• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

Front COVER Croaks of the Bornean Frog The Hylarana of Sarawak Croaks of the Bornean Frog The Hylarana of Sarawak Ramlah Zainudin Hasnizam Abdul Wahid Mustafa Abdul Rahman Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2011 CONTENTS First Publication 2011 PREFACE ............................................................................................................ix © Ramlah Zainudin ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................xi Hasnizam Abdul Wahid CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................13 Mustafa Abdul Rahman INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 13 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A FROG AND A TOAD? ... 13 retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, WHAT IS FROG? .................................................................................. 13 mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior WHY STUDY ADVERTISEMENT CALLS or FROG SOUNDS? .......... 18 permission of the publisher. Genus HYLARANA .................................................................................... 20 THE JUNGLE: SARAWAK, EAST MALAYSIA ....................................... 22 WHERE IS SARAWAK? ....................................................................... 22 Published in Malaysia by The Forests ........................................................................................... 24 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK MIXED DIPTEROCARP FOREST (MDF) AND EDGE O F MDF ............................ 24 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. KERANGAS OR TROPICAL HEAT H F OREST ...................................................... 26 RIVERINE OR ALLUVIAL F OREST .................................................................. 27 SECONDARY FOREST .................................................................................. 28 Printed in Malaysia by PEAT SWA M P F OREST ................................................................................. 29 Surveying and data collection of croaking frogs ...................................... 30 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................31 WHY AND HOW DO FROGS CROAK? .................................................... 32 WHY FROGS CROAK? ......................................................................... 32 HOW DO FROGS CROAK? .................................................................. 34 Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................37 SPECIES ACCOUNT ................................................................................ 38 Ramlah Zainudin INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 38 Croaks of the Bornean frog the hylarana of Sarawak / Ramlah PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP OF GENUS HYLARANA ............ 39 Zainudin, Hasnizam Abdul Wahid, Mustafa Abdul Rahman. ADVERTISEMENT CALLS OF SARAWAK HYLARANA ........................ 48 Includes index HYLARANA BARA M ICA Boettger 1900 (Brown Marsh frog ) ........................ 48 Bibliography: p. HYLARANA GLANDULOSA Boulenger 1882 (The rough sided frog ) .............. 54 ISBN 978-967-5527-13-5 HYLARANA SIGNATA Gunther 1872 (The striped stream frog ) ................... 60 1. Frogs--Borneo. 2. Frogs--Identification--Borneo 3. Amphibians-- HYLARANA PICTURATA Boulenger 1920 (The spotted stream frog ) ............ 67 Borneo. I. Hasnizam Abdul wahid. II. Mustafa Abdul Rahman. III. Title. HYLARANA LUCTUOSA Peters 1871 (The Mahagony frog ) .......................... 73 597.89095983 CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................79 CONSERVATION IMPLICATION ............................................................ 80 GLOBAL PROBLEM OF THE AMPHIBIAN ............................................ 80 CONSERVATION IMPLICATION ............................................................ 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................83 INDEX ................................................................................................................89 PREFACE In the past decades, numerous books on Bornean frogs, namely `The Systematics and Zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo’, `Frogs of Sabah’, `A Natural History of Amphibian and Reptiles of Borneo’, `A Field Guide to Frogs of Borneo’, `Amphibians and Reptiles of Mount Kinabalu’, and recently, `Tadpoles of Borneo’ have been published. None, however, have really dwelled into details on frogs’ communication or advertisement calls, except for `Amphibians and Reptiles of Mount Kinabalu’. Yet, the book only emphasizes on the