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Variasi Suara Panggilan Kodok Hylarana Nicobariensis

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Variasi Suara Panggilan Kodok Hylarana Nicobariensis Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 12 (2): 165-173 (2016) Variasi Suara Panggilan Kodok Hylarana nicobariensis (StoliczNa, 1870) Dari Lima Populasi Berbeda di Indonesia (Anura: Ranidae) [Advertisement Calls Variation on Hylarana nicobariensis (StoliczNa, 1870) of Five Different Populations in Indonesia (Anura: Ranidae)] Hellen Kurniati & Amir Hamidy Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi, LI3I, Gedung :idyasatwaloka-LIPI, Jalan Raya Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong16911, Jawa Barat. Email: [email protected] Memasukkan: -uni 2015, Diterima: Desember 2015 ABSTRACT Hylarana nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870) is a very common frog, which has a wide distribution, covering the southern part of Thailand, 3eninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali and Palawan in the 3hilippines. The presence of this frog is very easy to Ee recognized Ey listening its shrill call that is sounded loudly all day. Detailed descriptions of H. nicoEariensis‘s calls from 8lu GomEaN in 3eninsular 0alaysia and Danum 9alley in SarawaN have Eeen puElished Ey -ehle and AraN (1998), which are some call characters of the frog from the two locations are significantly different. To determine the call characters that can distinguish among populations of this frog, advertisement calls of five different populations (BatuNaru, Curup, /imau 0anis, Curug 1angNa and /aNe Ecology 3arN) were analyzed. The characters of the call waves on the five populations are different in the structure of suE-pulses, dominant freTuency and lower freTuency. Among the five populations, the population from /aNe Ecology 3arN is the most different in the terms of the dominant freTuency (3996.95 ± 124.74 Hz) and lower freTuency (1692.51 ± 80.77 Hz), of this population Eoth these characters occupy the highest level compared to four other populations; however individuals from Curup occupy the lowest level on dominant freTuency (2919.67 ± 67.76 Hz) and lower freTuency (832.96 ± 32.42 Hz). Key words: Ranidae, Hylarana nicobariensis, bioacoustics ABSTR$. Hylarana nicoEariensis (StoliczNa, 1870) adalah NodoN yang sangat umum diMumpai dan perseEarannya sangat luas, meliputi selatan Thailand, SemenanMung 0alaysia, Sumatera, .alimantan, -awa, Bali dan 3alawan di Filipina. .eEeradaan NodoN ini sangat mudah untuN diNenali dengan mendengarNan suara panggilannya yang melengNing yang terdengar Neras sepanMang hari. 3enMelasan rinci suara panggilan H. nicoEariensis yang Eerasal dari 8lu GomEaN di SemenanMung 0alaysia dan /emEah Danum di SarawaN telah dipuEliNasi oleh -ehle dan AraN (1998), yang mana EeEerapa NaraNter suara panggilan di dua loNasi terseEut EerEeda secara signifiNan. 