Peace Psychology Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association

Volume 17, Number 1, ISSN 1935 – 4894 • spring/summer 2008

Peace Psychology: Social Justice at Home and Abroad

APA 2008 Annual Convention, Boston see pull-out program summary on page 19

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology  From the Editor Contents Peace & the exploitation JW P. Heuchert, Editor From the Editor...... 2 of women: Message from the President...... 3 What we can learn from Message from the President-Elect...... 4 Saartjie Baartman’s story Anatol Rapoport...... 5 was recently asked to “write something” respects. In particular, her legacy reminds us Division 48 Fellows...... 6 I about Saartjie Baartman for the program to talk about these issues so that we can act Seeds of Peace...... 7 of a play about her life. Saartjie Baartman responsibly and address current problems in National Security Assumptions...... 9 was a South African woman who was taken our world, it reminds us that we have the Vote YES...... 12 from South Africa to Britain and Europe in responsibility of redress for past injustices, Genocide in Real Time...... 13 1810. There she was exhibited naked, prod- and it reminds us that the wheels of justice ded, pried, prostituted, exploited and deni- turn—albeit slowly. Voices of Hope...... 14 grated in a multitude of shameful ways. The Student Activist...... 15 British and Europeans treated her as an in- This bleak picture of human moral progress Announcements...... 16 teresting object and they were fascinated by makes me even prouder to be a member of Division 48: Society for the Study of Peace, Children, Families & Armed Conflict...... 16 her buttocks and genitals. After her death at the age of 25, a wax mold was made of Conflict, and Violence. I am convinced How Will Peace Work?...... 17 her body, her body was cut up, some parts that we are part of the solution to these and PULL-OUT PROGRAM...... 19 were preserved and her skeletal remains other problems of violence, injustice, war More Than Slavery Apologies...... 23 were put on display in a French museum and conflict. As this edition clearly illus- Study: Veterans Face Job Search Woes...... 26 until 1975. After many years of legal and trates, the hundreds of members of our divi- sion are not idle. The evidence published Candidate Statements...... 27 diplomatic wrangling, the French govern- ment finally crafted a special law that made in this edition alone shows that we can all In Memoriam...... 32 the return of Saartjie Baartman’s remains to be proud of the individual and collective Member News...... 33 South Africa possible in 2002. efforts to bring about a more peaceful, just COR & Other Reports...... 34 and harmonious world. Saartjie Baartman’s painful life, and tragic, Letters...... 37 untimely death, is symbolic of the exploi- Please: New Members...... 38 tation of people considered “the other” by ❚ Continue to send submissions. Directory...... 39 those in power. Studying the life and his- torical afterlife of Saartjie reminds us of the ❚ “Clip and save” the convention devastating effects of racism, sexism, colo- program and bring it to Boston in nialism and unbridled power. The people August. who exploited Saartjie when she was alive, and after she died, were able to do so be- ❚ Continue with the good work that cause there where no checks on their power you do as an individual and on behalf This edition of Peace Psychology to do so. of the division. was produced by: We need to remind ourselves, however, Please submit your thoughts, announce- JW P. Heuchert, Editor that in our contemporary society there ments, short research reports, reactions, [email protected] are still instances where this abuse of responses and contributions for our next Judy Stainbrook, Design Director & power is possible. Abuse, prostituting, ob- edition by sending your submissions to the Associate Editor; [email protected] jectification, and international traffick- address below by September 15, 2008. ing of women (and others) still continue. Beth Heuchert, Assistant Editor A simple example that is, unfortunately, Peace to you, [email protected] near to most of us is that despite our prog- Author contributions are acknowledged in ress in protecting people and our advances the bylines. The opinions of individual in treating all people with dignity, we still authors do not necessarily represent those need safe houses and shelters to physically of Division 48. protect women (and children) who are be- [email protected] ing abused, in almost every town and city in Department of Psychology, Published by Division 48 of the American our country. Saartjie Baartman was in a dire Allegheny College situation, but almost 200 years later, not Psychological Association. 520 North Main Street, much has changed for some women among Printed by Allegheny College Printing Services. Meadville, PA, 16335, USA us. However, when looking at the most re- cent chapter in Saartjie’s story, we also see that her legacy has been positive in some

 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Message from the President Deborah Fish Ragin President Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: APA Division 48

While making preparations for our 2008 similar situation. His analysis of the causes As we recognize our pioneers, we are re- Annual Conference, I was reminded that of conflicts applies to conflicts in the 21st minded that past presidents of the Division our Division is only 28 years old. We were century as well. also possess institutional memory about our established in 1990 with the help of peace history and our goals. Their experiences pioneers who realized the valuable contri- Dr. White may not have needed a dedicated and wisdom are an invaluable resource butions psychologists could make to peace, journal issue to recognize his work and his when planning for and carrying out the conflict resolution and social justice. I am many accomplishments. Yet I believe it is a current work of the Division. For that rea- grateful to the peace pioneers for their in- fitting tribute to him for the legacy he helped son, this year we begin what I hope will be sight. I especially appreciate that they have establish. Consistent with Dr. White’s com- the first annual Past-Presidents’ Strategic provided psychologists like me with a way mitment to peace psychology, Division 48 Planning Breakfast Meeting that will take to connect our personal passion around recently received a bequeath of $10,000 from place immediately before the 2008 APA peace and social justice with a professional his estate. We are honored that Dr. White Convention. We have invited all Divi- focus on the same. chose to remember APA Division 48 in his sion 48 past-presidents from 1990 through will. In recognition of his work and his gift, 2007 to meet with the current president I often wonder about the original goals of beginning in 2008 Division 48 will award an and president-elect to discuss the original the pioneers and their visions for the orga- annual Ralph White Lifetime Achievement goals of the Division, our strategic plan and nizations they helped to create, including Award to individuals who embody, through our future goals. The current global crises Division 48 and Psychologists for Social their scholarship and activism, the work of and conflicts and the challenges to peace Responsibility (PsySR). Fortunately for me peace psychologists. and social justice require that we call on and others, Division 48 members Susan all experienced leaders to guide our Divi- I encourage everyone to read the series on McKay, Micheal Roe, Richard Wagner and sion in its mission. I look forward to a lively Pioneers in Peace Psychology if you have Michael Wessells have assumed the role exchange with the past-presidents and our not already, and to watch for the newest ad- of historians, documenting the goals, the president-elect as we work to define our on- dition to the series at the end of 2008. But, work and the contributions of the peace going mission. pioneers in a special series on Pioneers in for those of you who, like me, are a little im- Peace Psychology, published in our Journal patient and cannot wait for the upcoming The events with our pioneers and past-pres- of Peace and Conflict. Susan, Micheal, Rich- editions, we have a treat. This year at the idents are exciting new initiatives that will ard and Michael began this project in 2003 2008 Annual Convention in Boston, we in- assist us in our work. But, our 2008 program with a full issue dedicated to pioneer Mil- clude in our program a panel discussion and offers other new and we believe stimulating ton Schwebel. Since that time, they have luncheon featuring the peace pioneers. The events. I will take just a minute to highlight documented the work and visions of Ralph panel and luncheon, proposed by Susan two of our outstanding invited presenta- White (2004), Doris Miller (2005), Morton McKay, Micheal Roe, and Michael Wes- tions and one additional special program. Deutsch (2006), and Ethel Tobach (2007). sells, is designed to recognize the vision and In the last news letter we highlighted two of But, it is with regret that I note the passing leadership of the founding members and our invited speakers. The Morton Deutsch of Ralph White in 2007. to educate newer members, such as myself, Awardee, Dr. Nicholas Freudenberg, is an about the need for Peace Psychologists in outstanding scholar and activists in the Dr. White’s contributions to our Division the 20th century and the continuing need area of social justice and health. Dr. Freud- and to psychology are too numerous to list for our work in the 21st century. Our invit- enberg’s work with incarcerated youth and in this column. Among his many contribu- ed panelists include: Mort Deutsch, Herb his program to reintegrate them into the tions is his essay on “Misperceptions and Kelman, Dorothy Ciarlo, Milt Schwebel, community upon release from prison is a War,” reprinted in the 2004 (Number 4) Brewester Smith and Ethel Tobach. PsySR critical part of our work on peace and social issue of the Journal. In this essay, Dr. White joins us as a co-sponsor of the panel discus- justice. Dr. Freudenberg will address one as- reminds us that problematic mispercep- sion and lunch. On behalf of PsySR and the pect of our theme for this year: social justice tions including demonizing the enemy, ra- Division 48 Executive Committee, we look at home. tionalizing one’s own hostile behavior and forward to welcoming our founders and you underestimating the enemy’s strength are to this festive and informative panel and Dr. Fathali Moghaddam, our 2007 Life- characteristics that contributed to each luncheon, which will be held on Saturday, time Achievement Awardee, is a widely of the ten wars in the last century. These August 16th from 11 a.m. to 12:50 p.m. in acclaimed scholar in the areas of group dangerous misperceptions can be corrected the Boston Marriott Copley Plaza Hotel, conflict, international understanding, - ter by empathy, an act that requires simply Grand Salons J and K. rorism, and peace and reconciliation. Dr. that each side asks what they might do in a (continued on page 4)