Kinabalu frogs. This book introduces the specialist readers and students to the various types of calls produced by our native frogs (genus Hylarana) in the jungle of Borneo (Sarawak, East Malaysia). Ramlah Zainudin Hasnizam Abdul Wahid Mustafa Abdul Rahman ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise upon the Almighty Allah S.W.T, for His will, we are able to complete this book. First and foremost, we would like to acknowledge the followings: University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Dean of FRST; the staff of the Zoology Department, Molecular Ecology Lab at UNIMAS;; Sarawak Forest Department; Sarawak Forest Corporation; Borneo Height Resort; Mulu National Park; Bario and Sadong villagers for their support and use of their respective facilities. We also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr Norhayati Ahmad, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Badrul Munir Mohd Zain, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shukor Md. Nor, Assoc. Prof Dr. Ahmad Hata Rasit and Datuk Dr. Robert F. Inger for their comments. Thanks also to Prof. Dr. Fatimah Abang, Prof. Dr. Tajuddin Abdullah, staffs of UNIMAS ‘Penerbitan’, Datuk Prof Yahya and Puan Faizah (UKM) for the informative suggestion and discussion during the workshop of thesis to book. This book was proofread by Assoc Prof Dr Norhayati Ahmad whom suggested the title name. Funding for this study was provided by UNIMAS research grant 01(124)513(05)(12) and SLAB (Bumiputera’s Academic Training scheme, Ministry of Higher Learning). 1 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A FROG AND A TOAD? The amphibians are a group of animals that can live in water and on land. Amphi means dual, bios mean life, thus, amphibians in Greek means dual life. The tailed amphibians are salamamders and newts, while tailless amphibians form a group of animals called the Anura. Members of Anura are usually called a frog or a toad. Frogs (Photo 1 and 2) generally have smooth skin and long legs for jumping and hopping. Toads (Photo 3), on the other hand, have rounded bodies and shorter legs than frogs. Many toads also have large lumps or warts, on their backs and they walk rather than hop. WHAT ARE FROGS? Frogs are characterized by obvious external traits, i.e. stout body, tailless, two pairs of limbs, four fingers, five toes, large eyes with eyelid, and large mouth in certain species. In Borneo, frogs and toads are represented by six families comprising Bombinatoridae, Megophryidae, Ranidae (Photo 1), Rhacophoridae (Photo 2), Microhylidae and Bufonidae (Photo 3). There are at least 150 species of Bornean frogs to date (Inger & Stuebing 2005) and the number keeps on increasing from year to year. Croaks of the Bornean Frog 14 Introduction 15 The Hylarana of Sarawak Hylarana raniceps Rhacophorus appendiculatus Staurois natator Polypedates leucomystax Photo 1 `True frogs’ at Kubah National Park Photo 2 Tree frogs at natural frog ponds at Kubah National Park Croaks of the Bornean Frog 16 Introduction 17 The Hylarana of Sarawak There are two major groups of frogs in Borneo based on their general habitats and habits, i) `town or kampong’ category i.e. species closely related to human activities and, ii) forest category i.e. species that are confined to forests or forest edges (Inger & Stuebing 2005). This book concentrates only on male forest frogs from Sarawak. WHY STUDY ADVERTISEMENT CALLS or FROG SOUNDS? Sound production by animals is primarily a method of informing the presence of an individual to others of the same species. In the simplest form, anuran communication system (Figure 1) consists of a transmitter (vocal apparatus) to emit sound and a receiver (ear) to process and respond to the signal. Ansonia spinulifer at Borneo Height The system also consists of the source (male frog), encoder (brain), channel (air or water), decoder (ear and brain) and a destination (male for territory or female frog for mating). Thus, the call has two functions, namely (i) attraction of con-specific females, and (ii) announcement of occupied territory to other males of the same or different species. The first published reference to frog call is by Aristophanes in 405 BC, which is on Rana ridibunda that produced croax croax. Sounds or frog-croaking is a good character that can be used in addition to genetical distances to infer speciation and reproductive isolation. Variation in calling songs has, thus, been utilized as a valuable tool in taxonomic studies at a specific level for years. In species where mate recognition occurs primarily through pre-mating courtship signals, mating preferences in one sex can strongly influence the evolution of

Load more

  24

Copy Link