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Volume 5 – Powerplant (JAR Ref 021 03) Table of Contents

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Volume 5 – Powerplant (JAR Ref 021 03) Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Piston Engine Operation and Construction Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1-1 The Otto Cycle ..............................................................................................................................................1-2 Induction .......................................................................................................................................................1-2 Compression Stroke .....................................................................................................................................1-2 Power Stroke ................................................................................................................................................1-3 Exhaust Stroke..............................................................................................................................................1-3 Ineffective Crank Angle.................................................................................................................................1-4 Pressure Volume Diagram............................................................................................................................1-4 Valve Timing .................................................................................................................................................1-5 Inlet Valve (Lead/Lag)...................................................................................................................................1-5 Exhaust Valve (Lead/Lag).............................................................................................................................1-6 Valve Overlap ...............................................................................................................................................1-6 Ignition Timing...............................................................................................................................................1-6 Power............................................................................................................................................................1-7 Indicated Horsepower ...................................................................................................................................1-7 Friction Horsepower......................................................................................................................................1-7 Brake Horsepower ........................................................................................................................................1-7 Cylinder Arrangements .................................................................................................................................1-8 Radial............................................................................................................................................................1-9 Horizontally Opposed....................................................................................................................................1-9 Engine Efficiencies......................................................................................................................................1-10 Thermal Efficiency ......................................................................................................................................1-10 Mechanical Efficiency .................................................................................................................................1-10 Volumetric Efficiency...................................................................................................................................1-10 Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) ..............................................................................................................1-10 Compression Ratio .....................................................................................................................................1-10 Engine Major Component Parts..................................................................................................................1-11 Crankcase...................................................................................................................................................1-11 Crankshaft...................................................................................................................................................1-13 Connecting Rod ..........................................................................................................................................1-14 Piston..........................................................................................................................................................1-14 Cylinder Barrel ............................................................................................................................................1-15 Cylinder Head .............................................................................................................................................1-15 Valve Operation ..........................................................................................................................................1-17 CHAPTER 2 Piston Engine Carburation Aviation Fuels ...............................................................................................................................................2-1 Avgas............................................................................................................................................................2-1 Octane Rating...............................................................................................................................................2-1 Fuel Contamination.......................................................................................................................................2-2 Density of Fuels ............................................................................................................................................2-2 Mixture Ratio.................................................................................................................................................2-2 Exhaust Gas Temperature............................................................................................................................2-4 Flame Rate ...................................................................................................................................................2-4 Detonation.....................................................................................................................................................2-5 Pre-Ignition....................................................................................................................................................2-6 Powerplant © Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., 2005. All Rights Reserved i Table of Contents Volume 5 – Powerplant (JAR Ref 021 03) CHAPTER 3 Piston Engine Carburettors Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 Simple Float Carburettor .............................................................................................................................. 3-1 Limitations.................................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Diffuser......................................................................................................................................................... 3-3 Idle or Slow Running System ....................................................................................................................... 3-4 Air Pressure Balance ................................................................................................................................... 3-4 Accelerator Pump......................................................................................................................................... 3-5 Mixture Control............................................................................................................................................. 3-6 Needle Type Mixture Control ....................................................................................................................... 3-6 Air Bleed Mixture Control ............................................................................................................................. 3-7 Power Enrichment/Economiser Systems ..................................................................................................... 3-7 Needle Valve Enrichment............................................................................................................................. 3-8 Back-Suction Economiser ............................................................................................................................ 3-8 Carburettor and Intake Icing......................................................................................................................... 3-9 Carburettor Ice Formation ...........................................................................................................................
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