Government Coalitions in Democratic States: Conditions of Multiplication of the Results

Institutul de Relaţii Internaţionale din Moldova RELAŢII INTERNAŢIONALE. Plus GOVERNMENT COALITIONS IN DEMOCRATIC STATES: CONDITIONS OF MULTIPLICATION OF THE RESULTS Valentina URSU, master student in political sciences, National Bank of Moldova ([email protected]) Abstract In this study the authors address an actual subject, in particular, in practical terms. Contemporary democratic states, characterized by pluripartidism and pluralism, including ideologically often face crises of the political and of the social relations system caused by the inability of the elected people to create coalitions of government. Different forms of democratic governance, different models of governing coalitions: majority, minority, pragmatic are analyzed. Based on the results of parliamentary elections in several European countries, including: Germany, Italy, Republic of Moldova, the authors deduce the peculiarities of the majority, minority, pragmatic coalitions. In conclusion, the model of a pragmatic coalition, created on the basis of a common interest, of clear objectives for both parliamentary and extra-parliamentary political parties is descri- bed. Is relates the dialectic model of party interests, community interests and national- state interest. On the basis of dialectical unity, for a moment or a longer period, the parliamentary parties, supported by an impressive number of voters, stand out from what distinguishes them, adopt a unanimously acceptable decision not to return to specifics and to work in the interest of the community and of the national-state. Keywords: governing coalition, majority government, minority government, pragmatism, interest, consensus CZU: 321.7:328.1(4+478) 242 Institutul de Relaţii Revistă ştiinţifico-practică Nr.1/2019 Internaţionale din Moldova Introduction. During 28 years since the proclamation of indepen- dence, the crisis of authority and credibility of the political institutions in the Republic of Moldova has caused many changes, including the loss of legitimacy. The consequences of instability and public disorder are negative and destructive for the country’s population. In the great sche- me of things, the political life in the Republic of Moldova, the critical situations in the European states, we consider it necessary to re-debate the topic of the coalition government, the conditions in which it can be efficient. Governance can be done by either a single political party or a coalition of parties. In the first case, the situation is clear: the party hol- ding the majority in Parliament forms the structures necessary to imple- ment its political, diplomatic, economic, social program. In the second case, there are difficulties that cause problems in the process of forming the majority coalition. The idea of a minority coalition promoted by the electoral bloc ACUM produced several erroneous interpretations, but until the last moment the situation was evaluated, the candidates for the important functions were selected and verified, so that at the time of the establishment of the Moldovan Parliament structures, the appointment of the new Cabinet of Ministers, etc., the leaders of the majority, pragmatic governmemt responded with acceptable actions and statements. To the question: Why did the process of accepting the idea of a minority coalition last? Our answer is: For the creation of a minority coalition, but especially for its good functioning, a high level of the political cul- ture of the ruling class, of the NGO leaders, of the popular masses is necessary. Taking into account the fact that in Moldova the politicians, the leaders of the political parties, even the leaders of the political state institutions intensively promoted the interests of their own parties, and the functions of: President, Prime Minister and President of Parliament were used to serve the interests of the group, the division of the society on the basis of the geostrategic developmental vector was appreciated as normality. While in the European Union, a community in which the Republic of Moldova aims to integrate, the concepts of social cohesion and subsidiarity were promoted, Moldovans imagined and multiplied information about enemies and friends. Although everyone recogni- zes that for the Republic of Moldova, as with other contemporary states, it is very important to collaborate with the neighbors and with all the developed countries in the world that the state of hostility and war 243 Institutul de Relaţii Internaţionale din Moldova RELAŢII INTERNAŢIONALE. Plus between the neighbors is unacceptable, yet the leaders of the Moldovan state’s political institutions have supported and created critical, unplea- sant situations in relations with Romania and Ukraine. We have a coalition of government, consisting of political forces, located at opposing poles in the political-ideological space of the Repu- blic of Moldova. We ask: Would this be a problem for its maintenance and success? We answer - No. The problem is in the willingness of the parties to strengthen their resources, efforts to serve the interests of the Republic of Moldova, to rehabilitate the image of politicians, officials in the perception of citizens, bearers of different conceptions about the world, actors of social relations. In the description of citizens, the poli- tician is not a hero, a master to follow, but a thief, a corrupt, an oligar- ch, an irresponsible person, a careerist, a demagogue, a coward. Only vices, when did we lose our virtue? We believe that 2019 has given us a chance to change the political, the economic and social situation for the better, to return people’s trust to politicians, mayors, public servants. Let’s ask: What can we do to change the political and social situation in the Republic of Moldova? In our capacity as researchers and teachers, we have proposed to publish a study dedicated to coalition government, addressed not to scholars, not even to political analysts, but to society, in order to decipher the phenomenon: of the coalition government, to explain the mechanism of training and to characterize the conditions of their efficient operation. We consider it necessary to return to the political education of the citizens: a mass of people does not transform itself into an organized society, the change of mentality of the citizen takes place through training, education - priority objectives of the socializati- on process. The citizen must be trained to be prepared to make a rational choice, take an assumed decision. The more that after the return of the opposition representatives to the plenary sittings of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova, we have enough factual material that reflects their behavior: mimic activity, clowning around, demagogic discourse, criticism for the sake of criticism, etc., which in fact only produce hin- drances in the good functioning of state institutions. The citizen should be informed in a timely and appropriate manner about such situations, they form the perception, based on which the deputy will be assessed. Coalition governance is a constant theme on the agenda of European researchers. The analysis of the experience gained by coalition govern- 244 Institutul de Relaţii Revistă ştiinţifico-practică Nr.1/2019 Internaţionale din Moldova ments is an important objective of political research. Representing a com- plex phenomenon, coalition government can only be investigated under the conditions of applying the principles of methodological pluralism. It is important to note that the social environment includes a set of factors, relationships, conditions, institutions, social groups and ideologies inside and under the influence of which the individual and social groups are formed. It is important to understand that a coalition is a union of political parties designed to achieve common goals. Coalitions are needed to build stable and effective governance, based on the co-ordination of responsible forces capable of reaching a compromise in serving the national interest. The rationale for setting up the coalition is determined by the expectations of the majority of citizens, by the urgent need to impro- ve governance mechanisms, as well as by the critical assessments made on past political experiences, the domestic and external situation of the country, the positions taken at this stage by the political actors involved. Applied methods. The systemic analysis of coalition government, the conditions for enhancing its effectiveness, is resolute if we apply the laws and principles of dialectics, synergistic. The more that a majority or minority coalition government can achieve maximum efficiency, based only on the principles of pragmatism, a philosophical current in America in the 60s of the 20th century, the founders of which proposed to evaluate the results of human activity, including political activity. Empirical methods applied by pragmatism have a huge cognitive po- tential and can lead to a change in the mentality of both researchers and practitioners. The dialectics of individual, group and community interests can unite or divide, perhaps bring the social / political actors closer to a useful action. Representatives of pragmatism claim that social-political action is all the more valuable, as it satisfies the interests of a larger number of people or a greater number of needs in a smaller number of people. This clarification allows us to answer all representatives of the education and training system to all teachers who complain that their work, which asks for self-giving,

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