8ntuN menentuNan NaraNter panggilan yang dapat memEedaNan di antara populasi NodoN ini, suara panggilan dari lima populasi yang EerEeda (BatuNaru, Curup, /imau 0anis, Curug 1angNa dan Danau Ecology 3arN) dianalisis. .araNter gelomEang suara panggilan dari lima populasi EerEeda pada struNtur suE-pulsa, freNuensi dominan dan freNuensi Eawah. Di antara lima populasi, populasi dari Danau Ecology 3arN, -awa Barat adalah yang paling EerEeda dalam freNuensi dominan (3996,95 ± 124,74 Hz) dan freNuensi Eawah (1692,51 ± 80,77 Hz), yang mana Nedua NaraNter terseEut menempati tingNat tertinggi diEandingNan dengan empat populasi lain; namun individu dari Curup, BengNulu menempati tingNat terendah pada freNuensi dominan (2919,67 ± 67,76 Hz) dan freNuensi Eawah (832,96 ± 32,42 Hz). Kata kunci: Ranidae, Hylarana nicobariensis, bioakustik 3E1DAH8/8A1 (release calls), sinyal aNustiN yang dilepasNan oleh individu Mantan saat menggenggam individu Mantan Sinyal aNustiN adalah salah satu EentuN yang lain atau individu Eetina pada waNtu amplexus; (4) paling penting dari NomuniNasi dalam NelompoN Suara NetaNutan (alarm calls, distress calls, defensive NodoN. :ells (2007) memEagi sinyal aNustiN calls), sinyal aNustiN yang diNeluarNan oleh individu menMadi empat Nategori EerdasarNan fungsinya, yaitu: NodoN yang diserang oleh predator, Eiasanya Eerupa (1) Suara panggilan (advertisemnet calls), sinyal Meritan yang relatif Neras. Dari empat Nategori utama aNustiN utama yang diEeriNan oleh individu Mantan sinyal aNustiN, suara panggilan memainNan peran Nepada individu Eetina selama musim Nawin; (2) yang sangat penting dalam pemilihan pasangan oleh Suara aggresif (aggressive calls), sinyal aNustiN individu Eetina dan seEagai media Eagi Mantan dalam individu Mantan untuN individu Mantan lain agar melaNuNan aNtivitas reproduNsinya (Xiong et al. menMauh dari wilayah teritorialnya; (3) Suara rilis 2015); selain itu suara panggilan Muga dianggap íòñ Kurniati Hamidy seEagai salah satu NaraNter Nunci yang Eertanggung memEahas karakter-karakter apa saja pada MawaE untuN isolasi reproduNsi dan proses spesiasi gelomEang suara panggilan NodoN H. nicoEariensis dalam NelompoN NodoN (Cocroft Ryan 1995; yang memEedaNan antara populasi satu dengan Gerhardt 1991; Howard Young 1998; /eary 2001; populasi lainnya; perEedaan yang nyata terlihat pada :agner Sullivan 1995; :ei et al. 2012). Nisaran energi freNuensi antara populasi di /emEah Hylarana nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870) Danum dan populasi di Gunung .inaEalu, Nisaran (GamEar 1) adalah Menis NodoN yang sangat umum energi freNuensi paling Nuat untuN populasi di diMumpai pada haEitat perairan tergenang yang /emEah Danum adalah antara 500-3000 Hz (-ehle EanyaN ditumEuhi rumput-rumputan mulai dari AraN 1998), sedangNan populasi di Gunung .inaEalu elevasi 0 m dari permuNaan laut (dpl) (.urniati et al. antara 1000-4000 Hz (Malkmus et al. 2002). 2000) sampai elevasi seNitar 1000 m dpl (.urniati .Hmungkinan besar penerapan dari adanya 2006). 3erseEaran NodoN ini sangat luas, yaitu perbedaan pada karakter gelombang suara meliputi Eagian selatan Thailand, SemenanMung mengindiNasiNan populasi dengan ciri Nhas suara 0alaysia, Sumatra, .alimantan, -awa, Bali dan tertentu tidaN dapat Eercampur dengan individu dari 3alawan di Filipina (,nger 2005; ,sNandar 1998; 0c populasi lain, walaupun mereNa satu Menis. .ay 2006). .eEeradaan NodoN ini sangat mudah diNetahui dari suaranya yang melengNing Neras yang BAHA1 DA1 CARA .ER-A terdengar sepanMang hari (,nger 2005); ,nger StueEing (2005) mendesNripsiNan suara panggilan Suara panggilan individu Mantan H. NodoN ini dengan —NeN“ seEanyaN enam sampai nicoEariensis direNam di lima loNasi (GamEar 2), sepuluh dalam satu suara panggilan, sedangNan yaitu: (1) BatuNaru (S 08025' 03''; E 115007' 28''; 435 0c.ay (2006) mendisNripsiNannya dengan —iC.- m dpl), Bali; waNtu pereNaman dilaNuNan pada iC.-iC.-iC.-iC.-iCN“ yang Neras. DesNripsi tanggal 12 -uli 2010, suhu udara 26,0°C pada puNul lengNap dari suara H. nicoEariensis asal 8lu GomEaN 21:00 :,TA dengan menggunaNan alat pereNam di SemenanMung 0alaysia dan /amEah Danum di 2lympus /S-11 dalam format suara :A9 pada SarawaN telah dipuEliNasi oleh -ehle AraN (1998), freNuensi 44,1 .Hz dan Eit rate 16 Eits; (2) Danau yang mana Mantan H. nicoEariensis mempunyai Ecology 3arN (S 060 29‘ 40.2“ ; E 1060 51‘ 06.3“; empat tipe suara EerdasarNan fungsi, yaitu suara 165 m dpl), CiEinong, -awa Barat, waNtu pereNaman panggilan (advertisement call), suara maMemuN dilaNuNan pada tanggal 23 -uni 2010, suhu udara (compouned call), suara agresif (aggressive call) dan 28,0°C pada puNul 19:00 :,B dengan menggunaNan suara pertemuan (encounter call), yang mana miNrofon Audio Technica AT875R yang EeEerapa stimulan NaraNter suara Mantan H. mempunyai rentang sensitivitas freNuensi antara 90 nicoEariensis pada dua loNasi terseEut EerEeda nyata. Hertz (Hz) sampai 23 .ilohertz (.Hz), Nemudian Seperti pernyataan di atas, suara panggilan suara terseEut direNam dengan alat pereNam Fostex sangat penting dalam pemilihan pasangan oleh FR 2/E dalam format suara :A9 pada freNuensi individu betina, oleh sebab itu artikel ini fokus Gambar 2. Lima lokasi perekaman suara panggilan individu Mantan Hylarana nicobariensis: GamEar 1. ,ndividu Mantan Hylarana nicoEariensis asal Batukaru, Danau Ecology Park, Curug Curug 1angNa, -awa Barat (Foto: H. .urniati) Nangka, Curup dan Limau Manis. 166 Variasi Suara Panggilan Kodok Hylarana nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870) 88,2 .Hz dan Eit rate 24 Eits; (3) Curug 1angNa (S suara Eerupa oscillograms dan freNuensi dominan 6°40‘ 22.8“; E 106° 43‘ 53.5“; 730 m dpl), NaNi diamEil dari visualisasi audiospectrograms Gunung SalaN, -awa Barat, waNtu pereNaman menggunaNan metode FFT (Fast Fourier dilaNuNan pada tanggal 30 2NtoEer 2010, suhu udara Transformation) pada level 1024 point Hanning 23,1°C pada puNul 20.00 :,B dengan menggunaNan window dari perangNat lunaN AdoEe Audition versi mikrofon Audio Technica AT875R yang 3.0. ,stilah-istilah yang dipaNai dalam desNripsi suara mempunyai rentang sensitivitas freNuensi antara 90 mengiNuti 3ettitt et al. (2012); lalu rasio .oefisien Hertz (Hz) sampai 23 .ilohertz (.Hz), Nemudian 9arian (C9) dihitung untuN menentuNan "statis" dan suara terseEut direNam dengan alat pereNam Fostex "dinamis" dari NaraNter voNalisasi (Gerhardt 1991); FR 2/E dalam format suara :A9 pada freNuensi yang mana NalNulasi C9 mengiNuti .reEs (1989). 88,2 .Hz dan Eit rate 24 Eits; (4) Curup, BengNulu, 3erangNat lunaN 3ast (Hammer et al. 2001, http:// waNtu pereNaman dilaNuNan pada tanggal 20 -uli palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm) 2010, suhu udara 24,0°C pada puNul 19:00 :,B dan S3SS versi 16.0 digunaNan untuN menganalisis dengan menggunaNan alat pereNam 2lympus /S-11 data dan NonstruNsi grafiN data. dalam format suara :A9 pada freNuensi 44,1 .Hz dan Eit rate 16 Eits; (5) /imau 0anis (S 00054‘43.8“; HAS,/ E 100028‘00.7“; 280 m dpl), Sumatra Barat, waNtu pereNaman
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