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology  (continued from page 3)

Moghaddam’s work addresses the second Message from the President-Elect part of our theme: social justice abroad. We Eduardo I. Diaz are excited about both awardees and eagerly President-elect of the Society for the Study of Peace, look forward to their thought-provoking Conflict, and Violence: APA Division 48 and stimulating presentations. Finally, to round out our Convention pro- I have been serving as Division 48 presi- The activist part of me wants to see a dra- gram, we are hosting a full suite program. dent-elect since January, and I confess that matic increase in member’s involvement Many events have been scheduled in the the work involved is challenging but also helping someone, every day, understand Division 48 and PsySR Hospitality Suite, very rewarding. The challenges involve that peace with justice is possible. Imagine which will be in the Boston Marriot Copley finding time to do the work in a very busy an exponential spreading of the message, Place Hotel. Our full program will be avail- schedule of other responsibilities. The re- that confronting injustice with construc- able soon and will be sent to members in a wards involve new or deeper relationships tive conflict action is a civic value. separate mailing. For the moment, however, with incredibly talented colleagues. Thank we want to call your attention to a special you for giving me this opportunity! If you do this locally every day, pretty soon program Honoring Our International Hu- people will begin to identify you, and speak manitarian Workers, proposed by Division I really appreciate the leadership of our about you, as a Peace Psychologist. Their 48 member, Joan Gildemesiter. Many of you President, Deborah Fish Ragin. She and simple use of the term will likely be heard by may have seen the APA Monitor feature ar- our Program Committee have put together someone else that has never before encoun- ticle on Humanitarian Heroes (December, a great program for the upcoming Boston tered that identity. I believe we need to have 2007). We were thrilled to see that two of APA Convention. I hope that most of you Peace Psychology become available in the our Division 48 members, President-Elect will consider attending; we have so few op- general lexicon of our citizenry. I also dream Eduardo Diaz, and Michael Wessells were portunities to build community with dis- of seeing Peace Psychology as a course op- highlighted in this series. Dr. Diaz’s work re- persed members of our Society. tion in every college and university. pairing relationships between Latin Ameri- can civilians and police, and Dr. Wessells’ During my time in office, I intend to pursue Now, let me tell you what I foresee for the work with children in war-torn countries actions that will lead to a broader spreading 2009 APA convention in Toronto. I am in- are two outstanding examples of the way of Peace Psychologist as an identity option clined toward a convention theme for Divi- psychologists are making valuable and val- within our profession, and among psychol- sion 48, like “Creating Peace with Justice,” ued contributions to individuals to foster ogy students. Actually, let’s not stop there. with international, national and local mod- peace and social justice. We look forward I want everybody to know that Peace Psy- el practices being highlighted. Wouldn’t it to celebrating Drs. Diaz and Wessells as true chology exists, and that requires actions be wonderful if the majority of the Divi- humanitarian heroes, and we hope that you like outreach to community-based organi- sion sessions provided the opportunity to will join us in recognizing their work. zations and media outlets. take away a new skill or idea about how to do peace-related work in our lab, practice, I have included only a fraction of the work of At a recent Executive Committee meet- department and/or community? How does the Division in this newsletter. Information ing, we discussed encouraging members to that sound to you? about the Division’s work on interrogation create Continuing Education presentations and torture, and efforts to seat representa- addressing Conflict Resolution, wherein I would love to hear your reaction. Please tives from the four ethnic minority psy- one could incorporate an introduction to email me at [email protected] with your chological association will be in the spring Peace Psychology and include an invitation reflections, ideas or questions. Thank you! mailing, but I encourage you to attend our to join the Society for the Study of Peace, business meeting Saturday, August 16th at Conflict and Violence. If you create one the Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel to that you are willing to share for use by oth- learn more and to become involved with an ers, or maybe already have one, please get outstanding group of peace psychologists me a copy and we will see if the Executive and humanitarians. Committee approves of making it available to other members. Deborah Fish Ragin can be contacted at [email protected]. Erratum

We apologize for a typesetting error that unfortunately altered a statement made about the actual military service of several prominent people. The article by Leigh Messinides and Brian K. Turner in the previous edition of Peace Psychology, “Hear the Missing Voices” on pp. 10-11, in the 4th paragraph (not including the introduction), the sentence should read: “Plenty of actors from that era did perform combat service in that war (Lee Marvin, Jimmy Stewart, Charles Durning, Clark Gable, among others)....” Unfortunately, due to an electronic gremlin, the wording was changed to “did not.” Our apologies to all concerned.

 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Anatol Rapoport (1911-2007): Peace Psychologist

Floyd Rudmin

Anatol Rapoport was born in 1911 in Anatol Rapoport is an unsurpassed role Russia on the coast of the Black Sea. His “The idea of turning the cold and model of interdisciplinary genius, creativ- family emigrated to Chicago in 1922. In ity, passionate teaching, and social engage- 1934, he graduated from the Vienna Hoch- brilliant light of mathematical ment. He demonstrates in his person that schule für Musik after which he toured as a academic excellence need not be blind to concert pianist. In 1941, he completed his investigation on a subject where the dangers confronting humankind. PhD in math at the University of Chicago. He taught at Chicago, Stanford and Michi- Bibliography: gan, authoring almost 400 titles on biophys- passions obscure reason is in Campbell, J. T., Cain, L. A., Rapoport, A., & ics, semantics, neural networks, game theory, Converse, P. E. (1965). Public opinion and the and general systems theory. itself the embodiment of outbreak of war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 9, 318-333. Farhoumand-Sims, C. (2007). Anatol Rapoport PEACE PSYCHOLOGY the best in scientific ethics.” 1911-2007: Memories of Anatol Rapoport. In the 1950s, he was disillusioned by the Peace Magazine, Apr-Jun, p. 14. rise of the Cold War and the development – Anatol Rapoport Goddard, J. (2007). War and peace—and math. of nuclear weapons. Rapoport’s (1957) first Toronto Star, Jan. 31, p. C6. paper in peace psychology was a critical re- Pilisuk, M., Potter, P., Rapoport, A., & Winter, view of a mathematical theory of war. He J. A. (1965). War hawks and peace doves: found it faulty but was inspired: Therefore, he argued that peace research Alternate resolutions of experimental conflicts. could focus on problems that institutions Journal of Conflict Resolution, 9, 491-508. “The greatest value of Richardson’s work want answered, for example, on the dangers Rapoport, A. (1957). Lewis F. Richardson’s math- is, however, in my opinion, not its scien- of accidental war, or on arms control nego- ematical theory of war. Conflict Resolution, 1, tific value in the narrow sense but inthe tiations. War was technologically driven, 249-299. example set by thirty years of conscientious with much of the intellectual infrastructure Rapoport, A. (1960). Fights, games, and de- bates. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. labor on the frontiers of knowledge. The of war found in the universities. idea of turning the cold and brilliant light Rapoport, A. (1961). Three modes of conflict. Management Science, 7, 210-218. of mathematical investigation on a subject ACTIVISM where passions obscure reason is in itself the Rapoport, A. (1962). Formal games as probing Thus, Rapoport’s activism was campus fo- tools for investigating behavior motivated by embodiment of the best in scientific ethics” cused. For example, during the Vietnam trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolu- (Rapoport, 1957, p. 298). War, he conceived of the idea of a teach-in, tion, 7, 570-579. as a way to both make a public display of Rapoport, A. (1964). Strategy and conscience. GAME THEORY mass anti-war sentiment as well use it for New York: Harper & Row. Rapoport (1961) reasoned that there are pedagogical purposes. Rapoport, A. (1966). Experiments in dyadic con- three kinds of conflicts: a fight to eliminate flict and cooperation.Bulletin of the Menninger the opponent, a game to outwit the oppo- After emigrating to Canada in 1970, to Clinic, 30, 284-291. nent, and a debate to persuade the oppo- protect his own sons from military con- Rapoport, A. (1967). Games which simulate nent. Moving a conflict to debate is safer scription, he accepted a cross-appointment deterrence and disarmament. Clarkson, Ont.: Canadian Peace Research Institute. than visa-versa. But extensive empirical in the math and psychology departments. research on game behavior “should not be He helped found Science for Peace in 1981, Rapoport, A. (1970). Can peace research be comprised largely of natural science fac- applied? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14, considered as sources of real knowledge” 277-286. ulty and graduate students in Canada, and only pointers (Rapoport, 1962, p. 579). Rapoport, A. (1971). The big two. New York: served for many years as its president. Bobbs-Merrill. REALISM VS. PESSIMISM In 1986, after retirement, he organized a Rapoport, A. (1974). Conflict in man-made envi- Rapoport (1970) was well aware that peace ronment. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin. BA program in peace studies, with himself research per se would not end war, though as sole teacher. His was one of the first such Rapoport, A. (1974). War and peace. Annals of that was his goal. The major problem was the American Academy of Political and Social programs in the world. He was renowned that there were no institutional structures Science, 412, 152-162. as a passionate and caring teacher. His last to use peace research: book, in 2005, at age 93, was Conversations “In each case of ‘problems solved by science,’ with Three Russians, a three-way Socratic institutions have existed ready to receive the dialogue between Leo Tolstoy, Feodor Dos- knowledge gained by scientists in their in- toevsky, and Vladimir Lenin on humanity’s vestigations” (Rapoport, 1970, p. 279). struggle for survival.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology  MARSELLA & UNGER JOIN the RANKS of DIVISION 48 FELLOWS Leila F. Dane, Division 48 Fellows Committee Chair

An option of the Fellows Committee in out, “Girls first!” when the class scrambled relationship of personal epistemology to pa- those years when there are no “cold” appli- to get the best lunch table, get on the bus, triotic militancy and the response to 9/11 cants to review, is to invite members who etc. Well, Rhoda goes first. I gave her CV to —was published in the Journal of Peace and are already Fellows of other divisions. Cold my bright young temp, George M. Walker, Conflict (2007, pp 201-220). Recognized as applicants must undergo a time consuming who promptly misplaced the folder in this a major contribution to epistemology, this task of amassing credentials to be scrutinized cluttered office, somehow erased my entire work led to her receiving in 2007 the gold by the APA Membership Committee (see inbox for January and February 2008, and medal award for lifetime contributions to our webpage for details). Our committee went back to college leaving me with an ap- psychology in the public interest from the reviews the completed application packets proximation of the following summary. American Psychological Foundation. and, in the interests of upholding the good name of Division 48, forwards only those Rhoda K. Unger, PhD, began her career Rhoda is currently Professor Emerita of whose credentials truly merit this honor. as an experimental psychologist but soon Psychology at Montclair State University, switched to social psychology with a fo- and resident scholar at the Women’s Stud- Though I have a few partial files awaiting cus on women and gender. She will not ies Research Center at Brandeis University. more pieces, it has been years since we have deny that she chose to perfect her tools of She has been a Fulbright scholar in Israel reviewed a completed packet from a cold analysis before getting to work on substan- and a visiting professor in Canada, Spain, applicant. So our tiny committee of two tive topics. She even articulates, in e-mail and Japan. (myself and Ethel Tobach) decided simply conversation at least, that her attempts to to construct a list of members who are Fel- combine scholarship and activism were Anthony J. Marsella, PhD, is more of an in- lows of other divisions, select a few whose driven by her involvement with issues of terlocutor. Current President of Psycholo- outstanding contributions include research, social justice. With Florence Denmark she gists for Social Responsibility, he is Emeritus education and/or training on the general wrote and edited one of the first texts that Professor of Psychology at the University of topic of psychology and peace, and propose closely examined the social context of gen- Hawaii, Honolulu, where he was a profes- these individuals to the Division 48 Execu- der. She developed these ideas further in a sor for 33 years, that is to say when he was tive Committee for their approval. That theoretical paper published in the American not Visiting Professor in Australia, China, done, there is no more to it than to contact Psychologist titled, “Toward a Redefinition India, Korea, and the Philippines, and visit- the APA Membership Office and instruct of Sex and Gender” and continued writ- ing lecturer at many other universities. The them to add Division 48 to these individu- ing theoretical articles to define the - pa man likes to travel; he likes to write, too. als’ lists of Fellows. rameters of the new psychology of women He has published 14 edited books and 190 and gender. A founding member of Divi- book chapters, journal articles and techni- Two such members are our honored 2008 sion 35, The Society for the Psychology of cal reports in cultural and international Fellows: Anthony Marsella and Rhoda Un- Women, she became their 8th President in psychology and psychopathology. ger. Before I move on to a few paragraphs 1980, having been elected Fellow of APA When I sat down to write about his profes- on some of their awesome achievements, through 35 in 1978. Aside from 35 and our sional accomplishments, I found myself sty- let me encourage you to explore your own own Division 48, she is also a Fellow of Di- mied by the fact that I do not know him and I interest in becoming a Division 48 Fellow. visions 2, 9, 44 and 52. If you have specific questions after reading could not sculpt him out of prizes and titles. I the Fellow Status Criteria on our Division After serving as President of SPSSI she e-mailed asking for help in getting a little vigor 48 webpage, email me at ivt@microneil. became founding editor of the electronic and vitality. His response was so on point that com or contact the APA Membership Of- journal ASAP (Analyses of Social Issues I negotiated with JW to let it stand alone. His fice for an application packet. If you are and Public Policy). As such, she was able “Some thoughts on the flow and trajectory of already a Fellow of another division and to publish a special issue on terrorism and my personal life and professional career: The your outstanding contributions include the its consequences less than two months after push and pull of events, forces, and people” is criteria mentioned in the paragraph above, September 11, 2001. More recently, she was featured on the next page. When you finish, just email me, attach your CV, tell me how a member of the APA task force to develop you will know why Eb and I want to treat him and what time it is best to contact you, and a miniconvention on interrogating foreign to dinner at our favorite Sicilian restaurant I’ll take it from there. Not everyone wants detainees. when he next comes to town. to be a Division 48 Fellow, so we don’t push; One last word about the Fellows Commit- the choice is yours. Her Attitudes About Reality Scale, de- signed to look at personal epistemology tee: We are seeking a third member of the If you were, as I, born well before WWII on a continuum from positivism to con- committee. Also we welcome inquiries and was a household word, you perhaps remem- structionism, was published in 1986. Her self-nominations. Just e-mail me at ivt@mi- ber your elementary school teacher calling most recent research in this area—on the croneil.com.

 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Seeds of peace Some thoughts on the flow and trajectory of my personal life and professional career: The push and pull of events, forces, and people

Anthony J. Marsella

My professional career really began early an “Anglo-America” with its own sense of occurred during epidemiological research in my life when I was a young boy in a Sicil- propriety and worth. in the jungles of Sarawak, Malaysia among ian-American immigrant family in Cleve- Iban (Dyak) tribespeople who taught me land, Ohio in the early 1940s. All of my I became the first in my family to attend col- their way as I sat bewildered by Western di- family and relatives lived together in a large lege. Indeed, I was among the first to even agnostic categories that seemed so inappro- house in which we dined together at a huge graduate from high school. More of the priate to non-Western people: “We are the table every day, spoke Sicilian, Sicilian same occurred as I began to confront and earth, we are the water, we are the skies, the English (“bachousa” for backhouse or toi- question my undergraduate college culture. clouds, the birds, the fish, the trees, the ani- let) and lived, laughed, and loved together I was nicknamed the “Little Pope” because mals.” This after psychoanalytic training in from the basement to the attic. Our lives I was a Catholic in a Protestant liberal arts which diffuse “ego” boundaries were consid- were all inextricably entwined, and I had college. And so, when I took my first course ered a sign of disorder. What a release from little sense of myself as being anyone apart in cross-cultural psychology in grad school the boundaries of my own limited cultural from our family until required public school in 1966—a rarity at American universities views about the nature of personhood, self, attendance and the subsequent exposure to in the 1960s—and when I accepted “cul- and body. I could never again be the same. other cultures and people slowly began to ture and psychopathology” as my the topic cause me to be aware of the fact that we for my term paper, the seeds were already Unlike the broader public world about me, were different—indeed, not only different, planted for my career and needed only care I came to see ethnocultural diversity, not as but often neither respected nor admired and nurturance to grow. I was in so many a source of conflict and violence, but rath- aside from our food and Joe DiMaggio. ways, totally prepared to become a strong er a powerful resource for offering people and passionate voice for the powerful forces choices and opportunities for understand- Our Sicilian culture, in which I was so of culture in shaping human behavior— ing and negotiating reality—something to deeply embedded, was actually in conflict normal and abnormal. I had seen it in my be prized and encouraged—not denied and with the “American” culture that I was now own life, I had questioned its absence in subdued. I understood cultural differences being asked to negotiate. Though I did so, my course work, and I had begun to pro- for what they are—different perceptual lens I did so with great difficulty and conflict. test its absence in reaching diagnostic and and constructions by which we experience Communication, style of interacting, styles therapy decisions in clinics and hospitals. and order reality—different consciousness of learning and thinking, humor, tempera- In graduate school at Penn State University patterns that permit us to access the reali- ment, priorities, values, even dress and food, in Clinical Psychology, I gravitated toward ties of our daily lives in different ways and were all sources of a cultural encounter that a minor in cultural anthropology and phi- with different consequences. could easily turn into a conflict. Like so losophy of science, both useful disciplines many others from the many different ethnic for questioning and informing myself about Later, thanks to so many daily interactions groups that dotted Cleveland (e.g., Hungar- the relativity of our knowledge and actions. and experiences with the diverse people of ians, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Russian), I The liberal faculty relations and teaching Hawaii and the world and an encounter went through the various phases of both atmosphere of the 1960s gave me an op- with mortality, I came to understand that denying and feeling ashamed of my cultural portunity to pursue and define my interests cultural differences are essential to human roots and my family’s different ways. Years without the usual academic constraints survival. Cultural differences—like differ- later, I became angry that I was compelled on conformity to departmental biases. My ences in all things—are a visible gift that to do so by acculturation and assimilation interests in culture were supported during reveals that “life is diversity”—that life it- pressures that promoted “American” ways my clinical internship when by sheer good self is the force that animates the universe while denigrating those of other cultures fortune, I found myself at Worcester State expressing and manifesting itself in count- and not offering opportunities for participa- Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, amidst less variations that each offers insights into tion in the “American” culture outside of a group of supervisors who were interested the mystery of life that we all seek to grasp sports and entertainment. Was it so impos- in ethnic and cultural differences in psy- and understand. However, more impor- sible to ask the public “American” culture chopathology. Serendipity! tant now was my growing confidence and to offer some cultural accommodation to willingness to speak out on topics and is- my cultural roots rather than denying, deni- Experiences as a Fulbright-Hays Scholar sues that were not part of the conventional grating or invalidating them. We adapted, to the Philippines following my intern- “canon” of Western psychology with all of we adjusted, we became “American,” but it ship intensified my awareness of cultural its ethnocentricity and inherent bias. differences. And later, a sudden and pro- was not to the imposed reality of a multicul- (continued on page 8) tural and multiracial America, but rather found insight that would shape my career

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology  (continued from page 7)

This willingness to speak out opened the and professional experiences regarding sen- door for me with regard to a score of na- sitivity to cultural differences have critical tional and international opportunities. implications for the larger issues of peace Peace Posters The world, was, in fact, hungry for new and social justice and for speaking against views that challenged the conventional the abuses imposed by greed, power, and Available assumptions and training practices of the military and political might. I have learned mainstream. The world was changing and that we as citizens cannot ignore the socio- Spread the message. the old way was yielding to a new an in- political contexts that lead to oppression, creased assertion of minorities views and a cultural destruction, poverty, environmen- Full-color, 11” x 17,” $10 for one search for the resolution of the many social tal desecration and violence. Thus, within problems facing our emerging global com- the last few decades I have found myself poster, with shipping & handling munity. Psychology as it was being taught, devoting my energies and commitments included; additional posters $5 each and as it was practiced, was missing the very to humanitarian assistance, peace advoca- (i.e., 2/$15; 3/$20; 4/$25, etc.) events shaping our lives, especially the role cy and calls for social justice. Today, I am To order, e-mail: of cultural differences. writing and speaking on cultural and racial [email protected] biases, injustices, and conflict. I speak and When I wrote an American Psychologist arti- write today of cultures of war and cultures cle that articulated the need for a new psy- of peace, of cultures in conflict, and of be- chology for our new era, “Toward a Glob- coming counselors to our world. I serve at al-Community Psychology: Meeting the this time as President of the Psychologists Needs of a Changing World,” (American for Social Responsibility (www.psysr.org), a Psychologist, 1998, 53, 1282-1291), I knew national organization of psychologists and I was speaking for many minority people others who are willing to be activists in the and people around the world who felt that name of peace and social justice. My e-mail so much of what they were taught invali- sign-off states: “Show, by your actions, that dated their experience and denied them you choose peace over war, freedom over their identity. It was a new time, a new age; oppression, voice over silence, service over we were faced with new challenges and self-interest, honor over advantage, coop- new opportunities. It was time for rethink- eration over competition, action over pas- ing psychology. The response to the article sivity, diversity over uniformity, and justice was enthusiastic and sizeable and even pre- over all.” viously hardened colleagues said the article forced them to question what they were That pretty much sums up my past and cur- doing and why. Awareness of ethnocentric rent personal life and professional career. bias is a powerful insight that is simultane- As I look back, it is a life and career that ously liberating and frightening. Our an- seems to have been “pushed” and “pulled.” chor is gone! I understand the former, but the “pulling” remains bewildering to me—teleology? I still am active in my career studies of cul- tural psychology, psychopathology and ther- Tony Marsella is an Emeritus Professor at apy, but what has occurred with age is the the University of Hawai’i and can be con- recognition that my accumulated personal tacted at [email protected].

“Show, by your actions, that you choose peace over war, freedom over oppression, voice over silence, service over self-interest, honor over advantage, cooperation over competition, action over passivity, diversity over uniformity, and justice over all.”  Peace Psychology �Spring/Summer 2008 Assumptions about National Security in the U.S. & U.K.

Helena Castanheira, Michael Corgan & Kathleen Malley-Morrison

Under the banners of “national security,” the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (U.K.), and other countries have taken extraordinary measures in pursuit of perceived self-interests, often at the expense of constitutional and international laws.

National security rhetoric has been criti- calling for immediate withdrawal of U.S.- munity and agency), and individual levels. cized because perceived threats to family led forces from Iraq were nearly identical. For this study, we selected nationality as a and individual security increase willingness On the other hand, there is evidence of proxy for macrosystem influences, political to give up civil liberties and compromise some fissures between U.S. and U.K. views party and religion as exosystem variables, democratic values (Davis & Silver, 2004; on aggression and security: a) recently, and gender and personal involvement in Mythen & Walklate, 2006) and because se- whereas 67% of Americans supported tough conflict resolution programs or protest curity narratives create moral justifications actions against Iran, only 34% of respon- demonstrations as individual level variables and conditions for Western intervention- dents from Great Britain did (World Public predicting perceptions on national security. ism (Dexter, 2007). Globalization theorists Opinion 2008); b) while opposition to the We hypothesized that the U.S. would en- and security experts contend that changes Iraq war has grown in both countries, only dorse the importance of national security brought about by globalization, particularly in the U.K. did opponents help topple the more than the U.K. Moreover, because pre- changes in the classification of threats to government; c) U.S. media have provided vious research reveals that men are often include nontraditional security challenges, more episodic coverage of terrorism-related more tolerant of governmental aggression require new responses as the state-centered events compared to more ongoing the- than women (e.g., Malley-Morrison, et al., approach to security is no longer effective matic coverage in the U.K. (Papacharissi & 2006), we hypothesized that men would (Cha, 2000; Klare, 2001; Mathews, 1997). Oliveira, 2008); and d) the U.K. supported show stronger concern over national se- Malley-Morrison, Corgan, and Castanheira an international landmine ban at the Ot- curity than women. Moreover, because of (2007, p. 30) argued that “in today’s world, tawa Convention but the U.S. did not, be- ample previous evidence, we hypothesized if there is to be any hope of the majority of cause the proposed treaty did not include that Republicans/Conservatives would ar- people feeling secure in themselves, in their exemptions for American anti-personnel gue more strongly for national defense than homes, in their relationships, and in their landmines (Behringer, 2005). Democrats/Liberals. We also expected that social and economic lives, governmental completers of a conflict resolution course leaders in the United States and around We believe the most productive approach to and anti-war protestors would show less the globe need to rethink their emphasis understanding public perceptions on issues support for national security rhetoric than on national security and a mindset that like national security is an ecological one individuals not having shown those forms sees no way of ensuring national security that identifies predictors of perceptions at of activism. except through military might.” Although macrosystem (national), exosystem (com- (continued on page 10) literature abounds on the views of governments, scholars, and national Table 1 security theorists, the voices of ordi- Principal U.K. and U.S. Themes re: National Security nary citizens on this matter are not easily accessible. U.K U.S. N % N % The purpose of this study was to Reasons national security is essential 21 35 50 83 compare lay perspectives on nation- General agreement 8 13 13 22 al security in two countries—the To protect against internal/external threats 12 20 23 38 U.S. and the U.K. Major factors that Family & individual security depends on national security 5 10 might produce similarities in beliefs Other 1 9 15 include: common language and cul- Reasons national security is not essential 15 25 10 17 ture; long-standing economic, po- Negative consequences 6 10 4 7 litical, and military ties; the public It is an illusion 2 3 2 3 role of the U.K. as one of the stron- Distrust in national security 5 8 Other 2 4 4 7 gest supporters of U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq and echoing of Reasons national security is not essential 24 40 25 42 claims concerning weapons of mass Better ways 7 12 5 8 destruction; and the loss of lives in It restricts freedoms & rights 4 7 3 5 both countries due to terrorist activ- It needs to be monitored 1 2 3 5 ities. Moreover, in a global opinion It does not justify certain measures 1 2 2 3 poll conducted in September 2007 Essential but incomplete 7 12 (World Public Opinion, 2007), Helps but not essential 5 8 1 2 Othe the percentages of U.S. (24%) and r 6 10 4 5 Great Britain (27%) respondents

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology  (continued from page 9) with an average of 5.59 for the U.S. sam- only marginally significant, proportionately ple and 5.04 for the U.K. sample. In sup- more U.K. than U.S. respondents provided Methods port of our first hypothesis, an independent arguments disagreeing with the importance The U.S. sample consisted of 120 adults (60 samples t test revealed significant national of national security, χ2(1)=3.08, p=.07, female, 60 male), ages 18 to 75, born in the differences, with U.S. participants show- and proportionately more Americans United States to U.S. parents. The U.K. ing a higher level of agreement with the made arguments supporting its importance, importance of national security than U.K. 2 sample consisted of 72 adults (27 female, χ (1)=2.4, p=.08. Within the major catego- 45 male), ages 18 to 82; 94% were born in participants, t(122,181)=2.30, p <.023. ries of supportive arguments and challeng- Contrary to our second hypothesis, there England and 6% were born in Northern ing arguments, there were also significant were no gender differences; however, one- Ireland, Scotland, or Wales. Participants national differences in the type of argument way analyses of variance revealed that level in both samples were largely middle class, presented. For example, significantly more of agreement varied with political orienta- almost entirely Caucasian, and recruited participants from the U.K. gave arguments through peer networks of research team tion, F(5,175)=5.34, p=.001, and religious affiliation, F(4,175)=3.65, p=.007.Post focusing on the negative consequences of members. All participants completed the 2 hoc pairwise comparisons indicated, in national security, χ (1)= 6.81, p =.02 and Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggres- support of our third hypothesis, that Re- the view that national security helps but is sion Scale (PAIRTAS; Malley-Morrison, et 2 publicans/Conservatives (M=6.5) scored not essential, χ (1)= 5.55, p =.03, whereas al., 2006) either as a paper-and-pencil sur- significantly higher in endorsement of na- significantly more participants from the vey or online. tional security than Communist/Social- U.S. gave arguments stating that national ists (M=4.1; p=.004), and None (M=4.96; security is essential but not enough, χ2(1) The demographic portion of the PAIRTAS p=.03), and marginally higher than In- =4.36, p =.04. Chi square analyses also re- included religion and political affiliation dependents/Moderates (M=5.08; p=.03). vealed a marginally significant tendency for items, and asked if respondents had ever Post hoc pairwise comparisons for religion more males than females to argue that na- participated in a conflict resolution -pro indicated that Christians (M=5.8) scored tional security is not essential. On the other gram or anti-war demonstration. Using an significantly higher than Other Religions hand, significantly more females than males ordered categorical system designed to gen- (M=4.5; p=.038), and None (M=5.04; argued that national security is essential but eralize across countries and party labels, we p=.025). Consistent with predictions, an not sufficient. classified 56% of the U.S. sample and 30% independent samples t test revealed that of the U.K. sample as Democrat/Liberal, respondents who had not participated in a Type of argument also varied by protest par- 16% of the U.S. and 8% of the U.K. sam- conflict resolution program (M=4.8) scored ticipation; more non-protestors than pro- ple as Republican/Conservative, 8% of the significantly higher in level of agreement, testors made arguments supporting the im- U.S. and 28% of the U.K. sample as Mod- t(39,166)=2.23, p<.027 than those who portance of national security, χ2(1)=7.58, erate, and 3% of the U.S. and 14% of the had (M=5.52), although there were no dif- p <.004, particularly to protect against U.K. sample as Socialist/Communist; 17% ferences between war protestors and non- external and/or internal threats, χ2(1)=2.5, of each sample were identified as Other or protestors. p <.08. In contrast, protest participants did not report. The U.S. sample was 55% made significantly more arguments express- A multiple regression analysis conducted on Christian, 32% Agnostic, Atheist, or none, ing distrust in national security and a be- the rating scale score for importance of na- and 13% Other. The U.K. sample was 36% lief in better ways to guarantee family and tional security revealed that country, entered Christian, 47% Agnostic, Atheist, or none, individual security, 2(1)=4.37, p <.04. In at Step 1, accounted for 4.6% of the vari- χ and 17% Other. addition, more of the protestors expressed ance in the national security item, F change concerns about the negative consequences Responses to the following PAIRTAS item = 6.6, p = .011. When political orientation of national security χ2(1)=2.45, p <.08, as were analyzed: “National security is essen- was added to the equation at Step 2, there was well as lack of trust in national security as tial for individual and family security.” Par- a significant increase in the amount of vari- a way to provide individual and family se- ticipants rated their level of agreement on a ance explained; r² =.13, F change = 12.68, curity, χ2(1)=8.27, p <.008. Similarly, non- scale from 1 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally p = .001. Participation/non-participation protest participants had significantly higher agree) and provided, in their own words, (dummy coded) in a conflict resolution pro- sum scores than protest participants for the reasoning behind their rating. The ma- gram, added at step 3, again contributed to a number of arguments supporting the im- jority of responses were coded (presence or significant increase in the amount of variance portance of national security, t(169,179) absence) into the following categories, each explained; r² =.15, F change = 4.32, p = .04. =3.11, p <.002. of which had subcategories (see Table 1): 1) Overall, the regression analysis indicated that national security is essential—e.g., to pro- country, political orientation, and (lack of) Discussion tect from internal and/or external threats; participation in a conflict resolution program The results support the value of an ecologi- 2) rather than being essential, national all contributed independently and additively cal model in predicting beliefs concerning security is an illusion or has negative con- to the belief that national security is essential national security. Moreover, they support sequences; 3) there are limitations to the to individual and family security. the value of a combined quantitative/quali- importance of national security—e.g., it re- tative methodology, because even when stricts freedoms and rights or helps but it is Chi square contingency analyses were run there are not significant differences in rating not essential. with the presence/absence scores for each of the major qualitative coding categories scale scores on an item addressing personal beliefs, the reasoning that leads people to Results to determine whether type of argument those beliefs may vary. Finally, to the extent Rating scale scores for the national security varied by nationality, gender, or protest par- that critiques of national security rhetoric item ranged across the entire 7-point scale, ticipation. Although the differences were

10 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 are correct, the findings point to a basis for Malley-Morrison, K., Corgan M., & Castanheira, World Public Opinion: Global public opin- some optimism—across countries, partici- H. (2007). Security as an individual and interna- ion on international affairs. (2007). Retrieved pation in a conflict resolution program or tional issue. International Psychology Bulletin, 11 03/21/08 from http://www.worldpublico- (4), 30-31. pinion.org/pipa/articles/international_se- anti-war demonstration not only weakens curity_bt/394.php?nid=&id=&pnt=394. support for faith in national security but Malley-Morrison, K., Daskalopoulos, M., Gefter, J., Wenger, J., Hashim, K. (2006). International strengthens arguments against it. World Public Opinion: Global public opinion perspectives on war and peace. Peace Psychol- on international affairs. (2008). Retrieved ogy, 15(1), 6-7. References 03/21/08 fromhttp://www.worldpublicopinion. Mathews, J. T. (1997). Power Shift. Foreign Af- org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/455. Behringer, R. M. (2005). Middle power leader- fairs, 76 (1), 50–51. php?nid=&id=&pnt=455. ship on the human security agenda.Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Mythen, G., & Walklate, S. (2006). Communi- Studies Association, 40, 305–342. cating the terrorist threat: Harnessing aculture Helena Castanheira, Michael Corgan and of fear? Crime, Media, Culture, 2, 123-142. Cha, V.D. (2000). Globalization and the study of Kathleen Malley-Morrison can be con- international security. Journal of Peace Research, Papacharissi, Z., & Oliveira, Maria. (2008). tacted at Boston University. 37, 391-403. News frames terrorism: A comparative analysis of frames employed in terrorism coverage in Davis, D.W., & Silver, B.D. (2004). Civil liberties U.S. and U.K. Newspapers Press/Politics, 13 (1), vs. security: Public opinion in the context of the 52-74. terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48, 28–46. Perry, W. J., et al. (2006). The U.S. Military: Un- der strain and at risk. National security advisory Dexter, H. (2007). New war, good war and the group report, January 2006. Retrieved March war on terror: Explaining, excusing and creating 1, 2008, from Council on Foreign Relations @ western neo-interventionism. Development and http://www.cfr.org/publication/9745/national_ Change, 38, 1055–1071. security_advisory_group.html?breadcrumb=%2 Klare, M.T. (2001). Waging postindustrial war- Fpublication%2Fpublication_list%3Fgroupby% fare on the global battlefield. Current History, 3D1%26type%3Dmust_read%26filter%3D54. 100, 433–437.

Students

Win an Expenses Paid Trip to Washington, DC!

The Assembly of Scientist/Practitioner Psychologists (ASPP), a caucus of the Representatives of APA, is providing an expense paid trip to the February 2009 Council meeting in Washington DC for a doctoral student in psychology to become familiar with the governance structure of the APA Council and the caucuses and how they work. At the Council meeting the student who receives the award will be mentored by the Chair of the ASPP.

The ASPP Board will review all submissions, select a student and announce the recipient after the August 2008 Council meeting.

Interested students may send their CV and a 100-word statement about their future plans as a scientist-practitioner to the chair of the ASPP, Dr. Linda Sobell at [email protected]. Deadline for submission is July 30, 2008.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 11 VOTE YES ON APA BY-LAWS AMENDMENT: Amendment to Seat Representatives of the Four Ethnic Minority Psychological Associations

Division 48 Executive Committee and APA Council Support a “Yes” Vote

Deborah Fish Ragin, President Dan Mayton, Past President Eduardo Diaz, President-Elect Judith Van Hoorn & Corann Okorodudu, APA Council Representatives

The adoption of this amendment by the Among the reasons for this result was mem- Questions & Answers APA membership would allocate one vot- bers’ lack of information. ing seat on the APA Council of Represen- about Proposed Amendments to tatives for each of the following national Division 48 is among the divisions leading Provide a Voting Seat on Council ethnic minority psychological associations: efforts to educate APA members to support for Each of the Four National Ethnic The Asian Psychological Association; the seating representatives of the national eth- Association of Black Psychologists; the nic minority associations. The Division’s Minority Psychological Associations National Latina/o Psychological Associa- Executive Committee unanimously sup- Q Why do we give the four ethnic minority as- tion, and the Society of Indian Psycholo- ported the letter written by Debby Ragin, sociations Council seats when I have to “fight” gists. The proposed amendment provides President of Division 48, and sent to APA for one for my division/state through the appor- the opportunity for APA members to take President Alan Kazdin and the Board of Di- tionment ballot? a historic action to increase the diversity rectors, that underscored the importance of of voices within APA as well as increase including representatives of the four ethnic A Each of the 54 divisions, 50 U.S. states, APA’s expertise in serving diverse popula- minority associations on APA’s Council six Canadian provinces, and four U.S. terri- tions. Here are some reasons why: and urged reconsideration at the February tories gets a seat on Council every year (to- 2008 Council Meeting. At the 2008 Divi- tal of 114). The ten apportionment votes ❚ The ethnic minority psychological sion Leadership Conference, Eduardo Diaz that all APA full members are allowed to associations’ missions include the ad- and Kathleen Dockett, members of the Di- distribute are for the additional 48 seats left vancement of the science, practice, vision 48 Executive Committee, distributed of the 162 seats on Council. The four eth- and education in psychology. Division 48’s letter and persuaded other di- nic minority groups would add four seats (a vision leaders to actively promote the seat- total of 166) and would not be part of the ❚ Increasing diversity in membership ing of the ethnic minority representatives. apportionment system. The current alloca- and governance is an APA priority. COR Representatives Corann Okorodudu tion of seats would not be affected. and Judith Van Hoorn contacted all COR ❚ The seats from the four ethnic mi- Representatives and the Board of Directors nority associations would be added to Q Who are these ethnic minority groups, and prior to the Council meeting and helped the current 162 seats on Council and why did we decide to provide seats to them? lead the support for the unanimous vote by will not affect the current structure of Council in favor of the creation of four new the apportionment balloting systems. A The groups consist of the Society for seats for voting representatives of these as- Council’s role is to support APA’s mis- Indian Psychologists, the National Latino/ sociations and Council’s directive to send sion to “advance psychology as a sci- a Psychological Association, the Asian this By-law to the full APA membership for ence, as a profession, and as a means of American Psychological Association, and a second opportunity to vote. promoting health, education, and hu- the Association of Black Psychologists. These four groups, with APA Division 45, man welfare.” Diversity figures promi- Division 48 members can take an active Society for the Psychological Study of Eth- nently in achieving this mission. role by educating other APA members nic Minority Issues, form the Council of about this historic opportunity. In addition ❚ Each representative from an ethnic mi- National Psychological Associations for the to voting “yes” on next November’s ballot, nority psychological association would Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests. please help distribute the following ques- be a dues paying member of APA and The representatives of those associations tions and answers developed by the Execu- in good standing. have met twice a year for over 15 years with tive Committee of Division 45 (Society for APA, so they have been affiliated for quite the Study of Ethnic Minority Issues) and Last November, APA members voted on a while. this amendment. The results narrowly APA Board member Melba Vasquez. missed the two-thirds majority required by the By-Laws for an amendment to pass.

12 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 A basic assumption in the historical design of representation on the Council of Rep- Genocide in Real Time: resentatives is that the APA is strongest when a diverse and wide range of perspec- Darfur Action Forum at APA’s Annual tives is included. Ethnic minority diversity has long been lacking on Council, and this Convention in San Francisco, 2007 strategy is one step toward inclusion.

Q Would the Council Representatives from William Vlach these groups be required to be APA members? With over 4,000,000 deaths and over two million refugees, the genocide in Yes, just as division, state, provincial and A Darfur is the first to be declared a genocide as it happens. territorial representatives are required to be APA members. Many view this strategy as an important bridge to the ethnic minority Among others, the United States government has defined the violence there as a geno- associations from APA. cide. In order for psychologists to get an in-depth understanding of the situation there, as well as to strategize on ways to help, a forum on Dafur at the APA Convention was held Q Aren’t these just political actions that do not do under the kind sponsorship of the San Francisco Bay Area Darfur Coalition, Psychologists much to promote the mission of the association? for Social Responsibility, and the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology Division 48, APA. A Members of the four ethnic minority associations are scientists, educators, and The approach of the panel was to look at the violence from several different perspectives. I practitioners, many of whom have much to led off with a discussion of the Bystander Effect. By definition, while there is a genocide oc- offer APA in regard to all areas of psycholo- curring, we, the non-participants, are bystanders. Typically, the non-involvement rationales gy, including the growing field of ethnic mi- include diffusion of responsibility (“somebody else will take care of it”), pluralistic ignorance, nority psychology. The missions of the four learned helplessness, and personality factors (“getting involved will make me upset”). There associations include the advancement of seem to be new, site specific rationales also: religious, racial, political rationales. science, practice, and education in psychol- ogy. Increase of ethnic minority diversity in Linda Wolf, Ph.D., Past President of Division 48, spoke about the psychosocial roots of APA membership and governance has been genocide. Dr. Woolf described several factors that are common to genocide. These may identified by Council and other governance include that there is an ‘age-old conflict,’ an authoritarian centralized power structure, groups as an APA priority. a post-colonial state, and environmental difficulties. The genocide may be triggered by a destabilizing crisis, but it is orchestrated and organized. Astonishingly, there are a series of predictable steps leading to mass violence and genocide. Q Will other ethnic group societies be encour- aged to join Council in the future? Where The conceptual discussions of bystander effect and the psychosocial context was followed would this inclusivity stop? by two presentations on the specifics of the genocide in Darfur. Susan Meffert, MD, Global Health Sciences Clinical Scholar at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cali- A Ethnic minority psychologists remain fornia, San Francisco, spoke about the history of the African conflict and her work with a very small percentage of U.S. psycholo- Darfur refugees in Cairo. One could see from her work that when a genocide is over, it is gists. The Society for Indian Psychologists, not over. The refugees face the expected post trauma experiences, but must also face racist the National Latino/a Psychological Asso- reactions from the host Egyptians. Tragically, there is an increase in domestic violence, as ciation, the Asian American Psychological well as refugee youth creating and joining gangs that perpetuate the violence against other Association, and the Association of Black Darfur refugees. Psychologists are the only extant national associations of ethnic minority psycholo- The forum concluded with Jason Miller, an MD and PhD student at the University of gists in the United States. These four California, San Francisco, and Policy Advisor to the Sudan Divestment Task Force. After a groups, in existence for 20 to 40 years, have further description of the political context of the violence, Jason described specific steps we been meeting twice a year for over 15 years as “bystanders” can take to both help end the violence and to help the victims. Becoming via the Council of National Psychological informed is the top of the list. Informed action can include contacting one’s government Associations for the Advancement of Eth- representatives as well as looking at divestment as an appropriate tactic (used effectively nic Minority Interests, which includes APA in South Africa). For the latter, contact the Sudan Divestment Task Force at www.sudan- Division 45. It is a unique coalition of Eth- divestment.org. nic Minority Psychological Associations. For information regarding Darfur contact www.darfursf.org, and/or www.savedarfur. These questions and answers were devel- org. If you have thoughts or questions about joining the Darfur Study Group, please oped by Melba J. Vasquez, PhD., based contact me at [email protected]. on comments she has received from a variety of sources. William Vlach is with Irving Street Associates, San Francisco, California.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 13 Voices of Hope: Children’s Messages of Peace

Brian Yankouski, Tom Kurtovic, Jason Trent, Jennifer Tursi, & Milton A. Fuentes

Children around the world are exposed to violence on a daily basis. They are often the victims of violent crimes, witnesses to violence in their homes or communities, and sometimes perpetrators of violence. It is estimated that upon the completion of elementary school, children will have viewed approximately 25 televised violent acts an hour, including an estimated 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence (ACT Against Violence, 2005).

Given these alarming statistics and the assists them in developing effective com- willing to return to Peace Camp the follow- concerning research on the pernicious ef- munication, problem solving, feeling man- ing year (1.04), and that they would like to fects of media violence, it is critical that we agement, and conflict resolution skills. The bring a friend (1.43). become proactive in our efforts to address is- camp is primarily staffed by undergraduate sues related to violence and find ways to teach student volunteers that are majoring in psy- A qualitative data analyses was conducted children about peace. chology and education and are supervised on the children’s responses to the question, by a licensed psychologist. “If you had to describe the word ‘PEACE’ to Some theorists speculate that children form a friend, what would you tell him or her?” beliefs about violence and peace as they ma- Twenty seven children participated in the Four evaluators conducted the analysis of ture (e.g., develop more abstract thoughts present study (53% males, 47% females). 44 phrases contained within the responses about peace with age) (Smith, 2004). Haas The children ranged from 7 to 13 years of to this question. After an independent re- (1986) found that the concept of war de- age with a mean age of ten. The majority of view of the phrases, the group reached a velops with age and that adolescents are participants (70%) were receiving mental consensus of the defined categories. The capable of understanding different concepts health or prevention services from commu- evaluators conducted a second independent of peace, but are unable to define what nity-based centers and were deemed to be review to code the data within the defined peace is. It is also thought that individuals at risk for abuse, neglect and/or placement. categories with an inter-rater agreement of develop these concepts based upon their re- 88%. The data analyses revealed four major sponses to major societal events such as the Materials and Procedure themes. These themes were: positive life, World Trade Center attacks, while some On the last day of Peace Camp, the staff respect/sensitivity to others, non-violence, argue that the influences from individuals’ administered the Peace Camp Evaluation and love. interpersonal relationships shape their con- Form, a 23-item questionnaire used to eval- cept of peace (Smith, 2004). uate children’s perceptions of the camp. Positive Life Children were asked to rate their opinion The majority of children consistently men- In the past few decades a growing body of on a likert scale from 1 (i.e., strongly agree) tioned that living a positive life was an im- literature has emerged examining ways in to 4 (i.e., strongly disagree) in response portant component of peace. This theme is which children and adolescents develop to statements about Peace Camp (e.g., “I defined as living a life in which one is aware concepts about violence and peace. Most learned better ways to express my feelings at of one’s actions, feelings, and state of mind of the research studies that examined chil- Peace Camp”). The questionnaire also in- as it relates to others. One child reflected on dren’s concepts of peace were conducted in cluded related open-ended questions (e.g., living a positive life, stating: “Peace means other countries (e.g., Ireland, Scotland, and “What was the most important thing you that you need to express yourself and to be England), while minimal studies have been learned at Peace Camp?”). The final item fearless about showing feelings.” Another carried out in the United States (Smith, on the Peace Camp Evaluation Form asked child mentioned that, “Peace is like when 2004). Those studies that have been carried the children, “If you had to describe the you can relax and have a great time” while out in the United States have focused most- word ‘PEACE’ to a friend, what would you others categorized a positive life by saying, ly on children’s understanding of war and tell him or her?” in hopes of understanding “Take five breaths if you are angry.” not peace (Hakvoort and Oppenheimer, the children’s perspectives on peace after a 1998; Noravian, 2005). Therefore, the pur- week-long intervention. Respect/Sensitivity to Others pose of the present study was to examine The children also thought that being re- children’s concepts of peace. Results spectful and sensitive toward other people Data analyses of the Peace Camp Evalua- was important when describing peace. This Methods tion Form yielded findings that at Peace theme is characterized by everyone treating Participants Camp, the participants had reported: better each other with respect and being mindful The participants were recruited from Mont- ways to express their feelings (1.11), strat- of other people’s feelings. Some examples of clair State University’s Peace Camp, a egies and skills to solve problems (1.39), quotes that capture this theme are: week-long day program that teaches youth and more effective ways of managing anger creative ways to deal with conflict, stress, (1.29). The ratings listed in parentheses are “To not hurt other people’s feelings.” and anger by providing tools for coopera- the mean scores with lower scores indicat- “Peace means to care about other people tive living and conflict resolution. Peace ing more positive responses. The majority and be nice.” Camp recruits disadvantaged youth and of participants reported that they would be

14 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 “Peace is expressing your feelings in Profile of a Student Activist

other ways besides fighting.” Joan Gildemeister

“In one word would be RESPECT.” before participating. Nevertheless, it has Sara Durbin, in her been demonstrated that children can at least second year of a PsyD “For me, peace is when we treat each other understand the complex concept of peace. program at John F. nice and talk nice to each other.” Another possible limitation is the manner Kennedy University in which the data was gathered since it was in Pleasant Hill, CA, Non-Violence collected by the camp counselors and not is a model for students The children reflected upon non-violence solely the researchers. Therefore, there is in her ingenious com- as an important part of peace. This theme the possibility that the answers could have bination of a focus on illustrates non-violence as the absence of vi- been influenced by the counselors. peace and social jus- olence on both the interpersonal and global tice with a pursuit of an education steeped level. Quotes that elucidate this theme are: In summation, this exploratory study sets in diversity. Sara began with choosing an “Everybody and everything united without the stage for future research in peace camps academic program that she has described war or problems.”; “Peace is expressing your and in the general population of children as promoting active learning opportunities feelings in other ways besides fighting” and to assess their knowledge of peace. Future with a multicultural and social justice em- “Peace is like no killing.” studies should utilize a design, where re- phasis. Her own interest is in the psycho- searchers could assess children’s initial ideas logical impact of privilege, oppression, and Love of peace prior to the camp. In addition, a trauma. Her undergraduate thesis centered The final theme that emerged was love, longitudinal study with a control group on psychosocial solutions to trauma and which can be defined as the ability to love could assess as to how effective Peace Camp conflict for children raised in war zones, oneself as well as others. The children cat- is in improving the lives of these children. and she continues to be interested in this egorized peace as “Loving one another.” As stated initially, children are subjected to area of research. Others said that “Peace is love,” while oth- so much violence; we must be proactive in ers saw peace as “being loved.” re-directing their lives into more peaceful Last year Sara participated in the rally of and productive existences therefore future APA Convention goers in San Francisco, Essentially, the participants noted that research in this area is warranted. against professional participation in military peace can occur at different levels including interrogations. She is currently working on interpersonal (e.g., “Not to hurt other peo- References a presentation for the 2008 APA Conven- ple’s feelings”), intrapersonal (e.g., “Peace is tion in Boston. If her poster is accepted she like when you can relax”), and global (e.g., ACT Against Violence. (2005). Media violence will qualify to receive Div. 48 student travel “Everybody and everything united without and children. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from funds and may also be funded by her uni- war or problems”). http://actagainstviolence.apa.org/mediaviolence/ versity to attend. The Society welcomes index.html. dynamic motivated students like Sara who Haas, M. (1986). War and peace: The students’ inspire us all to disseminate our research Discussion views. Journal of Research and Development in As previously mentioned, this study sought Education, 19(3), 84-89. aimed at reducing human suffering. to examine children’s concepts of peace. Hakvoort, I. and Oppenheimer, L. (1998). Under- Our findings suggest that program- par standing peace and war: A review of develop- Please also see Sara’s article in the previous ticipants were able to identify the critical mental psychology research. Developmental edition of Peace Psychology. components of peace and therefore able to Review, 18(3), 353-389. appreciate its complexity. Seeds of Peace Noravian, A. (2005). War for children. Humanist, (2007), an international peace camp, de- 65(2), 42-43. fines the critical components of peace as Seeds of Peace. (2007). About Seeds of Peace. “…people being able to develop empathy, Retrieved August 4, 2007, from http://www. respect, confidence, leadership, communi- seedsofpeace.org/about. cation, and negotiation skills which in turn Smith, R. (2004). The understanding of peace among children and adolescents: A critical will facilitate peaceful coexistence for the review of research. The Journal of Doctoral next generation.” Research in Education, 4(1), 60-74. A limitation of this study was the research design. Since we did not conduct a pre-test Correspondence concerning this article or have a control group to compare with should be addressed to Brian Yankouski, our findings, we have no proof if the- par [email protected]. Brian Yankouski, ticipants’ definitions of peace were derived Tom Kurtovic, Jason Trent, Jennifer Tursi, from their Peace Camp experience or that & Milton A. Fuentes can be contacted at such concepts were already present in them Montclair State University.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 15 Announcements Children, Families and Armed Conflict Women in Black at the APA Convention Council Funds Task Force on the Psychosocial Effects of in Boston War on Children and Families Who are Refugees from On Friday, August 15, at l0 a.m. Sara Burdge, Armed Conflict Residing in the United States. Joan Gildemeister and Eleanor Roffman will Judith Van Hoorn and Corann Okorodudu, Div. 48 Council Representatives be in the Regis Room of the Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel and will talk about the Division 48’s Working Group on Children, Official Task Force Mission Statement Sum- Women in Black Vigil … its history and its ac- Families, and War has sponsored many con- mary written by Dr. Efua Andoh, APA Staff : tivity today for peace and justice. vention programs. Throughout the years, The Task Force on the Psychosocial Effects of A Women in Black Vigil is scheduled for Saturday many division members have contributed to research and practice in this field. In 2006, War on Children and Families Who are Refu- between 7 to 8 a.m.; more information is avail- gees from Armed Conflicts Residing in the able by writing to [email protected]. the Division took a leading role in propos- ing this Task Force. Although researchers United States is charged with the following: and practitioners who work with refugees ❚ Reviewing the research on the psy- and immigrants have considerable resources International chosocial effects of war on children focused on culture, relatively little is known and families; Society for Research about the psychosocial effects of armed con- on Aggression flict. Division 48 Council Representatives, ❚ Identifying areas of needed culturally including Linda Woolf, (then Division Presi- and developmentally appropriate re- Meeting in Budapest dent and substitute Council Representative), search; and worked with representatives from Division 16 July 8 – 13 (School Psychology) to craft a proposal for ❚ Developing recommendations for cul- The XVIII World Meeting of the International this Task Force that APA Council adopted turally and developmentally appropriate Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA) will and the APA Board funded in February 2008. practice and programs. be held July 8-13, 2008 in Budapest, Hunga- The Divisions for Social Justice also voted to support this Task Force. The purpose of the Task Force is to assist psy- ry. The conference organizer is Jozsef Haller chologists in the U.S. to meet the challenges ([email protected]) and details about the confer- We have used a unique approach to fund of working with children and families who are ence may be seen at the conference website: the Task Force. Due to reduced APA budget refugees from armed conflicts residing in the www.isra2008-budapest.hu/pages/confer- funds, the proposed budget of $17,000 was re- U.S. Throughout the U.S., psychologists and ence.php. ISRA can be contacted at www. duced to a final, funded budget of $9,300. To other professionals face numerous challenges israsociety.com assure that the Task Force has sufficient funds in their work with children and families who to complete its work, we have been asking are refugees from armed conflicts. Research- divisions and individuals to contribute funds. ers and practitioners must consider numer- Assistant Professor At the time of the Council meeting this past ous factors simultaneously, e.g. the effects of February, five divisions had voted to help armed conflict, the developmental level of Needed with funding, including $300 from Division the child, the culture of the family, and the Conflict Resolution 48. This financial support helped assure the characteristics of the community as well as in- Board’s funding. teraction among these factors. To contribute Program, Portland to the work of practitioners and researchers, it In addition to the more typical scholarly re- is important to integrate the literature on the Portland State Univeristy has a two-year, fixed- port, the Task Force will also write a report effects of war on children and families who term opening beginning September 2008. for community practitioners, the educational are refugees in the U.S. with the literature in ABD or doctoral degree in conflict resolution community, advocates, and general public a number of related fields, including develop- or directly related academic field required. For that will be distributed widely. mentally and culturally appropriate practice; more details, go to: www.hrc.pdx.edu/open- resilience and trauma among children at risk; ings/unclassified/CNR-001.htm. To learn more culturally appropriate practices with immi- about the conflict resolution program see: grant communities; and international litera- www.conflictresolution.pdx.edu. A review of ture and knowledge from the areas of origin applications begins immediately. The position and other countries of resettlement. It is also remains open until finalists are identified. important to take an ecological approach that emphasizes the role of culture and community in healing and resilience.

16 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Division Convention Program ’08 Draws from the Past and Looks to the Future: How Will We Make Peace Work?

Julie Levitt, Program Chair, Peace Division APA 2008

At the Convention 2008, the Peace Divi- Our programming starts on 8/14 with Build- Gottschall), reactions to populations dislo- sion theme, Peace Psychology: Social Justice ing Cultures of Peace, chaired by Joseph de cated because of ethnopolitical conflict and at Home and Abroad, will focus on the kinds Rivera, which explores peace culture in the new ways to measure their distress and com- of structural change necessary to build and family (Sandra Azar), the community (Edu- munity memory (Neda Faregh, Silvia Susn- maintain peaceful communities that value ardo I. Diaz), and among nations (Steve jic), military interrogations and psychology and support social justice, by exploring pos- Nisenbaum). Next is Stemming the Tide of (Ryan W. Hunt), campus unrest (Laura M. sible cultural shifts from the smallest societal Violence, chaired by Fathali Moghaddam, Begley), truth and reconciliation hearings units such as within and between persons to where we explore the circumstances that (Gabriel H.J. Twose), Ghanese and U.S. the largest, those complex political entities, contribute to violence by our children and perspectives on World Peace (Nadia H. El such as nations and international alliances. youths, looking at antecedents in the family Tayar), interfaith peace-building (Sarah J. The Peace Society has been hard at work interaction (William Holmes), the roles of Whitman), the impact of peace camp for since the early ’90s, asking questions about media and video games in violence escala- social problem-solving (Susan B. McGurr), the nature of a peaceful society and how to tion among our children and youth (Craig and exploring a measure of common human- resolve conflict in ways that are productive, Anderson), gang behavior (Cliff Akiyama), ity (Matt S. Motyl). positive, and enduring. This year, our division prevention strategies in education (Michael president, Deborah Fish Ragin, has chosen a Greene), and juvenile justice reform (Edu- In our regular poster session, Daniel M. conference theme that looks at basic inequi- ardo I. Diaz). Health Care—The Great Di- Mayton presents data on assessing a peace- ties within and among societies and asks what vide follows. This symposium, chaired by ful person, Do-Yeong Kim looks at malle- we as peace psychologists may do to promote Nicholas Freudenberg, examines disparities ability of explicit and implicit attitudes responsible change. Given the world situa- in health care by focusing on the unmet of South Koreans toward North Koreans, tion, we as a Society can do no less. needs of culturally diverse populations in the Scott L. Moeschberger investigates recon- USA. The session will look at services for ciliation among excombatants in Northern Our 2008 programming explores concrete marginalized populations in urban commu- Ireland, Alice LoCicero interviews chil- issues and seeks solutions associated with ev- nities (Lydia P. Buki), Hispanic populations dren in war zones, Lori J. Olafson explores eryday events and systems. We are examining and cultural provider competence (David the morality of war resistance, Juliet D. what interventions contribute to increased co- A. Chiriboga), needs of Southeastern Asian Rohde-Brown looks at interpersonal and operation and promote the equitable distribu- Americans, especially older women (Barbara self-forgiveness as part of healing processes, tions of services to all groups, including to the Yee), and barriers to mental health care for and Daya S. Sandhu offers a conceptual and culturally diverse and those whose age, gen- Urban American Indians (Jeffrey King). Fol- practical construction for creating a culture der, or other “indisputable givens” may lead lowing this session, Fathali M. Moghaddam of peace. to their marginalization. Specifically, we will will present the Ralph K. White Lifetime focus on health care, aggression and violence Award address, Multiple Imperative: Psy- Offerings on Friday afternoon include Emo- in our children and youths, how delivery sys- chological Science and Solutions to Frac- tional Perspectives on Intergroup Conflict, tems work to ensure services for children and tured Globalization. with Joseph de Rivera, Asako B. Stone, and their families, and what has been the impact Jutta Tobias, looking respectively at emo- of social action movements in contributing On Friday, 8/15, there is Celebrating the 60th tional climate and national unity, China- to greater safety and inclusion in our commu- