system identifying democratic means potentially able to risks. improve sustainability performance to the extent needed. The concept formation of “leap- 202 frogging democratization” is derived from a the- Leapfrogging Democratization: meeting sustain- oretical as well as an empirical angle. First, we ability goals through fundamental democratiza- define possible drivers, conditions and processes tion leaps of leapfrogging democratization, using, amongst Frederic Hanusch, Azucena Morán others, literature on democratic transitions, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Pots- transformative governance and socio-technical dam, Germany

Category: Democracy and Power

as well as economic leapfrogging. Second, we exclusions resulting from neoliberal globaliza- identify rapid increases of democratic quality in tion, carbon market expansion and collaborative order to isolate empirically elements of leapfrog- forms of global governance. Under the label ‘cli- ging democratization. Third, we discuss and re- mate justice’ this broad landscape of climate ac- late our theoretically and empirically derived in- tivists is contesting the ‘false solutions’ pro- sights to formulate the concept of “leapfrogging moted by global policy elites and mobilizing the democratization”. Lastly, we apply the concept grassroots to foster a more eco-centric and just to the conditions of the Anthropocene, outlining world order. In this paper we critically examine entry points for democracies coping with the the democratic ideals underpinning this antago- new kind of planetary challenges ahead, while nistic counter-movement and the form of left- taking possible side effects into account. wing populism it rests upon. We trace the political narratives and strategies used to bring ‘the 180 political’ and ‘the people’ back into climate pol- Climate justice activism and the quest for radical icy discourse and ask what the implications are democracy: left-wing populism and the demise of for the liberal-democratic and multi-stakeholder collaborative climate governance? governance strategies promoted by Paris Agree- Karin Bäckstrand1, Eva Lövbrand2 ment. Our analysis is based on more than 30 in- 1Department of Political Science, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden. 2Department of Thematic Studies: En- terviews with activists from environmental vironmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Swe- NGOs, women’s groups, youth organizations, den and indigenous peoples organizations, as well as The US presidential elections in November 2016 discourse analysis of policy briefs, and websites coincided with the 22nd UN Climate Change Con- of the same organizations. ference in Marrakech. This was a moment in the Panel ID 8 history of global climate politics when diplomats Democratic transformations in Earth Sys- were celebrating the recent entry into force of the Paris Agreement. While the election of Don- tem Governance (ii) ald Trump as the next US president cast a Chair: Jonathan Pickering shadow of uncertainty over the new climate re- Discussant: Karin Bäckstrand gime, it also increased the resolve among many 153 of the delegates gathered in Marrakech. 'Toghe- Intersectionality and Climate Policies of Govern- ther now' became the symbolic language for dip- ment Agencies: Is a socially inclusive and sustain- lomats, political leaders and non-state observers able climate policy possible? who tried to show a united international front Nanna Rask, Gunnhildur Magnusdottir, Benedict Singleton, against the rise of right-wing nationalism, popu- Annica Kronsell lism and climate denialism symbolized by the School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothen- new president. However, among the participants burg, Sweden. present in Marrakech was also a smaller group of Climate issues are salient on the political agenda climate justice activists that contested main- and governmental institutions are deeply in- stream climate policy discourse and the liberal- volved in developing policies with significant dis- democratic institutions upon which the Paris tributive effects for the future. Government Agreement rests. Rather than joining forces with agencies play an important role in producing pol- the champions of the new climate regime, they icies for climate action. A key problem is the linked up with a broader civil society movement prevalent focus on technical innovations and that is protesting the social inequality and economic incentives, and the lack of attention to

Category: Democracy and Power

social dimensions. Research shows how green- address in the subsequent work, and provide in- house gas emissions, vulnerability to impacts sights and examples of intersectional aspects and political participation vary across the popu- that can be useful in the interaction with policy lation, according to gender, race, class, age and makers. other intersectional factors (Kaijser & Kronsell 173 2014; IPC C 2014; Djoudi et al 2016). Recognition of social differences needs to inform climate pol- Rights, Regimes, and Restatements by Consensus: icy. If such differences are not recognized, cli- Transformation of Democratic Earth System Gov- mate policy risks being both ineffective (by fo- ernance Walter Baber1, Robert Bartlett2 cusing on the wrong targets) and reinforcing in- 1California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, Califor- equalities. In a previous study, we showed that nia, USA. 2University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA the diversity of the public and the various needs and behaviour patterns of different groups have The recognition of a body of rights insulated not been sufficiently recognized (Magnusdottir from popular abridgment by the effective rule of & Kronsell 2015 and 2016). This non-recognition law is absolutely necessary to any ongoing prac- risks undermining action on climate change and tice of Earth System Governance democ- conflict with other sustainability goals. Our focus racy. Governance processes can transform in is on Swedish climate policy where there are no- the direction of becoming more democratic and table shortcomings in this respect. This paper ex- more environmentally benign by fostering the plores how policy makers articulate the signifi- establishment of environmental human cance of social differences for climate policy rights. Human rights, including environmental making in an effort to better understand why so- human rights, should be understood as consti- cial differences have not been fully recognized in tuting the bounds of legitimate democratic dis- climate relevant policies. The empirical base are course—continuing, real democracy is always the existing climate policy documents of four critically dependent on the establishment and Swedish agencies working with climate policy. maintenance of real human rights. But real, es- The material is analyzed through critical policy tablished human rights, including environmental analysis (Bacchi and Eveline 2010, Fairclough rights, are not and have never been a gift--not 2013) combined with intersectional methodol- from God, or Nature, or philosophers, or judges, ogy that poses critical questions to the material, or parliaments, or conferences, or constitutional such as: What types of knowledge and what conventions. Legal restatement and interna- kinds of subjects are recognized? What norms tional regime formation are two constitutive are important for (non-)recognition of climate governance processes that exemplify and render relevant social differences? (as outlined in more concrete the characterization of rights nar- Kaijser & Kronsell 2014). These questions serve ratives as descriptions of areas of normative con- to identify and analyze assumptions about social sensus--of places in the political world where groups, ideals and legitimacy that are embedde- people have adopted a “final vocabulary” in or- din institutions and manifested in their practices der to terminate the otherwise infinite regress of and policies. The critical policy analysis will help normative justification. In this paper we review us demonstrate whether and how intersectional the formation of international environmental re- aspects have been taken into account, but also gimes and the tradition of legal restatement (to point out which ideas influence the policies and date mostly within domestic legal systems) and possibly shed light on path-dependencies in gov- analyze their similarities as processes animated ernment agencies. It will help us identify areas to by the same desire to establish a broad consensus about legitimate and desirable ends of

Category: Democracy and Power

governance. We extend this analysis by as- formal legal title and thus decision-making sessing how areas of consensus on global rights power. These voices come from smallholder can be memorialized through democratic legal crop farmers in South Asia, Africa, and Latin and political processes that already exist and are America, pastoralists, poor and informal urban reasonably well understood. The idea and impli- settlers, dwellers of riverscapes and riparian cations of consensus matter. We apply a broad- fringes, as well as holders of Indigenous land ened and enhanced analysis of consensus from rights. In exploring the fringes of legal land, wa- the perspectives of history, sociology, and politi- ter, and forest title, the democratic landscape of cal science to explicate how reimagined versions the fringe is explored. In many places, legal title of the processes of international regime for- to land, forest or water is a prerequisite to par- mation and legal restatement can effectively ticipation in decision making concerning land, serve the cause of extending both human rights water, and the environment. For instance, in and environmental narratives, such that they water governance in Chile and Argentina, only complement and reinforce one another and those with water rights participate in water gov- transform democratic governance. We identify ernance and with very little regulation, land major concerns for what must follow in any col- owners determine activities occurring on their lective effort of humanity to theorize, experi- land. Water infrastructure decisions such as the ment, and evaluate what will be necessary to es- building of hydro-electric dams are made by tablish the rights foundations of successful dem- these water rights holders without the participa- ocratic Earth System Governance. tion of, and to the detriment of, dryland pastoralists. Further, although women play a signifi- 248 cant role in agriculture, patriarchal structures in The Fringes, Legal title and “Standing” in the An- many countries prevent women from being land- thropocene holders and thereby restrict women’s decision Margot Hurlbert making in relation to land and its resources. This Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, Regina, Canada paper draws on case studies of formal and informal mechanisms for participation in decision Earth System Governance literature abounds making surrounding land and water, identifying with policy decisions ‘steered’ through participa- policy and institutional mechanisms that ad- tory, bottom up practices involving people in the vance participation thereby achieving demo- management of common pool resources. Cli- cratic transformation. Some of these include In- mate change is the foremost challenge of the An- digenous rights, rights of Free Prior Informed trhopocene in relation to land as it exacerbates Consent, and legal and policy avenues that ad- land degradation and desertification. Climate vance standing in the Anthropocene. change models contain a strong component of land-based mitigation of climate change, further 266 straining relations surrounding land as biomass, The potential of pluralizing participation for the bioenergy, and food production compete for earth system: Guatemala’s Consultations of Good space on Mother Earth. Climate change, and ini- Faith tiatives to advance climate mitigation and adap- Frederic Hanusch, Azucena Morán tation may encourage land grabbing and elite Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Pots- dam, Germany capture. These developments may further the precariousness of land dwellers on the fringe The Latin-American region has gone through key who are without strong legal title. This paper ex- democratic transition processes upon which par- poses the precarious voices of those without ticipatory forms of political experimentation

Category: Democracy and Power

have attempted to address the gaps and failures Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 on af- of representative democratic regimes. The re- fordable and clean energy with other SDGs and gion’s current receding political landscape and compare them with the results of the consulta- the frequent collision between sustainable de- tions. Based on a process-tracing method, we velopment and democratic decision-making will map its meeting points. Results demonstrate leave space to examine, in primis, the capability that democratically embedded and genuinely of Latin-America’s representative governments plural participation has the potential to consti- to improve democratic qualities by institutional- tute a sine qua non driver for improving demo- izing and pluralizing policy-making processes. cratic quality and sustainability performance at Moreover, they put into question whether par- the same time. ticipation constitutes not only an end in itself but also a potential means to address planetary chal- Panel ID 40 lenges. Against these empirical queries, we use a Power in Earth System Governance (I): contrasting comparison with different degrees Decentering Power of plural participation and map their respective Chair: Robert Bartlett influence on sustainability performance. This allows us to contribute not only to the conceptual 141 debate on the enabling conditions for pluralizing The Right to Repair: Democracy, Activism and the participation, but also hypothesize about its po- Circular Economy tential impacts depending on its quality. With Kate O'Neill, Alastair Iles University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, USA the aim of addressing this conceptual gap, we will use Guatemala’s Consultation of Good Faith Until the 1980s, many people in developed coun- in Santa María Cahabón, Alta Verapaz, as a case tries remained skilled and knowledgeable study. The unique dispute over the Oxec Hydro- enough to repair household items, from washing electric Project and the participatory processes machines and radios to clothes and shoes. Or that followed avoid, on the one hand, the instru- they could seek out the expertise of repair shops mentalization of the civil society that comes with in their neighborhoods. Since then, manufactur- legally-binding participatory processes. On the ers and corporate designers have made their other, it lets us analyze participation within dif- products increasingly difficult to fix, to ferent levels of institutionalization, since the strengthen their control over intellectual prop- consultation was carried out two times: one by erty rights, and to force consumers to buy more local indigenous leaders, and one by governmen- products. Such practices of “planned obsoles- tal officials following a ruling by the Constitu- cence” drive the generation of masses of e- tional Court. Furthermore, this case gives space waste, discarded textiles and other sorts of to assess plural transformations of sustainability “waste” that might otherwise have long use- solutions due to its interconnectedness between lives. In response, the “Right to Repair” (R2R) has the local and the global, indigenous and scientific become a rallying cry that has mobilized very dif- knowledge, and imperfectly institutionalized ferent constellations of actors and diverse strat- procedures and CSO-led processes. This paper egies. It is now seen as a fundamental building will first define pluralized participation and de- block of circular economies. It is also subversive, velop a corresponding analytical scheme to eval- seeking to undercut some of the world’s most uate the quality of pluralized participation pro- powerful corporations and empower communi- cesses. Secondly, it will delineate sustainable pa- ties. And it engages democratic institutions and rameters based on the interlinkages of processes. This paper analyzes this emerging

Category: Democracy and Power

movement in OECD countries, how it has ap- This paper is based on the premise that the An- peared in different jurisdictions and political thropocene is, at its core, a crisis of democracy; contexts, its impacts, and broader implications. it is a distributive problem concerning the bene- Across the US, Europe, and Australia, a growing fits and environmental burdens of social metab- number of community groups and networks are olism, and ultimately a matter of allocation of calling for a legally mandated right to repair power. Conflicts over mining or oil develop- technologies. Across the US, R2R has manifested ments fostered by national governments, in alli- itself in the form of ballot measures and legisla- ance with big corporations, and opposed by local tion. Farmers helped drive this legislative move- communities are a clear expression of the crisis ment. John Deere, for example, stops farmers of democracy. Very often, local populations and from being able to change the electronics and authorities use mechanisms of direct democ- programming for its agricultural machines, and racy, such as referenda or local consultations, to to fix them when they break down, something articulate their opposition to extractive industry most farmers consider a basic right. In other development projects in their lands. Since these parts of the world, “fix-it” collectives engage democratic tools tend to give rise to conflicts communities, teaching people again how to re- with high macroeconomic interests of national pair broken goods (and sometimes, “illegally” governments, they are frequently prevented, re- breaking into laptops, phones and other devices pressed or ignored by higher authorities through to fix them counter to manufacturers’ require- either legal or political strategies, which some- ments). The Swedish government provides tax times are violently implemented. Whereas simi- breaks to citizens who bring goods for repair. In lar claims from indigenous peoples find legal pro- Australia, ‘Men’s Sheds’ have materialized as a tection in international law, primarily on the reinvigorated community institution and also grounds of free, prior and informed consent, in- combat male depression and suicide rates. Be- ternational legal protection for non-indigenous yond recycling and waste prevention, R2R move- populations claiming direct say in public deci- ments across these cases connect with broader sions remains very vague. Furthermore, whereas political and social issues in the 21stcentury, the Aarhus Convention and the Escazu Conven- challenging corporate intellectual property tion grant participatory democracy related rights rights and the privatization of technical in environmental and development decision- knowledge. This paper, therefore, considers how making processes, international protection of lo- these initiatives add up to a concerted effort to cal demands for mechanisms of direct democ- break cycles of disposability and planned obso- racy is still an unsettled legal issue. This paper lescence, while re-building communities and cre- has three main goals. From a theoretical per- ating a grassroots-based model for sustainable spective, I will first explore in what sense and to development in OECD countries, with potentially what extent a form of democracy with deep lib- profound implications for broader political/cor- eral roots, such as one of direct democracy porate structures. mechanisms, may be a powerful tool to address current environmental conflicts and power im- 282 balances, not without taking into account the Direct local democracy and development deci- risks they imply. Second, I will assess how these sions: emancipatory potentials and legal status in mechanisms are protected by international International Law and different constitutional sys- norms, courts and agencies. Third, I will examine tems different forms in which a few states are granting Isabel Vilaseca Boixareu Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

Category: Democracy and Power

protection to local direct democracy mecha- engagement. The drought problem was seen nisms regarding development decisions. mainly as linked to infrastructure, and measures taken by state government to guarantee water 328 security emphasized the hydraulic paradigm Water Governance in context of scarcity in Met- over a more complex approach of water govern- ropolitan São Paulo – what needs for adaptation? ance, maintaining the mainstream logic. So the Pedro Jacobi underlying drivers of the crisis were not affected, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil strengthening centralized power and reducing Water governance in several Latin American the possibility of other initiatives based on a new countries has been gradually moving from con- culture of water governance. The text proposes ventional centralized model towards a decen- the need of a reflexive and adaptiveness and im- tralized participatory and adaptive approach. In plies the adoption of another strategy of govern- early 2015, a water crisis took place in the Met- ance, that considers society as an effective pro- ropolitan Region of São Paulo, one of the largest tagonist in decision making process as well in the metropolis in Latin America. During the crisis, fo- social control, thus demanding cooperation and cus was given mainly by media and government co-responsibility to guarantee access to common on unusual meteorological conditions. But it is resources as water. There is a need of enlarging known that inadequacies of the management of dialogues on water scarcity as systemic in the re- water resources and low levels of sewage treat- gion, and the vulnerabilities and uncertainty in- ment with its contaminating impact in reservoirs herent to the existing unsustainable model. This and waterways and reduced watershed conser- stimulates the discussion of two issues: the role vation have a great impact. São Paulo experi- of organized initiatives and the fragility of the mented the water crisis that indicated inade- governance model. quate management practices of water management for many decades, and the whole institu- 336 tional setting based on decentralized water basin Public Policy, Markets, Local Democracy, and the committees. Decisions during the crisis were not Seeds of a Good Anthropocene: Mexico’s Commu- transparent and the participatory arenas were nity Forest Enterprises excluded from discussions and decision making. David Bray Florida International University, Miami, USA So negotiation and decisions to address the water crisis did not take place within formal partic- Mexico presents a unique case where govern- ipatory institutions, and decisions took place ance of some 60% of the nation’s forests were outside the formal system. The interplay be- placed in the hands of communities, in succes- tween water security and water governance is sive degrees of actual control, stretching from the issue to be addressed, emphasizing decen- the 1930s to the 1990s, as a little-noticed result tralisation, transparency, and participation, as of the Mexican Revolution (1911- components of an adaptive logic. While examin- 1917). This massive decentralization of forest ing the relationship between water governance management created Mexico’s democratically- and water security in the context of the 2013- 15 managed common property forest sector, in water crisis in the São Paulo Metropolitan Re- both temperate and tropical areas, at a scale and gion, we discuss how the conventional process of level of maturity unmatched anywhere else in governance shaped the dynamic of the drought the world. It is thus a national laboratory for and its outcomes and limited responses that pro- studying the social, economic and ecological mote participation and civil society benefits of delivering forests to local

Category: Democracy and Power

communities and providing them with the five 183 capitals necessary to engage in collective action Powershifts: an empirical assessment of the to organize community forest enterprises growing impact of energy decentralisation on po- (CFEs). This paper critiques common property litical power structures across 36 countries theory with an examination of how State policy Marie Claire Brisbois provided much of the hierarchy of rules around University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom forest and harvest governance and defined many As global energy systems transform, a turbulent of the rights that provided the foundation for shift in energy governance is underway. Soci- collective action around CFEs.. This imposition otechnical developments have enabled the from above reduced institutional choice, but also emergence of decentralised electricity produc- reduced the transaction costs in creating gov- tion owned by new energy system actors. Com- ernance rules. Further, rules and organizations munity or co-operative groups, termed ‘CE’ here, from above did not “crowd-out” collective action differ from traditional energy players in that they around forest governance because of a signifi- are not driven primarily by shareholder returns. cant market incentive in relatively high and sta- The explosion of CE across the developed world ble prices for their timber. Thus, common prop- has implications for energy governance pro- erty models need to be extended in three ways cesses and outcomes, and democracy in gen- to help explain the Mexican case: 1) the historic eral. Significant scholarship on ‘energy democ- role of State policy in in creating the enabling in- racy’ and transitions anticipates that, as these stitutions for territorial governance, the plat- actors capture increasing market share, they will form for democratically-managed community destabilise the long standing political and eco- firms, and for establishing clear rules and regula- nomic relationships associated with centralised tions around forest harvests and most aspects of energy systems. Political power struggles be- forest management. 2) the role of markets and tween CE and incumbent industries are already price in providing economic incentives for collec- on the rise as CE builds institutional capacity and tive action to organize market-oriented firms claims a more active governance role. Policy that overcome the crowding out effects of rules makers are struggling to keep up with the rapid imposition from above. The fact that they are pace of change, and with the ever-increasing firms also requires an examination of the role number of voices in policy debates. There is po- of the “five capitals” : financial, physical, hu- tential for a vast improvement in the quality of man, social, and natural, and the varying govern- previously captured energy governance, but also ment role in providing them, and 3) the role for a re-entrenchment of the status quo. This pa- of different kinds of pre-existing communities, per presents results from the first multi-country that range from social networks without a terri- comparative study into the political conse- tory until very recent times to indigenous peo- quences of increasing decentralisation of en- ples with millennial ties to a territory. State pol- ergy. The project, grounded in theory on power, icy, markets, and community responses have institutions, governance, and transitions, sought created a national sector that is resilient to cli- to answer three questions: a) if shifts in political mate change and is a model for a “good anthro- power are indeed occurring with decentraliza- pocene”, a path towards positive human-man- tion of electricity, b) through which mechanisms aged futures for forest communities in the de- power shifts are occurring, and c) what the im- veloping world. plications of these shifts are for energy governance. Data was collected through three in-depth case studies and an online survey of policy-

Category: Democracy and Power

makers across 36 OECD countries. Findings re- the ocean network with the highest degree of veal that decentralisation is indeed shifting polit- relevance to South America, we map out the ical power. The mechanisms vary but there is an main countries - global and technological powers overall increase in the political capacity of CE ac- - in five types of institutional initiatives, namely: tors, buoyed by public support for low carbon in- the UNCLOS, ISA, Antarctica, BBNJ-ILBI, and itiatives and local economic development. There RFMOs. We then investigate how South Ameri- is also a clear trend toward coalition and partner- can countries are placed in this specific network. ship building with municipalities and local non- From an international relations perspective, key profit institutions. The most supportive jurisdic- questions are: Which are the main countries in tions are those with well-articulated devolved the ocean governance network? How are they governance strategies that reduce complexity organized? Are they the traditional UN environ- for central decision-makers, while retaining clear mental leaders? Are they also frequently in the pathways of accountability. The predicted larger UN Security Council? How are they connected to impacts on energy policy outputs are emerging science, technology and innovation (STI) in- in some locations. Impacts on governance out- dexes? Where are South American countries po- comes and democratic quality are in early stages sitioned in the network? What are South Amer- but some jurisdictions (e.g., Netherlands, New ican common interests and were they success- York state) are demonstrating potential for fully promoted? Argument: First, the “ocean larger shifts in political power structures. The pa- powers” are the ones in the center of the global per links strongly with conference themes of economy, technology and security agenda, so it power structures and asymmetries in resource is not a coincidence that they participate more governance, and implications for transfor- effectively than the other countries in the cases mations to sustainability above. We argue that the “ocean powers network” is composed of only a few countries and Panel ID 42 has traditionally been asymmetric. Second, pre- Power in earth system governance (iii): vious research and modelling has shown that the Asymmetries of power recent UN-led environmental treaties mention Chair: Prakash Kashwan the seas/ocean more frequently than in the past, but they do not apply to sovereignty-free spaces 243 (Mazzega et al, 2018). Hence, the high seas and Power asymmetry in the global governance of the Antarctica activities are still poorly regulated ocean (Dodds et al, 2017; OECD, 2016, 2019; Tiller et Ana Flávia Barros-Platiau, Carlos Henrique Tomé Silva, Niels al, 2019). Third, despite the Mercosul, ZOPACAS Søndergaard University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil and OTCA, there is no significant South American environmental or ocean governance (Boulet et Problem: There is a clear power asymmetry in al, 2016; Barros-Platiau et al, 2019). Hence, we the global governance of the ocean and South argue that South-America is incapable of collec- American countries are in a disadvantageous po- tively promoting regional interests in Antarctica sition within this network of agents. Such reality and the high seas, that are sovereignty-free affects governance in many ways. Therefore, the spaces. Expected results: we aim at discussing following questions arise: How asymmetric is the the implications of strong power asymmetries ocean network? How does this asymmetry affect within the ocean governance network. The pre- the environmental management in high seas and vailing geopolitical and STI approach of the Antarctica in particular? Method: To examine ocean powers and the “consumptive juggernaut

Category: Democracy and Power

of industrialized societies” (Young, 2017) leads label ‘historic futurism’: the imaginary of Fordist to slow transformations towards sustainability, assembly lines as the construction process of the particularly regarding Antarctica and ABNJ, that future, enabling timber towers to be built in a are contrary to South American interests. way that is fast and inexpensive. In tracing these two narratives, how they have (e)merged and to 296 what effect, we pay particular attention to key Constructing low-carbon affordable cities? Power concepts of power and justice. By emphasising and inequality in the making of the modern tim- which low-carbon urban futures and processes ber city. are deemed plausible and desirable and by Bregje van Veelen, Sarah Knuth whom, and how these futures have shaped nar- Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ratives for change, we highlight not only who or Cities are increasingly at the heart of efforts to what are included in the imagination and gov- address climate change, and there is a growing ernance of green urbanisation, but also who and awareness of the role of buildings – and the car- what are left out. In doing so we show that the bon embedded in their materials – can play in physical and metaphorical construction of the this process. “Previewing the world to come: modern timber city risks not only leaves struc- Making the modern timber city”, “Plyscrapers”, tural inequalities in urban environments un- “Google’s smart timber city”…, a glance at recent addressed but also has the potential to create news articles shows that timber buildings are at new inequalities in the process. the heart of an emerging urban imaginary that is both modern and green. An ostensibly lower- 335 carbon alternative to the building materials that Fossil Fuel Bailouts: Explaining State Finance for have dominated our urban landscapes in the ‘Unbankable’ Infrastructure Projects 1 2 20th century, timber is heralded as the material Kyla Tienhaara , Jeremy Walker 1Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. 2University of Tech- that will ‘green’ our urban environments from nology Sydney, Sydney, Australia the inside out. The social implications of the changing material fabric of our cities are, how- Neoliberal economic policies have been a main- ever, little understood. Drawing on examples stay for major political parties in Canada and from the UK and Canada we show how the ‘tim- Australia since the 1980s. A fundamental tenet ber revolution’ rests on the coalescence of two of neoliberalism is that governments should not key narratives. First, we explore the emerging 'pick winners' but instead should ‘let the market narrative around the need for low-carbon mate- decide’ whether private sector investments suc- rials. We show how the temporality at which the ceed or fail. Although this principle has never future is imagined enabled the emissions em- been applied consistently to the fossil fuel sec- bedded in building materials to be calculated tor, which has always received extensive (but and made political, and subsequent green mate- largely hidden) public subsidies in both coun- rial solutions to be devised. We subsequently ex- tries, it has been more noticeably eschewed in plore how this narrative of low-carbon urbanisa- recent years. A financing gap has opened up as tion – with timber at its heart – merged with an- private banks have begun to shy away from other, second narrative around the lack of af- providing support to certain types of fossil fuel fordable housing in many cities. By focusing on projects. This is the result of pressure that has not only the need to provide low-carbon hous- been put on banks by the divestment movement ing, but to do so in a way that is fast and inex- as well as the reality of stranded asset risk in the pensive, actors have drawn on an imaginary we sector (i.e. as the price of renewable energy falls and demand for fossil fuels weakens, many

Category: Democracy and Power

assets in the sector will become liabilities). The argued that in seeking ways to introduce, en- financing gap is particularly pronounced in the trench, and facilitate RSPO standard legitimation case of fossil fuel transport infrastructure (e.g. in localities, little attention is given to the ways pipelines, rail lines, ports) where increased on- in which pre-existing local institutions under- the-ground resistance from social movements serve and/or exclude vulnerable populations. and indigenous groups has rendered many pro- Furthermore it is argued that in aiming to con- jects ‘unbankable’. Rather than letting these in- nect with, and adhere to local institutions, in frastructure projects fail, governments in Canada highly divisive societies, RSPO standards risk be- and Australia have stepped in to offer highly vis- ing complicit in the reproduction of unequal ible public bailouts to their proponents. This pa- power relations in environmental governance per seeks to explain why neoliberal governments over time. Drawing on research findings on the are willing to back projects that are perceived as interpretation and adoption of RSPO standards unbankable by the private sector, even in the in Ecuador, this paper examines how local RSPO face of overwhelming public opposition to the legitimization processes connected very well use of taxpayer funds. This is explored through with the existing (unequal) social, environmen- case studies of two proposed infrastructure pro- tal, and political landscape of Ecuador’s palm oil jects: a rail line to service the Adani/Carmichael industry; unfortunately, this ultimately worked coal mine in Australia and the Kinder Mor- to reinscribe the (long-standing) exclusion of in- gan/Trans Mountain oil pipeline in Canada digenous and Afro-Ecuadorian groups from palm oil decision-making processes. This paper is 411 based on empirical research findings that were Compliant or complicit? Local institutions, RSPO collected over 15 months in 2011-2014, and standards and uneven power relations in Ecua- 2017. Over 80 interviews were conducted with dor’s palm oil industry palm oil company employees, small-scale farm- Adrienne Johnson ers, indigenous peoples, Afro-Ecuadorians, rep- University of San Francisco, San Francisco, USA resentatives from the Ecuadorian government as National institutions play an important role in well as from Ecuador’s National Palm Oil Cultiva- the local substantiation and implementation of tor’s Association. The paper concludes with the standards as linked to roundtable governance suggestion that roundtable governance mecha- mechanisms. Environmental governance schol- nisms should be more aware of the local political ars often advocate for a high degree of ‘institu- contexts of legitimizing countries before stand- tional fit’ or compatibility between the standards ards are consulted upon and adopted. and locality for successful institutionalization. For example, in certification mechanisms such as Panel ID 43 the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Polycentricity and Coherence: democratic high priority is placed on the compatibility and possibilities and constraints more importantly, compliance with local laws Chair: Frederic Hanusch and regulations for standards entrenchment. Such emphasis rests on the assumption 311 that local institutions properly and fairly repre- Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development as sent all social groups evenly. This paper ques- a governance tool: Recent operationalisation, im- tions whether compatibility or fit between plementation and impacts on (de)politicization standards and a locality should be a major goal Ondřej Horký-Hlucháň in global sustainability standards adoption. It is Institute of International Relations, Prague, Czech Republic

Category: Democracy and Power

The merger of the global and sustainable devel- 339 opment agendas in the UN 2030 Agenda has led Water governance in Mexican drylands. Case to the spill-over and upgrade of some concepts study Guadalupe Valley, Baja California, Mexico. and tools with a previously limited use in the Lina Carreño-Correa, Claudia Leyva Aguilera, Ileana Espejel area of international development, disregarding Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada, Me- their success and applicability to the broader xico area of global governance. The concept of Policy Mexico faces challenges in the institutional, en- Coherence for Development (PCD), more pro- vironmental and population spheres for the im- moted than implemented by some individual plementation and fulfillment of the Sustainable Western donors, the European Union and the Development Goals and the Principles of Water OECD particularly, is a perfect example of this. Governance (OECD) at local or community levels This is also reflected in research with the main due to: inequalities in the capacities of the gov- focus on policy coherence by development stud- ernment at the institutional and administrative ies while environmental studies have focused level; the generation of data and information more on the concept of policy integration, for ex- with quality, accessibility and relevance from na- ample. Since its transformation into the SDG tar- tional to community level; decentralization; get 17.14 to “enhance Policy Coherence for Sus- strengthening and establishing mechanisms for tainable Development”, PCSD is now being oper- citizen participation and inclusion and accounta- ationalised by some actors as a sustainable de- bility; and coherence among public policy instru- velopment check “at all stages of domestic and ments. This is relevant for the arid or semi-arid international policy making”. Academic litera- zones of Mexico (65% of its territory), where 66 ture shows that the implementation of PCD, lim- million people lived (60% of its population) in ited to the effects of the Northern polices on the 2010. In this work the Guadalupe Valley, Baja global South, was not a success, not least be- California, Mexico and its aquifer is analyzed cause of its complexity. Yet PCSD encompasses through the Twelve Principles of Water Govern- many more dimensions than PCD by including, ance and its indicators in order to evaluate their inter alia, a long-term perspective, environmen- implementation at the local level. This aquifer tal aspects and policy making at national level in supplies the wine region that produces 90% of the global South. By drawing on the critical ap- Mexican wine, four rural communities and the praisal of PCD and by analysing empirical evi- tourism sector associated with winemaking. The dence from the first years of the PCSD operation- analysis has two phases; first the documentation alisation and implementation, the goal of this pa- was analyzed to determine the existence of the per is to assess the latest developments in the government, economy and social dimensions in PCSD agenda as promoted by selected national, the 36 indicators of water governance. Then, ex- regional and international actors from a particu- perts were consulted to investigate the function- lar perspective of its impacts on (de)politicisa- ality of the indicators. In the second stage, the tion. In spite of the many preconditions for its National Waters Law and the Groundwater Tech- potential success, PCSD presents itself a new, ex- nical Committee (COTAS in Spanish) of Guada- tremely ambitious type of governance that aims lupe Valley were analyzed. The results show that at mainstreaming sustainability, but that also at a local level there are references in all dimen- comes with the risk of transforming crucial polit- sions (government, economy and society). Also, ical conflicts over policies affecting sustainable the rules that favor the applicability in the gov- development into technical fixes and thus main- ernment dimension are identified, such as: the tain the status quo. Law on Transparency and Access to Public

Category: Democracy and Power

Information and LGEEPA. In addition, it was global environmental and climate change. It is in found that the COTAS are the institutional ar- this context that this research seeks to map the rangement that favors the implementation of conditions under which polycentric governance governance in the Guadalupe Valley. However, facilitates provision of public goods without trig- the functionality of the indicators is influenced gering conflicts or producing negative social and by the political cycles, budget allocation, the environmental externalities. This paper is orga- fragmentation that exists between the groups of nized into two parts. The first part contains a sur- interest, low transparency and lack of accounta- vey of the foundational writings on polycen- bility. In summary, the integral management of tricity to distill the key features of robust poly- water in Mexico at the local level has more in- centric governance for the provision of public struments of governability than of governance, goods. Drawing on V. Ostrom et al. (1961), V. such as COTAS. In other words, governance is un- Ostrom (1972 ), Ostrom (2009, 2010) and oth- derstood only as the arrangement of actors that ers, we show that the application of polycentric promote and coordinate actions for the efficient governance in the context of earth systems gov- use of water and the preservation of the aquifer. ernance requires 1) a clear identification of relevant ‘public/s’ and means of appropriate political 367 representation, which are prerequisite for mak- Polycentric Governance in an Unequal World: Re- ing decisions regarding the provision of public visiting the Classics to Draw Lessons for Earth Sys- goods; and, 2) formulating a general system of tems Governance rules of engagement among actors with a plural- Prakash Kashwan ity of endowments and interests, especially in University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA. Ostrom Workshop, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA the presence of deep and entrenched political and economic inequalities. This aspect of poly- Polycentric governance has come to occupy a centric governance requires greater attention place of prominence within Earth Systems Gov- within earth systems governance, as evident ernance. It is commonly identified with the pres- from the inclusion within the new Earth System ence of multiple centers of decision-making Governance Science Plan the contextual condi- comprising state and nonstate actors that are tion of inequality and the research lenses of ‘de- nevertheless linked via a plurality of relation- mocracy and power’. The second part of the pa- ships undergirded by constitutional, collective- per applies these insights to two specific areas of choice, and operational rules. This contribution earth systems governance: 1) global governance identifies and responds to a puzzling coincidence of nature conservation; 2) the nascent discus- in the literature on global environmental and cli- sions about international governance of solar ge- mate governance: the ascendance of polycentric oengineering. We conclude with a research governance has been accompanied by the fre- agenda for polycentric earth systems govern- quent references to fragmented governance, ance in an unequal world. and at least in the context of global climate governance, the common refrain about lack of am- 422 bition and effectiveness. Fragmentation and lack Decentralization and Adaptive Governance at the of ambition both creates potential for significant US-Mexico Border governance gaps amidst a flurry of activities in Kyle Haines the realm of transnational and global govern- University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA ance. It is likely that the burdens of these gaps Environmental justice, bioregionalism, and resil- are likely to fall disproportionately on those ience theories often agree that greater local most affected and least capable of responding to

Category: Democracy and Power

control of resources through democratic engagement, deliberation, and participation can result in superior ecological outcomes. In the Latin American context, decentralization is also associated with powerful narratives of decolonization, democratization, and indigenous autonomy. Many of these theories, however, rely on assumptions which do not hold in binational contexts like San Diego-Tijuana, chief amongst them a common framework of national politics, and, at the most basic level, a common language for deliberation. In the context of fading national leadership on environmental issues in the 'developed' world, traditional reliance on national policy strategies will need to be modified at the border to emphasize an overarching binational identity and the institutionalization of collective forums for regional deliberation. This is necessary in the binational region in order to incorporate the broad range of perspectives in the shared bi- oregion, divided as it is by political sovereignty, physical barriers, and linguistic difference. In order to guard against national parochialism, I argue here that places at the edges of national sovereignty, where community identities are simultaneously shared and divided in messy, overlapping ways, provide interesting and more globally-representative lessons, ones that complicate tidy visions of nested institutions built on national decentralization programs. This analysis thus challenges decentralization narratives to begin imagining new nested forms of regional and local institutions which balance the need for more meaningful power to deliberate and decide with a focus on cross-scale political and ecological factors. The urgency of such medium and small-scale answers is accentuated both by continued degradation of global ecosystems and their effect on regional inequality.

Category: Justice and Allocation

Panel ID 2 use the Earth, especially those arising between Concepts of Planetary Justice: How Do generations. Recent debates about natural resource justice try to accommodate the picture of We Clarify and Conceptualize Planetary Earth systems, departing from that of a perpetu- Justice? ally accruing bounty presupposed by earlier po- Chair: Stefan Pedersen litical theorists. Yet we remain stuck with an un- 46 systematic, mixed ontology of natural resources, with no clear connections between conventional Planetary Justice and the Earth System Dominic Lenzi designations of user rights and the Earth sys- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Cli- tem. The first step to conceiving of planetary jus- mate Change, Berlin, Germany tice seems to be the development of a coherent ontological conception of the planet we actually Theorising planetary justice requires bringing to- inhabit, and not merely those aspects of it we gether two distinctive perspectives which sel- have been concerned with in the past. In this pa- dom directly interact. First, there is the perspec- per, I provide an outline of such a view, which tive afforded by Earth system science which con- posits natural resources as fundamentally rela- ceives of the planet as a closed system of energy tional objects embedded within larger systems, and material transfer, composed of overlapping and within the entire Earth system. open systems and processes, and responsive to both positive and negative feedbacks. Concerns 112 with overuse and degradation, expressed for in- Radical urban ecologies: A postcolonial, feminist stance within ‘planetary boundaries’ or ‘ecologi- perspective on just urban transformations cal footprint’ conceptions, begin from this per- Linda Westman, Vanesa Castan Broto spective, and imply a distinctive ontology of the University of Sheffield, Urban Institute, Sheffield, United Earth. Second, there are designations of user Kingdom rights to aspects of the Earth system, which are Justice and transformation are concepts featur- conventionally recognised through law and eco- ing at the center of current sustainability de- nomics. This again implies a distinctive ontology, bates. This reflects the urgent need both for ac- which overlaps with some aspects of the first celerated action to prevent irreversible changes view but does not coincide with it. The problem, of earth system functions, and strategies that ad- however, is that conventional designations of dress widespread and pervasive inequalities. In user rights over ‘natural resources’ apply to only this paper we ask: how can sustainability inter- some aspects of the Earth system, while being ventions advance just urban transformations? blind to many others. This means that resource The query is set against a backdrop of decades of use cannot avoid producing externalities some- sustainability efforts that have propelled incre- where in the Earth system, because only some mental improvements and resulted in a dis- parts of it are considered (often in isolation), course paralyzed by mainstream appropriation. while other parts are presupposed as infinite or To answer this question, we set out to explore unchanging. And this seems to raise further the history of sustainability theory and practice. problems for thinking about just entitlements to We center on sustainability thinking in cities,

Category: Justice and Allocation

which we see as the main battleground for eco- which implies seeking the roots of transfor- logical integrity and dignified living conditions. mation within the impulses of resistance of indi- We rely on a systematic review of policy docu- viduals and communities. This proposal is an ef- ments and academic studies on urban sustaina- fort to reclaim sustainability as an emancipatory bility policy, complemented with analysis of a da- discourse. tabase of 400 sustainability interventions imple- 187 mented over multiple decades in cities around the world. Our examination draws attention to Conceptualizing Planetary Justice As If Institutions two main underlying distortions. First, as post- and Political Economy Mattered Prakash Kashwan colonial theorists long have pointed out, sustain- University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA able development thinking is inherently fixed in Western worldviews and associated ideals of an- The concept of planetary justice evokes two key thropocentrism, rationalism and notions of mo- elements with potentially competing tenden- dernity, while sustainability interventions often cies: a planetary-scale unity of purpose coupled serve to reproduce historic patterns of power with the goals of securing justice for planetary and economic exploitation. Second, feminist stakeholders disadvantaged in the institutional readings of sustainability reveal approaches to status quo. This research adopts a realist political nature that are characterized by mastery, instru- economy perspective, which underscores the mentalism, and domination, and agendas that important role of global and transnational insti- perpetuate the oppression of the non-human tutional arrangements in mediating efforts to and subordinated ‘others.’ We argue that urban conceptualize and crystalize the norms of plane- sustainability programs fail to realize transfor- tary justice. For the purposes of empirical analy- mations (fundamental re-configurations of sis, this research focuses on the nearly two-dec- agency and power, technological and material ade-long process of civil society mobilization systems, institutions and practices), because aimed to secure climate justice in the context of they are designed and implemented within the United Nations Framework Convention on Cli- boundaries of these dominant rationalities. We mate Change (UNFCCC). Building on the 2018 propose the following starting points to activate Earth System Governance Science and Imple- urban just transformations through explicit en- mentation Plan, this project situates planetary gagement with these forms of oppression. First, justice at the intersection of two contextual con- urban sustainability programs need to challenge ditions, Transformation and Inequality; and one the dominant logic of progress and economic de- set of research lenses: Justice & Allocation. Go- velopment. This may, for example, be realized by ing beyond seeing global justice movements as drawing on notions of wellbeing decoupled from contentious actors who challenge the formal in- material wealth or questioning the underlying institutional negotiations dominated by national tent of sustainability programs. Second, sustain- delegations, the realist political economy ap- ability thought needs to break free from long- proach developed here takes a broader view of standing human-nature dualisms. This requires the role of climate justice movements within the engagement with multiple forms of relations formal institutional spaces that the UNFCCC has with the environment and recognition of fre- opened up to non-state actors (NSAs) in recent quently overlooked ontologies and worldviews. history. This enables us to investigate the extent Third, sustainability projects need to abandon to which climate justice movements have bene- their universalist and managerial aspirations and fited from the allocation of political spaces and re-connect with the struggles of people’s lives, decision-making powers to NSAs within UNFCCC.

Category: Justice and Allocation

This article contributes three main insights: One, – carries with it the potential to unite formerly analysis of the conceptualization and the trans- disparate discourses into a coherent agenda for formation over time of the concept of global cli- desirable change at the level of world politics. mate justice shows that the design of institu- The holistic ‘planetary justice agenda’ that could tional engagements played a crucial role in shap- result from this fusion of interrelated concerns ing the emerging understanding of global climate further implies a pivot towards creating steadily justice. Two, we show that the UNFCCC-centered more integrated forms of institutional cosmopol- global climate justice movement resulted from itanism as a means of facilitating its political re- conscious efforts to address transnational ine- alization – which could allow for the eventual qualities in the access to global climate negotia- democratic self-governance of planetary civiliza- tions, which is especially relevant to the ongoing tion, where humanity manages to govern the efforts to promote a just planetary transition at Earth with the collective interests of all human a moment of unprecedented global inequalities. beings at heart. ‘The planetary’ is in recent schol- Three, the analysis shows that despite not having arly discourse increasingly employed as a con- any voting powers, they influenced the institu- cept meant to capture an idea distinct from the tional architecture of UNFCCC significantly. We older notion of ‘the global’. Bruno Latour claims discuss three key aspects of these institutional ‘the globe’ signifies modernization while ‘the transformations: i) the development of the sys- planet’ emphasizes the fragile nature of the tem of NSA constituencies within UNFCCC; ii) the Earth System, understood as a series of intercon- institutionalization of conflicts of interest poli- nected spheres, such as the atmosphere and the cies for NSAs within UNFCCC; and iii) the devel- biosphere. ‘Global justice’, understood in the opment of ‘local communities and indigenous modernization sense, is a program for elevating peoples platform’. We leverage these research the poorest parts of the world populace, primar- findings to draw implications for the debates ily in the global ‘South’ to the economic level of about the conceptualization of planetary justice the richest part of the world populace, primarily and to build new bridges between the conven- located in the global ‘North’. Dipesh tional notions of realism and new research on Chakrabarty, however, notes that if we move planetary governance. from ‘the global’ concern with modernization to ‘the planetary’ concern with maintaining some 304 measure of human habitat normalcy – where Planetary Justice: A Definition Towards an ‘normalcy’ is understood as the prevalent cli- Agenda for the Integration of Global Justice, Envi- matic conditions since the dawn of civilization ronmentalism, and Institutional Cosmopolitanism thousands of years ago – then the justified ele- Stefan Pedersen vation of the entire human population to the ma- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom terial level of the currently richest parts of hu- What is the added value of using the term ‘plan- man civilization becomes an impossibility. The etary justice’ instead of ‘environmental justice’, hard truth is therefore that material ‘global jus- ‘social justice’ or even ‘climate justice’? The ar- tice’ is an undesirable prospect even for the pop- gument presented in this paper is that utilizing ulations of the South. The practically available ‘planetary’ – due to the term’s associations with form of planetary justice therefore lies in level- three intimately interconnected parts of the ling the life conditions of the two hemispheres wider Earth System, namely; geological planet by means of Northern material sacrifice and a fo- Earth, technological human civilization, and the cus on elevating Southern populations to parity biological biosphere, where humanity is also part in terms of health, education and wellbeing. The

Category: Justice and Allocation

achievement of planetary justice, here con- respect diverse knowledge systems on one hand ceived of as necessarily based on hard compro- and the ambition to integrate or combine them mise, needs effective cosmopolitan institutions in order to provide a consensus representation before it becomes a realistic prospect. of a singular biodiversity on the other. The conceptual argument that I will develop problema- Panel ID 4 tizes the possibility of being inclusive of diverse Diverse epistemologies for the protection epistemologies without letting go of the idea of of biodiversity a singular nature, biodiversity or reality. I suggest Chairs: Louise Guibrunet, Fernanda Rios that taking seriously the call for decolonization Discussants: Patricia Balvanera of science requires environmental and biodiver- 119 sity knowledge making practices to move from recognizing diverse epistemologies to allowing Knowing biodiversity: diverse knowledge systems, for a multiplicity of ontologies to be represented, pluralism, and the problem of ontology performed, and contested. Esther Turnhout, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands 359 Calls for the decolonization of science, method- Community forest management without local ologies and the university are increasingly prom- knowledge? Epistemological exclusion in Mexican inent in environmental social science and hu- forest policy manities scholarship. In addition to promoting José Sierra-Huelsz1, Patricia Gerez-Fernández2, Citlalli López-Binnqüist1, Claudia Álvarez Aquino3, Edward Ellis1, greater recognition and visibility of non-western, Ana Fontecilla Carbonell4, Rosa Pedraza Pérez3, Guillermo non-white and non-male scholars in research, ci- Rodríguez Rivas5 tation, and teaching practices, these calls also 1Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracru- problematize science as a form of (post)colonial zana, Xalapa, Mexico. 2Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología 3 imperialism. This refers to science’s claim to uni- Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico. Insti- tuto de Investigaciones Forestales, Universidad Veracru- versality as well as to its privileged position in zana, Xalapa, Mexico. 4Instituto de Investigaciones Histórico policy and decision making. These criticisms res- Sociales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico. 5Fac- onate with wider developments towards partici- ultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xa- pation and inclusiveness in knowledge produc- lapa, Mexico tion, as promoted through concepts such as Forest management is a land use that can main- transdisciplinarity and coproduction. Yet, while tain significant conservation values while sup- these concepts and associated practices have porting land-based livelihoods. Mexico is a bi- been criticized for reproducing existing power in- oculturally diverse country and a reference of equalities between science and other knowledge community forestry, where strikingly, local systems and promoting technocratic practices, knowledge is largely ignored by forest policies the decolonization agenda takes a more radical and management plans. Based on literature and and explicitly political perspective that addresses our experience as Mexican scholars/practition- the political and ontological implications of sci- ers, we explored technical, epistemological, po- ence. In this paper, I use the example of IPBES litical, and contextual dimensions associated (the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity with the lack of official recognition of local and Ecosystem Services) to discuss the chal- knowledge, values, and norms in forest manage- lenges of inclusiveness and diverse epistemolo- ment in Mexico. Our argument is based on two gies in biodiversity knowledge production. I will elements: 1) A diachronic analysis of forest poli- focus on the tension between the desire to cies in Mexico to inform how the domain of

Category: Justice and Allocation

conventional forest management has evolved in Mexican forest communities which, in spite of Mexico; 2) Situated examples of forest manage- been marginalized, persist and innovate. ment, including those where: a) local knowledge 227 is excluded from conventional forest management, b) local knowledge sustain forests in spite Performing fundamental values as an emancipa- an excluding policy context. Our analysis indi- tory mechanism to fostering inclusive participa- cates that official regulations and conventional tion in environmental governance Silvia Olvera-Hernandez1, Julia Martin-Ortega1, Paula forestry have somewhat expanded from their Novo2, Aywlyn Walsh1, Azahara Mesa-Jurad3, George historic domains (e.g. timber management in Holmes1, Alice Borchi1 large-scale temperate forests) to incipiently in- 1University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. 2Scotland Rural clude previously neglected systems such as trop- College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 3ECOSUR , Villaher- ical dry forests, non-timber forest products, for- mosa, Mexico est-agriculture interfaces, and small-scale opera- Inclusive participation in decision-making has tions. Official recognition of these previously ne- been a constant challenge on environmental glected systems has been partial, and with a nar- governance in rural communities in the Global row focus on regulation. Regulation often occurs South, reflecting power structures that exclude without considering scientific evidence, and people on the basis of the intersection of eco- more importantly without the recognizing the nomic status, ethnicity, education level, age and distinct context in which they are immersed, in- gender. Environmental governance and how it cluding the local knowledge, values, and norms plays out in practice is fundamentally deter- that have shaped and maintain those systems mined by the value frames, emotions and rela- over time. Traditional ecological knowledge in tionships of those involved. However, value Mexico is commonly associated with diversified judgements of those most affected by environ- production systems in agriculture-forest inter- mental decisions are rarely shared and dis- faces, including a wide gamut of agroforestry cussed. For decision-making to be genuinely in- systems and small-scale forest management in clusive it is necessary that those who are usually mosaic landscapes. Such systems challenge na- excluded are able to express and make visible ture-society dichotomies that characterize con- their values. Only in this way, decisions regarding ventional approaches to conservation and forest the natural resources on which they critically de- management. Albeit an unaccommodating pol- pend can reflect their worldviews. To address icy context, communities conduct management this challenge, new approaches that enable practices based on their knowledge, beyond the those in the lowest positions of power to reflect, script of conventional forestry, even when offi- share and make their values visible are needed. cial management plans exist. Management prac- Art-based methods, and more specifically per- tices based on local knowledge include for exam- formance-based methods, provide alternative ple selection of tree species retained, diversified means of communicating and sharing which can sequential agro-forestry uses in small plots, prac- be particularly relevant in the context of margin- tices based on moon phases, and horse skidding. alized communities. A critical performance ena- In Mexico, forest policy, markets, and conven- bles people to identify issues, bring hidden nar- tional forestry practice tend to ignore local ratives to consciousness and activate different knowledge, values, and norms, especially exclud- solutions or responses. This allows the imple- ing small-scale managers commonly pushing mentation of reflexivity or meta-reflections to them to illegality. We make a call for wider create debates about the distribution of power recognition of the vast local knowledge hold by in environmental policy and cultivate shared

Category: Justice and Allocation

values frames, emotions and affects. In this pa- Against this background, we carried out a sys- per, we present the preliminary results of apply- tematic literature review, guided by the following one of such performance-based techniques, ing questions: When and why does the integra- Forum Theatre, in two rural communities in tion of indigenous knowledge and practices con- Chiapas (Mexico). By activating and cultivating tribute to environmental sustainability and jus- reflexivity, Forum Theatre can act as an emanci- tice? What are the frequent mismatches be- patory mechanism that ultimately has the capac- tween global environmental governance ap- ity to foster inclusive participation and induce proaches and indigenous peoples` knowledge(s), broader social transformations for more sustain- practices and interests? Under what conditions able, effective and just natural resource manage- is it possible to overcome such mismatches? ment. Based on an analysis of 180 scholarly articles from interdisciplinary scholarship, we provide an Panel ID 6 overview of the opportunities and challenges Rethinking the Role of Indigenous Peo- identified at different scales, geographical loca- ple(s) in Environmental Governance tions, and policy-areas, with the purpose of an- Chairs: Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Almut Schil- swering our research questions and identifying ling-Vacaflor remaining research gaps. The review covers findings on nine environmental issue areas and mul- 55 tiple scales. It brings together research that A Literature Review on Environmental Govern- draws on diverse theoretical and conceptual ap- ance and Indigenous Peoples: Uncovering Mis- proaches from the fields of political ecology, so- matches and Searching for New Solutions cial ecological systems research, global environ- 1 2 Maria-Therese Gustafsson , Almut Schilling-Vacaflor mental governance and political anthropol- 1Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2Osnabrück Uni- versity, Osnabrück, Germany ogy. In reviewing these studies, we identify four different types of governance initiatives: (a) col- A remarkable trend in recent years is the unprec- laboration and participation; (b) knowledge gov- edented recognition of indigenous peoples’ en- ernance; (c) incentive-based mechanisms; and vironmental knowledge and practices in global (d) indigenous-led initiatives. We outline the policy discourses. Relatedly, indigenous-led initi- principal mismatches identified in the literature atives for controlling their territories and influ- on each governance arrangement and the au- encing public environmental decision making thors’ proposals on how to overcome or govern have proliferated. Indigenous peoples control existing mismatches. In the discussion and con- large territories and have increasingly gained le- clusion, we first outline the three following chief gal titles. They have engaged in innovative forms research gaps; the lack of research on (1) indige- of governance such as for example tribal parks, nous-led initiatives; (2) cross-scale approaches community protocols, monitoring and mapping and (3) cross-sectoral approaches, and then dis- exercises, and intensive lobbying in domestic cuss the broader implications of our findings for and global environmental negotia- scholars and practitioners of environmental and tions. Whereas the integration of indigenous sustainability governance. Our findings empha- people(s) has been studied within different sub- size that a better understanding of indigenous fields of environmental governance (e.g. biodi- peoples’ participation in emerging arenas in en- versity, climate change, forestry), there is still a vironmental governance is essential not only for lack of systematic knowledge of indigenous envi- the legitimacy and effectiveness of ronmental governance across these policy areas.

Category: Justice and Allocation

environmental governance but also for an imple- engage the spatializing practices of global envi- mentation of the 2030 agenda that ‘leaves no ronmental governance processes as avenues for one behind’. representation? Through visual analysis and collaborative event ethnography at two sites of 192 global governance (21st Conference of Parties to Cultivating Indigenous Spaces of Representation the UN Framework Convention on Climate in Global Environmental Governance: Examining Change and the 2016 World Conservation Con- the Role of Technology, Maps, and the Built Envi- gress), our work shows that maps, technology, ronment and built spaces offers means through which In- Kimberly Marion Suiseeya1, Laura Zanotti2, Dorothy Hogg1, digenous Peoples can expand and make their Lucas Kleekamp1 1Northwestern University, Evanston, USA. 2Purdue Univer- voices legible in spaces where Indigenous repre- sity, West Lafayette, USA sentation might otherwise be rendered insignifi- cant. Specifically, maps, technology, and built Although Indigenous Peoples are central to the spaces can expand and contract spheres of en- production of global environmental governance, gagement and representation by (1) operating as scholars and practitioners often assume they are avenues for access or absence, (2) providing op- “weak” and thus inconsequential in international portunities for legitimacy or contestation, and politics. At the same time, however, the global (3) hindering ability to exert agency and author- environmental community increasingly recog- ity. Through these findings, we draw attention to nizes the vital role that Indigenous Peoples play the critical conditions that render global govern- in governing some of the world’s most significant ance processes more or less inclusive and re- biodiverse landscapes and safeguarding. As sponsive, demonstrate new modes of influence, stewards of more than 22% of the global land and generate more critical understandings of base that houses 85% of remaining biodiversity how Indigenous Peoples shape global environ- and 20% of global forest carbon stocks, the con- mental governance. tributions of Indigenous Peoples to global environmental governance are critical. Despite the 194 significance of these contributions and the grow- Indigenous knowledge systems and sustainability ing presence of Indigenous Peoples in interna- governance: reflecting on knowledge co-produc- tional environmental negotiations, however, tion to enhance governance capabilities scholars direct little attention to the roles and in- Cristina Inoue, Thais Ribeiro fluence of Indigenous Peoples in global environ- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil mental governance. Instead, Indigenous Peoples This paper will discuss the idea of “many worlds- are assumed to be at best co-opted and at worst one planet” as a lens to approach how to build further marginalized through their engagement capabilities in Earth System Governance, inte- at international policy events. Such findings not grating multiple stakeholders in knowledge co- only demean the significance of Indigenous pres- production, for instance, indigenous peoples, ence at these events, but further reinforces whom we consider as more than mere partici- dominant power hierarchies embedded in main- pants in the process , but as agents - knowers stream research practices. In this research, we who are in truly parity as other agents. At the deploy a suite of innovative methods to discover same time that interdependence and globaliza- the ways in which sites of global environmental tion have created a "one-world" market and in- governance are constructed and spatialized to ter-state system, scholars have been unpacking shape their outcomes. Specifically, we ask: how ways of being and knowing that constitute and with what effect do Indigenous Peoples

Category: Justice and Allocation

realities, which stand ontologically as other 203 worlds, even though they interact, conflict and Indigenous Mobilisations and Sustainable Devel- co-constitute each other. Many worlds in one opment planet mean that human societies are always Heike Schroeder1, Neil Dawson1, Emma Gilberthorpe1, making worlds, entailing diverse knowledge sub- Tracey Osborne2, Iokine Rodriguez1, David Glama3, Patrick 4 5 systems and notions of nature. This is what we Byakagaba , Mirna Inturias 1University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom. 2Uni- call “worlding”. Enhancing capabilities for gov- versity f Arizona, Tucson, USA. 3Divine Word University, ernance in a complex and technologically driven Madang, Papua New Guinea. 4Makereke University, Kam- planet is more likely to succeed if different pala, Uganda. 5NUR University, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Plurina- knowledge systems are acknowledged in pro- tional State of cesses of co-production. The voice and represen- The 1987 Brundtland Commission’s Our Com- tation of the people inhabiting those multiple mon Future report with its definition of sustain- worlds in parity position are key for advancing able development as being “the kind of develop- Earth System Governance processes that are le- ment that meets the needs of the present with- gitimate, socially just and that promote ecologi- out compromising the ability of future genera- cal and economic sustainability. We ask how tions to meet their own needs” (Brundtland worlding can promote knowledge co-production Commission 1987) as well as the more recent among different knowledge systems (e.g. indige- Agenda 2030 with its Sustainable Development nous and academic) and how this knowledge co- Goals and principle of ‘leaving no one behind’ production can enhance capabilities in sustaina- have thus far not sufficiently extended their bility governance. To answer these questions the promises to Indigenous Peoples. For example, paper will address what is worlding, what is the Indigenous needs for self-determination, in- knowledge co-production and how have scien- cluding self-determined holistic development, tists, academicians and Indigenous peoples co- have largely not been met. This paper reviews lit- produced knowledge, considering possibilities erature on (1) the extent to which the values, and limitations of these processes. The method- rights, institutions and worldviews of Indigenous ology used is the description of contextual and Peoples and local communities have been in- theoretical issues based on recent and updated cluded or excluded in this context of sustainable literature of Earth System Govern- development thus far (forms of inclusion/exclu- ance, worldism and the pluriverse, knowledge sion), (2) the ways in which they have success- co-production and indigenous knowledge sys- fully or unsuccessfully mobilised to voice their tems. The work will contribute to a better under- needs at local, national and international levels standing of how indigenous ontologies can in- (strategies for mobilisation), and (3) the ways in form the design and effective implementation of which they can offer solutions toward sustaina- environmental policies and how socioenviron- ble, equitable and inclusive development (po- mental rights and pluralism can be integrated in tential for solutions). Key contributions will in- multi-scale environmental governance, thereby clude (1) illustrating norm travel, diffusion and contributing to planetary justice. The conclusion negotiation, (2) informing future framings about highlights ontological, epistemological and political mobilisation of social groups, and (3) methodological implications to the study identifying evidence gaps and areas for future re- of Earth System Governance, e.g. critical think- search. We focus here on contexts of climate ing about mainstream concepts used in research, change and resource extraction as being at the asymmetries in research and practice capacities, heart of struggles of Indigenous social move- language integration, among other issues. ments and central to outcomes for development

Category: Justice and Allocation

and sustainability. We look in particular at the social contexts within Mexico but are all charac- UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention terised by progressive approaches to conserva- on Climate Change), EITI (Extractive Industries tion, including participatory mechanisms and co- Transparency Initiative) and UNPFII (United Na- management. Despite this, we find that in all tions Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues) cases, local communities’ value-systems fail to processes as key forums for strategies and rais- be recognised in conservation efforts. The prev- ing voices and interfaces across Indigenous Peo- alence of the scientific paradigm (particularly in ples, national governments and international the design of laws and policies), power imbal- civil society. Whilst our outlook is global, we ap- ances (affected by financial resources) and the ply our framework to three case study countries lack of awareness of diverse cultural norms in across three continents (Bolivia, Uganda and Pa- participatory processes of decision-making hin- pua New Guinea) as pertinent, diverse examples, der this recognition. Insights from the case stud- and we consider the extent to which the litera- ies suggest that achieving the recognition of di- ture covers different subgroups, such as Indige- verse value-systems requires a profound change nous women and youth. in how conservation efforts are designed and implemented. Existing participatory mechanisms Panel ID 27 must be accompanied by an epistemological Just transitions (i): diverse conceptions transformation in which science is considered and contexts only one of various legitimate knowledge sys- Chair: Chucks Okereke tems, and by an increased awareness of the role of the socio-cultural context and power configu- 14 rations in the communication between local Participation is not enough for environmental jus- communities and external stakeholders. tice: Recognising value systems in forest conservation in Mexico 17 Louise Guibrunet1, Peter Gerritsen2, José Antonio Sierra- Gender and the ILO’s Just Transition – What does Huelsz3, Adriana Flores-Díaz4, Eduardo García-Frapolli1, Eli- it mean to Women from the Global South? 5 6 1 gio García-Serrano , Unai Pascual , Patricia Balvanera Sharmini Nair 1 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Me- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA xico. 2Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Cen- tro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadala- Women in the Global South have had to bear the jara, Autlan, Mexico. 3Centro de Investigación en Biodiversi- burdens of the impact of climate change on their dad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico. 4Centro Transdisciplinar Uni- livelihoods due to their placement in the current versitario para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Iberoameri- global neoliberal structure. They face unsur- cana, méxico, Mexico. 5Fondo Monarca, Morelia, Mexico. mountable challenges in ensuring stability in 6Basque Center for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain their households, community and their societies The recognition of diverse value-systems is an in- writ large owing to changes in their surrounding tegral part of environmental justice, and is there- environment. The International Labour Organi- fore an indispensable aspect of biodiversity con- zation (ILO) has adopted the Just Transition servation efforts. Yet, recognition remains Guidelines in 2015 that acknowledges the vul- scarcely researched in conservation contexts. In nerability of women and attempts to distribute this article, we empirically analyse the factors af- burdens and benefits fairly during a transition to fecting recognition in the governance of conser- a green economy. This study examines the mi- vation efforts in four Mexican forests. The case cro-processes in the adoption of the Guidelines studies reflect different environmental and by the ILO in order to analyze its impact on

Category: Justice and Allocation

women in the Global South. It studies the pro- conservation initiatives. At its core, the debate cesses to examine if it retains neoliberal notions over the future of the world’s forests is fraught of growth or whether it facilitates a redesign of with ethical concerns. Policy makers are not only the rules of the game. The negotiations by its tri- deciding how forests should be governed, but partite membership within the Secretariat of the also who will be winners, losers, and who should Office, Governing Body and International Labour have a voice in the decision-making processes. Conference provides a narrative of how certain This paper seeks to understand why injustices actors are empowered and others are disem- persist despite intense efforts to mitigate and powered. This research asks: Who were the main prevent injustice by asking: What are the barri- proponents of the Just Transition agenda? And ers to delivering justice to forest-dependent what strategy did they apply when using the communities? Drawing on extensive ethno- term in the meetings of the ILO? What kind of graphic and interview data from five villages support did the proponents attain to push for across Laos, as well as from four collaborative the Just Transition agenda? Did they succeed in event ethnographies including the Tenth Confer- pushing for a specific type of Just Transition? ence of Parties to the Convention on Biological What kind of pushback did the proponents face Diversity, World Parks Congress, Paris Climate after pushing for a specific type of Just Transi- Summit and the World Conservation Congress, tion? What strategy did the opponents use? And this research uncovers the multiple, dynamic finally, how is gender inserted within the Just meanings of justice held and pursued by diverse Transition agenda in these negotiations? To pro- stakeholders. The analysis reveals two critical vide this narrative, analysis of ILO documents findings. First, from the perspective of local-level from the ILO Office, the Governing Body, the In- forest communities, building and maintaining ternational Labour Conference and publications trust is one critical element for realizing multiple by ACTRAV would be performed. To support dimensions of justice, including distributive, pro- these findings, interviews with ILO officials will cedural, and recognitional, as well as transitional be conducted. justice. Second, trust does not emerge as a central part of the metanormative fabric of global 193 forest governance. Instead, policy-makers and Trust, Justice, and Global Forest Governance: Evi- practitioners tend to focus more on technical dence from the Field and design features for advancing justice rather Kimberly Marion Suiseeya than relational practices that might begin to re- Northwestern, Evanston, USA build trust between local and global forest gov- What does justice demand? For 30 years, policy ernance communities. By drawing attention to makers have sought to redress the concerns of the tensions between global efforts and local ex- the world’s 1.6 billion forest-dependent poor by periences, this research offers new insights into introducing rights-based and participatory ap- the role of trust for justice in global forest gov- proaches to conservation. Yet, despite these ef- ernance. forts, practitioners, policy makers, and scholars are increasingly confronted with claims of injus- 244 tice: assertions of colonization, marginalization A Genealogy of Just Transitions: Varieties of Just and disenfranchisement of forest-dependent Transitions - Varieties of Environmental Justice peoples, and privatization of common resources Dimitris Stevis Department of Political Science, Colorado State University, are some of the most severe allegations of injus- Fort Collins, USA tice resulting from globally-driven forest

Category: Justice and Allocation

During the last several years the strategy of Just the 1990s and the first decade of this millen- Transition has become increasingly prominent nium. The third, and more important, are inter- globally, more diverse and more contested. Its views (both regular and life) with people in- inclusion in the Paris Agreement and the Silesia volved in the development of the Just Transition Declaration at COP24 announced its rise to the narrative from the late 1980s to the present. top of global governance. This paper provides a Some of those interviews have already been systematic genealogy of Just Transitions that completed and the remaining will be completed employs the dimensions of environmental jus- during April and May of 2019. tice while embedding them into social power. The goal is to better understand the dynamic de- Panel ID 28 velopment of JT across time, its contemporary Just Transitions (ii) : energy and mining variability, and its promise as a transformative Chair: Dimitris Stevis policy. This genealogy will also provide necessary 77 context to current analyses and debates about Debating a Just Energy Transition in Brazil and Just Transition and its promise with respect to South Africa the governance of sustainability transitions. By Kathryn Hochstetler whom and for whom, has JT been promoted over London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom the years? Who is recognized and who is not in various proposals and practices? To what degree Both Brazil and South Africa have begun an en- are the voices of those affected, particularly the ergy transition toward more use of wind and so- more vulnerable, recognized as their own and lar powered electricity. While the two countries not supplanted by those of advocates? Are Just share many basic political economy characteris- Transition proposals recognizing all those af- tics, not least their striking economic inequality, fected, across space and time? Why have JTs their electricity systems are very different. In been proposed? What are the implications of South Africa, a public utility has used coal to gen- privileging some environmental and social prior- erate almost all of the national electricity supply, ities over others? Do Just Transition proposals which still leaves about 20% of the population - ever serve exigencies other than social and envi- mostly Black African and poor - unserved. In Bra- ronmental justice? How are JTs to take place? zil, there is nearly universal electricity provision Who participates in the formation of JT policies based on mostly hydropower, with both public and how is participation structured? Is participa- and private generation. As this brief summary tion inclusive of all affected or do they privilege suggests, the two countries have very different particular people or places within the world po- national political economies of electricity, bely- litical economy? What is the ambition of JT poli- ing any simple story of renewable energy inno- cies? To what degree are they managing, reform- vation. This paper asks how those two national ing of transforming the global political economy political economies of electricity create different and its governances? Do they go beyond envi- just transition dilemmas - who benefits and who ronmental justice to address ecological justice pays the costs of energy transition in each? In between humanity and nature? The evidence for particular, are historically vulnerable popula- this genealogy is based on three major sources. tions protected or are they asked to bear dispro- The first is primary and secondary material from portionate transition costs? The paper examines the late 1980s to the present that I have col- costs and benefits through not just the classic lected over the last twenty years. The second is just transition issue - for labor forces - but also access to the personal files of key people from for communities that hosted older forms of

Category: Justice and Allocation

electricity and those where wind and solar developments can take place without ignoring power are sited. It also considers the impact of indigenous rights. wind and solar power adoption on the cost, qual- 373 ity, and access to electricity service for consumers. I argue that all of these are potential areas Artisanal & Small-scale Gold Mining, Sustainabil- of costs and benefits that create a fuller view of ity Transformations and Social Justice Eleanor Fisher what constitutes a just energy transition. As they University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom are large emerging powers and regional leaders, the experiences of Brazil and South Africa are es- Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) pecially important for understanding the poten- presents a tricky proposition for debates on jus- tial dilemmas of just energy transition in the de- tice and allocation in earth systems governance. veloping world. The paper is based on extensive Combining the geological fixity of gold resources fieldwork in the two countries, including more with human mobility, ASGM brings questions of than 90 interviews with various actors in the en- justice and resource allocation to the fore while ergy and climate sectors. It is organised around a exposing power disparities, inequalities and con- qualitative structured, focused comparison of flict. Within the context of the global expansion two national cases. of gold mining economies, an estimated 16 million people are dependent on ASGM. This in- 163 volves labour intensive, low-tech, gold extrac- The rise of renewables and energy transition in tion and processing. Globally, it is associated Mexico with a host of negative environmental impacts, Ariana Escalante including biodiversity loss and ecosystem degra- University of York, York, United Kingdom dation. Nevertheless in supporting the liveli- Globally market-driven mechanisms have been hoods of millions of people, many of whom are used to boost renewable energy. This paper in- living in poverty and eke out an existence in the vestigates the lack of coordination of interna- most marginal environments, its employment tional, national and local developmental priori- and income generating potential can contribute ties and the inclusion of local needs in the deci- to social justice and fairer allocation of economic sion making process of renewable energy devel- resources. Despite this positive socio-economic opments in Mexico. Additionally, it raises con- potential, governance systems and profound cerns regarding what is in principle a much- power disparities generate critical barriers to needed, timely, and legitimate project—the sustainability transformations. An impasse prev- transition to renewable energy sources—and alent in gold sector interventions reinforces queries whether the transition will result in vio- these sustainability barriers: echoing moderniza- lations of human rights. Alternative energy tion strands of sustainability thinking, govern- schemes requires a geographical analysis be- ments and international bodies promote change yond territories of energy production. Energy as a matter of miners’ security mineral rights, im- transitions confront space and territory and the proving technology, becoming trained, and thus implications for existing local/national/interna- equipped to adopt sustainable practices. There is tional structures of governance that are more neither recognition of how mining actors experi- important than the mere provision of electricity. ence sustainability’s contradictions, nor of how This research explores how national government dynamic is endogenous technological change in re-thinks political decentralization of energy sys- ASGM. This includes forms of innovation that tems and particularly how renewable energy catalyze practices to improve environmental and

Category: Justice and Allocation

socio-economic impact. Using as an evidence- projects. A significant portion of this funding will base of cross-regional empirical data from a flow through multilateral funds such as the Ad- NORFACE/Belmont Forum funded project “Gold aptation Fund (AF, launched 2007) and the Matters: Exploring Sustainability Transfor- Green Climate Fund (GCF, established 2010). But mations in ASGM – Transregional and Multi-Ac- adaptation projects are not without controversy. tor Perspectives” this paper argues that we need Scholars argue that they might actually exacer- to de-center our assumptions of unsustainability bate communities’ vulnerabilities to climate in ASGM and shift the terms of dominant debate change by multiplying societal injustices. As a in ways that give credence to the potential for consequence, they may jeopardize the achieve- positive transformations to arise. This includes ment of several Sustainable Development acknowledging the voices of marginalized mining Goals. Despite growing critical research on cli- actors in articulating visions of more sustainable mate justice, we have little analytical knowledge futures. An agenda is put forward for transdisci- of the mechanisms (re)producing injustices. This plinary engagement on ASGM and issues of jus- contribution argues that the multi-level institu- tice and allocation within the context of wider tional set-up of multi-lateral funds is crucial for consideration of sustainability transformation. explaining the (re)production of injustices as it Inevitably this brings questions of moral respon- structures the formulation of adaptation pro- sibility and political accountability to the fore. In jects. The institutional set-up comprises proce- this respect the tricky proposition that ASGM dures established by the multi-lateral funds, and presents for our debates on sustainability trans- formal and informal rules on the national, re- formations in earth systems governance, is not gional and local level. In the political debate, it is one we can step away from given how integral is assumed that the direct-access approach in- the use of gold and other minerals within con- creases adaptation projects’ responsiveness to temporary lives; significant quantities of these the local context. This implies that the multi- minerals are extracted through artisanal and level interaction of actors, institutions, and dis- small-scale techniques. courses differs in projects led by national entities (direct-access) compared to projects led by in- Panel ID 29 ternational intermediaries. But it remains un- Legal and Institutional Perspectives on clear how these institutional set-ups (direct-ac- Justice and Allocation cess, multi-national) influence the project for- Chair: Peter Lawrence mulation. Hence, this contribution aims to open this black box of formulating multilateral climate 68 adaptation projects. Based on a comparative Adaptation to climate change: Institutionalising case study research, this contribution will pre- (in)justices? sent first empirical and conceptual insights on Maria Kaufmann how institutional set-ups structure the formula- Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands tion of adaptation projects of the Adaptation Climate change is projected to increase the fre- Fund and the Green Climate Fund. The contribu- quency and intensity of extreme weather events tion will present a typology of distributional con- such as floods, droughts or heat waves. Societies sequences and identify multi-level discursive-in- need to adapt to these aggravating risks. In stitutional pathways reproducing injustices. It is 2009, developed countries committed to provid- crucial to understand these processes to adjust ing annually $100 billion by 2020 to support, procedures and assessment frameworks for among others, developing countries’ adaptation

Category: Justice and Allocation

project formulation that counteract the (re)pro- statue laws? And what are the implications of duction of injustices. this for our understanding of how law and society interconnect with the Anthropocene?Which 124 understandings of law, society, and the Anthro- Law, Society and the Anthropocene pocene relate to the new interconnections be- Margot Hurlbert tween people and their world that is relevant for Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, Regina, Canada the 21st C? Can we build upon institutional analysis and development framework that interre- Theorizing about law, society and the Anthropo- lates people with common pool resources such cene opens a new frontier. The new frontier be- as the earth or her conception of the socio-eco- gins with a trivalent conceptualization of each logical system? This paper builds a framework of component: law, society and the Anthropocene law, society and the Anthropocene using a social but must evolve to a solid theoretical framework field vision of society in order to advance justice of the components and the interrelationships and open a new research agenda of how to ad- between law, society and the Anthropocene in dress the complex problems of the Anthropo- order to advance justice. This paper briefly cene. builds a theoretical foundation for each component of law, society and the Anthropocene, and 127 then a unifying trivalent framework linking the Norm diffusion and legal innovation in Earth Sys- three constituent components. Law is often tem Governance: the case of green courts studied in a jurisprudential positivist man- James Mike Angstadt ner. Assumptions of people as actors making ra- Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA tional choices with full information frame an ‘of- Numerous institutional models have been estab- ficial version of the law.’ Often law is envisioned lished in pursuit of justice, rights, and access in as a closed system free from external influ- Earth System Governance. These include special- ences. Those practicing the law, dispense justice ized “green” courts that exclusively hear envi- through a completely self-referential process of ronmental questions. Green courts have prolif- reviewing statutes, legal decisions and reason- erated across countries and governmental lev- ing. There are no outside influences. New sci- els, and they may enhance domestic capacity to ence (such as that surrounding climate change) interpret environmental laws and to implement does not exist within the law until a judge deter- international environmental principles. Never- mines that it exists and it applies in a particular theless, the mechanisms supporting rapid green case. thers do believe law connects to society as court spread remain poorly understood. This it has long been conceived as the most important study contributes new insights by (1) identifying observable manifestation of the collective con- the actor classes most engaged in promoting an sciousness and its transformation. The law is a institutional norm favoring green court estab- ‘living law’ that is determined and applied by lishment, and (2) evaluating how insights from people in their everyday decisions of how to green court promotion can inform broader norm abide by, invoke, and interpret the law. But how diffusion scholarship. It first reviews existing lit- does our view of society and how it operates in- erature addressing known environmental norm form our understanding of how the law oper- diffusion actor classes. Next, the study generates ates? Is it a social structure operating, shaping a detailed qualitative account of the key actor and being shaped by the society in which it oper- classes promoting green courts by gathering ates? Or is it a mere instruments of capital influ- original data through document review, an encing our governments and those passing

Category: Justice and Allocation

expert survey, and depth interviews. It subse- IAHRS to seek remedies for human rights viola- quently evaluates the resulting findings, and it tions resulting from climate change. The IAHRS is emphasizes the importance of judges as norm therefore expected to play a role in this connec- entrepreneurs, of judicial networks and confer- tion, interpreting the rights of those living in the ences as catalysts for environmental norm ex- continent in light of new societal challenges and change, and of disconnects between judges and granting appropriate remedies. This paper will legal academics as constraints upon broader provide a prospective analysis of the institutional norm diffusion. Ultimately, this project advances arrangements and normative production of the efforts in Earth System Governance to better un- IAHRS in the context of cases arising from cli- derstand how norm diffusion actors influence mate change-related circumstances. By taking justice and equity when regulating the global en- stock of relevant environmental decisions and vironment. Simultaneously, it contributes to the IACtHR's recent advisory opinion on human broader discourse examining the role of judges rights and the environment, I will deliver a and transjudicial exchanges in environmental clearer picture of the role of human rights insti- and legal norm diffusion. tutions in addressing climate change at present and in future. This will offer a novel and much- 234 needed contribution to academic scholarship The Inter-American Human Rights System and Cli- and civil society, on the role of human rights law mate Change: Anticipating Human Rights-Based in responding to complex and pressing societal Climate Litigation challenges associated with climate change. Juan Auz Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Panel ID 32 Germany. Terra Mater, Quito, Ecuador. Fundacion Pacha- mama, Quito, Ecuador Justice, allocation and risk Chair: Paul Wapner Climate change impacts and their response measures have clear and widely acknowledged 64 human rights implications, especially for coun- The undebated issue of justice: silent discourses in tries in Latin America, where climate-vulnerabil- Dutch flood risk management ity is a prominent issue. Such implications in- Maria Kaufmann1, Sally Priest2, Pieter Leroy1 clude, but are not limited to, the violation of the 1Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2Middlesex rights of indigenous peoples, tensions between University, London, United Kingdom legitimate interests, and the identification of at- Flood risk of all types of flooding is projected to tribution. The Inter-American Human Rights Sys- increase based on climate change projections tem (IAHRS), comprised by a Commission and increases in damage potential. These chal- (IACHR) and a Court (IACtHR), has been a re- lenges are likely to aggravate issues of justice in gional norm innovator with international impact, flood risk management (hereafter FRM). Based providing victims with a space to attain truth and on a discursive institutionalist perspective, this justice. Plaintiffs have increasingly used the paper explores justice in Dutch FRM: how do in- IAHRS to address rights connected to the envi- stitutions allocate the responsibilities and costs ronment. Yet, so far climate change cases have for FRM for different types of flooding? What are either been dismissed or not gone beyond the the underlying conceptions of justice - utilitari- admissibility stage before the IACHR. Since cli- anism, egalitarianism, Rawlsian Justice Principle mate change will touch upon every aspect of the or elitarianism? What are the future challenges lives of all individuals and organizations in the re- with regard to climate change? To address these gion, it is likely that victims will resort to the questions, the research employed mainly

Category: Justice and Allocation

qualitative methodologies. The research re- climate vulnerability drive up the cost of sover- vealed that a dichotomy is visible in the Dutch eign debt for climate vulnerable developing approach to FRM: despite an abundance of rules, countries. Yet, within the given structures of the regulations and resources spent, flood risk or its global economy, the economic prospects of de- management is only marginally discussed in veloping countries depend (among other fac- terms of justice. Despite that, the current insti- tors) on access to financial markets at reasona- tutional arrangement has material outcomes ble conditions. The plight of climate vulnerable that treat particular groups of citizens differ- developing countries is thus compounded by a ently, depending on the type of flooding they are global financial system that braces itself against prone to, the area they live in (unembanked/em- the costs of climate risks at the cost of those who banked) or category of user (e.g. household, in- are already disproportionally burdened by these dustry, farmer). The paper argues that the de- risks. This amounts to a perversion of the pol- bate on justice will (re)emerge, since the differ- luter pays principle that undermines environ- ences in distributional outcomes are likely to be- mental justice, if unintentionally. Multilateral cli- come increasingly uneven as a result of increas- mate governance is increasingly responding to ing flood risk. The Netherlands should be pre- mismatches in global development through the pared for this debate by generating relevant mobilization of climate finance, encouraging di- facts and figures. An inclusive debate on the dis- vestment from fossil-based industries and devel- tribution of burdens of FRM could contribute to oping climate risk insurance schemes. Such dis- more effective and legitimate FRM. tributional efforts are instrumental to addressing challenges of climate justice internationally. 181 They typically rely on the level of issue-specific Climate risk and the cost of capital: a perversion supply that developed countries are willing to of the polluter pays principle? concede. The borrowing of capital, however, is Steffen Bauer1, Clara Brandi1, Ulrich Volz1,2 an expression of developing countries’ demand. 1German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- wicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany. 2SOAS University of Inhibiting their access to capital markets through London, London, United Kingdom issue-linkages with climate risks is a further manifestation of inequity resulting from climate Inequalities in human development are often change. Yet, multilateral climate governance compounded by environmental change. This is would be out of its waters to address the under- particularly pronounced in the discourse on cli- lying fundamental structures of this particular mate justice, which responds to the mismatch conundrum. Placing this particular empirical whereby those who contribute least to the challenge in a normative context, this paper causes of anthropogenic climate change are seeks to advance a policy-relevant understand- most vulnerable to its consequences. Associated ing of issue linkages between climate policy, risk challenges to justice and allocation in Earth Sys- management and the global economy. Ulti- tem Governance include questions on the distri- mately, the paper argues for better reflecting bution of costs and benefits of transformational global financial structures in multilateral climate change. This paper addresses an emergent chal- policy and to developing strong institutional in- lenge that results from interdependencies be- terlinkages between global climate and global fi- tween anticipated impacts of climate change and nancial governance as a prerequisite to targeting global financial structures. Recent empirical re- one of the major blind spots of justice and allo- search traced how vulnerability to climate risks cation in Earth System Governance affects the conditions for borrowing on global capital markets. Specifically, assessments of

Category: Justice and Allocation

425 studies on various MBIs, including PES, REDD+, Impacts of Market-Based Instruments for Envi- agro-ecological schemes, biodiversity offsetting, ronmental Governance on Indigenous Peoples Individual Transferable Quotas for fishing, and Pamela McElwee certification projects. Through this review, we Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA examined how prevalent MBI approaches are in In recent years, market-based instruments Indigenous lands and communities; mapped out (MBIs) have become a major component of envi- which Indigenous resources tended to be man- ronmental governance. These MBIs range widely aged with MBIs versus traditional management in focus and scope, but share in common a goal arrangements; and examined what the potential of using economic incentives, either for promot- impacts have been on IPs, including concerns ing positive environmental services like habitat about privatization of commonly management preservation or for discouraging negative envi- resources and unequal distribution of benefits. ronmental costs like pollution, in the hopes that We will present the major findings from this re- the market provides a more efficient, less expen- view in this presentation. sive policy outcome than traditional regulation. Panel ID 34 MBIs for land-based resources and conservation Justice Governance of commons and re- policy have included subsidies to farmers for re- fraining from use of sensitive lands, tradable per- sources mits and quotas for natural commodities such as Chair: Kimberly Marion Suiseeya fish, and payments for ecosystems services 32 (PES), which provides funding from users of eco- Reimagining Governance: forms of self-govern- system services to those who provide soil, water ance from the grassroots and forest conservation. Such MBIs that include Shrishtee Bajpai1, Ashish Kothari1 compensation and/or incentives assume that in 1Kalpavriksh , Pune , India. one way or another, a monetary value can be established for environmental measures, and that Across the world, there are a number of pro- this valuation can be used to leverage positive cesses by communities, organisations, govern- conservation behavior in some form. Yet how ment bodies, movements, and business that are MBIs have been applied on lands and resources trying to challenge the issues of unsustainability, managed or claimed by Indigenous Peoples (IPs) inequity, and injustice. Many of these processes have not yet been well understood. Many IPs are challenging the fundamental and structural have objected to monetary valuation of natural issues such as capitalism, statism, patriarchy, resources, claiming this violates cultural and on- and other inequities like race, class, caste, eth- tological beliefs relating nature-human relations, nic, etc. But many are also dealing only with the while many scholars and IPs have raised ques- symptoms rather than bringing in radical or tions about the distributional and equity impacts transformative changes. In addition, they might of MBIs on participating populations. There is lit- be fundamentally challenging one dimension of tle systematic understanding of the factors that transformation but might be negatively impact- influence participation in MBIs by IPs, including ing other dimensions of transformations. This eligibility, desire, and ability (such as lack of se- paper through four case studies attempts to un- cure land tenure or sufficient labor), as well as derstand how the process of direct and dele- cultural and community factors. To understand gated democracy emerge from the grassroots by how MBIs have affected IPs, we undertook a sys- documenting processes, initiatives and path- tematic literature review as well as selected case ways to autonomous, downwardly accountable,

Category: Justice and Allocation

and participatory institutions in three states in Ladakh Autonomous Development Hill Council India. In addition, it aims to understand how the (LADHC) in Leh, Ladakh came about in 1995 after attempts to establish radical forms of democracy a long struggle of claiming autonomy in Ladakh, establish or enhance links to the other spheres however, available literature suggest that the lo- of transformations i.e. Ecological integrity and cal autonomy within the structural system of resilience, Social wellbeing and justice, Direct representative democracy plays out more like and delegated democracy, Economic democ- appeasement. The study attempts to dig deeper racy, Cultural diversity and knowledge democ- on how ‘autonomous’ LADHC via-vis the State racy . This paper is located into understanding and Central government; the process of internal the myriad attempts at generating and practicing democracy, accountability, and transparency. radical forms of direct democracy that could not (authors- Shrishtee Bajpai, Ashish Kothari and only challenge the dominant ‘development’ par- Sujatha Padmanabhan) Keywords: Democracy, adigm but provide viable pathways for human alternatives, transformations, radical democ- wellbeing that are ecologically sustainable and racy, and autonomy. socio-economically equitable. The four case ex- 57 amples located in different geographic locations in India namely, Tosa Maidan (Jammu and Kash- Integrating governance of protected areas into mir) and Bhuj City (Gujarat), Korchi, (Maharash- regional sustainable development: The case of tra), and Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) docu- the National Reserve of Coyhaique, Chile Theresa Tribaldos1,2, Stephan Rist1,2 ment and examine the local processes to estab- 1Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzer- lish forms of direct democracy and their links to land. 2Centre for Development and Environment, University just, equitable and ecologically wise paradigms. of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 1.In Korchi, communities, along with resisting Most protected areas follow a strict manage- state-sponsored mining, are actively engaged in ment model, often called “fortress approach”. It reconstructing collectives and local governance generally restricts activities within these areas to institutions. These collectives are emerging as a hiking on assigned paths or observing flora and platform to resist mining, form rules and regula- fauna. This often fuels tensions or conflicts over tions for forest management and conservation, existing strategies of using protected areas, or localise control over their livelihoods, revisit cul- unaddressed development needs of surrounding tural identity, and assert direct and engendered populations. Consequently, the legitimacy of democracy (authors- Neema Pathak Shrishtee protected areas is undermined and thus, biodi- Bajpai and Mukesh Shende). 2.Tosa Maidan ex- versity conservation is at risk. One way of ad- ample focuses on local collectivisation process to dressing these shortcomings is to integrate the reclaim the control of communities on the governance of protected areas into the wider meadow that was leased out to Indian military to field of sustainable regional development and to use as a firing range. The locals have now started align it with the principles of environmental jus- working towards conservation and revival of lo- tice. Based on the case of the National Reserve cal livelihoods. (authors-Shrishtee Bajpai and Coyhaique (NRC) in Chile, we show how this can Ashish Kothari). 3.The collectivisation of civil so- be done. The introduced project transformed cieties, issue-based collectives and citizens to en- the NRC into a 100% energy-self-sufficient re- sure decentralisation of governance and slum reserve. It includes retrofitting existing infrastruc- development, equity and environment condu- ture, the construction of an energy-efficient cive for development in Bhuj city. (authors- model house, and installing renewable energy Shrishtee Bajpai and Ashish Kothari). 4.The systems. Alternative models for forest

Category: Justice and Allocation

management allow for the creation of jobs, community and beyond, focusing on the findings training opportunities for marginalized parts of from 2008-2018 in particular. Access and alloca- the population, and opportunities for local busi- tion were interpreted broadly, thereby covering nesses. Additionally, the project addresses the issues of inclusive development, justice, and sus- need for environmental education by showcas- tainability. Our findings suggest that the role of ing energy-efficient housing and heating systems government has been significant in facilitating to reduce high air pollution in the city. A multi- access and allocation, and failures in such have stakeholder platform accompanies planning, im- long-lasting implications. Water security there- plementation and monitoring of the project’s ac- fore increasingly requires a comprehensive con- tivities. This triggers new bottom-up institutions sideration of the different frames, principles, in- that aim to integrate the management of pro- struments and norms that operate within water tected areas into the wider field of sustainable governance institutions in order to promote mu- regional development. tual support for sustainable water governance protecting rights to drinking water and sanita- 138 tion. A governance framework for inclusive wa- The governance of access: persistent drinking water access and allocation framework is pro- ter and sanitation insecurities posed. Margot Hurlbert1, Naho Mirumachi2, Pedi Obani3, Shakeel Hayat4, Philile Mbatha5 389 1Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, Re- gina, Canada. 2King's College, London, United Kingdom. Establishing transparency on changes in ecosys- 3University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria. 4Delft Institute of Water tem services availability for citizens resulting from Education, Delft, Netherlands. 5University of KwaZulu-Na- land use transformations tal, Cape Town, South Africa Martin Pusch, Simone Podschun Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Providing drinking water and water supply ser- (IGB), Berlin, Germany vices in a sustainable fashion raises a number of fundamental issues in relation to access and al- The Anthropocene sees dramatic changes in land location, not only of water resources but also use, either intended or unintended. Such rights, responsibilities and risks. Much of the changes of land use often affect the access to provision of water supply services and sanitation ecosystem services by local people, and thus also is highly uneven across different places as well as diminish the sustainability of the regional socio- in different parts of society. This problem raises ecological system. This produces a key challenge questions about the way access and allocation to governance: How can sustainable develop- are negotiated and determined in variegated ment goals or the objectives of environmental natural and social contexts. Answering the ques- legislation be translated into local decision-mak- tion involves examining the international gov- ing? We studied that question in river valleys, ernance instruments that guide access, property which commonly represent most densely popu- rights ascribing allocation and the scales at which lated elements of landscapes, and still undergo these rights operate, as well as the responsibili- profound alterations due to economic develop- ties vested to various authorities and stakehold- ment and climate change. There, a multitude of ers. Water insecurity, particularly of drinking wa- human socio-economic interests compete for a ter and sanitation, are not simply due to natural very limited fraction of land surface, but which causes. The paper conducted a literature review offers a very broad range of ecosystem services of papers on water supply services and sanita- and natural capital, as high food production, fish- tion produced by the Earth Systems Governance eries opportunities, drinking water resources, hydropower, easy transport through navigation,

Category: Justice and Allocation

recreational opportunities, and others. As space 352 is very there, land use obviously has to be priori- Hunting for Justice: Self-Determination in Re- tized. For that, we suggest to use non-monetized source Management in the Amazon ecosystem services as a platform to collect data, Michael Esbach visualize human benefits, facilitate stakeholder University of Florida, Florida, USA involvement and support transparent decision- Northeastern Ecuador’s rain forests are widely making. Thus, the effects of land use transfor- recognized as some of the most biodiverse formations on the availability of ecosystem services ests on the planet. This region has also been in- can be scored and visualized for individual eco- habited for millennia by the indigenous Cofán system services. This allows demonstrating syn- Nation, who have continuously adapted their ergies or negative trade among several human traditional activities to maintain their well-being uses of ecosystem services. Furthermore, eco- over time. Beginning in the 1980s, researchers system services may be summarized to an inte- across Amazonia began to argue that indigenous grative index, as the ‘River Ecosystem Service In- hunters can contribute to overexploitation of dex’ (RESI) (www.resi-project.info) which may be game. Moreover, the Cofán are cited as a glaring used to compare complex river and floodplain example of the impact native hunters can have management scenarios. The RESI has been al- on game populations. Rigorously documented ready been implemented in practice in the evidence of this process, however, is sparse. At framework of an official regional planning prior- the same time, this controversy ignores indige- itization procedure for a 80-km section of the nous self-determination, or the right of the Danube River in Bavaria (Germany). It hence may Cofán to manage their resources in culturally ap- is recommended as a transparent inter-sectoral propriate ways that are essential for both food visualization and decision support tool for inter- security and cultural survival. My research lever- and transdisciplinary communication. Thus, this ages a seven year partnership with the Cofán to new cross-sectoral approach for the manage- explore the effectiveness of their strategies for ment of landscapes enables the identification of managing añacho (a Cofán word meaning both optimized multifunctional and sustainable man- animals and food), with the ultimate goal of sup- agement options for river and floodplain sec- porting self-determination in resource manage- tions with minimized trade-offs among available ment within the territory of Zábalo. Residents of ecosystem services. The transparency of the ba- Zábalo adhere to se’picho, a set of rules and re- ses and consequences of decision-making ena- strictions that range from prohibited species to bled by RESI supports the involvement of citizens limited takes and seasons. Given this context, my and NGOs in planning decisions about land use. research 1) describes how the Cofán adaptively Hence, the use of RESI may be used for a manage wild resources to meet their subsistence more effective and equitable implementation of needs, 2) assesses the effectiveness of this man- sustainable development goals across societal agement system by monitoring changes in ani- sectors. This index based on ecosystem service mal populations over time, and 3) evaluates the assessments may thus also be implemented as a extent to which residents rely on these resources steering tool to assess justice and fair allocation for their well-being. of resources to regional communities during land use transformations. Panel ID 66 Valuing nature: ecosystem services and natural capital Chair: Dominic Lenzi

Category: Justice and Allocation

59 data collection and integration, including availa- Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounting: proof-of- ble satellite imagery, standard coefficients, offi- concept development at watershed scale cial statistics, and surveys. Each account is made Jazmín Argüello Velázquez, Jean-Louis Weber, Ioan Ne- of tables of quantities: resource stocks and nat- grutiu ural flows, the resource accessible without de- Institut M. Serres, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, pletion, and the use by economic sectors (includ- France ing returns after use). Quantitative accounts de- Changes to ecosystem functions and derived ser- liver an index of intensity of use. For each ac- vices are faster than ever in human history, due count, an additional table records qualitative el- to the over-consumption of resources among ements. These elements are used for making a others. Governments and companies do not diagnosis of ecosystem health, summarized in an keep systematic natural capital consumption index. The indexes of the intensity of use and of records. This consumption corresponds to the health are combined altogether to produce the loss of ecosystems’ ability to provide goods and Ecological Capability Unit, in the same units, the services and is equivalent to creating ecological three components can be added up to calculate debts, to future generations or to countries their asset value and its change (Weber, whose are products manufactured under unsus- 2014). The objective of this project is to make ac- tainable conditions. The accumulation of ecolog- tionable the Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounts ical debts represent economic and political risks by developing a proof-of-concept tool at the and are a matter of national security and sover- Rhone watershed scale. I will present data on eignty. Accounting for natural capital degrada- each category of resource account and their sub- tion allows adapting available resources to the sequent aggregation in ECU. I will discuss the basic needs of populations and maintaining of strengths and limitations of ENCA for its optimi- life-supporting natural systems on which socie- zation and exploitation. ties depend on. A range of environmental evalu- 84 ation tools has been developed with the purpose of integrating the natural capital into economical Process-driven Problem Solving with Root Cause national accounting frameworks and inform pol- Analysis: Adapting powerful business tools to fit icy-makers on their availability, use, and deple- the sustainability problem 1 2,3 tion. Three methodological categories are pres- Jack Harich , Montserrat Koloffon Rosas 1Thwink.og, Atlanta, USA. 2Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ently in development: reference value or bound- Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3Thwink.org, Atlanta, USA ary indicators; ecosystem services valuations; system approach tools. My work concentrated Two of the most powerful tools in the business on the system approach methodology, the Eco- world are process-driven problem solving and system Natural Capital Accounting (ENCA). ENCA root cause analysis. These tools are routinely is an extension of the conceptual UN Economic used to solve difficult problems of any type, with and Environmental Accounting System (SEEA), a track record of astounding success. However, with the purpose of calculating ecosystem there’s a catch. The tools have only been applied change at different scales. Importantly ENCA tar- to business and technical problems. They have gets “no net ecosystem degradation” and ulti- never been applied to social problems, such as mately the amortization of the natural capi- sustainability. This paper serves as a progress re- tal. The ENCA protocol is based on 3 accounts: port on the research results of Thwink.org, which bio-carbon, water, and ecosystems infrastruc- has been attempting since 2001 to adapt these ture and biodiversity which require significant tools to fit social problems. The result is the Sys- tem Improvement Process (SIP), a generic

Category: Justice and Allocation

process designed from scratch to solve difficult performance of markets are cross-sectional, and large-scale social problems of any type. At the fail to grasp the dynamics of institutional design. heart of SIP lies a systematic approach for using The central question of this paper is how we can root cause analysis to find the main root causes understand the evolution of markets for water of a problem and the high leverage points for re- pollution allowances. To answer this research solving those root causes, using subproblem de- question we employed a case study strategy. We composition, social force diagrams, and system made an in-depth study of the development of dynamics feedback loop simulation modeling. markets for water pollution allowances in Jiax- Solution elements are then designed to push on ing, China. The Chinese government embraced the high leverage points. The effect is fairly pre- market governance as a means to combat envi- dictable, since the simulation models can ronmental pollution, and Jiaxing was one of the roughly predict, on a qualitative or quantitative first cities in China experimenting with markets bases, how the system will respond to focused for water pollution allowances, and has more efforts to push on the high leverage points. Re- than 11 years of experience with these markets. search results consist of SIP, a preliminary analy- We have made a longitudinal analysis and inves- sis, a large body of descriptive material, a paper tigated how the city has responded to observed on Change Resistance as the Crux of the Environ- market failures and external developments, such mental Sustainability Problem, and just this year, as changes in national or provincial legal and pol- preliminary studies on the effectiveness of por- icy frameworks. Interestingly, Jiaxing city al- tions of a solution element called Politician Truth lowed the seven counties within the city to set Ratings. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of up their own markets, within the general frame- this body of work is it represents a new paradigm work developed by the city. This polycentric for achieving successful Earth System Govern- structure can be conceived of as an experimental ance. This new way of thinking begins with the setting, in which various institutional designs are premise that “All problems arise from their root tested. Our research was informed by institu- causes.” Current problem-solving approaches tional-economic theory, and the literature on in- contain no concept of finding and resolving root stitutional change. To investigate changes in the causes, which appears to explain the poor results design and performance of the markets for wa- to date on solving difficult systemic problems ter pollution allowances in Jiaxing city over time, like climate change and achieving the UN SDGs. and to learn more about the key factors which may explain these changes, we have made an 206 analysis of legal and policy documents, and car- The evolution of markets for water pollution al- ried out semi-structured interviews with Chinese lowances in China, a case study of Jiaxing city scholars, government officials and business en- Hao Wang1, Sander Meijerink1, Erwin van der Krabben1, trepreneurs who have traded water pollution al- Huaguo Yang2 1Institute for Management Research, Radboud University , lowances. The main conclusion of the paper is Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China that market design is a continuous learning process. It took more than a decade to develop well- One of the modes of governance, which may be functioning markets in Jiaxing city, and the de- used to combat pollution, is market governance. sign of the markets has been adjusted continu- An example of this is the market for water pollu- ously to solve issues, such as low market partici- tion allowances. The literature suggests that pation, and unclear market demarcation. In ad- there is a relationship between the institutional dition, Jiaxing city responded to changes in na- design of these markets and their performance. tional and provincial legislation. As some Most studies on the institutional design and

Category: Justice and Allocation

counties have been more successful in improving data obtained contradict to a large extent the market performance than others, there is room theoretical assumptions, that is, it is not possible for learning across the counties within Jiaxing to discern a clear relationship between the three city. parameters of soil quality of arable land, rent price and income ratio. The results obtained 409 show that the most relevant aspects for soil gov- The soil governance as an element to move to- ernance are: i) private benefits, public goods, wards the sustainability of socio-ecological sys- and ecosystem services; ii) development and ex- tems tension of soil research; iii) soil education; iv) in- Francisco Almonacid Buenrostro tergenerational equity; v) soil degradation, and UNAM, Mexico, Mexico vi) conflicts over land. The possible explanations Soils are under increasing pressure of use, and of the contradictions revealed in relation to the soil governance is an important element to main- state of the research were discussed and the tain the functions of this resource, prevent its need for future research to better understand degradation and move towards sustainability the potential of soil governance as a mechanism within socio-ecological systems. Due to the lack to move towards the sustainable management of scarcity of studies on soil governance, it is im- of socio-ecological systems was highlighted. In portant to highlight that soils are one of the nat- addition to the above, a unifying scientific narra- ural resources whose use and management are tive is also needed. So in general terms, the of global importance, so it is useful to examine transdisciplinary perspective can provide the cri- the main drivers, pressures and institutional re- teria to determine the role of soil governance on sponses to land use. Considering the diversity of the sustainable management of socio-ecological local biophysical, social and cultural environ- systems. Key concepts: soil, soil governance, so- ments. In order to operationalize the concept of cio-ecological systems, soil sustainability, trans- soil governance within the framework of socio- disciplinary. ecological systems. This document focuses on the soil governance mechanism seen as a collec- 418 tive process in contrast to the theoretical as- Diverse values at stake: discrepancies between sumption in which landowners have greater in- top-down and bottom-up “environmentalities” in centives to conserve this resource. This analysis a highly biodiverse region of Mexico 1 2 1 synthesizes the opinion of experts from different Ana Monroy , Peter Gerritsen , Eduardo García Frapolli , Gerard Verschoor3 disciplines, through structured interviews infor- 1Institution of Sustainability and Ecosystems Research , Mo- mation was obtained about the topics that are relia, Michoacán, Mexico. 2University of Guadalajara, needed for operational soil governance. Based Autlán, Mexico. 3Wageningen , Wageningen, Netherlands on the framework of socio-ecological systems of Nowadays, the call for a more inclusive and just Elinor Ostrom that links the biophysical, ecologi- environmental governance for local and indige- cal, social, economic, political, socio-institutional nous communities is sound. Even though, differ- environment, economic constraints and decision ent visions about nature and the environment characteristics; the findings are presented and exist, sometimes creating conflicts around the discussed about how soil governance would con- same territory. Among these different visions, tribute to transiting towards sustainability in an there is the recognition of a sharp dichotomy be- adaptable and reflective manner and what are tween top-down and bottom-up logics. These vi- the opportunities, barriers, and compensations sions have embedded a set of values and the re- that this represents. The main finding is that the lationship with nature we should pursuit,

Category: Justice and Allocation

alongside their institutions that articulate those order to make more visible other human-nature values. These logics have been called by some relationships. authors as “environmentalities” that refers to the strategies of governing human action and the creation of subjects. Moreover, in highly biodiverse and biocultural regions a confluence of environmentalities is prominent. Therefore, we examined the underlying logics among the top- down and bottom-up process of environmental governance of a highly biodiverse region inhab- ited by local and indigenous groups, the South Coast of Jalisco, México, with the aim of finding discrepancies about the management of natural resources. By looking at different previous case studies of natural resource management strategies and valuation by local communities we describe the main peasants´ logic and their values. Then we analyze the main conservation policies and schemas in the same area. We found a complex governance landscape as a result of a combination of environmentalities from different actors, each of them articulating a set of values about nature. Peasants’ logic evinces a highly contextualized traditional ecological knowledge that promotes multifunctionality of the landscape where production and conservation of ecosystems coexist. Also, heterogeneous groups inside communities value aspects of nature dif- ferently, and overall diversity of values is found, where relational values are present. This logic clashes with, for example, neoliberal environ- metalities in schemas like Payment for Environ- mental Services that foster mostly instrumental values of nature and clearly separates conservation from production. These programs are becoming more dominant in previous conserved areas inside local communities. Also, we found the presence of sovereign environmentalities in the logic behind Natural Protected Areas where mostly the intrinsic values of nature are favored, again dismantling multifunctionality. We discuss that new forms of governance have to be conceived with an institutional diversity that articu- lates the plural values in local communities in

Category: Anticipation and Imagination

Panel ID 1 obfuscations (Bendik-Keymer 2018) of terms Imagining the Anthropocene: How politi- such as the “Anthropocene,” thereby exposing ways in which communal autonomy is foreclosed cal imaginaries and social fantasies affect alongside an accurate, non-reified understand- future earth-building. ing of our planetary situation. How can our plan- Chair: Aysem Mert, Jelle Behagel etary situation be understood decolonially such 28 that the worlds within the world are respected Autonomous conceptions of our planetary situa- according to the axiom of the “equality of intelli- tion gence” (Rancière 1991, cf. Freire, 1968; and Jeremy Bendik-Keymer, Case Western Reserve University, Scheinfeld et al., 2008)? Acknowledging the twin USA epistemic demands of being (1) world-focused The “Anthropocene” is a culturally current and and (2) non-reifying, I propose an epistemic un- scientifically considered naming of our planetary derstanding of anthroponomy grounded in a phi- situation characterized by social processes that losophy of disagreement. Disagreement opens have driven ecological, biochemical and geologi- the mystery of the world. It depends on devel- cal processes toward uncertain feedbacks oping good relationships within and between (Dryzek and Pickering, 2018). The “Anthropo- communities. Anthroponomy is the idea of such cene” understands these social processes as the disagreement related to a planetary situation general expression of human agency. In so do- under many different names and languages, aiming, the “Anthropocene” reifies the social pro- ing to continuously respect people’s autonomy cesses by making them natural expressions of (cf. Whyte, 2017; Dryzek and Pickering, the human being, itself reified as a natural kind 2018). Non-dominating (Pettit, 1997), interper- (cf. Honneth, 2008). The logic expressed in the sonally accountable (Darwall, 2006, 2013) and concept of the “Anthropocene” is coloniality self-determining (cf. Coulthard, 2014; Pasternak, (Walsh and Mignolo, 2018) – “the dark side of 2017), anthroponomy responds to a planetary modernity” wherein the multiplicity of worlds situation threatening communal autonomy (Gar- within the world is “englobed” by a single world diner, 2011; Frazier, 2016; Mann and Wain- (Mignolo, 2011). Thereby, uneven development wright, 2018). It is a decolonial response to the and various problematic effects of the social pro- “Anthropocene.” Using anthroponomy, how cesses of capitalism, industrialism, and colonial- should we approach imagining our planetary sit- ism (including racism and patriarchy; de Jong, uation? Social imaginaries of our planetary situ- Icaza, and Rutazibwa, 2019) are “erased” (Dot- ation should be (a) constitutively unset- son, 2017). Against such “totalization,” decolo- tled. They should be (b) results of disagreement niality as practice (Walsh, 2018; Naepi, 2019) through good relationship, (c) inscribing imagi- commits to revealing the social process nary openness to the “otherwise” of worlds

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(Walsh and Mignolo, 2018). And they should be address the question of what kind of agencies (d) grounded in the mystery of the world be- the fantasy of the Anthropocene implies and neath worlds (Marion, 1998). what kind of identities and affective relations ac- company such agencies. To answer this ques- 54 tion, we use interview data and text analysis to A fantasy of omnipotence? The Anthropocene de- trace what kind of fantasies artists, scholars, bate and its influence on contemporary na- practitioners and citizens who engage with the turecultures concept of the Anthropocene are exposed to and Ayşem Mert1, Jelle Behagel2 internalize. Using text and multi-modal visual 1Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands analysis, we explore such social and individual engagement in multiple fields across a broad What kind of fantasies and political desires do range of examples, from local art collectives to the concept of the Anthropocene and the de- global forest policy to urban water crises. Our bates surrounding it evoke? The concept of fan- paper explores what gets inscribed into the tasy has thus far been hesitantly applied to envi- techno-scientific and institutional arrangements ronmental studies. In discourse theory, the ‘fan- that reflect Anthropocene fantasies and feed tasmatic logic’ explains the direction, speed, and into global governance arrangements. We con- resistance to change. At the individual level, fan- clude by emphasizing the importance of explor- tasies allow people to become subjects capable ing fiction and fantasy in finding a realistic and of acting on the world. Fantasies also postpone actionable answer to the global challenges of the fulfilment of a broad range of desires and Earth System Governance in the Anthropocene. serve to prevent immediate outbursts of both aggression and enjoyment, allowing for cooper- 274 ation. Moreover, fantasies structure observa- The Politics of Planetary Times tion, make identities and ideas ‘natural’, provide Frederic Hanusch the potential for agency, and make cooperation Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Pots- dam, Germany possible. Systematically studying fantasy thus allows a specific understanding of the frame, di- The notion of the Anthropocene has brought the rection, and/or lack of political and social action temporal dimension of Earth System Govern- in sustainability transitions and global environ- ance to the forefront. Discussions include empir- mental politics and governance. One of the most ical insights on deep time interdependencies of central fantasies concerning Earth System Gov- current actions and future impacts, the Great Ac- ernance research is that of humans becoming a celeration of human influence on the Earth, the significant planetary force and fundamentally transformation of dates into stop signs to end transforming the natural cycles at a planetary emissions, tipping points in the earth system, level. This paper aims to understand this phan- Great Again-retrotopias of a romanticized fossil tasmal dimension of the Anthropocene. Follow- fuel past, and conceptual approaches of transi- ing Haraway, Tsing, and other feminist scholars, tion, in- and exnovation, imagination or anticipa- we explore the practical identities and relation- tion, to name just a few. The recognition of tem- ships that are made natural through the phan- poral elements was one of the major milestones tasmal. Highlighting the positive role of fantasy towards a better understanding of the web of in- in making action and agency possible, we apply terconnections between humans and the earth the concept to study how fluid identities and the system in recent years. While much of the cur- making of human/non-human relations creative rent effort is spend on either analyzing uncon- new pathways for global action. We, therefore, nected or explicating still implicit temporal

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elements, the proposed paper aims at synthesiz- 116 ing an overall concept of the politics of planetary Assessment as fantasy: IPBES and the production times. To outline entry points for the develop- of global biodiversity knowledge ment of the temporal lens of Earth System Gov- ,Esther Turnhout ernance, the paper proceeds in five sections a Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen new research perspective needs to address: rea- University, Wageningen, Netherlands sons, definitions, concepts, normativity and rec- The proposition of the Anthropocene has evoked ommendations. Accordingly, the first section ar- contrasting imaginaries in environmental hu- gues that the usage of time in the Anthropocene manities, environmental governance studies as is deeply political, but our current conceptions well as policy institutions and thinktanks. On one and applications of time are rather a product of hand, it has strengthened already existing mod- chance than deliberate judgment. Second, the ernist and imaginaries of global control and plan- diversity of time is approached through a three- etary management, but at the same time, it has fold definition of natural, artificial and planetary also served as a provocation; an invitation to times as a result of the interferences of the pre- more radically rethink the assumptions of vious two, complemented with a methodological modernism and the relation between humans underpinning. The third section extracts the and the environment. To varying extent, these (power of) time regimes’ actors, structures and two contrasting imaginaries have also shaped processes beyond existing arrangements of cur- the way in which knowledge and relations be- rent planetary times. These arrangements, tween knowledge and governance are conceptu- which will be called time designs, are made and alized and organized in practice. In this paper, I used: deadlines are set and bypassed, election will use the example of IPBES (the Intergovern- periods synchronized, time budgets negotiated, mental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem windows of opportunity utilized, etc. Having con- Services) to illustrate this. I will focus specifically ceptualized the governance of time, a fourth sec- on the activity of integrated assessment; the syn- tion formulates normative sketches towards thesis and integration of existing knowledge to “Chronopolitanism” as the temporal supplement serve as a basis for policy and governance. I will to Cosmopolitanism. If the world can be altered discuss how and to what extent the activity of as- through the use of time designs, orientational sessment within IPBES is shaped by imaginaries knowledge needs to be created, considering of unified biodiversity, inclusiveness, science- among others Hannah Arendt’s notion of natal- policy interfaces, and effective policy and gov- ity. Lastly, avenues for the further exploration ernance. The argument that I will develop in this and democratization of planetary times are out- paper is that assessment functions as a fan- lined. They include questions on how temporal tasy that is able to silence and hide the tensions literacy about planetary times can be nurtured between the different and competing imagi- towards temporally mature societies. The paper naries of biodiversity assessment, of the Anthro- concludes that approaching a temporal lens pocene more generally, while evading the ques- might be as demanding as learning a new lan- tion of what would be required to combat biodi- guage at first, but once internalized it allows for versity loss in a manner that is equitable, legiti- completely new avenues of imagining and fanta- mate and effective. sizing future earth-building.

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56 and 2018, I first analyze general patterns of fu- The Future as a Governance Object in the Interna- ture thinking as well as beliefs regarding the tional Climate Change Regime long-term goals among negotiation participants Manjana Milkoreit (national delegates and non-party stakeholders). Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Second, I report how a negotiation simulation International environmental regimes are future- (serious game) conducted with negotiation par- oriented institutions in the sense that they seek ticipants in 2018 affected their future-thinking to affect the future trajectory and state of envi- patterns. ronmental systems, e.g. reducing air pollution, Panel ID 5 slowing the rate of biodiversity decline or limit- Earth System Governance 4.0: How Does ing deforestation. Key governance instruments and tools for future-oriented governance include Digital Change Affect Earth System Gov- scientific assessment reports with a scenario ernance? modeling emphasis, the use of long-term goals Chair: Karsten A Schulz (e.g., the climate regime), target years (e.g., the Discussant: Ruben Zondervan SDGs) or implementation schedules (e.g., the 29 ozone regime), as well as review mechanisms to keep track of progress and goal achievement Reducing Disaster Risk through Forecast-Based over time. The future orientation of the climate Financing: The Future of 'Smart Contracts' Karsten Schulz regime ought to be particularly pronounced University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands given the deep time dimensions of climate change. Global decisions in this decade can af- Forecast-based financing is now considered a fect the state of the planet and conditions for all cutting-edge policy tool that holds the potential life on it not merely for centuries, but millennia to dynamically allocate resources where they are to come. Initially, these long time horizons were needed the most. Innovative forecast-based fi- not reflected in the governance structures cre- nancing thus seeks to expand the traditional fi- ated under the UNFCCC. However, the Paris nancial instruments of development coopera- Agreement has recently introduced major insti- tion by improving their efficiency, scalability and tutional innovations in this regard. These include inclusiveness. Especially when combined with the introduction of multiple long-term (i.e., mid- 'smart contracts' that are based on distributed and end-of-century) global goals, the establish- ledger-technology and triggered by evidence- ment of NDC cycles that require ten to fifteen- based indicators, forecast-based financing could year national planning horizons, the require- support new forms of anticipatory governance ment to develop mid-century decarbonization and development finance. One of the most strategies, and the conduct of the Talanoa Dia- promising fields of application for innovative logue, which invited parties to take a 2030 per- forecast-based financing via 'smart contracts' is spective. This paper investigates to what extent disaster risk reduction. Anticipatory tools such as negotiation participants have the cognitive ca- climate scenarios, early-warning systems and pacities to deal with the long time horizons of cli- seasonal weather forecasts are becoming in- mate change, i.e., how they think about the fu- creasingly important to finance early action. Yet, ture, and to what extent such future-thinking ca- there are still considerable uncertainties when it pacities can be developed with the use of a seri- comes to the automatic release of funds for pre- ous game specifically designed for this purpose. ventative measures, since anticipatory govern- Based on survey and interview collected in 2017 ance tools cannot always provide reliable

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information. This may lead to situations where of digital technologies including the use of bio- early warnings may go unheeded, either due to metrics and distributed ledger-technology (e.g. a lack of standard operating procedures for fore- Blockchain, Ethereum) could help in addressing cast-based action or based on concerns that this challenge. In a report from December 2018 funds will not be allocated optimally. At the the WEF presented research estimating that by same time, there is little discussion about com- 2022 150 million people will have ‘blockchain- bining forecast-based financing tools with dis- based’ digital identities. India has rolled out the tributed ledger-technology, not only at the pre- ‘Aadhaar’ identification system over the last dec- disaster stage but also for post-disaster re- ade – which is using biometrics almost exces- sponse. Drawing on evidence from Indonesia, sively – for more than 90 percent (more than 1.2 this paper thus asks how distributed ledger-tech- billion enrolled users) of its population by the nology can be used to render disaster risk man- end of January 2019. While the advent of new agement measures more effective and inclusive. digital technologies creates great opportunity in In particular, it addresses the challenges of em- this field on the one hand, significant challenges bedding digital tools such as 'smart contracts' in and risks arise on the other. First, the introduc- sociopolitical contexts with highly divergent in- tion of increasingly autonomous systems on terests. Special consideration is also given to the large scale in very short timeframes produces a challenge of developing inclusive indicators for setting in which ‘Code is Law’, replacing existing verification and the timely release of funds. Key- rights and institutional safeguards. Such devel- words: disaster risk reduction; forecast-based fi- opment potentially enables bias and discrimina- nancing; blockchain; distributed ledger; smart tion which is ‘embedded’ in the new digital infra- contracts; anticipatory governance. structure. Significant disruption of existing governance models might be the consequence. Sec- 37 ondly, human rights such as individual privacy The Future of Digital Identity Governance need more profound understanding to success- Oskar Gstrein fully transition to the Digital Age. This contribu- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands tion will explore these aspects by presenting use Individuals living in the Global North typically cases employing either Blockchain (communities overlook the challenge of identification for par- in Netherlands, Switzerland) or biometrics ticipation in public life. However, proof of iden- (Aadhaar India) to provide formal identification, tity remains a significant challenge for many in and conclude with perspectives for Earth System the Digital Age. It is estimated that 1 billion peo- Governance and human dignity in the Digital ple on the planet face challenges proving their Age. identity. For those, it is virtually impossible to access healthcare services, education, as well as fi- 52 nancial and mobile services. This issue hamper- Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Innovative ing development in many regions increasingly re- Climate Finance under the Green Climate Fund 1 2 ceives attention as the United Nations Sustaina- Marian Feist , Karsten Schulz 1United Nations University, Bonn, Germany. 2University of ble Development Goal 16.9 is dedicated to the Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands subject. By 2030 legal identity should be provided for all, including registration at birth. Ac- The rapid development of nascent technologies cordingly, the World Bank and the World Eco- such as blockchain and distributed ledger-based nomic Forum have set up initiatives to work on systems holds transformative potential for the fi- ‘good’ digital identities. Many hope that the use nancial sector. Applications of these novel technologies include financial transactions, asset

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management through smart contracts, as well as rights of nature expand the scope of human peer-to-peer exchange networks. International rights to non-human, non-animal entities. Start- climate finance, aimed at supporting developing ing from the position that the environment countries’ responses to climate change, stands should be interpreted broadly to include all to benefit in particular ways from the new possi- forms of life, an argument advanced in critical bilities in financial technology. Distributed environmental legal scholarship and writing on ledger-based systems offer promising solutions law in the Anthropocene, I argue that the col- for common issues in international climate fi- lapse of the human/non-human binary opens up nance, such as ensuring accountability and local- the possibility of expanding the scope of human level impact. Yet, distributed ledger-based sys- rights. Next, I demonstrate how rights have al- tems may be at odds with established institu- ready been extended to natural non-human en- tional structures and operational principles, and tities under the auspices of the rights of nature, their technical limitations need to be considered. which have been adjudicated successfully in Based on a range of plausible use cases for inno- courts within Colombia, India, and New Zealand. vative mitigation and adaptation finance, we ex- Finally, from the foregoing evidence I extract el- plore how the targeted application of distributed ements of modern environmental law that sup- ledger technology may foster effective and port further widening of the concept of human transparent climate finance under the Green Cli- rights to include artefactual non-human entities mate Fund. We then discuss key political and that comprise the larger physical environment, technical challenges that may arise, for example such as humanoid robots. regarding scalability, standards and safeguards, country ownership, and further capitalization. Panel ID 17 We conclude our investigation by identifying pri- Anticipating the Fate of Governance in ority action tracks for innovative mitigation and the Anthropocene adaptation finance based on existing use cases of Chair: Heike Schroeder distributed ledger technology. 78 96 Conservation and Sustainable Development in the From Rights of Nature to Rights for Robots Anthropocene: Review of UNESCO's Man and the Joshua Gellers Biosphere Programme University of North Florida, Jacksonville, USA Desirée Fiske Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA The rights of nature movement, with its origins in indigenous traditional knowledge, has realized Perhaps there is no better place to recognize the concrete expression in courts, constitutions, and impacts of anthropogenic changes than lands set citizen referenda in several places around the aside for conservation and sustainable use. With world. Central to this emerging norm is the no- pristine ecosystems and a strive for harmonious tion that the Cartesian separation between man coexistence of human and nature, protected ar- and nature is illusory. At the same time, ad- eas, such as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, are es- vances in technology have exposed frailties in pecially important to observe in the Anthropo- the concept of legal personhood, and the arrival cene. This paper provides a discursive analysis of of the Anthropocene has invited a debate over the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) of the boundaries of nature itself. Responding to UNESCO to reveal the ways the Anthropocene these developments, I detail how critical envi- may be entering international institutions, global ronmental law and recent cases pertaining to the networks, and protected area management to

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answer: How is the Anthropocene narrative be- blocks of life, and extended their presence into ing taken up in global environmental govern- every ecosystem. This has included not only re- ance, and what are the implications for human- routing rivers, converting forests into agricul- nature relations, roles of science/technol- tural lands, overfishing the oceans, and toxifying ogy/knowledge, and institutional adaption? In much of the environment but also anthropo- this article, I review action plans, management genic climate change, ozone depletion, and cas- strategies, press releases, online content, bio- cading biodiversity loss. In the face of this, Earth sphere reserve reports, and related documents Systems Governance aims to shape and coordi- from reserves to determine whether and how nate the human presence. It seeks to control hu- the Anthropocene narrative is being taken up manity’s earthly signature in the service of sus- within MAB and how political challenges are con- tainable development. This paper asks about the fronted as the Anthropocene becomes institu- fate of wildness in Earth System Governance ef- tionalized. The Anthropocene does not neces- forts. As humans bring greater institutionalism sarily negate traditional management strategies to their collective affairs, is there a place for the focused on conservation and sustainable devel- unbidden, unpredictable, and erratic elements opment but refines the meanings of these anti- of life? Might there be value in not completely quated approaches. The driving initiative behind conquering the planet with human knowledge protected areas, and desire for biosphere re- and manipulative power? Will it even be possi- serve status, is to hold on to a delicate balance ble to restrain the human impulse to mastery as of humans and nature with these pristine land- environmental challenges intensify and the need scapes, even as they slowly fall victim to global for greater human intervention seems inevita- environmental change. The interplay of sustain- ble? And, if so, what would it mean to plan and able development and conservation blends govern wildness? This paper will assess the wis- with, awakens, and informs the Anthropo- dom and challenges of preserving wildness in an cene as human and nature relations are re-con- increasingly humanized world. As the Anthro- ceptualized; roles of science, technology, and pocene intensifies, humanity will persistently knowledge are re-evaluated in management find itself at a crossroads. In one direction will strategies; and institutions evolve to accommo- stand greater human manipulation. At the ex- date new political perspectives and organiza- treme, this will involve geoengineering, de-ex- tional structures. This paper provides a compre- tinction, and other technological feats that seek hensive view of MAB and illuminates the signifi- to control global ecosystemic dynamics. In the cance of protected areas as stewards, laborato- other direction will stand more humility, a more ries, and recognition of rapid environmental constrained approach to human presence. This change. Moreover, it captures an in-depth snap- will involve efforts to rewild the world by inviting shot of the impacts of the Anthropocene narra- more unpredictability into human life through tive in decision-making, planning, and experi- small-scale production, bioregional communi- ence in biosphere reserves. ties, wildlife corridors, and the relinquishing of the desire for comfort at all costs. This paper 300 will evaluate the prospects for rewilding as the The Fate of Wildness in the Anthropocene Anthropocene intensifies. Will it be possible to Paul Wapner preserve and, paradoxically, govern wildness as American University, washington, USA the planet hurls deeper into the Anthropocene? Humans dominate the Earth. They have mapped the entire planet, unlocked the building

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346 consider the organisational component of cli- Understanding transformative changes and mate technologies from wider perspectives. In emerging properties of institutional systems for this context, my research critically examines a future climate knowledge integration network of experts in a variety of contexts in- Lucas Somavilla Croxatto volving science-policy negotiations and bound- University College London, London, United Kingdom ary work at the United Nations Framework Con- The need for climate action has never been vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It looks greater. According to the IPCC, in 2018 human specifically at the Technology Mechanism of the activities are estimated to have already caused a Convention by innovatively combining multi- 1.0ºC increase in the global mean temperature sited ethnographic research with network and of the planet, and experts expressed high confi- policy analysis. The study provides case studies dence it could reach 1.5ºC by 2030. Conse- with experts from COP23 (Bonn) 2017, COP24 quently, we face critical transitions and higher (Katowice) 2018, the UN-City in Denmark 2017- levels of uncertainty. Acknowledging these 2019, the Netherlands 2017-2019, Thailand and shared challenges will require countries to work Myanmar 2017-2019. My contribution in this re- together and look for transformative approaches search paper will be to advance our understand- to accelerate and govern the integration of ex- ing of emerging transformative approaches in pert knowledge. Yet, the challenge to articulate complex institutional systems, and stimulate fur- visions and negotiate boundaries between dif- ther debates about the interlinkages between ferent epistemic communities remains largely knowledge and governance. In particular, by ex- unsolved. Consequently, More research should amining the extent to which emergent coopera- be made on how to identify and target integration dynamics can serve the purpose of future tion opportunities across knowledge systems. A climate knowledge integration for the effective better understanding of such dynamics could governance of the earth system. open up innovative ways of dealing with exper- 419 tise and support transformative agendas of Anticipatory Governance of Regime Shifts in So- change. In the broader policy landscape, the cial Ecological Systems: Building Resilience to Cli- need for a paradigm shift that effectively pro- mate Change in Transboundary Lake Champlain motes low-emissions and climate resilient devel- Asim Zia, Andrew Schroth, Jory Hecht, Patrick Clemins opment together, calls for changes in the inter- University of Vermont, Burlington, USA national policy discourse in general. Unsurpris- Anthropogenic climate change could induce re- ingly, important questions about how to gener- gime shifts from oligotrophic to eutrophic states ate transformational responses to climate in shallow bays of the Lake Champlain due to change, and the growing imperative for different more frequent and more intense flooding events and more integrative responses to climate in Lake Champlain Basin (LCB) as well as reduced change, suggests going beyond incremental ice cover internally in the lake system. It is, how- changes and pursue instead transformational ever, not clear how anticipation of these climatic change. This means that the need to secure change induced extreme events, coupled with broad scientific, political, as well as civil input in anticipated impact of land-use land cover change order to maximize the diversity of pathways (LULCC) on the water quality of freshwater lakes, leading to transformation towards a climate will lead to anticipatory and reflexive govern- compatible future is essential. It is important, ance, inducing proactive policy changes to miti- from this perspective, to explore strategies for gate nutrient pollution across transboundary anticipation and the set of plans that further

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LCB. The transboundary LCB, situated in USA building resilience to climate change through (New York & Vermont) and Canada (Quebec), co- foresight generated by IAMs. vers approximately 21,326 square kilometers. The nutrient abatement costs are relatively Panel ID 21 higher for downstream urban areas than up- Navigating Sustainable Futures: Soci- stream farming areas, yet the downstream ur- otechnical Visions and Political Land- ban areas experience more benefits from the scapes clean water through tourism revenues, higher Chair: Jose di Bella water front property values and drinking water supplies. Climate change has added another 67 layer of complexity in this debate. This paper Where are we going towards 2050? An explora- presents an integrated assessment model (IAM) tion of the anticipatory processes behind low-car- that couples climate change induced tempera- bon roadmaps for high-carbon industries. ture and precipitation variability scenarios with Bregje van Veelen1, Mariesse van Sluisveld2,3 1 2 human-system induced LULCC scenarios on the Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. PBL Neth- erlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, nutrient flows through the hydrological system Netherlands. 3Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands of the Missisquoi Watershed and its impacts on the water quality in the Missisquoi bay, a trans- Anticipation processes are vital for establishing boundary fresh water body in the north-eastern good governance of anthropogenic climate portion of Lake Champlain. Statistical downscal- change, connecting preferred future developing of 22 Global Climate Model scenarios was ments to those of the present. Roadmaps - in performed to generate a 30 arc second (approx- which actors present a shared vision of the fu- imately 0.8km x 0.8km ) spatial grid of temperature and their roles in it - are one common way ture and precipitation change for the study site of doing so. While they can serve multiple func- for the 2000 to 2060 timeframe. In parallel, a tions, roadmaps are often used to inform policy LULCC modeling team developed an agent based makers on the expected developments and con- model to generate 30 meter x 30 meter land-use sidered commitments of state and non-state ac- projections for the Missisquoi watershed. Both tors for (European) long-term climate strategies. the downscaled climate change data and LULCC These processes, are, however, characterised by projections data are inputs to a distributed hy- uneven power relations. Indeed, there is some drological modeling framework for generating initial evidence that indicates that participants in daily time-scale forecasts of nutrient flows from road mapping exercises take part to represent the Missisquoi River and their consequent im- their vested interests, not least because the cap- pacts on regime shifts in Missisquoi Bay of Lake ital-intensiveness of many high-carbon indus- Champlain. We will present a suite of scenarios tries ensures that actors seek to maintain cur- of climatic change, LULCC and anticipatory ver- rent technical assets. As a result, it is suggested sus reactive governance aimed at mitigating nu- that industry roadmaps may reproduce existing trient pollution, to determine if and under what norms and technologies rather than opening up conditions the Mississquoi Bay portion of the spaces for new sociotechnical configurations. To Lake would be eutrophic or oligotrophic. We date there has been only little comparative re- draw broad theoretical implications for anticipa- search into how processes of roadmap develop- tory versus reactive governance of regime shifts ment and their resulting windows-of-change rein social ecological systems, with an emphasis on late to one another. Hence, in this paper we seek to address the above questions by analysing how

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long-term low-carbon futures, and the role of environmental governance cannot be ignored. stakeholders in realising these futures, are This article sets the stage for inquiry among shaped or limited. We do so, through comparing Earth System Governance scholars into this topic the roadmap-building processes behind a selec- by outlining potential theoretical entrees and tion of industry roadmaps published between empirical examples of novel technologies with 2015 and 2018, all stipulating low-carbon routes significant implications for environmental gov- for high-carbon economic sectors towards the ernance. We first outline three approaches - ‘ra- 2050 timeframe. These roadmaps represent dif- tionalist,’ ‘techno-determinist,’ and ‘co-produc- ferent industries, but are all part of a recent tive,’ - to theorizing technology, each with dif- wave of roadmaps, usually produced in response ferent understandings of the relationships to national or supranational carbon reduction among technology, nature, and society. We then strategies, such as the European Commission’s explore these perspectives in the context of Strategy for Long-term EU Greenhouse Gas Emis- three empirical technology clusters – solar ge- sions Reductions. Through a mixed methods ap- oengineering, digital technologies, and biological proach, combining desk research, workshops, manipulation. Within each technology cluster survey, and interview data, we draw insights on we consider similarities and differences among (1) the low-carbon futures anticipated; (2) how technologies, raise salient governance issues, such futures are translated into actionable and highlight important unanswered governance measures; (3) and by and for whom. By compar- questions. Our first technology cluster is solar ing roadmaps from different industries we pay geoengineering, or the intentional modification particular attention to the role materialities play of the planetary energy balance to attenuate cli- in mediating between the processes and out- mate change. As a technology cluster that prom- comes of road mapping. In doing so, this re- ises far-reaching implications for the relationship search also answers a call from the literature for between humans and earth systems, solar ge- greater attention to be paid to the multiple oengineering poses important governance chal- forms and roles of sociomaterial incumbency in lenges including regulating research, preventing shaping the potential to imagine and enact radi- uncoordinated deployment, and reaching agree- cally different futures. ment on where to set the “global thermostat.”. In the second cluster, we examine the develop- 233 ment and proliferation of digital technologies in- Governance of Novel Technologies in Earth Sys- cluding artificial intelligence/machine learning, tem Governance distributed ledger technology, and ‘Big Data’. Sikina Jinnah1, Josh Horton2, Jesse Reynolds3, Stefan These technologies create exciting opportunities Schaefer4, Honegger, Matthias Honegger4, Karsten Schulz 5, Marian Feist6, Valentina Nakic7, Florian Rabitz8, Oskar Os- for accelerating progress towards sustainability kar Gstrein5, Ina Moller9, Marielle Papin-Manjarrez10 goals through, for example, optimizing resource use and distribution, improving monitoring and 1UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA. 2Harvard, Cambridge, USA. 3UCLA, Los Angeles, USA. 4IASS, Potsdam, Germany. 5U of evaluation, and enabling new scales and modes Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 6UNU, London, United of access and participation. However, these op- Kingdom. 7Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 8Kau- portunities are offset by concerns about inclusiv- 9 nas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania. Lund Uni- ity, human dignity and privacy, surveillance and versity, Lund, Sweden. 10Laval University, Quebec City, Can- ada securitization. Third, we consider new biotech- nologies including agricultural and pharmaceuti- The new Earth System Governance science plan cal applications and new methods for genet- asserts that increasingly the role of technology in ically altering species in-situ to conserve

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biological diversity. Gene drives, for example, time and across species assessments. This re- are capable of intentionally extinguishing a local search therefore considers under what condi- population of an invasive species. These pro- tions does knowledge produced for the policy- posals raise challenging questions such as risk- makers become more and less uncertain? Using risk tradeoffs, liability, transboundary effects, an original dataset of stock assessments, scien- and precaution. We conclude by exploring im- tific policy recommendations, and Commission portant themes that cut across the three tech- decisions, we test hypotheses about the interac- nology clusters. Our case studies stress the antic- tion between uncertain knowledge and institu- ipatory and complex nature of technology in en- tional design, scientific community, stock charac- vironmental governance. In the face of uncer- teristics, and political strategies. A pilot analysis tainty, we propose and discuss a number of re- of Atlantic (ICCAT) stocks shows that: 1) on aver- quirements for enabling responsible and effec- age, reported uncertainty has declined over time tive governance. These include finding historical for managed stocks (likely indicating improved analogs from which to draw lessons, identifying scientific information); 2) time trends and the existing institutions that could be relevant to the level of stock depletion impact scientific advice technologies’ regulation, ensuring sufficient about management choices; 3) adherence to sci- monitoring capacity and adaptability, establish- entific advice correlates with the interaction being accountability for the actors involved in ad- tween stock price and uncertainty. However, the vancing the technologies, and guaranteeing the ICCAT analysis only analyzes these outcomes integration of collective societal goals into devel- within the realm of one particular scientific opment processes. [1] Burch et al, p. 14. framework, with specific rules about scientists’ role in the advisory process. This paper, there- 340 fore, expands the analysis to include the other Scientific Uncertainty and Tuna RFMO Decision- four tRFMOs (IATTC, WCPFC, IOTC, and CCSBT), making allowing us to also assess whether results are im- Mark Axelrod1, D.G. Webster2, Leandra Gonçalves3, Ronald pacted by institutional design, treaty member- Mitchell4, Kate Miller1 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA. 2Dartmouth ship, or characteristics of the scientific commu- College, Hanover, NH, USA. 3Instituto Oceanográfico da Uni- nity. versidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 4University of Or- egon, Eugene, OR, USA 397 Imagining the global ecological crisis: Visual poli- We ask three related questions about the influ- tics in the age of Anthropocene ence of scientific uncertainty on environmental Marcelo Saguier policy decisions, drawing on evidence from tuna Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Ai- Regional Fisheries Management Organizations res, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientí- (tRFMOs). First, whereas previous research as- ficas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina sesses whether or not scientific uncertainty im- The experience of the socio-ecological transfor- pacts policy choices, we suggest the answer is mations related to the Anthropocene is changing conditional. Therefore, we ask under what con- the prevailing understandings of our relation to ditions does scientific uncertainty lead policy- Earth. The “global ecological crisis” emerges as a makers to reject or adhere to scientific advice? concept to reference the discussions, policy ac- Second, we ask under what conditions does sci- tions and social responses that have begun to entific advice shift on the basis of scientists’ own take place in relation these transformations. This uncertainty? Finally, the level of scientific concept is not complete or hegemonic. Indeed, knowledge and uncertainty itself varies over it is a site of political contestation. The

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awareness of a global ecological crisis takes politics (institutional, market and social actors) place at a time when visual images have a partic- with particular reference to Latin America. ularly important role in shaping awareness and 285 responses to global scale issues. Images can often create a sense of identification or connection Imagination for Transformation – An interdiscipli- with issues, peoples, species and landscapes in nary analysis of the cognitive-social skills for nav- distant geographies, even without having direct igating future-making in the Anthropocene Manjana Milkoreit1, Michele-Lee Moore2 experiences with them. Moreover, they can cre- 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. 2Stockholm Resil- ate the awareness that environmental, political ience Center, Stockholm, Sweden and social events taking place around the world are interconnected by their being the result of a Political and scholarly interest in deliberate common global ecological crisis. In this respect, transformations to sustainability is growing rap- visual images have a pedagogical role in eliciting idly in global environmental change discourse. the political and social transformations needed The ability of individuals, groups and societies to to face responses to the global ecological crisis. identify, explore, assess, and pursue alternative Yet, different ways of seeing the ecological crisis possible futures is essential for their ability to de- relates to potentially different political ways of liberately and collectively forge a path into the understanding and responding. Responses can future, rather than experience unguided or include: anticipation as planned action, anticipa- forced change. Therefore, transformation pro- tion without action, conscious or unconscious cesses inevitably involve and require imagina- neglect, etc. However, while the visual represen- tion. In this paper we develop a framework for tations of the global ecological crisis have differ- studying the multiple relationships between im- ent political and social responses, what needs to agination and transformation processes, includ- be understood are the linkages between visual ing individual-cognitive, social-communicative, representations and responses. That is, that political-institutional, technological, and global which makes visual representations of the global governance dimensions. In the specific context ecological crisis political. The aim of this paper is of transformation, we refer to imagination as to explore the role of visual politics in shaping linked cognitive and social processes that create the imagination of the global ecological crisis, its representations of possible future states of the related future scenarios and responses. To de- world that can inform and guide public delibera- velop this theme, in the first section I review the tion, policy, decision making and behavior from main conceptual discussions in the field of visual the individual to the global scale. This definition politics in the International Relations literature, emphasizes the role of imagination in multi-scale drawing particular attention to their relevance governance and decision-making processes, for thinking about global environmental issues. which have been the focus of transformation re- Different visual representations open up, as well search thus far. We contend that imagination is as foreclose, potentially different pathways of an essential capacity of those groups, actors and governance responses. In the second section I of- decision-makers actively seeking to secure eco- fer a typology of visual representations of the logical, social, economic, and cultural well-being global ecological crisis and related responses. In and prosperity in times of rapid and often unpre- the third section I analyze the interests and dictable global change. The existence, lack and power implications of these representations for development of imagination capacity within cur- the main actors of the global environmental rent systems of governance and power will play a crucial role in shaping societies’ responses to their current sustainability challenges and ought

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to be integrated the growing research program participant observations, and documents, I pre- on transformations. Assessing and synthesizing sent the results of a KS analysis of the Southeast recent research on the relationship between im- Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (The agination and transformation, we sketch a future Compact). The Compact is an illustrative case of interdisciplinary research agenda. a governance and knowledge innovation for resilience to uncertain coastal hazards and rapidly Panel ID 22 rising sea levels. This study reveals the Com- Anticipating Urban Futures: Imagining the pact’s actors, values, epistemologies, and City knowledge - its knowledge system - as well as Chair: Ana Flavia Barros outstanding KS gaps that may undermine coastal resilience. This study demonstrates the need for 238 knowledge innovation in flood risk governance, Knowledge System Innovation for Resilient and presents a method that can be used to ana- Coastal Cities lyze and upgrade other climate risk KS. Robert Hobbins1, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson2, Sara Meerow3, Clark Miller4 287

1Arizona State University - School of Sustainability, Tempe, A multi-modal approach to framing urban resili- USA. 2USDA Forest Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3Arizona ence: a Valdivian case study State University - School of Geographical Sciences and Ur- Lelani Mannetti1, David Iwaniec1, Elizabeth Cook 2,3, Tischa ban Planning, Tempe, USA. 4Arizona State University - Muñoz-Erickson4, Robert Hobbins5 School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Tempe, USA 1Urban Studies Institute, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA. 2Urban Sys- Urbanization in coastal areas is increasing popu- tems Lab, Environmental Studies Department, The New lations and infrastructure at risk to floods, storm School, New York, USA. 3Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y surge, and sea level rise. By 2060 an estimated Evolutivas, Avenida Rector Eduardo Morales Miranda s/n, 4 411 million people worldwide are projected to Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardın live within the 100-year floodplain in coastal cit- Botanico Sur, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 5School of Sustainabil- ies. Strategies are urgently needed to build resil- ity, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Ari- ience in an increasingly uncertain future, but this zona State University, Tempe, USA places great demands on the knowledge systems Finding inclusive ways to plan for just and sus- (KS) that decision-makers, infrastructure design- tainable urban futures remains challenging. In ers, and citizens use to assess climate risks and order to transition to more resilient, sustainable make adaptation decisions. KS are the social and equitable urban systems, diverse knowledge practices and institutional standards that shape and perspectives need to be integrated into stra- the production, validation, communication, and tegic planning processes. As complex, dynamic, application of knowledge relevant to policy and and highly integrated systems, cities continu- decision-making. Many KS used to inform coastal ously need to link social, ecological, and techno- resilience decisions are not anticipatory; they are logical solutions, especially in the face of uncer- either outdated or do not incorporate climate tain climate. This poses significant governance projections. Hence, KS innovation is a crucial challenges, with cities having to navigate these strategy to build resilience. KS innovation is not social, ecological and technological complexities just about producing new information, but about while transforming toward a desired “equitable analyzing and updating the actor interactions, sustainability”. Using the city of Valdivia in Chile values, and expectations underlying how as a case study, we assess how city planners, de- knowledge gets made and used. By collectively cision-makers, and civic actors envision resilient analyzing semi-structured interviews,

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urban futures when faced with such challenges. Given increasing recognition that urban resili- We analyse responses to a semi-structured ques- ence needs to consider issues of justice and eq- tionnaire, the content of city planning docu- uity, in this paper we take cues from feminist and ments pertaining to climate action, and the key decolonial scholarship that has centered these goals and strategies co-produced during a partic- themes for decades and which offer ‘starting ipatory scenarios workshop. By collectively ana- points’ to rethink knowledge systems for resili- lysing data from governance surveys, govern- ence. Understanding urbanization as a key pro- ance documents, and workshop outputs, the cess in the expansion of relations fundamental to study aims to explore how climate resilience is the production of anthropocentric climate being framed by different city stakeholders change, we argue that changing these relations along short, medium and long-term time hori- is crucial if urban resilience planning is to con- zons. The results provide insight into the values tribute to alternative and socially just urban fu- assigned to sustainability, equity, and transfor- tures. Against tendencies of depoliticization that mation when diverse perspectives are included solutions-oriented work can sometimes exhibit, in envisioning resilient urban futures. The re- feminist and decolonial perspectives locate search also highlights approaches to diverse and knowledge-making practices squarely within inclusive ways of envisioning just and sustainable struggles for social justice in the city. We pro- urban futures. pose three strategies for those working on knowledge systems for resilience to advance 354 their practice: centering justice and transgres- Rethinking Knowledge Systems for Urban Resili- sion, reflexive research practice, and thinking ence: Feminist and Decolonial Contributions to historically. Ultimately, this paper shows that Just Transformations taking seriously critical social sciences furthers Mathieu Feagan1, Katinka Wijsman2 fundamentally new ideas for what transitions to 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2The New School, New York City, USA urban resilience could mean.

Work in urban resilience planning recognizes the Panel ID 23 importance of knowledge diversity to under- Conflict, peace, and imagination standing and acting on climate change, but falls Chair: Dahlia Simangan short in adequately situating itself within ongoing historical processes that shape uneven urban 47 playing fields in which planning happens. This pa- The Nature of Peace – The Dynamics between per uses insights from environmental feminist Post-conflict Peacebuilding and Environmental and decolonial knowledge politics to challenge Justice knowledge systems analysis to explicitly ques- Fariborz Zelli1, Alejandro Fuentes2, Torsten Krause1, Maria 1 2 3 tion and alter structures of power in environ- Nardi , Micael Runnström , Britta Sjöstedt , Sandra Valen- cia4, Josepha Wessels5 mental knowledge making in North American cit- 1Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 2Raoul Wallenberg Insti- ies. If knowledge systems analysis can investi- tute, Lund, Sweden. 3Lund University, Lund, Sweden. gate and intervene in governance structures 4Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden. 5Malmö Univer- through which environmental decision- and pol- sity, Malmö, Sweden icy-making happen, this necessitates reflection This paper presents first results from a three- on ontological, epistemological and ethical com- year inter-disciplinary research project that scru- mitments (or ‘starting points’) as these carry ma- tinizes the mutual constitution between environ- terial and discursive weight: they open up and mental justice and peacebuilding processes after foreclose ways in which resilience is practiced.

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internal armed conflicts. Such conflicts may en- equity concerns of local communities that detail direct environmental destruction and a dete- pend on respective ecosystem services or natu- rioration of livelihoods and equity, e.g. through ral resources? population displacement, land grabbing and ille- 5. Political Consequences: How do these various gal extraction of natural resources. On the other developments feed back into the peacebuilding hand, internal armed conflicts may provide an process and, ultimately, affect its objective of unintended protection for forests, wetlands and sustainable and equitable peace? other ecosystems. This complex interlinkage be- 6. Responses: Which lessons can we learn from tween peace, justice and the environment has these causes and consequences to safeguard en- been increasingly recognized in international vironmental justice in peacebuilding processes? politics and development research. However, we We address these questions with an ambitious lack both comprehensive analytical frameworks mixed methods design that includes policy anal- and systematic comparative empirical analyses ysis, legal analysis, interviews & focus groups, on this vital dynamic. Our inter-disciplinary re- spatial analysis & GIS, field work in selected pro- search project provides such an analysis. An in- tected areas and buffer zones. tegral part of our research design is the differ- 208 ence in timing between our two selected case studies: we ask to what extent certain lessons for Community structures, conflict dynamics and nar- environmental justice, positive and negative, can ratives of resistance: Synthesizing current schol- be learnt from Uganda for the Colombian arship on mining and water conflicts Mirja Schoderer1, Marlen Ott2 case. In Colombia, peace is within sight for the 1Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik/German Develo- first time in decades. With the beginning of the pment Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany. 2Philipps-Universität, peacebuilding process, large tracts of land and Marburg, Germany resources are now undergoing rapid transfor- Conflict around access and quality of water ac- mation, with likely devastating consequences for company mining projects all over the globe, re- the region’s high biodiversity and local commu- sulting in conflicts of varying intensity, such as nities. In Uganda, the peace agreement dates complaints, protests, and even violent confron- back to 2002, but degradation and mismanage- tations. With water demands rising across sec- ment, including species loss inside and outside tors and (seasonal) water scarcity increasing due protected areas, are one of the principal costs re- to climate change, resource competition is set to sulting from the conflict until present day. We intensify. Simultaneously, environmental and so- analyse and compare both cases, guided by the cial protection legislation has come under fire in following research questions: several parts of the world, being rolled back in 1. Taking stock: To which extent are concerns of political economies that favor the interests of environmental justice integrated or neglected in national and international economic and social the post-conflict peacebuilding process? elites instead, exacerbating the vulnerability of 2. Causes: What are the major drivers and condi- marginal, rural communities. While a number of tions underlying this integration or neglect? case studies investigate water-related mining 3. Environmental Consequences: How does the conflicts, scholarship on the topic still remains post-conflict peacebuilding process impact the fragmented, lacking a synthesis that allows for respective country’s natural environment? empirically grounded theorization on how com- 4. Social Consequences: Which consequences do munities mobilize around water and how con- the peacebuilding activities and their environ- flicts surrounding extractive industries and wa- mental implications have for the livelihoods and ter resources develop. This paper provides a first

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step in that direction, presenting a meta-analysis 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mé- 2 of roughly 45 case studies on mining conflicts re- xico, Mexico. Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany. 3Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico lated to water. Our goal is to a) assess the state of current scholarship, bringing attention to ter- Since the Protected Natural Area Archipiélago de ritorial and disciplinary biases that limit our un- Bosque y Selvas of Xalapa was established in derstanding, and to b) provide insights into the 2015 as a green belt around this middle-size city roles that state, market and civil society actors in center eastern Mexico, a citizen network was play in these conflicts, which forms of agency formed with the intention of being custodians of they assume and which narratives they employ the local cloud forest, the rivers and the linked in doing so. We examine the interlinkages be- peasant life forms. It is an experience of plural tween pre-conflict community attributes and and horizontal participation among farmers, ac- conflict development using qualitative compara- ademics, civil society organizations, artists, pro- tive analysis (QCA). We find that most case stud- fessionals and some local government actors. In ies are situated in post-colonial settings and tied this multiactoral process, many difficulties and to claims over land rights, political participation, obstacles arise for collective action towards sus- and differing ontologies related to water and na- tainable environmental governance that are ture. Affected communities challenge hege- framed within the general sociopolitical pano- monic narratives of development, questioning rama of Mexico, the specific context of the pro- neo-extractivist politics and discourses that are tected natural area and the conflicts in the re- often promoted by national governments and gion. Among the challenges, we highlight the mining companies. Especially in water scarce ar- tensions between different actors, their visions, eas, resistance movements frequently invoke interests and forms of life, the fragmentation be- identity narratives as mineral extraction endan- tween communities, the gap between rural and gers customary water use that is embedded in urban forms of life, the lack of mechanism for po- cultural practice, affecting community structures litical participation and the diverse forms of soci- and cohesion. Overall, national governments oeconomic crisis, violence and corruption, contend to support extractive projects, while re- sidering that all of these are marked by socially gional governments as well as faith organisations constructed power relations. In this context, and NGOs ally with communities. International where fear, desperation, distrust, conflicts and NGOs play an important role in connecting local resistance constitute part of the population’s conflicts to global discourses on environmental daily life, imagination and dreaming present a justice and climate change dynamics but they challenge and an opportunity for overcoming also limit their engagement to very specific con- barriers towards sustainability. The collective flict frames. Our study further points to a grow- construction of visions implies a critical analysis ing awareness among mining companies regard- of the past and present denunciating unjust situ- ing the potential for water-related conflicts and ations and at the same time the announcement their engagement in sustainable forms of water of a future that can be created, inspiring collec- use especially in countries of the Global North. tive actions and strategic planning. In a participatory action research process, we experienced 349 different forms of collective dreaming and the Can imagining other futures change the present? construction of visions, embedded in the actions Reflections from an experience of a multiactoral of the network and combined with different par- network in defense of the cloud forest in Xalapa, ticipatory practices as transect walks, mapping, Veracruz, Mexico time line analysis, theater and collaborative Loni Hensler 1,2, Juliana Merçon 3

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games. In this presentation, reflections will be within high-profile properties, impeding some shared about the role of imagination and dream- ecosystem services to reach the population of ing in contexts of socio-ecological crisis, as well Valle de Bravo. The paper explores the strategies as its transformative potential regarding social and resistances, as well as the impediments that learning, power relations, the relation with na- privatisation and land use change represent for ture, sense of place and community, and collec- the provision of urban ecosystem services; and tive action. the consequences for social-ecological resilience in Valle de Bravo. 435 Social-ecological grabs: A case of ecosystem ser- Panel ID 25 vices privatization in Mexico Imagining Multiple Words: Interrogating Rafael Calderón-Contreras Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico the Future Chair: Maliha Muzammil Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by nature to people. These services are vital for the resilience of social-ecological systems, especially 90 in cities, where most people live in the world. Electric power systems towards sustainability New dynamics of urban growth imply that large paths urban centres and metropolis will tend to grow Ignacio Aguilar vertically, while small and medium-sized cities University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada will encroach horizontally, often over areas with highly important ecosystem services. Cities with Most Earth issues and governance challenges are high-profile urban developments might have the cumulative results of smaller-scale activities. even more pressures to go through land use These build up in complex ways to hamper op- change. The paper analyses the case of Valle de portunity for broad, long-term sustainability Bravo, a town in Mexico´s Central Highlands, benefits. While some components that steer where processes of gentrification and unregu- transformations towards sustainability need lated urban growth have intensified due to the global coordination, others may work reasonably scenic and natural value of the city. Even though well through adoption of sustainability-oriented more than 90% of its territory is under different approaches that share generic characteristics environmental protected regimes, urban devel- and are also specified to the regional context for opments directed to the wealthiest families in application. Hence, there is a need for regional Mexico have fenced off the provision of specific actions to learn from each other and be aligned ecosystem services; denying access to local orig- (at least compatible and preferably mutually inal inhabitants. Those patterns of ecosystem supporting) if they are to tackle Earth systems services privatisation disrupt the local govern- problems. One relevant example is electric ance traits while representing a risk for the resil- power systems. While delivering important ben- ience of the whole social-ecological system. The efits, energy-related undertakings are also major paper uses remote sensing techniques including drivers of accumulating negative effects – e.g., the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation climate change. Therefore, whether we ensure Index (NDVI) to identify potential areas of urban safe planetary conditions and sound societal growth in Valle de Bravo, and the consequent foundations or surpass Earth’s biophysical ecosystem services loss. The areas with the high- boundaries and spur inequity and injustice will est provision of ecosystem services are located depend greatly on the energy paths we choose. This study examines whether electric power

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system planning efforts in three regional jurisdic- Global environmental law and governance mod- tions in Canada, United States and Mexico are or els are often framed as independent sets of could be moving towards sharing a common sus- norms and procedures to regulate the human tainability-based approach. These regions have use of external natural resources. These models, evident social, economic and geographic differ- however, often remain fundamentally grounded ences, as well as different governance systems. in a “one-world world” ontology paradigm (Law Nonetheless, lessons drawn from an initial re- 2011). Conceived from the perspective of the view of the cases suggest that these jurisdictions Western historical experience and its colonial have incorporated, or at least demonstrate an in- trajectories, the one-world ontology suggests terest to incorporate, similar alternative ele- that regardless of cultural variations and belief ments. Such responses include emphasis on re- systems, humans (and other than humans) oc- newables, demand management, storage, effi- cupy one single ‘real’ world made up of discrete ciency, modularity and adaptability, among oth- and separate entities. We consider this vision to ers. This suggests cross-jurisdictional learning be a significant future sustainability challenge from the larger, arguably global, sharing of inno- and one that could expose the global south to vative understandings related to complex sys- ongoing colonisation and material and cultural tems and sustainability. Ultimately, this work fo- extractivism. In this paper we consider processes cuses on exploring sustainability paths to more of ontological plurality - ‘a vision of the world beneficial cumulative effects under the over- that echoes the autopoietic dynamics and crea- arching assumption that what we do (or not do) tivity of the Earth and the indubitable fact that regionally will accumulate to the global scale. no living being exists independently of the Earth’ The study also recognizes the capacity of key ac- (Escobar 2015: 14) - and how such processes tors in steering transition and justice, decision- could imagine inclusive and participatory Earth making, and participative and democratic pro- System Governance frameworks for environ- cesses. For this purpose, a context-specific mentally just sustainable transformations within framework will be elaborated for examining and the global North and South. We seek to draw comparing the cases. The framework is a broad upon environmental institutional examples package of evaluation criteria for electric power within the global North and South to compare systems’ planning in the consideration of essen- and contrast processes for pluralistic environ- tial, multiple and mutually reinforcing sustaina- mental governance and examine their capabili- bility gains. The findings should help us see suc- ties for steering towards sustainable futures. We cesses, missteps, challenges and learnings from further acknowledge that ontological plurality the pursuit of sustainability in each region and as has long been informed by ‘Indigenous articula- a collective learning project. Moreover, these tions and intellectual labor’ (Todd 2016: 9) and findings should provide important lessons rele- assert that any discussion of ontological plurality vant to identifying potential barriers and oppor- needs be framed within a decolonising method- tunities for transforming existing systems to- ology. This paper contributes to a shifting para- wards sustainability futures. digm from highly regulatory, technocratic, and human-only oriented environmental law and 148 governance models, to pluriversal and systems- Earth System Governance for the pluriverse: pro- grounded ecological jurisprudence(s) and earth posals for ontological plurality systems governance. A pluriversal orientation of Emille Boulot, Joshua Sterlin Earth System Governance recognizes the epis- McGill University, Montreal, Canada temic and ontological diversity of the law, and

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thus situates Earth System Governance within resources management. Due to its remarkable the larger community of life humans are part of. reflexive capacity, SBG have now spread to other References: Escobar, A. (2015) ‘Transiciones: A areas such as experimental economics studies space for research and design for transitions to and negotiation analyzes in political science. The the pluriverse’, Design Philosophy Papers. 13(1): Companion Modeling Group COMMOD and the 13-23. Law, J. (2011) ‘What’s Wrong with a one- legacy of the Bloomington School of Political world World.’ Paper presented to the Center for Economy figure as important scientific commu- the humanities, Wesleyan University, September nities developing SBG. Both approaches try to 19. Available online from Heterogeneities: shed light into the future – not in predicting it, http://www.heterogeneities.net/publica- but in coping with the challenges of complexity, tions/Law2011WhatsWrongWithAOne- in understanding the dynamics of a system, and WorldWorld.pdf. Todd, Z. (2016) ‘An Indigenous in finding access points for “weak prediction”. Feminists Take On The Ontological Turn: ‘Ontol- However, their precise commonalities and dif- ogy’ Is Just Another Word For Colonialism’ Jour- ferences are poorly understood. We develop an nal of Historical Sociology. 29(1): 4-22. epistemological approach and a methodological synthesis focusing on the shared concepts of an- 213 ticipation and imagination using cases from the Agent-Based Modelling and Serious Board global South and North: 1) constructing socio-en- Games: Methods and epistemologies of anticipa- vironmental justice at a peasant territory in the tion and imagination in search for justice and sus- Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico; and 2) civil so- tainability in the global South and North ciety participation in science, technology and in- Luis García1, Petra Ahrweiler2, Tlacaelel Rivera3, Demian novation activities of the European Union. In the Frank2 1CONAHCYT, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico. 2Johannes epistemological section, for the anticipation con- Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. 3ECOSUR, cept, we reflect about the nature of anticipatory San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico systems and their modelling, the cognitive biol- In this paper, we will focus on two different ogy of enaction, and the sociology of knowledge. methodologies for realising a Participatory Mod- In the concept of imagination, we discuss about elling approach: Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) the theory of social change, the gradients of uto- and Serious Board Games (SBG). ABM is increas- pian imagination, simple games and metagames. ingly used to model complex social systems of in- In the methodological section, we present a brief teracting agents where every agent is an auton- excerpt of some of the main ABM and SBG de- omous computer program. This modelling ap- vices designed and implemented by the two re- proach is useful for analysing the relations be- search groups. We conclude reflecting on the ca- tween the micro and macro level of a system. pability of these approaches to accurately guide Whenever ABM is used for modelling complex research-action processes, about their political social behaviour, the institutionalised contexts incidence in a wide range of governance contexts of the respective scientific community repre- and scales, and the need to advance these ap- sented by e. g. the European Social Simulation proaches towards the complex Latin American Association (ESSA) or journals such as the Journal realities, where they seem to be almost absent. of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (JASSS) label models as “social simulation”. BG emerged two decades ago as participatory modeling tools with specific learning and training purposes for multiple stakeholders in natural

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428 different sets of values and transforming their Writing New Energy Stories: Building innovative community energy systems through experi- governance models in the Global North based on ments. Though no perfect model exists any- lessons from energy authors in the Global South where, exciting learning opportunities emerge and Indigenous communities. when these innovative energy stories are juxta- Scott Morton Ninomiya posed with the locked-in plotlines of the Global University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. Balsillie School North. Therefore, my research will explore how of International Affairs, Waterloo, Canada to design and build new global energy govern- This paper will articulate the theoretical frame- ance models that increase local capacity to initi- work for my doctoral research which investi- ate energy transitions and facilitate collaborative gates how to build transformative governance international networks through which communi- models that contribute to rapid energy transi- ties can learn from each other – across geogra- tions. Currently, the world’s energy story is phy, culture and language. I want to explore dominated by fossil fuels and follows an extrac- how these local/global learning processes can be tivist plotline built on exploitation of earth’s re- designed to create new South – North flows of sources to fuel perpetual growth while ‘external- innovation and knowledge that can supplant the izing’ the concomitant problems with this ap- colonial flows of knowledge which historically proach. Holes in this extractivist story are be- undergirded extractivism and perpetuate it coming increasingly apparent: dependence on now. I will also explore how building connec- fossil fuels has given rise to air pollution, volatile tions between local level energy authors can am- boom-bust economies and global climate disrup- plify their power and contribute to the develop- tion. Most of humanity is not writing the world’s ment of global level solutions extractivist energy story – the planning, politics Panel ID 30 and production of energy is not in their hands. Instead, they are paying the bills and paying the The Role of anticipation and imagination consequences, watching the story unfold as the in transformation towards sustainability energy audience. Where I live in the Global (i) North (Canada), our governments, our economy Chair: Marcelo Saguier and our way of life are built on extractivist plotlines, keeping institutions, infrastructure and 209 our collective imagination locked into the unsus- Understanding the Anticipatory Governance of tainable energy story of fossil fuels. Creating en- Climate Futures: Towards an Analytical Frame- vironmentally sustainable energy story lines re- work quires the development of new governance Karlijn Muiderman 1,2, Aarti Gupta2, Joost Vervoort 1,3, Frank Biermann1 models that empower and connect energy au- 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 2Wageningen thors who are imagining and implementing new University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands. 3Uni- energy stories and building collective capacity to versity of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom revise the world energy plotline. My research is In a period of accelerating earth system transfor- investigating emerging energy authors in the mations and their potentially disruptive societal Global South and Indigenous communities who and distributional consequences, imagining and are writing new energy story lines that challenge governing the future comes to the fore as a core the principles and practices of extractivism. challenge for climate and sustainability research These authors are creating visions for the energy and practice. Numerous social science research future of their communities built on radically communities in the sustainability domain deploy

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the notion of anticipatory governance, yet it is 222 understood in different ways, with diverse onto- Anticipatory climate governance in practice in logical, epistemological and normative starting South Asia: characteristics, functioning and im- points and research agendas. Most notably, pacts on climate policy these understandings vary in their conceptions Maliha Muzammil of the future, including the extent to which the Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Ox- future is knowable and subject to steering. These ford, United Kingdom different understandings have implications for In dealing with uncertain climate futures, gov- what anticipatory modes of climate governance ernments and other actors are increasingly using in the present look like. This article undertakes a foresight to help imagine and plan for future cli- detailed review of how diverse perspectives in mate conditions. Developing countries most vul- the social sciences engage with the notion of an- nerable to climate change are using foresight ticipatory governance. Research perspectives studies to guide adaptation and mitigation plan- analysed include those from science and tech- ning. However, the potential for foresight as an nology studies, social-ecological systems analy- intervention for improved anticipatory govern- sis, policy and management studies, environ- ance of climate challenges is poorly understood. mental governance and future studies. Diverse Many existing foresight processes are not suffi- perspectives are compared across the following ciently attuned to complex governance realities dimensions: (a) how the concept of anticipatory and policy cycles, and can imagine futures within governance is defined, if at all; (b) underlying a very narrow framing ignoring important drivers conceptions of the future, particularly its know- of change, while lacking reflexivity. While cur- ability and manageability; (c) anticipation mech- rent climate governance research has generated anisms and tools deployed, as well as actors seen extensive insights on the nature and effective- as legitimate to include; and (d) the impact of ness of fragmented, multilevel, and multi-actor conceptions of the future on policy and govern- modes and architectures of climate action, a fo- ance choices in the present. Insights from this cus on the contested politics and policy chal- comparative analysis allow us to generate an an- lenges associated with anticipatory governance, alytical framework, which can be deployed in fu- i.e. the capacity to both imagine and govern plu- ture research to compare the nature and impli- ralistic long-term climate futures, remains in its cations of anticipatory governance practices in infancy. This research addresses this timely gap diverse climate vulnerable contexts. This pa- in our understanding and investigates how antic- per contributes to the conference stream ‘Antic- ipation practices can contribute to more effec- ipation and Imagination’, and the extending of tive modes of climate governance. It examines the work of the 2018 Earth System Governance the factors that shape anticipatory responses to Science and Implementation Plan: Anticipation climate change in five highly vulnerable coun- and Imagination – as well as the Working Group tries South Asia. By assessing the links between on Anticipatory Governance, under the auspices the use of anticipation in the governance of cli- of the Task Force on Conceptual Foundations of mate change adaptation the paper explores the Earth System Governance. impact of inclusivity, social equity, environmental justice and local perceptions on effective climate change governance. The research was guided by a case study approach with five cases studied at the national level in each South Asian country, one regional case study; two cases from

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the 26 were then chosen for more in-depth anal- processes. Anticipatory practices might incorpo- ysis where detailed interviews were conducted rate framings that unwillingly reinforce inequali- with the country level stakeholders involved. The ties and injustices, particularly in the vulnerable paper will discuss the regional and governance regions of the Global South. Building on half a challenges impacting anticipatory governance in decade of foresight research and practice in one South Asia and better understand if the use of of the most vulnerable regions to climate anticipation has helped create more transforma- change, Central America, this paper bridges the tive policies and thus contribute to the much foresight and governance community in order to needed area of research on the linkages of antic- critically study foresight as a governance inter- ipation and transformation in South Asia. The pa- vention. By analyzing 25 cases of anticipation per contributes to the conference stream ‘Antic- practices and policy formulation in the afore- ipation and Imagination’, and the work of the mentioned region, we examine the links be- 2018 Earth System Governance Science and Im- tween anticipation and policy by addressing first- plementation Plan: Anticipation and Imagination order questions such as; what type of anticipa- – as well as the Working Group on Anticipatory tory practices are used, who initiates and funds Governance, under the auspices of the Task these processes, and who participates? Thereaf- Force on Conceptual Foundations of Earth Sys- ter, three cases are studied in-depth in order to tem Governance. interrogate more implicit notions of the conception of the future. We analyze how knowable

and manageable the future is perceived to be, 371 what the desired end is of engaging with the fu- Understanding anticipatory climate governance ture and how it is seen to impact policy choices in Central America: the links between anticipation in the present. The analysis in this paper can be and policy used for future research on the role of anticipa- Marieke Veeger 1,2, Karlijn Muidermann 3,4, Alexander Tul- tory practices in climate change governance and loch Lapresa 4 transformation processes. The paper contrib- 1University of International Cooperation (UCI), San José, utes to the Earth System Governance conference Costa Rica. 2CGIAR Research Programme on Cliamte stream ´Anticipation and Imagination´, as well as Chnage, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Wa- geningen, Netherlands. 3University of Utrecht (UU), Utrecht the Earth System Governance Task Force on An- , Netherlands. 4University of Wageningen (WUR), Wagenin- ticipatory Governance. gen, Netherlands 326 Anticipation practices, such as participatory sce- “Can you tell us which is the most likely scenarios, quantitative scenarios and visioning pro- nario?”: Reflections on narrative scenarios as a cesses, are increasingly used to imagine how means to build anticipatory decision-making ca- countries will be affected by climate change and pacities to proactively plan climate strategies that Carina Wyborn 1,2, Daniel Murphy3, Laurie Yung1, Daniel preempt major social, economic, environmental Williams4 and health impacts of climate variability. These 1University of Montana, Missoula, USA. 2Luc Hoffmann In- 3 anticipatory practices are increasingly used to stitute, Gland, Switzerland. University of Cincinnati, Cincin- nati, USA. 4USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort guide transformative planning processes in vul- Collins, USA nerable sectors such as agriculture and livestock. However, these anticipatory processes have not The pace and scale of global environmental been scrutinized as mechanisms of steering of change presents fundamental challenges for en- the future in present planning vironmental governance. When decision-making

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can no longer be based on historical conditions, institutional and legal requirements prescribed there is an increased reliance on scientific pro- by US federal law, or decision-making cultures jections of future change to provide a basis for that do not create space for the kind of highly decision-making. Given the many unknown and imaginative, speculative, and reflexive thinking unknowable aspects of future social, political, embedded in scenario processes. These findings and environmental systems, projections of suggest that there is a need to pay more atten- change are inherently uncertain. Participatory tion to the broader institutional context in which scenario processes are an emerging response to scenario processes are situated, and to design these types of governance challenges. Scenario processes in ways to accommodate and directly processes blend knowledge, practical experi- address current planning priorities, data require- ence, and imagination to provide plausible rep- ments, decision-making cultures and capacities. resentations of the future, from which stakeholders discuss options, negotiate trade-offs, and ultimately, develop pathways for action. While scenario processes have been shown to be effective in certain cases, they remain largely isolated from broader decision-making processes. This indicates a need to critically evaluate the role of scenario processes in decision-making and in doing so, identify strategies required to overcome existing barriers to anticipatory action. This paper will reflect on the development and use of an interdisciplinary narrative scenario methodology that was used to climate adaptation in public land management in the United States. This methodology was first piloted in two regions in the Western US and then used in an applied decision-making context in a project that co-produced adaptation strategies with land management agencies. In these cases, we found that scenarios were particularly adept at revealing unanticipated synergies and disjunctures – findings that were surprising even to participants. However, the research revealed substantial obstacles and challenges to using scenarios within existing decision-making practices within the agencies. Further investigation into these challenges through interviews with agency personnel suggest that the wide-open, expansive nature of narrative-focused scenarios simply did not match the highly institutionalized practices of planning. This was compounded by challenges in utilising an approach that explicitly embraces uncertainty in ways that do not align with

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Panel ID 14 pact, and the agricultural structural adjustment Pathways towards sustainable landscape programs deepened the socio-environmental vulnerabilities and uncertainties of millions of dynamics and food production face to cli- peasant families. Nevertheless, there are some mate change: Opportunities and Barriers horizontal forms of social learning for food secu- of Mexican Rural Societies rity among some schools. I will analyze the alter- Chair: Elena Lazos Chavero native practices of two school food programs in the municipality of Itundungia, Oaxaca. Teachers 136 and priests organized school food programs Reflexivity in food security: How do peasant and based on the agricultural varieties produced lo- indigenous families cope with vulnerability and cally. Mothers and children collaborate at differ- uncertainty of their agri-food systems? ent stages of the food system. But this experi- Elena Lazos Chavero ence was not considered so worthy by the DIF Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico (National System for the Integral Development of the Family) and by the Health Ministry in In Mexico, we are far from a “reflexive govern- charge of providing the children’s food pro- ance” framework that could facilitate learning, grams. Tensions and contradictions among adaptation, and collaboration between actors at teachers, mothers, priests, children, and the gov- different scales of the food system. The dis- ernment food institutions halt the food reflexiv- course of collaboration has circulated in times of ity of the families of Itundungia. But the collec- an agricultural crisis. The food price pact of 2008 tive learning was important to foster this experi- among several agri-food industries with the ence. Mexican government is an example of a discursive reflexive governance. The consequence was 135 the consolidation of the global and national agri- Global-to-local socioenvironmental processes food industry face to the weakness of the na- and landscape dynamics in the Mexican dry trop- tional agricultural institutions. The collective pri- ics orities for food security were mostly defined by Barbara Puente-Uribe1, Fernanda Figueroa2, Leonardo Cal- 2 the agri-food industry. For example, the school zada 1Fac. Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, food programs assured the dependence on food Mexico, Mexico. 2Fac. Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autó- industry. Urban consumers were the direct “ben- noma de México, Mexico, Mexico eficiaries” with cheap but non-nutritional food; Landscape dynamics reflect human-environmen- but peasant and indigenous families were nega- tal relations, in turn shaped by the interplay of tively affected with low prices for their agricul- diverse socio-environmental processes operat- tural products. This provoked an important ing at various scales. Global neoliberalization of transformation of their food systems. More and agriculture and conservation, markets, migration more, local food biodiversity and agrobiodiver- and remittances, public policies, local mecha- sity were replaced by industrial non-nutritious nisms of territory control and bio-cultural food. These processes and policies, including the

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resistance, are among those interacting forces. agency shape how these entangled processes We analyze how the interplay of global pro- evolve. cesses with local social responses shape agri-pro- 151 ductive and forestry systems through local-scale decisions, influencing landscape dynamics, and Climate change and regional actors in western fostering contrasting multi-functional frontier Mexico: lessons learned and challenges ahead for spaces, in two regions characterized by tropical participatory governance schemes Peter Gerritsen1, Elena Lazos Chavero2 dry ecosystems in Mexico. Three-year field work 1Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Jal., Me- in both sites, involving semi-structured inter- xico. 2UNAM, Mexico city, Mexico views, surveys and participative approaches, complemented by literature research, and re- Currently, climate change is at the heart of great mote sensing analyses were used to characterize many political and scientific discussions at both socio-environmental change from 1985 to 2015, national and global levels. Consequently, new and the local perspectives and responses to policies and programs have been designed for change. In the first case, in Amatlán (Morelos), mitigating its negative effects. Perceptions and the influence of conservation through protected views of regional stakeholders living and working areas and market-based environmental instru- is not often considered in the design of new cli- ments, the touristic industry, international mi- mate change mitigation governance schemes. gration and remittances, and agricultural mod- Notwithstanding the fact that stakeholder par- ernization interact with local responses, such as ticipation is now generally recognised as crucial the maintenance of traditional practices, the use in the development of new governance schemes. of remittances for this end, and community ef- Based on the above, in the period 2012-2015, an forts to conserve control over their territory. In EU-financed European-Latin-American research the second case, Nizanda (Oaxaca), large-scale project (titled The Role of Biodiversity in Climate development interventions involving national Change Mitigation - ROBIN), with case studies in and transnational energy and agri-industrial sec- Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico, was developed with tors, that give rise to local wage employment, in- the goal to describe and analyse the role of bio- teract with traditional agricultural practices, mi- diversity and its importance in mitigating climate gration and remittances, community-based con- change. Among great many activities, it sought servation, and strong community cohesion and a to understand the perceptions and opinions of moral economy. Both spaces represent different regional, state and federal stakeholders regard- frontier configurations, that may be regarded as ing land-use transformation and climate peri-urban in the first case, and internal agricul- change. This paper shows the results of the tural in the second case. Interestingly, large Mexican case within the ROBIN project. More tracts of forests are conserved in both sites, re- specifically, we show results from the Chamela- flecting the interaction of global forces with local Cuitzmala watershed in the south-coast region resistance, adaptation and strategies to cope of Jalisco state in western Mexico. As part of the with uncertainty and loss of control over territo- project, several workshops were organized in the ries and resources. This study illustrates context- region, analysing the testimonies of the main based diversity of landscape dynamics, derived stakeholders involved (farmers, municipal au- from specific socio-environmental configura- thorities, state and federal civil servants, opinion tions, where common global and national forces leaders, etc.). During these workshops, different are present, but where also local communities’ participatory methods and techniques were applied, such as group discussions, participatory mapping, the Metaplan technique, and Fuzzy

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Cognitive Maps. From our results, contradictions two communities located in informal areas of emerge between different stakeholders coincid- the Xochimilco borough, where 49% of the total ing in the same territory. In this sense, clear population live in informal settlement areas, we stakeholder-related perceptions and opinions analyze the existing economic, social and envi- could be distinguished: views from local stake- ronmental costs (to communities, government, holders substantially differ from stakeholders environment, etc.) of provision and access to wa- external to the region. Moreover, power rela- ter in these areas, in the absence of effective and tions shape the relationships between the differ- transparent manage of water in peri-urban ar- ent stakeholders. In this sense, a notable mis- eas. Also, we can draw some alternatives solu- trust was identified between regional stakehold- tions of water provision in this areas ensuring ers and those from governmental institutions, low environmental impact and enhance citizen especially state and federal level. We end this well-being. paper with a discussion on stakeholder participa- 417 tion in climate change policies and actions based on our case study from western Mexico. Understanding socio-ecological change and transformation on achieving sustainable water Panel ID 19 access for indigenous communities in rural Mex- Environmental degradation and govern- ico. Shiara Gonzalez Padron ance gaps: individual and community ac- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, tion across Mexico Mexico Chair: Amy Lerner The Sixth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG6) 406 proposed by the United Nations seeks to guaran- Understanding the controversial access to water tee access to water and sanitation for all. This in Mexico City: the case of informal settlements in will be a challenge for many countries, especially Xochimilco in the Global South. In Mexico, around 10 million Bertha Hernandez people live without access to potable water, and UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico the communities most affected by water short- ages are often rural and indigenous. In this pa- Climate change presents challenges for cities in per, we will present a case study of an isolated the Global South, particularly for marginalized indigenous community, located in the Sierra Ma- and vulnerable populations who struggle with di- dre, in northwestern Mexico were water situa- minished access to resources and conditions of tion is extremely precarious. Women and chil- poverty and which are not integrated into city dren are responsible for providing water, and policy and planning. Limited access to public ser- families live with less than 20 liters of water per vices, particularly those considered human person, per day. The geographical characteristics rights, such as water, are complex challenges of the region, as well as the complex territorial, faced by cities where informal settlements evi- sociopolitical and religious organization, have dence the need for alternative solutions. In Mex- hampered the success of many government pro- ico City the informal settlements is rising at the grams that have not been able to resolve the same time of formal urbanization in a complex problem of water supply and distribution in the environment of corruption, poverty and legal communities. Implementation of the Rainwater ambiguities. For example, the contradiction be- Collection System (RWHS), promoted by a group tween water as a human right and the “tandeo” of NGOs, has changed the situation of scarcity. system to provide water. Taking as case studies We address the health implications of gaining

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access to water and how the results relate to res- this context, we seek to explore how transform- idents' perception of health and seek to under- ative action can emerge among citizens by re- stand what changes have occurred from access membering and eliciting the connections be- to clean water in the home, and the potential to tween people and place and through the collec- trigger improvements in the well-being of fami- tive analysis of how waste has disrupted these lies. To understand the implications and poten- relationships. Through Photovoice, actors in the tial of the use of RWHS as a transformative ac- peri-urban frontier in a community in the out- tion in this indigenous community, we use a skirts of Mexico City will share and analyze dif- quantitative mixed-method qualitative ap- ferent perspectives to the problem of place as- proach, which includes water quality data and sociated to waste and institutional fails and voids semi-structured interviews at household level. and the strategies they each undertake. We pro- Additionally to the interview, we apply an eco- pose that through a participatory process of re- cosmo-cultural calendar as a visual tool for the connecting to the landscape, agency may be deeper understanding of the relationship be- steered towards the caring of their communities tween water cycles and crop cycles, traditional overcoming legal impediments and institutional festivities and the water-borne diseases oc- mismatches that limit city service provision. curred in recent years. The data showed that 433 water quality is better in sources of consumption from the RWHS. In this case study, one of the im- The use of games as a reflective exercise to study portance to the Mexican system governance is individual decisions that transform agricultural the understanding that Wixarika cosmovision is landscapes, in a context of informal urbanization. Patricia Pérez-Belmont essential to efficiently implement technological Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, packages and address a problems such as water Mexico scarcity. Further, a transformation in the "real world" cannot be based on a global development Urban expansion generates a peri-urban fringe perspective, without taking into account local with particular issues due to the mixture of ur- perception and cultural values. ban and rural and natural areas. In this peri-urban fringe, governance gaps shape the social- 431 ecological dynamics with tendencies which fol- Clearing the landscape from waste by reconnect- low trajectories of environmental degradation ing people to place and an erosion of the social fabric. A particular Beatriz Ruizpalacios, Amy Lerner case is the Xochimilco wetland in Mexico City in UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico which one of the most ancient and sustainable The peri-urban frontier is undergoing rapid agricultural systems, the chinampa, is disappear- change due to urbanization, generating a mosaic ing as urbanization expands. Water availability of land uses. As a result, government agencies for irrigation, market opportunities, social organ- face failures and voids in the provision of basic ization, value recognition, and land property urban services like waste management, transfer- rights are the drivers for the system to change, ring most of the responsibility to the individuals. expressed as land conversion and the reduction However, as responsible consumers and law- of the agricultural system area and its function. abiding citizens, individuals have marginal power We developed a board game to study how these to transition towards a circular economy and drivers operate at the individual level of the de- sustainable trajectories, but are experiencing cision-making process regarding land manage- waste externalities like flooding and disease. In ment. The game involves dynamics were players must make decisions about land use based on

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resources such as money, labor, and water for ir- governance literatures, particularly drawing rigation to change it from abandoned land to ag- from Elinor Ostrom and Oran Young. Building ricultural land or housing. During the game, play- upon the insights on local common pool re- ers also had to confront challenges which might sources and international regimes, illustrates the affect their decisions. The aim is to understand importance of the diversity of governance archi- the dynamics of those decisions and how differ- tectures; there is no panacea, simple solution, or ent situations influence them. The data from the single institutional arrangement appropriate for games played by the local communities is used the biodiversity commons. These insights run to project future scenarios in maps with different counter to alternative perspectives such as E.O. landscape configurations based on individual de- Wilson’s provocative claim that we should set cisions. With this innovative approach to study aside 50% of the Earth’s land area for conserva- and dialogue land management issues, we seek tion purposes, or Garrett Hardin’s limited op- to contribute to fulfilling governance gaps tions of privatization or state control to solve the among locals, as well as to public policies that tragedy of the commons. Moving beyond simply shape land-use planning. enlarging protected lands, requires that we think more broadly about governance of conservation. Panel ID 20 Some have argued that cross-scale, or global, Bridging scales of adaptive governance conservation has to emerge from the bottom-up from local to global commons rather than top-down. Yet with challenges of Chair: Andrea Gerlak elite capture or limited local support, bottom-up Discussant: Ute Brady may not always be effective. Trust, credible, stable, and inclusive governance with strong foun- 401 dations of legitimacy and accountability are pre- Scaling Conservation: Developing Principles for cursors identified both in the conservation liter- the Biodiversity Commons ature and the commons literature. Others have Abigail York found that collaborative approaches may re- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA quire “fuzzy” hierarchies or strong leadership of Sustaining the global biodiversity commons re- a political entrepreneur. Thus, there is both ten- quires a renewed focus on scaling governance. sion and synergy between the design principles Significant attention has been paid to advancing established by Ostrom and some of the empiri- conservation science in order to move from as- cal research on conservation. Using a machine sessing one landscape, or more often a single learning approach, we conduct a systematic, it- conservation project, to comparative analyses. erative review of the peer-reviewed and policy To do this the conservation science community literature to examine the mis/match of empirical has focused on data science and monitoring to findings on scaling conservation governance to examine efficacy. Borrowing some of the tech- the more established principles drawn from niques and perspectives from the conservation Ostrom, Young, and the wider conservation liter- community, we pursue a similar effort within the ature. Our findings suggest match with some of realm of scaling governance for conservation. the existing principles about the commons, but We begin with the premise that the challenges additionally we identify significant gaps in our associated with scaling conservation governance understanding of how to govern the global com- from the local to the regional or even global lev- mons. els requires a close empirical assessment of the governance principles from the commons and

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399 requirement that all governmentally recognized Perceptions of Population Growth and Climate committees have at least ⅓ male and female rep- Change as Threats in Cross-Scale Adaptive Water resentation. This is notable given the gendered Governance Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa roles of water use in rural smallholder farming Tom Evans1, Corrie Hannah1, Jampel Dell'Angelo2, Sara systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this complex Lopus3 management context, under what conditions 1 2 University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. VU Amsterdam, Am- does decision-making at multiple spatial scales sterdam, Netherlands. 3Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, USA produce adaptations to perceived threats to sustained water use? Our research investigated the Global water withdrawals have doubled over the perceptions of actors at the river basin, commu- past 40 years as irrigated agricultural land ex- nity and individual levels. Focus groups with panded from 138 million ha to 277 million ha committees (40) and individual interviews (120) from 1961–2003. Irrigated land is responsible for with committee representatives in water pro- >85% of global consumptive water use, produc- jects were used to identify disconnects between ing approximately 45% of the global food supply individual vs. committee perceptions. In the last on only 20% of global cropland. The combination 10 years, population has dramatically increased of increasing usage of irrigation in agricultural with relatively little change in average precipita- production has led to a situation where over tion. But we found that most committees pre- one-sixth of the world’s population relies on sur- dominantly identify climate change as a more face water that is affected by complex govern- significant challenge for water management de- ance arrangements at multiple spatial scales of spite individual representatives correctly identi- analysis. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa fying population growth as a more rapid source have undergone a process of decentralization of of change. We explore the reasons for this dis- water management with increased authority be- connect and implications for short vs. long-term ing granted to local-level actors. Yet there are adaptation in irrigation systems. critical questions regarding under what conditions multi-level, decentralized and polycentric 402 governance structures result in effective man- Individual cognitive abilities and group ability to agement of water resources. Kenya was at the adaptively manage common pool resources forefront of this process of decentralization in Jacopo Baggio1, Jacob Freeman2, Thomas Coyle3 1 2 SSA but two potential threats are facing these University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA. Utah State University, Logan, USA. 3University of Texas San Antonio, water management systems: population growth San Antonio, USA increasing demand for water resources and climate change potentially reducing future water Collective action is essential to solve today’s big- availability. The perceptions of these two threats gest issues in commons governance such as among actors at multiple levels of decision-mak- changes in climate, biodiversity loss and the de- ing has critical implications for whether adaptive pletion of natural resources. While formal and management can mitigate the effects of these informal institutions have a key role in solving is- two processes. There has been decades of work sues related to complex problems and the ability investigating community-based water manage- to sustain collective action in societies, it is indi- ment, but relatively little work has explored the viduals that lie at the base of institutions. Indi- coherence of committee decisions with the per- viduals have the ability to influence the making ceptions of heterogeneous individual members and changing of rules and norms as so as to of those committees. A novel component of adapt to environmental change. In other words, committee organization in Kenya is the cognitive abilities underpin the capacity of

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individuals to build models of their environment 403 and make decisions about how to govern re- Competing demands for water resources and sources adaptively. Specific cognitive abilities adaptive water governance in community water absolve different functions, and as functional di- projects versity increases ecosystem stability, cognitive Jampel Dell'Angelo1, Tom Evans2 diversity increases group adaptability to 1VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2Uni- changes. Here, we test the functional intelli- versity of Arizona, Tucson, USA gences proposition that states that functionally Critical questions on Socio-Ecological Systems diverse cognitive abilities within a group are crit- governance have been addressed through a va- ical to govern common-pool resources. We spe- riety of experimental approaches, that integrat- cifically assess the effect of two cognitive abili- ing the Ostromian logic of the Institutional Anal- ties, social intelligence and general intelligence, ysis and Development (IAD) Framework, have on group performance on a resource harvesting addressed foundational dilemmas of Common- and management game involving either a nega- Pool Resources theory. In the field of water gov- tive or a positive disturbance to the resource ernance, there has been a considerable amount base. General intelligence relates to the ability of of research that applied experimental ap- an individual to recognize patterns, assess the proaches in relation to the institutional dynamics dynamics of a system and more generally, their in irrigation systems or groundwater governability of individuals to engage in complex rea- ance. Despite this work there is uncharted terri- soning and thought. Social intelligence relates to tory that could benefit from insights from social the ability of individuals to communicate effec- psychology and small group research in order to tively and potentially diffuse conflict and en- better address decision-making questions at the hance the ability to negotiate, and more gener- community level water management. However ally, is related to the ability to model and reason experimental approaches alone are often and about the intentions of others. Our results, disconnected from the reality on the ground. In based on 108 participants indicate that groups order to assess cross-scale resilience and adap- with high general intelligence and ToM better tiveness of smallholder households and commu- adapt to deteriorating environmental condi- nities reliant on irrigated agriculture in the con- tions. Such groups are less likely to deplete re- text of Kenyan polycentric water governance resources as these groups have a better under- form, we have developed a multi-method ap- standing of how the system works and are also proach for characterizing institutional dynamics able to negotiate and communicate effectively. as a platform for cross-site analysis of human- Conversely, based on 100 participants, our re- water governance by combining household sur- sults also indicate that when conditions improve, veys, institutional analysis and social psychology groups with high competency in general intelli- dynamics in small group decision-making. Much gence more effectively reap the benefit of the work has demonstrated that informal rules often positive change. In fact, high general intelli- outweigh what would be dictated by formal rules gence, along with reciprocity, is sufficient for (i.e. constitutions, by-laws). But we have found groups to perform well when resource condi- that it is critical to articulate the role of internal tions improve, as conflict situations are less likely dynamics within community water project man- to arise when resources are plentiful. In this sit- agement committees in order to understand the uation the discriminating variable between nature of how individual preferences and deci- group performances is how well each group un- sions evolve and manifest in group decision- derstands the resource system. making processes in the context of nested

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systems of governance in river basins with multi- On the Dominican side, there is an expanse of ple competing users. As part of this mixed fairly well-protected protected mangroves, method research approach we implemented a while the mangroves in the Haitian side are suf- procedure of ‘small group field quasi-experi- fering from degradation motivated by charcoal ments’. We investigated a set of Community Wa- production and aquaculture. An extensive rice ir- ter Projects (CWPs) among four different river rigation system also exists upstream of the Do- basin Water Resource User Associations minican mangroves and fisheries, and this likely (WRUAs) on Mount Kenya where management contributes to coastal resource issues through committees play a central role in water alloca- agricultural runoff. The Dominican rice farmers tion and management. The research involved are facing frequent droughts and the increasing ~95 community water project managers from 20 impact of DR-CAFTA as an economic disturbance. different CWPs management committees and in- Historically the government agencies in each vestigated the internal dynamics of group deci- country have been largely absent, and the main sion making that are effectively in place. The governance support has come from two local quasi-experiments were conducted in 2014 and NGOs, one in the Dominican Republic and the 2019 in the same sites. The results of our re- other in Haiti. In the face of these challenges, op- search show different levels of coherence and in- portunities also exist in the form of increased coherence between individual decision prefer- governmental involvement and the potential for ences and group decision and what are the fac- external funding for development and conserva- tors that influence the final decision as a result tion projects in the area, under which the two lo- of a small group decision making internal dynam- cal NGOs could work with both Dominican and ics. These results provide valuable insights on Haitian fishers and mangrove users as well as Do- how decision making process on contested nat- minican rice farmers to facilitate cross-border ural resources (water) are affected by group dy- environmental governance. In this presentation namics. I will examine the barriers to and opportunities for the current situation to develop into a poly- 404 centric environmental governance system, with The potential for cross-border polycentric envi- overlapping authorities between a variety of ronmental governance in Hispaniola multiple actor groups. I will examine how the Michael Cox agency and incentives of the actors involved may Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA encourage or frustrate the ability of the system In this presentation I will discuss the prospects to adapt to increasing resource scarcity and fu- for cross-border polycentric environmental gov- ture shocks, such as increasing drought, DR- ernance on the island of Hispaniola. In the north- CAFTA, and between-group conflict. To do this I central part of the island, fishers from the Do- will synthesize work I have done with Dominican minican Republic and Haiti fish on both sides of fishers and farmers in the area and interviews I the border and there is frequent conflict over re- am conducting with the directors and staff of source access and use rights. There is evidence each NGO as well as staff at related governmen- that the interconnected fisheries on each side of tal and non-governmental organizations. In con- the border are suffering from overuse, and that clusion I will discuss the likely implications of the this has resulted from a lack of property rights structure of this system for the future of local and institutional arrangements to constrain fish- livelihoods and the environment in the study ing behavior. The fisheries systems are strongly area. connected to the nearby coastal systems as well.

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Panel ID 69 decision-making around priority-setting, collabo- Linking global and local dynamics: Gov- ration and actions that best lead to the achievement of the SDGs. The framework rests on the ernance responses across scales assumption that progress in one SDG will not ex- Chair: Peter Jacques clusively have positive impacts upon the rest of 211 the Agenda; instead, the method seeks to iden- Beyond positivist decision-support methods: in- tify action areas that have potential to enhance sights from piloting a semi-quantitative method progress across the SDGs through a more nu- for systemic analysis of SDG interactions in Mon- anced conceptualization of target interactions golia, Colombia and Sri Lanka and analysis of these networked relationships. Karina Barquet, Nina Weitz, Ivonne Lobos Alva To inform policy processes this type of analysis Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden requires careful tailoring to the national contexts and tools to facilitate data gathering, analysis While the adoption of the Sustainable Develop- and presentation of results. The method com- ment Goals (SDGs) was a milestone in interna- bines qualitative and quantitative analysis and tional cooperation, its success will heavily rely on takes as point of departure, the interactions be- national implementation. In an assessment of tween SDGs as perceived by key stakeholders, as global progress on the SDGs ahead of the Third it is assumed that human behavior and cognitive High-Level Political Forum (HLPF 2018), the UN aspects play an important role in decision-mak- stated that “immediate and accelerated action ing process, sometimes, even more than numer- by countries and stakeholders at all levels” is fun- ical evidence. This paper reflects upon the expe- damental to achieve the goals, overcome data riences of applying the method in Mongolia, Co- gaps, and pursue an integrated government- lombia and Sri Lanka. wide approach for achieving the SDGs. The need for systemic and integrated analysis between 308 goals for effective implementation has been fur- An analytical approach for Mexico City’s Resili- ther emphasized in assessments of Voluntary ence Strategy: incorporating reflexivity towards National Reviews (VNRs), which highlight the sustainability need for methodologies and systematic ap- Emilio Rodríguez-Izquierdo1, Abril Cid1, Paola García-Mene- proaches to address remaining analytical gaps. ses1, Karla Peña-Sanabria1, Carlos Alonso Muñoz2, Ana Es- Whereas progress has been made in the initial calante1 1Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Ins- planning stages of Agenda 2030, e.g. follow-up tituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico city, Mexico. 2 División de mechanisms and mapping SDGs in national de- Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, UAM Xochimilco, Mexico velopment strategies, large gaps remain in the city, Mexico assessments of interlinkages, trade-offs and syn- Urban planning for resilience building is a com- ergies between targets. Countries’ capacity in plex socio-political process that in the absence of conducting necessary systemic analysis for inte- reflexivity can lead to lock-in development paths grated policy-making is therefore considered and prevent sustainable pathways. Monitoring, critical for the implementation of Agenda 2030. Reporting, and Verification (MRV) systems in SEI’s novel work in this area - a method for sys- general, and the development of indicators in temic analysis of SDG interactions supported by particular, play a key role in meeting planned re- an online tool - emerges as an option to address silience goals by assessing and reflecting on the the lack of systemic approaches. The purpose is performance of policy interventions in urban sys- to improve the understanding of how targets in- tems. Through the case study of Mexico City’s teract in a given context in a way that informs

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Resilience Strategy (the Strategy, hereafter), we 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2Georgia State Uni- present an analytical approach to assess the per- versity, Atlanta, USA formance of urban planning interventions to- As cities continue to lead urban resilience plan- wards urban sustainability. Mexico City is vulner- ning, examining how urban governance struc- able to multiple and interacting shocks and tures in diverse socio-cultural and biophysical stresses, such as flooding and weak urban plan- contexts are planning for climate extremes can ning and regional coordination. In this context, help us understand what strategies are effective the Strategy becomes a relevant planning tool to and inform approaches seeking to advance resil- support the articulation of several interventions ience planning. Governance planning documents by integrating a resilience approach in Mexico are one source of insight into how cities are City’s urban planning. The Strategy was devel- framing urban resilience, yet there are few oped under the 100 Resilient Cities Program, a mechanisms to effectively and efficiently high- worldwide initiative focused on addressing the light the suite of social, ecological, and techno- vulnerabilities that hinder a city’s coping abilities logical (SET) climate action strategies cities are to handle disruptive events. The Strategy cov- considering. Our research asks, how do cities de- ered five working themes, each with a set of fine and prioritize climate resilience strategies goals that were operationalized through specific within a single plan and among governance plan- actions. This Strategy was developed under the ning documents and how do strategies address perspective of governance for transformations. current and future climate vulnerabilities? Thus, it was aimed to promote adaptive transfor- Through a content analysis of nine municipal mations ―i.e. adjustments of the fundamental planning documents from two US and one Latin attributes of a system in response to acute American cities (Baltimore, Phoenix, and San shocks and chronic stresses. In our analytical ap- Juan), we examine the diverse SET strategies proach, we first integrate a resilience conceptual proposed to address climate challenges, specifi- framework and analyze its implications for the cally related to heat, drought, and flooding operationalization of the Strategy. Then, we pro- events. Our findings suggest that current plan- pose a method to evaluate the Strategy’s actions ning strategies tend to prioritize technological in which resilience is not a normative term. The solutions and do not adequately consider system method is based on the construction of indica- relationships. Identifying patterns in proposed tors at multiple spatial and temporal scales for and implemented plans are important steps in each working theme. Although many of the ac- bridging the gap between ideas and viable adap- tions emphasized the adaptation of the urban tation actions. We discuss ways in which govern- system, outcomes may not necessarily contrib- ance-based strategies and vulnerability assess- ute to more sustainable paths. Thus, based on ments both form a basis for scenario visioning our results, we discuss the political, economic processes, and can be adapted through those and social factors underlying Mexico City’s resili- processes. ent attributes and its implications for the adaptiveness and reflexivity of this urban system. Panel ID 70 Unpacking Process of Adaptiveness and 370 Reflexivity Urban Climate Adaptation and Governance: Chair: Theresa Tribaldos Cross-city comparison of social, ecological and technological strategies Yeowon Kim1, Marta Berbés1, Nancy Grimm1, David Iwaniec2

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160 however, differ. Whereas in Stegeren farmers The influence of levels of conflict and trust on pro- are eager to learn about innovations to further cesses of participatory monitoring and evaluation improve soil and water management, in the Sander Meijerink1, Gerald Jan Ellen2, Bas Breman3 Raam valley farmers and land-owners who do 1Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2Deltares, not support the idea of rewetting the valley fore- 3 Utrecht, Netherlands. Wageningen Environmental Re- most expect to proof the negative impacts of research, Wageningen, Netherlands wetting either to reverse measures or to get Participatory (collaborative or reflective) moni- compensation. The advocative use of monitoring toring and evaluation (PME) facilitates a process data is a potential risk to PME processes. This risk of collecting and sharing different kinds of can be reduced by openly discussing scenarios knowledge. The literature suggests that PME for the outcomes of the monitoring process as stimulates dialogue, reflection and mutual learn- well as measures to reduce, mitigate or compen- ing, which is crucial to adaptive co-management sate expected losses in these scenarios. This im- of social-ecological systems. It remains unclear, plies that PME cannot be organized as an iso- however, under which circumstances PME can lated process, but should be connected to and be successful. The central question of this paper embedded within the broader policy context. is how levels of conflict and trust among actors 327 influence PME processes and their potential for fostering dialogue and mutual learning. To an- Governance, Social Learning and Reflexivity swer this research question we have employed a Pedro JACOBI University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil methodology of action research. As researchers we have been actively involved in two pilot pro- One of the most pressing themes to the contem- jects with participatory monitoring and evalua- porary environmental debate within the scope tion of climate adaptive measures in Dutch rural of the governance of system Earth is the institu- water management. The pilot projects are the tional architecture that has become one of the monitoring and evaluation of rewetting farm- determinant factors of the enlargement of adap- land in the Raam valley, and of experiments with tive capacity, as well as the resilience of ecosys- drainage and soil management in the neighbour- tems. The aggravation of socio-environmental hood Stegeren. Whereas rewetting the Raam capacity, notwithstanding the expansion of gov- valley is contested and the level of trust among ernmental and non-governmental activities to some parties involved is low, the experiments in enlarge access to information and education due Stegeren are broadly supported, and the level of to the incidence and intensity of natural disas- trust is high. We have actively contributed to the ters and its impacts, demands increasingly col- design of PME processes for these cases, facili- laborative strategies. In this direction, we pro- tated and observed meetings in which PME was pose a theoretical as well practical discussion on discussed, and conducted a series of interviews the capacity of social actors and institutions to with participants in these PME processes. The think critically their own performance, and to re- analysis was informed by the literature on PME formulate their objectives, practices and values as well as theories on policy-oriented learning. In as to navigate with wisdom within the human, both cases, most actors (land-owners) are willing social and environmental complexity. We argue to contribute to the PME process, either by col- that the production of knowledge has to neces- lecting data, such as groundwater levels, them- sarily consider the interrelations of the natural selves, or by contributing to the interpretation of environment with the social, including an analy- these data. The motives for participation, sis of the determinants of the process, the role

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of the different actors involved and the dynamics Global climate change is widely viewed as one of of different forms of social organization that in- the most significant challenges facing society to- crease the strength of actions focused in socio- day. Although an overwhelming majority of cli- environmental sustainability. The literature on mate scientists agree that reduction in green- the theme recognizes environmental govern- house gas emissions (GHGs) or mitigation can ance as an action that demands social participa- help maintain the temperatures below the 2.5°C tion through the engagement and negotiation of threshold level, the U.S. public, on the other multi-stakeholders, based in empowerment and hand, is still divided on the existence, causes, management of natural resources through and impacts of climate change. Effective legisla- mechanisms of conflict resolution. But this im- tion and implementation of climate mitigation plies in the establishment of a system of rules, policy requires a better understanding of why norms and behaviours that reflect values, world the public support or oppose such policies. While views of those individuals that interact and give there has been a concerted effort to highlight a meaning to the process. The construction of factors that are associated with public’s support this system constitutes a participative process, for mitigation, these studies are splintered and most importantly, of social learning. We un- across several social science disciplines, each of derstand that the biggest challenge for reflexiv- which uses its unique epistemological tradition ity is to create active social learning opportuni- for forming research questions, developing ties, in which there is a real involvement of indi- methods, and situating research within specific viduals in dialogical relations, that favour: the theoretical assumptions. Against this back- perception of the diversity of opinions and ground, this paper use a meta-analytical frame- worldviews; the mediation of individual and col- work to comprehensively identify and explain lective interests and the possibility of enlarging the main determinants of U.S. public’s support repertoires that expand their capacity to contex- for climate mitigation policies. The results of the tualize and reflect. Active processes, mainly meta-analysis will be of special theoretical and those on a collaborative basis (known as co- methodological interests to the social science learning) have the potential to promote innova- discipline, and of immense practical benefit to tion, collective commitments and practices of practitioners and policy makers to understand citizenship oriented towards sustainable actions the diversity of public opinions and drivers of cli- at different levels. The creation of spaces of con- mate change mitigation policy support. The re- viviality, interwoven by the experience of think- sults will also identify effective ways to coming and acting in a dialogical, solidary and ecolog- municate the risks of climate change to the pub- ically systemic form, thus creates a fertile soil to lic. promote a culture of participation, and consequently, for the building of new potentials of Panel ID 72 democratic governance of natural resources. Navigating adaptiveness in complex social-ecological systems 426 Chair: Heike Schroeder Examining the social and behavioral determinants of U.S. public’s support for climate change 147 mitigation policy: A meta-analysis Transformation of socio-ecological systems in the Maaz Gardezi Artic: marine ecosystem change and manage- South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA ment in coastal communities Laura Malinauskaite, David Cook University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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In few places on Earth are the consequences of transformation. As a result, social perceptions of climate change more apparent than in the Arctic. marine ecosystems and community identities A warming climate has left increasingly large ar- are also changing. On the other hand, self-deter- eas of the Arctic Ocean ice-free in summer, mination and decision-making power are very which, together with thawing of permafrost and important for its members who are cautious of rising temperatures on land and water, is chang- top-down governance initiatives, some of which ing the ecosystems in unprecedented and unpre- have been detrimental to their economic and so- dictable ways. With landscape and ecosystems, cial development and the health of ecosystems. societies that depend on them are also changing: The main sources of risk faced by the social-eco- Arctic populations are confronted with chal- logical systems include climate change, resulting lenges as well as opportunities presented by cli- industrial development and unpredictability of mate change, having to adapt to changes quickly ecosystem changes. However, there is also to remain resilient. In addition to this, globalisa- a perception of opportunities that can be seized tion, technological development and rapid through self-determination and stakeholder- growth of tourism are also driving change in the driven ecosystem-based management. circumpolar North. The study looks at how three 347 coastal communities in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway have dealt with these changes so far, Governance Influencing On Trajectories Of Social- whether they managed to adapt to them or steer Ecological Systems Alejandra Ramírez-León1, V. Sophie Avila-Foucat1, J. Fede- them, and what it has meant for the surrounding rico Morales-Barragán2, Yvon Angulo-Reyes3 marine ecosystems. In order to do that, the 1Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas-UNAM, Ciudad de study adopts the notion of ‘social-ecological sys- Mexico, Mexico. 2Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplina- tems’ (SES), which is used to highlight the inter- rias en Ciencias y Humanidades-UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, 3 dependence of humans and nature and diminish Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales-UNAM, Ciu- dad de Mexico, Mexico boundaries between social and natural domains. We use the SES framework to examine the inter- A socio-ecological system (SES) refers to the so- dependent environmental and social processes cial and natural reality in which the human being in the case study locations and interactions be- is immersed, and co-evolves as an integrated tween them. For instance, how variations in the whole like an open, self-organized, non-linear, abundance of certain marine mammal species multiscale, hierarchical and adaptive system. and increasing global interest in them resulted in This approach makes explicit the biophysical and new economic opportunities through tourism, social connections, whose interaction processes changes in perceptions, and altered manage- operate at multiple hierarchical and nested ment practices. The analysis of the case studies scales. In the SES there are changes over time, is a part of a broader project ARCPATH looking at caused by specific events that arouse them. how Arctic SESs respond to rapid socio-ecologi- These changes called trajectories are the route cal changes. It reveals the ability of communities or path that a system makes when moving from to react to environmental change and globalisa- one site or state to another, this implies a dyna- tion through directed economic development, mism. The trajectory of any system is based on altered use and management of marine re- the interactions of the system and the type of sources, and redefining identities in relation to stressor or shock to which it is subject. The tra- changing global paradigms. Globalisation and jectory can be analyzed through the adaptive cy- tourism emerge as dominant forces in the stud- cle, which allows identifying thresholds and ied societies’ recent social and economic pseudo-trajectories that is states of the SES.

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Then it is possible to describe its dynamism in to cope with change, in which adaptiveness and time and space. Governance is an important ecological reflexivity are two prominent con- component of the SES that determines its trajec- cepts. In that matter, Ecosystem-based manage- tory. Identifying shifts, actors, decision processes ment (EBM), when applied to coastal climate and interaction with different elements of the change adaptation strategies, can foster inte- system within the governance system will allow grated and sustainable coastal management. to understand its dynamic. This research investi- EBM proposes long-term planning and considers gates the trajectory of the SES governance in or- the connections and interrelationships between der to define regime shifts, as well as the factors the ecological and social dimensions of a system, that trigger it. Defining these trajectories will and how these connections affect the system it- provide theoretical elements to discuss the util- self and the benefits derived. It also recognizes ity of using the adaptive cycle to identify pat- the political dimension of the planning process at terns of change. It also aims to identify if the pro- multiple spatial scales, stemming from the con- cesses of governance in a given coastal socio- temporary human values and interests of differ- ecosystem can be classified as adaptive govern- ent social groups, fostering the adaptiveness and ance. This study is carried out in the Copalita - ecological reflexivity towards the improvement Huatulco basin in Oaxaca, characterized by being of the governance system in force. In Brazil, cli- an area that provides important ecosystem ser- mate change adaptation instruments for the vices to the region, as well as having a diversity coastal zone are inserted on the National Plan of of productive activities. The aim is to analyze the Adaptation to Climate Change (PNA) - and em- trajectory of the governance of the basin over 20 bodied in the National Program for coastline years to identify the stressors, thresholds of conservation (PROCOSTA). These are the institu- change and their results. A qualitative analysis tional arrangements that provide the means to for describing the evolution of the governance EBM implementation, nevertheless, there is no will be presented as well as a social network analysis of whether the directives and actions analysis to identify patterns of change and model proposed by them are enabling of this imple- the possible phases in which it may move in the mentation. This article aims to evaluate if EBM is future. being fostered in Brazilian politics for climate change adaptation, and to discuss the applica- 374 tion of the adaptiveness and ecological reflexiv- Coastal climate change adaptation policies in ity concepts within the existing institutional ar- Brazil - is EBM being taking into account? rangements. The findings from this paper shows Luciana Xavier1, Marina Corrêa2, Leandra Gonçalves1, Maila that Brazil still has an incipient and preliminary Guilhon1 1Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São EBM approach to climate change adaptation at Paulo, Brazil. 2Institute of Energy and Environment, Univer- federal level. Even though the PNA and PRO- sity of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil COSTA consider many EBM principles, they im- Coastal ecosystems have indisputable socioeco- posed a top-down execution strategy (from fed- logical importance as they contribute to human eral to local/regional governments) that barely well-being through a wide range of ecosystem considers the governance regime in force at services. However the provision of those bene- lower scales, undermining the capacity for adap- fits is being affected by anthropogenic impacts tiveness and ecological reflexivity in the climate both locally, regionally, and globally. Such is the change adaptation policies. case of climate change, which dynamic and uncertain consequences demands new frameworks

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427 approach rather than basin vision (except for Socio-environmental Observatories of Water in three cases). The adoption of a water-basin ap- Mexico: challenges for transiting to participatory proach is crucial because it allows a comprehen- and adaptive governance sive approach to the socio-environmental sys- Claudia Monzón Alvarado1,2, Fernando Gumeta Gómez3 tem of water, that is, to incorporate natural lim- 1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Campeche, Mexico. 2Consejo its and processes of the natural water cycle and 3 Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico, Mexico. El Cole- its compatibility with the social, economic, polit- gio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico ical and cultural limits and processes that can af- A socio-environmental observatory is a set of ac- fect this cycle. Furhermore, it can allow the tors and organizations formed with the purpose adoption of strategies that promote health, sus- of gathering, systematizing and managing exist- tainability and socio-ecological resilience. The ing information, as well as generating new infor- main challenges for water observatories in Mex- mation and disseminating it, to encourage in- ico to achieve effectiveness as a transition bridge formed decision-making. Socio-environmental to participatory and adaptive governance are: 1) observatories play an essential role in the gener- Ensuring quality, integration, security and data ation of applied, transdisciplinary, reflective management, 2) influencing public policies, 3) knowledge that is accountable to society. There- detonate and maintain the participation of all fore, they have the potential to act as a bridge to the actors involved and 4) design and implement transition to participatory decision making and for durable and self-sustaining observatories. adaptive governance of natural resources. The The analysis concludes with a proposal of specific effectiveness of this bridge depends, however, strategies to face these challenges to achieve ef- on our hability to address questions such as who fectiveness as a transition bridge to participatory generates new knowledge and, what is the and adaptive governance. stakeholder’s capacity to collect, systematize and spread knowledge to influence decision Panel ID 73 making through the design and implementation Governance Responses to Social and Eco- of public policies. This piece presents the most logical Disruption significant findings on the effectiveness of socio- Chair: Luis Fernandez-Carril environmental observatories in Mexico to achieve this transition, with specific attention to 252 those addressing the problems of water man- Maladaptive food governance: Using human ecol- agement. Thirty-one socio-environmental ob- ogy to identify food discourses in Leyte, The Phil- servatories were identified, covering a variety of ippines purposes such as conservation and sustainable Federico Davila Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology development (18), water management (6), en- Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Fenner School of Environment ergy (1), urban sustainability (5) and coffee pro- and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, duction (1). Among these, 11 address water is- Australia sues, directly (6) or in combination with other The Philippines is home to over 100 million peo- objectives linked to sustainable development ple, half of which remain connected to agrarian (5). The rationale of the analyzed cases ranges livelihoods and depend on rural landscapes for from data sharing to reveal system trends to ad- incomes and food security. Despite progress in vocy agendas for the defense of territories. Most producing cash export commodities in the Phil- water observatories are concentrated in central ippines, smallholder farmers remain marginal- Mexico, and most adopt a jurisdictional ized from policy making processes and continue

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to face poor development and nutritional out- 292 comes. At the same time, environmental change Emergent governance networks and environmen- continues to affect food production systems and tal disturbance events: Assessing the evidence of biodiversity and deforestation continue to pre- adaptive response vail. This presentation will distill findings from a Jesse Abrams1, Heidi Huber-Stearns2, Emily Jane Davis3 four year research project working in partner- 1University of Georgia, Athens, USA. 2University of Oregon, 3 ship with a local agricultural research center fo- Eugene, USA. Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA cusing on the prevalence of major food dis- In contrast to traditional structures of state-cen- courses in the Philippines. I will discuss how a tric bureaucratic administration, heterogenous complex mix of colonial legacies, village social re- networks of state and non-state actors are be- lations, and lack of agency create a maladaptive lieved to possess the advantages of greater food governance system in rural Philippines. I adaptability in the face of environmental change will situate this discourse and governance analy- as well as greater legitimacy in contested socio- sis within the framework of human ecology, political settings. To date, however, the litera- which I used to thematically analyse interviews ture in this field has been dominated by single with 39 coconut producing smallholder farmers case studies of successful (or, in some cases, un- from Leyte, The Philippines. The results docu- successful) adaptation, leaving unanswered ment how smallholders perceive market food se- questions regarding the relationships between curity discourse as the main way out of food in- socio-environmental context, structure and secure situations, and thus continue to seek in- function of governance networks, and outcomes stitutional support for maintaining a coconut as measured by institutional adaptation. Our based agricultural system. Farmers also perceive purpose here is to provide preliminary insights elements of the food sovereignty discourse, no- on these questions through a comparison of four tably decision-making agency and agricultural di- distinct emergent responses to a common, cli- versification, as parallel strategies to improve mate-driven forest disturbance event. Between their food security. The ongoing support for co- 1998 and 2016, pine forests throughout the conut production and inequitable access to western United States experienced the largest training and knowledge in rural systems traps and most destructive outbreak of the native farmers into an agricultural system influenced by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus pondero- a long history of colonial institutions and social sae) on record, with most of the affected forests structures. The presentation will demonstrate located on lands owned and managed by the U.S. that farmers are aware of the interventions re- government as national forests. Socio-political quired to diversify food systems towards higher responses to this event in many geographies in- value commodities and more socially inclusive cluded the emergence of regional governance in- practices, yet sovereignty is unlikely to be ena- itiatives that provided direction and resources bled due to maladaptive institutional and social for responding to the disturbance event. Our re- networks. The integration of human ecology, search compares these responses across four re- food discourse theory, and Philippine historical gional geographies: northern Colorado, south- literature will allow me to discuss the implica- western Montana, northeastern Washington, tions of rural inequalities for governing increas- and the Black Hills region of South Dakota and ingly fragile food systems. Wyoming. Specifically, we analyze the structure and function of these emergent governance networks as products of their respective socio-political contexts (including the history of relations

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between local communities and the U.S. Forest services, but they seem to have no effect on the Service) and provide evidence of the lasting im- conservation, since deforestation continues. All pact of the networks on institutions at multiple the while, as a result from a political crisis de- scales. We pay particular attention to the mech- rived from a disagreement with the City´s new anisms through which documented institutional constitution and its dealing with collective prop- changes were enacted and the consequent im- erty regimes, a grassroots movement emerged, plications for the role of non-state actors in gov- composed by an alliance of the several rural erning landscapes formally dominated by state towns that inhabit the conservation territory. bureaucracies. By analyzing the origin, charac- Based on their common prehispanic origins, cul- teristics, and persistence of these institutional ture and traditions, they claim their ancestral changes, this research contributes a compara- right to handle the land. They call themselves the tive perspective on the adaptive potential of net- Autonomous Assembly of the Peoples of Mex- works as reflective of network composition and ico’s City Basin (AAPCM), they seek to obtain a function. We discuss the implications of these fair retribution from the ecosystem services they findings for state-society relationships and the provide and historical documents, scientific adaptive potential of emergent, networked, and data, information exchange, community moni- voluntary approaches as a form of hybrid gov- toring and community police have been theirs ernance of large-scale and climate-driven envi- tools to regain control of the territories. The ronmental disturbance events. emergence of the AAPCM has propel an internal reorganization within the communities, like the 437 creation of brigades tasked with collecting data The emergence of a new environmental govern- on illegal logging and deforestation. It has also ance regime in the periurban forest areas of Mex- created a new relationship between the differ- ico City and a new trajectory towards sustainabil- ent communities propelling joint work and infor- ity mation exchange, finally it has created a new Arcelia Moreno Unda1, Maria Perevochtchikova 2 power balance with the local and federal author- 1PhD Sustainability Science UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico. 2COLMEX , Mexico City , Mexico ities that has allowed the AAPCM to take part on development and implementation of environ- Southern mountainous peri-urban forests pro- mental programs. To asses change and evaluate vide a number of ecosystem services to Mexico´s if this social movement is pushing for adaptive- city inhabitants, including air quality improve- ness and reflexivity in the governance system, I ment, carbon sequestration, recreation and sev- use key indicators like, knowledge, trust, re- eral hydrological services. Among them is acting source flows and leadership to in a social net- as the main catchment area to recharge the work analysis. I use the adaptive cycle and panar- city’s aquifer, which in turn is the main source of chy models to reveal the dynamics of the govern- fresh water. Yet rapid land use change and now ance system trajectory. I explore what are the climate change, threaten to compromise this vi- conditions currently missing to ensure real tal provision. Since the year 2000 these areas change. Finally I reflect on my own role to play have been declared as conservation territories, in this transformation as a member of the aca- to maintain the forested areas, several public demia. policy instruments have been implemented, most of them based on the handling of economic supports directly to the communities living within the conservation territory, including the federal program of payment for environmental

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Panel ID 75 research and innovation to Earth System Gov- Philosophical exploration of Adaptiveness ernance, it is helpful to examine the generally conflictive systems of reference that are binding and Reflexivity for researchers and practitioners involved. To Chair: Jeremy Bendik-Keymer underpin this, we focus conceptually on three 25 major innovation paradigms usually combined in Reflection on responsible innovation in Earth Sys- transdisciplinary research and innovation portfo- tem Governance lios: In a first innovation paradigm, science is the Cordula Ott system of reference – with scientific analysis ex- Centre for Development and Environment, Bern, Switzer- pected to bring in the “right” solution for policy land and decision-making. The second – now very Advocates of the Agenda 2030, and of sustaina- popular – innovation paradigm centres on sci- bility-oriented Science, Technology and Innova- ence–society interaction in multi-stakeholder tion (STI) more broadly, typically view science– processes and platforms: yet, frequently repre- society interactions and societal co-production senting “open spaces” of negotiation and ex- of knowledge as preconditions for responsible change, these suffer most from dynamics of un- research and innovation. However, the complex- equal negotiating power and conflicting systems ities we face in practice trigger resistance, rein- of reference. In this paper we examine how sus- force institutional and political obstacles, and tainable development as the overarching refer- weaken the success of development interven- ence system for Earth System Governance might tions. Recent progress in epistemological clarifi- generate a third innovation paradigm suited to cation of sustainability science makes it possible foster equity-based, reflexive, responsible and to better align research and innovation (studies) inclusive knowledge production and innovation. with the paradigm of sustainable development. More specifically, we draw on evidence from An emancipatory understanding of sustainability transdisciplinary projects in a North-South con- allocates each individual an equitable role as an text. Reflexive, adaptive project navigation suc- agent of change in a joint future-forming pro- cessfully allows combining disciplinary, inter- cess. As a result, equity-related factors define and transdisciplinary steps and elements on be- the quality of science–society interaction. These half of shared goals, and is suited to reduce ten- include: the balance of power and deliberative sion and resistance in the joint project navigation capacity of actors involved; openness to diverg- towards sustainable development. ing values, interests, culture, worldviews, or 93 knowledge systems; the growth of shared under- Between fixed hierarchies and 'rule of code', a standing, working culture, and mutual trust; the middle way toward a social ecosystem principles of reflexivity, learning, and adaptation Gael Van Weyenbergh in a collaborative setting; and meaningful, con- Meoh, Brussels, Belgium sequential involvement of all in decision-making The surge in connectedness that came with the and process navigation. Although promising internet propelled us into a new threshold of ways of increasing the quality of science–society interaction are often incorporated in the plan- complexity and uncertainty. As a result, human ning, transdisciplinary practice usually continues societies now have to deal with global challenges in a world where change is the only constant. In to be contested by partners within and beyond particular projects. We argue that to under- order to navigate effectively the waves of stand, evaluate, and adapt the contribution of change, social organizations have to become

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more agile and to rely increasingly on third-par- especially relevant for institutions as social un- ties that escape their traditional chains of com- rest now operates on increasingly complex net- mand and control. Therefore, new societal mod- works without any formal leadership to negoti- els would need to include an improved capacity ate with. Indeed, the systemic challenge that we for resilience on one hand and a capacity to ex- are facing today calls for nothing less than a sys- ercise trust as a fundamental element of social temic solution. relationships on the other hand. Having an upper 245 limit on what social organizations can structur- ally handle, it is time for them to be re-designed Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping to Understand the for adaptability and reflexivity. As an example, Farm-Level Impact of External Support for Sus- we witness a global and lasting trust gap be- tainable Agriculture Transitions Bonnie Averbuch tween citizens and their institutions. Alterna- Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark tively, distributed technologies promise consensus based on a cryptographic proof instead of Concerns about sustainability in our food system trusting a central authority. Yet, when the ‘rule surfaced nearly a century ago. For decades, of code’ fails, distributed initiatives fall short. A there have been efforts to establish more sus- human-computer interaction could theoretically tainable agricultural practices, including through support the development of a robust distributed public, private, or non-profit support for sustain- governance model at scale if human governance able agriculture transitions, with varying degrees could be modelled on distributed principles. of success. Now, we have reached a critical point Since ecosystems are champions at adaptability, where the transformation of our food system to we propose to apply their dynamics to the social one that is more sustainable is urgent. This study fabric. And since they know no clear boundaries explores the experiences of US farmers who - which erases the concept of externalities - they have received private support for sustainable ag- are also champions at reflexivity. Yet, because riculture transitions. Specifically, it examines the ecosystems are self-regulated the challenge is to farmers’ perceptions of successes and failures of overcome the tragedy of the commons without the support they received as well as support that central control. Thus, we propose to supplement they could have used but did not receive. We the basic principles of ecosystems with a distrib- identified farmers from the northeast United uted social architecture that has the capacity to States who have received transition support us- prompt interpersonal coherence at scale. Similar ing snowball sampling. During the interview pro- to ecosystems where synergistic relationships cess, we constructed fuzzy cognitive maps lead to stability, a global human organism would (FCMs) of farmers’ perceptions of how success- operate as an heterarchy and the regions of ful different support mechanisms were. To ana- greatest authority would be those where trust, lyze these FCMs, we condensed and combined emotional resonance, and reciprocity have related concepts into clearer concepts and scaled the most across the social fabric, aligning grouped them into broader categories. We then intrinsic individual human needs with broader performed a quantitative analysis on the com- collective needs. We propose here a middle way bined FCM matrix values, analyzing them for between fixed hierarchies and rule of code to number of concepts, number of links, and con- propagate the dynamics of cohesive communi- cept indegree (receiving effects), outdegree ties horizontally and at scale in multi stakeholder (transmitting effects), and centrality (receiving scenarios. Compelled to adapt to the ever chang- and transmitting effects). Finally, we determined ing societal environment, this capacity is density and complexity, where density describes

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the connectivity between concepts and com- systems collapse/s. This analysis arises from in- plexity describes the ratio of receiver-to-trans- creasingly dire scientific predictions of the im- mitter concepts of an FCM. We used this analysis pacts of human induced environmental transfor- to explore similarities and differences between mations (including climate change) alongside the farmers. Reflecting on how support systems persistent discursive divisions concerning social have succeeded and failed in the past can help ecological systems, sustainability and environ- us begin to adapt old and create new governance mentally sustainable governance. It is under- models that acknowledge and adjust ineffective pinned by the work of leading knowledge hold- support as well as expand upon favorable and ers and experts across different fields, drawing promising components in order to create the upon their attention upon factors and risks in so- strongest and most likely to succeed transition cial ecological systems collapse, especially in support systems. ‘sustainability research’ (Cumming & Peterson 2017). Their work suggests that it is now more 253 possible to envisage mass-scale environmental Anticipating ‘unthinkable’ collapses: collective so- disasters and upheavals in natural and human cial ecological systems impacts and responsibili- created systems. Consequently, this paper asks ties whether (and under what conditions) unthinka- Beth Edmondson ble collapses might become more thinkable in Federation University, Churchill, Australia the collective decision-making settings that char- This paper examines the benefits of adopting the acterise international environmental govern- notion of ‘unthinkable’ collapses to progress in- ance. It also considers whether doing so might ternational sustainability and environmental progress effective international environmental governance. It draws upon the work of Cum- governance, especially in settings of ‘uncer- ming and Peterson (2017) who argue that ‘col- tainty-ridden collective decision making’ lapse and resilience are two sides of the same (Mahmoodi et. al. 2013). This paper aims to pro- coin’, paying attention to predictability/unpre- gress understanding of the implications of com- dictability. Engaging with predictability/unpre- plex interplay between social ecological systems dictability dynamics in social ecological systems and structures by identifying opportunities to re- settings demands sustained identification and frame ‘unthinkable’ collapse/s. It therefore ex- interrogation of key factors in their systemic and amines these concepts and their problem-solv- structural interplay. To meet this goal, this paper ing frameworks. It examines conceptual and sec- focuses on collapse and resilience in ‘coupled hu- toral intersections and analyses their potential man environment systems’ (Edmondson & Levy significance in anticipating/predicting sustaina- 2019: 301). It utilises this notion of coupled sys- bility, critical thresholds and tipping points (see tems to examine contributing factors for predict- Westley et. al. 2011). This approach is under- ability/unpredictability of collapse and resili- pinned by cautionary observations that environ- ence. It also pays attention to their importance mental sustainability relies upon ‘urgent… re- for environmentally sustainable social ecological forms of institutions and governance approaches systems and governance in the 21st century. It to keep planetary systems clear of [further] irre- considers scalable (and tailor-able) knowledge of versible degradation’ (Mummery & Mummery community resilience and ecological sustainabil- 2019: 46). ity and their respective contributions to cascad- ing ‘predictable surprises’, interlinked ‘tipping points’ and ‘unthinkable’ social ecological

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Panel ID 18: governance. We suggest that the two spheres Making conservation work in a globalized are neither in competition for finite political authority, nor are they necessarily additive. The dy- world: opportunities and challenges for namism of public-private governance interac- public and private land use governance tions further complicates efforts to measure the Chair: Benjamin William Cashore contributions of non-state actors to climate Discussant: Daniel Charles Miller change mitigation.

16 247 Learning to Live Together: Competition and Com- Missing the Forest for the Trees: The Hidden Costs plementarity in Public and Private Land Use Gov- of Eco-Certification for Land Use Change ernance Yixian Sun1, Janina Grabs1,2, Benjamin Cashore1, Hamish van Hamish van der Ven1, David Barmes2 der Ven3 1McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 2Vienna University of 1Yale University, New Haven, USA. 2University of Munster, Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Munster, Germany. 3McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Land use change is a key contributor to climate Private governance in the form of certification change. It is also the subject of an increasingly and labelling has become a prominent regulatory broad and fragmented array of governance ef- mode in the global agricultural and forest supply forts led by both public authorities and private chains to promote sustainable production. A ma- groups. In this paper, we ask: how do public and jor goal claimed by these instruments is to halt private land use governance interact in com- deforestation and protect biodiversity, and re- modity-exporting countries? We address this cent impact evaluation studies find that certified question through comparative case studies of areas have reduced forest loss compared to non- soybean farming in Brazil, palm oil production in certified areas. While such evidence seems to Indonesia, and pangasius aquaculture in Vi- suggest that certification is a powerful tool to ad- etnam. In each of these countries, we find a com- dress the issue of land use change, we argue that mon pattern to public-private governance inter- these incremental gains hide the real costs of pri- actions. An initial period of complementarity is vate governance solutions by providing busi- followed by an interlude of competition be- nesses with reputational gains to certify areas tween governance efforts before resettling into that were previously deforested. Over time, cer- a complementary interaction. In essence, public tification programs have shifted problem defini- and private governance hold an uneasy marriage tions, and therefore left regulatory loopholes in characterized by learning to live together. While their standards and enforcement, which are our findings are preliminary and specific to com- likely to worsen land use outcomes on the modity exporting countries, they hold broader ground. We corroborate this argument by an ex- implications for the ways scholars think about amination of the standards of major certification the relationship between public and private programs in the agricultural and forestry sectors

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization in the past 25 years as well as primary and sec- and form across regions. We introduce a new in- ondary evidence on the relevant programs’ prac- ductive framework that identifies Jurisdictional tices. Our study suggests that this failure is Authority, Land Ownership, and Leasing & Li- deeply rooted in the way latent power is exer- censing Regulations as three variables inherent cised in global supply chains, making private gov- in every iteration of CFM, and demonstrate how ernance, by design, unable to trigger profound this framework, when paired with path depend- sustainability transitions. ency analysis, can explain the variation in CFM models across our case studies. By closely exam- 239 ining the institutional factors at play in our case Explaining Divergent Community Forestry Trajec- study countries, we establish the value added of tories in Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru: A Historical the HI approach to the literature by demonstrat- Institutionalist Account ing how historical forces over time have shifted Benjamin Cashore, Chelsea Judy, Michaela Foster institutions governing forest resources in our Yale University, New Haven, USA country case studies, thereby influencing con- Current understanding of how indigenous and temporary efforts at engaging community forest forest-dependent communities might partici- management. pate in and benefit from local resource governance remains a significant and contested theme 159 of research in academia and among policy prac- Is private environmental governance an oxymo- titioners. Community Forestry Management ron? The effectiveness of market-based sustaina- (CFM), which involves local peoples and stake- bility standards in improving ecosystem conserva- holders in the management of forests, has been tion touted as a leading model of forest governance Janina Grabs University of Münster, Münster, Germany. ETH Zurich, Zur- that acts as a triple win for society, the environ- ich, Switzerland ment, and economic growth. However, as CFM has emerged and expanded across different To combat deforestation and biodiversity loss, country contexts over time, the institutional as- private environmental governance through sus- pects of these iterations of community forestry, tainability standards has risen in popularity and as well as their trajectories, diverge and vary sig- entered the mainstream of many agri-food mar- nificantly in terms of uptake, durability, and ex- kets. This paper adopts an institutional rational tent across tropical countries. The purpose of choice perspective and uses the case of coffee to this article is to shed light on CFM divergence answer two research questions: first, focusing on and variation by comparing three Latin American land use and biodiversity protection, how do countries that have established and fostered mainstream private sustainability standards op- CFM institutions: Peru, Mexico, and Costa Rica. erationalize and incentivize environmental sus- Further, we ask how might micro-level institu- tainability in the presence of economic trade- tional analyses, that have as the goal the crea- offs? And second, what impacts do their strate- tion of generalizable design principles, be modi- gies have in the field? Using document analysis fied to incorporate vastly different historical tra- and 1,900 observations from Honduran, Colom- jectories? By comparing CFM in three case stud- bian and Costa Rican coffee farmers that are an- ies, we demonstrate how historical institutional- alyzed using propensity score matching, it finds ism (HI) adds importantly to the overall scholarly that standards increasingly support a land spar- attempt to describe how community forestry de- ing approach to biodiversity conservation, velops over time and why CFM varies in extent marked by set-asides of high conservation value forestland and sustainable intensification, rather

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization than a land sharing perspective, which would photovoltaics, and energy storage (primarily in support agroforestry and shade coffee produc- the form of lithium-ion batteries), detailing the tion. Due to economic pressures, the majority of elements required to produce, use, and discard sustainably certified farms in the field thus pur- or recycle them. Finally, the paper explores the sue intensified methods with sparse shade that governance arrangements and accountability have not shown to yield on-farm biodiversity mechanisms established by state, private, and benefits. Further, it is questionable whether the non-state actors of these three renewable tech- regulatory attempt to prevent deforestation has nologies, revealing an inability to address the been successful, as up to 50% of certified farm- global displacement effects of renewable tech- ers that expanded their coffee farm reported nology. The paper argues that transcending the having done so on former forestland. technocratic paradigm and scholarship favouring the shift to renewables will be essential for un- Panel ID 37 derstanding and ideally mitigating the displace- Dilemmas of environmentalism and sus- ment of ecosystems and societies around the tainability in the Anthropocene globe. Chair: Dahlia Simangan 251 41 Green State Capacity and Extractive Governance Governing the Global Displacement Effects of Re- in Peru and Ecuador newable Energy Hyeyoon Park Susan Park1, Teresa Kramarz2, Craig Johnson3 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA 1 2 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. University of To- Since the global financial crisis in 2008, Chinese ronto, Toronto, Canada. 3University of Guelph, Guelph, Can- ada investment in Latin America has drastically increased, with a great deal of money flowing into Renewable energy is the best means of bringing extractive projects. This leads to a concern that global emissions within the 1.5 degrees limit for China’s growing influence will escalate a coun- sustainable life on Earth. While this is an imper- try’s economic dependency on natural resources ative technical response to climate change, the exports which can cause resource curse and hin- political economy of renewable technology der ecological modernization (EM). However, needs further investigation. Specifically, the there is a lack of research what political condi- market for metals, rare earth minerals, and other tions help Latin American countries to make materials used to produce renewable energy re- ‘green extractive policies’ through the process of mains poorly governed, and poorly understood. EM so that they can better manage the negative This paper argues that growing demand for environmental impacts of foreign investment in global renewable technologies has led to the their extractive industries. Applying the EM ap- displacement of functioning ecosystems and so- proach, this research examines the question of cial cohesion, creating new governance chal- how different political regime types influence in lenges at the global level. It does so in three various characteristics of extractives govern- ways. It first identifies the rapid increase in ance, especially regarding Chinese investors in global demand for renewable energy before out- Latin American countries. To answer the ques- lining the concept of governing global renewable tion this study compares Peru and Ecuador, the displacement, which examines the environmen- two countries that have different regime types tal, social, and economic costs of extracting, pro- but commonly experience the growing impact of ducing, and utilising them. Second, the article fo- Chinese investment based on their abundant oil cuses on the dramatic increase in wind, solar

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization and mineral resources. As a most similar com- conceptualizations of 'planetary boundaries', parative research, this analysis will trace the 'tipping points' or 'socio-ecological systems' for evolving history of main extractive policies, and the field of environmental policy and politics? dominant values and ideologies in main policy When proponents of the notion of an Anthropo- discourses in the two countries since the cene claim the 'end of nature' and challenge the 1990s. The preliminary research results show idea of a human 'environment', what is then left that the value of developmentalism has been of environmental policy as an independent field dominant in political discourses related to ex- of study? The Earth System Governance Project tractive policies in both Peru and Ecuador, and it has developed in 2009, in response to these chal- hinders strengthening environmental regula- lenges, the notion of 'earth system' governance tions on foreign investors such as China. In this as a research field that expands beyond environ- sense, different regimes types of the two coun- mental policy. This paper, however, will have a tries have not shown distinctive impacts on much broader scope, covering also recent work green extractive governance clearly. Neverthe- under novel themes such as planetary politics, less, a few pieces of evidence reflect slight differ- Anthropocene governance, earth system law, ences between the two countries. Peru as a de- and so forth. The paper will systematically re- centralized liberal regime gets more pressure view the consequences of the advancements in from transnational advocacy groups, which con- earth system analysis for the field of environ- tributes to facilitating the institutionalization of mental politics and address questions of ontol- sustainable extractive governance. On the other ogy, epistemology, as well as policy relevance hand, Ecuador as a centralized leftwing govern- and the organization of research. In so doing, the ment operates more social policy-oriented ex- paper will critically review also some published tractive governance rather than environmental work from the first years of operation of the policy-related one. This study provides an impli- Earth System Governance Project, and hence cation on some obstacles and potentials of the seek to contribute to the ongoing harvesting ef- ecological modernization in Latin American forts in the Earth System Governance commu- countries, given the Earth System Governance nity. conference stream of Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization in the develop- Panel ID 38 ing world. Commodity systems Chair: Federico Davila 291 Environmental Politics and Earth System Transi- 45 tions: The End of Environmentalism? Sustainability leaders in the global south: explain- Frank Biermann ing the rise of “green” tea companies in China and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Sri lanka 1 2 This paper reviews the notion of 'environmental' Michael J Bloomfield , Yixian Sun 1University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom politics in light of conceptual developments in 2Yale University, New Haven, USA earth system science and global change research. How is the traditional concept of envi- The role of business agency in Earth System Gov- ronmental politics, which gained prominence in ernance is increasingly acknowledged. For exam- the 1960s, affected by the increasing recognition ple, there is a growing literature identifying mi- of an 'Anthropocene' as the current epoch in cro-level mechanisms within firms explaining the planetary history? What are the impacts of novel engagement of particular firms in environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices.

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To date, this literature has largely focused on emerging markets towards supporting sustaina- Northern companies. When Southern compa- ble development goals. nies are considered at all, they tend to be cast as, 158 at best, rule-takers and, at worst, rule-breakers. But our research suggests that some Southern Signaling Sustainability: The Interplay of Public businesses have become strong advocates of and Private Regulation of Tropical Commodity sustainability, proactively considering sustaina- Production Janina Grabs bility as not only an upgrading strategy in global University of Münster, Münster, Germany. ETH Zurich, Zur- value chains, but also a necessary contribution to ich, Switzerland society and future generations. Based on original interviews with company management and A common narrative holds that the private regu- other stakeholders in the Chinese and Sri Lankan lation of agri-food value chains through volun- tea industries, we compare two companies tary sustainability standards emerged to fill a widely considered to be sustainability leaders in governance gap that states were unable or un- their respective industries. The tea industry has willing to address. However, reality is more com- earned itself a bad reputation with many recent plex: in a number of producing countries, laws studies highlighting poor social and ecological exist that mirror and go beyond what private la- practices amongst its Southern producers. As bels demand. These countries have two options such, the presence of forward thinking, large- for placing their sustainable products in the mar- scale producers presents something of a puzzle. ket: signal their national system’s equivalence to Why have these companies become sustainabil- private schemes, or utilize the existing regula- ity leaders and to what extent might their expe- tory framework as favorable preconditions for riences inform efforts to create more sustainable widespread certification. In framing this choice business models in fast-growing emerging mar- as a collective action problem that pits individual kets? Through in-depth studies of two compa- against collective reputations, this study ana- nies in very different socio-political and eco- lyzes under which conditions states and parasta- nomic contexts, our research inductively identi- tal actors opt for either approach, provides evi- fies the key factors driving the emergence of sus- dence of the strategies used, and draws conclu- tainability strategies and norms in these compa- sions on their respective success and on-the- nies. Drawing on theories from business man- ground outcomes. Using an in-depth compara- agement and political economy, we unravel the tive case study of the coffee sectors of Costa Rica histories of the two companies and unpick the and Colombia, the study finds that the diver- relative influence of internal and external fac- gence in institutional strategies can be explained tors. While not completely discounting the role by three factors: a country’s overall international of external pressure and industry structures, we image; the expected added pay-off of certifica- find that ideational change, as opposed to stra- tion; and sector-specific institutional capacity. In tegic choice, among top managers to embrace practice, producers may still pursue their own sustainability as the core value of their business strategies that contravene the best laid-out has been the most critical factor accounting for plans and compound the collective action prob- continuous commitment of these companies to lem sectoral actors tried to prevent by gaining in- sustainability practices. We therefore suggest dividual-level certification in spite of efforts to that norm change has the most potential to fun- build a country-wide sustainability reputation. damentally transform business practices in However, evidence suggests that the majority of standard requirements that mirror public regulation show little additionality in certified farmers

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization over non-certified controls, showcasing the lim- socio-environmental problems in this region are ited effectiveness of such regulatory duplication. connected to broader dynamics of expansion of The paper closes with an inquiry into more effec- transnational capital towards frontier zones for tive ways of combining public and private regu- commodity extraction. Considering that govern- latory tools for improved socio-economic out- ance arrangements surrounding commodity comes. complexes reflect and reify configurations of power between civil society actors, the state, 226 and investors/developers, we identify the dy- Expanding commodity complexes and socio-envi- namics of soy and mineral production and ex- ronmental impacts in the Amazon: the Tapajós port, and examine how these relate to infra- case structure development in Tapajós; who are the Niels Søndergaard1, Cristina Inoue1, Jonathan Gamu2 main actors, and the power relations among 1Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. 2University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom them, as well as the governance arrangements that foster these dynamics. We then map and The Amazon contains the largest tropical forest analyze the associated socio-environmental im- and river basin on the planet, and is extremely pacts on specific localities within the region, pay- rich in terms of biodiversity. What is more, Ama- ing particular attention to the peoples and lands zonian Indigenous peoples and traditional com- impacted, and the power relations and govern- munities are very diverse in and of themselves, ance arrangements that are in place to protect and their production modes and ways of living the forest, rivers, and socio-biodiversity. Based are essential to conserving the forest ecosys- on literature review, document analysis, and first tems and ensuring the region’s biodiver- stages of fieldwork, we set a context in which sity. Many studies have discussed the impacts of there are competing and conflicting visions for large-scale infrastructure projects and commod- the Tapajós – as a micro-cosmos of the whole ity production such as soy and minerals in the Amazon – reflecting different ideas of develop- Amazon. However, few have focused on the so- ment, autonomy, livelihoods and well-being. Un- cio-environmental impacts and politics through derstanding this context will allow us to analyze the conceptual lense of commodity complexes, how different governance arrangements foster which we define, in aggregate, as the activities or hinder the survival of peoples and the forest. related to the production, input provision, processing, financing, and export of primary com- Panel ID 39 modities, which necessarily includes energy and Sustainability and trade transportation infrastructure development. Ac- Chair: Peter Dauvergne cordingly, this study aims to identify and analyze the socio-environmental impacts and politics of 71 commodity complexes in the Brazilian Amazo- The many aspects of sustainability: Unpacking nian region of Tapajós, state of Pará, which has consumers’ support for tea standards in China become a transportation hub for export com- and the UK modities and an area for development projects Sarah Iweala1, Yixian Sun2 1 2 like ports, hydro ways and dams. Importantly, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany. Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, USA this region contains a mosaic of protected areas, land reform settlements, and Indigenous lands, Over the last two decades, many labels were cre- making it crucial not only for biodiversity conser- ated in the food sector as a market-based gov- vation, but also for the survival of Indigenous ernance model to promote sustainable produc- peoples and traditional communities. Thus, tion and consumption. This has led to a rising

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization literature on the emergence and growth of sus- broader literature on Earth System Governance tainability labelling schemes. While a growing by unpacking public support for specific ele- number of studies have investigated consumers’ ments behind sustainability labels and examin- willingness to pay for certified products, this ing the variation in the potential of sustainable strand of work has either focused on a specific products in Southern and Northern markets. label or asked consumers’ support for labelled 113 products in general, and consequently has paid insufficient attention to the heterogeneity of dif- Exploring new public environmental policy ap- ferent schemes. Yet, institutional analysis on sus- proaches for governing the Brazil-Europe soy tel- tainability standard-setting organizations have ecoupling Almut Schilling-Vacaflor, Andrea Lenschow shown that different labelling schemes often pri- Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany oritize different types of sustainability issues (e.g. environment, labor, and health), and ac- Literature addressing the “environmental state” cordingly set varying degree of standards on or the role of public policy for environmental each issue. Moreover, past studies have also sug- protection has focused on processes within the gested that the creator and the origin of labelling state’s jurisdiction. In contrast, the role of na- organizations can influence consumers’ trust in tional and international public policies for gov- sustainability labels. As a result, to understand erning negative externalities abroad remains un- the potential of sustainable markets, it is of pri- der-researched. Based on empirical research mary importance to know which requirements in into the governance approaches of the main Eu- sustainability labels consumers actually look for. ropean soy importing countries and the Euro- Our study investigates consumers’ preferences pean Union, this paper discusses current initia- for specific standards and features of sustainabil- tives’ advances and shortcomings for regulating ity labels. To do so, we conducted a choice ex- the Brazil-Europe soy telecoupling. Previous lit- periment and questionnaire in early 2019 with erature has argued that the role of the states and 2000 tea drinkers in China and the UK (1000 in the European Union for regulating the global soy each country). We focus on tea as it has been as- production network has been weak. Most gov- sociated with several social and environmental ernance initiatives in this sector have been es- issues and various labeling schemes exist in the tablished by corporate actors or multi-stake- market. China and the UK are the largest markets holder roundtables, without a substantial partic- for tea, but as China produces most of the crop ipation of state actors, pointing to the existence itself, the UK relies heavily on imports. Amongst of a “corporate environmental food regime” other factors, this difference allows for the hy- (Friedmann). While this general trend has per- pothesis that the requirements for the various sisted, the limitations of private sustainability in- standards vary between both markets. We find itiatives have increasingly come to the forefront that Northern (the UK) and Southern (China) and new initiatives wherein the commodity im- consumers tend to prioritize different aspects of porting European states play an important role sustainability in certified tea products. This re- have emerged. For instance, in France the Law of sult suggests that public support for sustainable the Corporate Duty to Vigilance was adopted in consumption is likely to be driven by specific 2017 and in Switzerland the Swiss Responsible market contexts where socio-economic and cul- Business Initiative is expected to be imple- tural conditions give rise to different frames on mented soon. Likewise, new public-private part- sustainability issues related to the relevant prod- nerships in the Netherlands aim to improve the uct. The study makes a novel contribution to the social and ecological sustainability of its soy

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization supply chain. In this paper, we will scrutinize and existing literature mainly focuses on the value compare the emerging governance initiatives in chains supplying Northern markets, overlooking the following four European states: France, Ger- a crucial explanatory variable: (sustainable) con- many, Switzerland and the Netherlands. We will sumption in the Global South. We argue that discuss our findings in the broader context of the bringing a geopolitical perspective to the study European multi-level governance system. With of transnational private regulation is crucial to this regard, this paper also sheds light on the role understand the limited capacity of private regu- the EU plays or could play for shaping the sus- lation to transform global value chains, espe- tainability of its soy supply chain, for instance cially in an era of rising consumption in the when negotiating trade agreements (e.g. the EU- Global South where the power of Northern ac- Mercosur agreement), by fostering learning pro- tors is increasingly constrained. The paper draws cesses about good practice examples from its on data from original documents and fieldwork member states or by orchestrating certification to comparatively assess the institutionalization schemes for soy products. Eventually, we discuss of private sustainability regulation in the global the broader implications of our findings about coffee and tea sectors from a normative, organi- new public environmental policy approaches to zational, and practice-oriented perspective. We address negative impacts caused or exacerbated find that the power of Northern multinationals in in distant places, thereby contributing to the the coffee market has facilitated the diffusion of emerging volume of literature about the govern- sustainability norms along the chain, whereas ance of telecouplings and inter-regional link- the dominance of emerging markets in the tea ages. sector has reduced the incentives and capacity of Northern stakeholders to globally promote pri- 161 vate regulation. We also show evidence of a Regulation for whom? North-South tensions and growing contention over the types of regulations their implications for the institutionalization of between Northern and Southern stakeholders transnational private regulation in the global cof- within both value chains as Southern markets ex- fee and tea value chains pand. By emphasizing the North-South tension, Janina Grabs 1,2, Yixian Sun 3 the study provides a new conceptual lens to un- 1University of Münster, Münster, Germany. 2ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 3Yale University, New Haven, USA derstand challenges for transnational private regulation. Transnational private regulation to reduce social and environmental externalities in the form of 368 certification and ecolabelling schemes has risen National interest of whom? Reviewing the role of in prominence in several commodity sectors. the state in responding to transnational climate Such tools have become particularly popular in risk for trade flows buyer-driven value chains of cash crops such as Åsa Persson1,2, Magnus Benzie1 1 2 coffee and tea where lead firms and end con- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Lin- köping University, Linköping, Sweden sumers show growing awareness of sustainability issues. Nonetheless, the institutionalization The evidence that climate change will have of private regulatory governance has been transboundary and teleconnected impacts slower than expected. To explain this lack of in- across areas such as agricultural trade flows, mi- stitutionalization, past studies have looked to gration and foreign direct investment is mount- the contentious politicization of the governed ing (IPCC, 2014; Challinor et al., 2017). While sectors due to divergent interests and power im- some countries have started assessing the na- balances among stakeholders. However, the ture and magnitude of these risks and

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opportunities, it is less clear if and how states Panel ID 65 identify a responsibility and mandate to re- International and regional drivers of so- spond, through existing or new governance cio-environmental change mechanisms. Part of this ambivalence might be Chair: Kathryn Hochstetler attributed to current national climate adaptation governance which is highly locally and territori- 240 ally focused. In this paper, we review relevant lit- NAFTA in retrospective: Predictions and retro- eratures on what might be key rationales for spections about the environmental impact of the states to actively govern or be passive observers North American Free Trade Agreement (TLC) of transnational climate risks, with the goal to along the US-Mexican border produce a typology of possible roles. As a heuris- Diana Liverman1, Fiona Gladstone1, Roberto Sanchez Rodri- tic device, the typology is illustrated with the ex- guez2, Eduardo Morales Santos2 ample of Sweden and expected climate risks to 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2Colegio de La Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Mexico its key food supply chains. The review draws on several strands of literature, which have not pre- 25 years after the North American Free Trade viously been systematically applied to climate Agreement (NAFTA) came into force what im- risk and climate adaptation. First, we draw on in- pact has it had on the environment, especially ternational relations theory, and particularly the along the border between Mexico and the US? realist school, for exploring competing defini- What lessons does NAFTA offer to contemporary tions of national interest. For example, is it ob- debates about trade and Earth System Govern- jective or subjective, and does ‘national’ refer to ance? In the early 1990s, scholars and activists a country’s population, its capital, its employers, argued that NAFTA would have mostly negative etc.? Second, we draw on public administration impacts on the US-Mexico border, creating wa- and political theory literature on the role of the ter scarcity and increasing air, land and water state vis-à-vis its citizens. This includes classic ac- pollution; degrading ecosystems and causing counts such as Musgrave’s (1959) three roles of health problems. The debate over NAFTA was the state – provision of public goods and correc- part of the larger discussion on the environmen- tions of market failure, redistribution of income tal impacts of trade and globalization and was to achieve social welfare goals, and Keynesian linked to concerns about the overall impacts of policies to secure high employment and price neoliberal policies, especially in Mexico and to stability – as well as critiques of states’ over-ex- the need for new governance arrangements for pansion of responsibilities. Lastly, the review will the environment within trade agreements. In re- examine more recent literature from the emerg- sponse to these concerns, several governance ining epistemic community around international stitutions were created to monitor the environ- risk governance (e.g., International Risk Govern- ment (the Commission on Environmental Coop- ance Council, World Economic Forum). This liter- eration) and to certify and fund improvements to ature highlights global systemic risks as a quali- environmental infrastructure along the US-Mex- tatively new phenomenon and identify a more ico border (the Border Environment Cooperation proactive and managerial role for states in their Commission and North American Development governance. Bank). Today, NAFTA faces replacement with a new trade deal (the USMCA), this time with little

discussion of border environmental issues. In our study, we analyze trends in environmental datasets and institutional reports for the US-

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Mexico border over the past 25 years, review political-economic regime shifts. These transfor- scholarly literature, and conduct interviews and mations encompass changes to economic mar- surveys with experts (researchers, activists, gov- kets, land tenure and property rights regimes, ernment personnel, and other border institu- and new forms of environmental governance. tional actors) to understand the varied impacts The impacts have been far-reaching, reshaping of NAFTA on the border environment at 25 decision making across a wide variety of land years. We find both positive and negative im- managers, with social and ecological conse- pacts on the environment. For example, the an- quences at multiple scales. This paper advances ticipated growth of the maquila industry on the a synoptic and empirical perspective on these Mexican side of the border was less than antici- dynamics. First, we review land system science pated as maquilas moved deeper into Mexico and related scholarship on neoliberal policies where wages are lower, and because the assem- targeting land reform and management across bly and electronic industries shifted to Latin America, to highlight implications for tra- China. The impact of the NAFTA environmental jectories of land governance, use, and resilience governance institutions is mostly detectable in the face of global environmental and eco- through projects to improve water and waste nomic change. We further complement this management infrastructure along the bor- broad, synoptic review with an in-depth, empiri- der. Efforts to increase protection of ecosys- cal case study of neoliberal reform and land systems have been made, but are confounded by tems in Calakmul, southern Mexico, to highlight the expansion of a hard border between the US how global and national structural changes are and Mexico and by the setting aside of environ- reshaping land management among smallholder mental regulation in the US to allow for in- farmers, with significant consequences for the creased security and immigration enforce- region’s livelihoods, ecosystems and landscapes. ment. Our analysis is complicated by challenges This paper contributes a critical review and em- of attribution, lack of data and baselines, and pirical insights relevant to key themes of Future memory. The lack of baseline and time series Earth’s Earth Systems Governance project and its data for most environmental issues along the US- flagship 2019 meeting in Oaxaca, particularly, Ar- Mexico border makes it very difficult to track the chitecture and Agency (e.g., institutional dynam- environmental impacts of trade. ics of land and forest management); Justice and Allocation (e.g., costs, benefits and livelihood im- 329 plications of sustainability transitions), and So- Reform and resilience in the Anthropocene: Ne- cio-Environmental Impacts of Economic Globali- oliberal policies and land system change in Mex- zation (e.g., implications of neoliberal economic ico and Latin America and environmental reforms for livelihoods and Rinku Roy Chowdhury, Carlos Dobler-Morales landscapes). Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA

Recent research in land systems science, political 344 ecology and institutional theory has focused on Foreign Direct Investments vs. Payment for Eco- the complex intersections of rapid, widespread, system Service Mechanisms: Why transfor- and uneven processes of social and environmen- mations in Earth System Governance are needed tal transformation of landscapes in the era of the to conserve tropical forests? Anthropocene. One of the most pervasive forces Asim Zia University of Vermont, Burlington, USA shaping land use and cover globally has been the rise of neoliberal reforms and associated

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Tropical forests are huge carbon sinks, acting like tenure rights are clearly demarcated, this study lungs of our planet, and ensuring modulation of hypothesizes that such PES approaches are not regional climate. They also contain the largest transformative enough to reverse the funda- amount of land-based biodiversity and nutrient mental drivers of FDI-driven deforestation prob- rich soils (per areal unit). Yet, according to the lem. In this context, this paper compares the recent growth rate of tropical deforestation, flow of past, present and expected FDI vs. PES in more than half of the non-conserved tropical for- 45 tropical countries. The FDI and PES data anal- ests are likely to be replaced by urban and agri- ysis reveals that without structural transfor- cultural land-cover by the end of the 21stcen- mation in the economic globalization model, tury. As opposed to conventional thinking that which promotes FDI as driver of economic devel- local livelihoods and consumer demands in more opment in the global south, PES mechanisms will than 45 tropical countries lead to deforestation, only lead to intra- and international carbon leak- there is growing scientific evidence and consen- age and exacerbate existing socio-environmen- sus that foreign direct investment (FDI) driven tal inequities. large scale agricultural projects (e.g. soybean & palm oil plantations and cattle ranches), mega- Panel ID 89 development infrastructure projects (e.g. roads Land use sustainability and conflict in & hydropower dams) and massive mining pro- Latin America jects (extraction of oil, gas, gold and other met- Chair: Amy Lerner als) are the leading drivers of deforestation that account for more than two-thirds of the global 103 tropical deforestation problem in recent dec- False Forest Sustainability in the Age of Globaliza- ades. Despite this growing realization, the lead- tion: The Carbon Cost of Abandoning Self-Suffi- ing international agencies, such as UNFCCC ciency (www.unfccc.int) and UNEP (www.unep.org), Matthew Jurjonas, Leticia Merino Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico are promoting so-called payment for ecosystem service (PES) approaches that will only address Indigenous and rural communities historically small fraction of the deforestation problem by dependent on forestry enterprises are facing an stimulating payments from rich industrialized increasingly complex regulatory framework in countries to tropical developing countries. The Mexico. Additionally, market influences are in- UNFCCC is concerned about 24-30% of global centivizing conservation and carbon sequestra- carbon emissions that are added to the atmos- tion over logging. Ecotourism is replacing the phere annually due to tropical deforestation. Ne- chainsaw and many former farming parcels are gotiations in the UNFCCC-sponsored Paris Agree- being left fallow allowing for afforestation to ment have institutionalized REDD+ (www.un- begin. As permits become more difficult to ac- redd.org), a PES mechanism, which promises to quire and challenge local capacity, many com- transfer billions of dollars in annual payments in munities have reduced extraction leaving half of response to the “performance-based” commit- their allowable quota in the forest. Lost liveli- ments by tropical countries that demonstrate hoods in turn contribute to rural flight thus chal- decreased deforestation compared to historical lenging many communities’ social capital making baselines. While these incentive-based PES ap- it more difficult to run a successful local busi- proaches could both conserve forests and im- ness. Within this context, increased forest cover prove livelihoods of small to medium scale farm- may appear to be more “green,” but where ers and indigenous populations where land- might the actual carbon balance lie within these

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization communities from a climate change perspec- 338 tive? As communities and voluntary carbon mar- Socio-ecological impacts generated by the magic kets consider this afforestation for carbon cred- towns (pueblos mágicos) program in mexico: illus- its this study examines land use change, out-mi- trations of two divergent cases. gration, and lost economic opportunity. Forests Laura Quiroz-Rosas, Rafael Calderón-Contreras are complex socio-ecological systems where hu- Uam Cuajimalpa, Cdmx, Mexico mans have a long history of integration within The Mexican Government implemented the the landscape that must be considered to move Pueblos Mágicos (Magic Towns) Program in 2001 beyond the exclusively ecological sequestration as a means for promoting economic develop- assessments employed to date. Drawing from ment of attractive towns through tourism activi- three communities with common tenure re- ties. However, this program has produced gimes in Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, and the state of changes in the social-ecological dynamics of the Mexico, we make multiple case comparisons to receiving towns. A growing interest of housing address globalization and climate change mitiga- developers to urbanize such towns has created tion. Using semi-structured interviews, a house- important pressure for land use change in peri- hold survey, census data, and geospatial analy- urban areas, and the consequent loss of valuable sis, metrics for carbon sequestration are devel- ecosystem services. The new dynamics of urban- oped within a modern rurality where population izations brought about by the program, has also and land cover are fluid. We find that in these ru- created intensive gentrification processes that ral contexts, milpa–Mexican subsistence farm- often create tensions between the original ing–has given way to the increased local import dwellers and the new residents. Nevertheless, of food while construction materials are pur- the negative social-ecological consequences of chased where in-house timber previously the program have also triggered social move- housed residents, both of which imply increased ments of local actors in defense of their territory. emissions constraining net forest gain sequestra- This study presents two case studies: Tepoztlán tion. Qualitative findings uncover a youth pri- and Valle de Bravo, where remote sensing tech- marily driven to seek economic opportunity niques including the use of the Normalized Dif- away from home even though some prefer to ference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were applied in stay for family and rural aesthetic reasons. Fur- both the dry and rainy seasons to identify areas thermore, given that urban Mexicans and the of potential urban growth and the amount and United States emit two to six times more carbon quality of the green infrastructure at risk of fac- dioxide respectively than rural Mexicans–even ing land use change. Subsequently, through in- considering logging-based emissions–out-migra- terviews with the municipal authorities and tion is presented as a new type of “leakage.” We fieldwork the main socio-ecological dynamics argue that renewed focus on sustainable rural were identified to characterize the conse- development and local livelihoods is needed to quences and resistance traits that such commu- avoid this new form of “leakage,” while negative nities are facing. In the two cases, patterns of emissions schemes must begin to consider for- connectivity and social diversity are key to gen- ests as a socio-ecological system in order to erate local identities that provide the means for achieve climate change mitigation. resisting the effects of the negative social-ecological consequences produced by the Magic Town Program.

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388 observations were discussed. As key result, the From deforestation to Trees on Farms (TonFs): regulating agencies in agriculture and forestry Identifying incentives and actor coalitions for sus- play a key role as land-titling and formal registra- tainable land-use in the Peruvian Amazon tion of trees are major obstacles to the commer- Yves Zinngrebe1, Elena Borasino2, Valentina Rubiglio3, cialisation of timber. Furthermore, various ca- Lourdes Quiñonez Ruíz4, Anja Gassner5, Phil Dobie6, Parmu- pacity building and extension services provide a 7 8 9 tia Makui , Etti Winter , Jennifer Hauck strong but yet disregarded potential for trans- 1University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. 2GRADE - Grupoe de Análisis para el Desarrollo, Lima, Peru. 3Worldag- forming dominant land-use practice. By contrast, roforestry Center (ICRAF), Regional Office, Lima, Peru. 4In- agencies from the environmental sector were dependent Consultant, Pucallpa, Peru. 5Worldagroforestry hardly visible in local implementation processes. Center (ICRAF), Manila, Philippines. 6Worldagroforestry Initiatives from anti-drug- and local develop- Center (ICRAF), Nairbobi, Kenya. 7Worldagroforestry Center ment initiatives present a strong finance poten- (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. 8Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany. 9CoKnow Consulting, Jesewitz, Ger- tial, which however is often lost by missing con- many tinuity and integration in the broader socio-ecological context. While coca-producers and its An advancing agricultural frontier is one of the supporting market resulted in both net-map pro- key causes for tropical deforestation and present cesses among the most influential actors, their a major obstacle towards the global target for strong economic potential and logistic ad- sustainable agriculture (CBD-Aichi target 3). The vantages were never related to other ongoing Padre Abad province in Ucayalli is currently the commercial activities. While producing both most critical hotspot for deforestation and land- quantitative and qualitative information, our re- use change in the Peruvian Amazon. In search of sults highlight the potential of net-map to con- livelihoods, Andean migrants enter the Amazon nect different actor groups in structured learning basin start transforming primary forests into processes. Net-Map presents a methodology pastures or plantations of palm oil, cacao, café or that is both methodologically solid and flexible coca. To date, regional and local governments as to be applied as analytical tool in transdiscipli- well as projects by NGOs and the international nary development projects. cooperation engage in individual activities with limited scopes and duration. The NET-MAP is a 429 tool for analysing social networks of local actors Integrated land use planning for community- (Schiffler et al. 2010, Reed 2009), which we ap- based forest management: study case of in the plied for analysing the governance of Trees on Mixteca region Oaxaca, Mexico Farms for biodiversity (TonF) on the national José Hernández1, Elvira Durán1, José Velázquez2 level in Peru, in the region of Ucayalli, and the 1Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo province of Padre Abad. Focus group discussions Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politéc- nico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Mexico. 2Centro de brought together stakeholders from governmen- Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Morelia, Mexico tal agencies, NGOs, business and farmer organisations as well as academic actors to analyse the Sound forest management has been proved to influence of actors on trees on farms. In a four trigger social and economic development of step analytical process, we first identified and those who hold the rights over them. In Mexico, categorised relevant actor groups. Secondly, the communal ownership of a great portion of linkages regarding the exchange of information, forests with potential for commercial use, pre- financial flows and regulatory influence were vails. In several forest´s territories, the manage- mapped. Thirdly, participants rank the influence ment tends to be participatory, because the of actors in an ordinal scale. Finally, results and owners have the capacity to decide collectively

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization to make use of, conserve and restore this com- more valuable than if cut down. Our study mon goal. Mexico comprises the largest propor- analyses the implementation of the REDD+ tion worldwide of forest under communal own- in the department of Guaviare in the Colom- ership. Governance and therefore capacity to bian Amazon. In particular, research dis- collectively trigger sound forest management is cusses main challenges and effectiveness uneven. A holistic understanding of the space is with respect to how the program tackles therefore crucial to facilitate successful communal forest management. We argue that the land- drivers of deforestation. Our study spells out scape approach may serve as a trigging baseline the complexities that this result-based con- to comprehensively understand and turn forest servation intervention faces at the local level management into sound participatory holistic with respect to changing development poli- territory management. Hence, we aimed at com- cies, strong inequalities, obscure eco- paring traditional individual government incen- nomic/political powers, illegal crops and the tives with territory-based incentives focus on signing of the recent peace treaty and makes strengthening local governance collective deci- a plea for focusing more on tackling large- sions. We further apply this argument in the Mix- scale deforestation drivers (i.e. large-scale teca region, Oaxaca (±9,000 km²), where 97 for- cattle ranchers) than on farmers. Most likely estry communities exist and were considered as the goal of reaching net-zero-deforestation a landscape mosaic. These are integrated as well in five zones with different conservation needs in the Colombian Amazon by 2020 will not be and forestry usages. From this recognition, it is met, however, there is still time to readjust proposed that the public investment for the for- in order to have greater impact on halting estry sector in the Mixteca is focused on zones of deforestation. the landscape, instead of still individualizing the incentives. With the synchrony of experiences of Community Forest Management, and conservation programs in contiguous communities, not only can forest coverage be promoted, but also the functional integrity of basins, and in turn generate opportunities for regional development.

272 Challenges for REDD+ implementation in post- conflict areas of Colombia

Jean Carlo Rodriguez German Development Institute, Bonn, Germany REDD+ constitutes a global strategy against climate change by reducing deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. In a nutshell, REDD+ creates a financial value for protecting the carbon stored in trees and therefore seeks to make standing forests

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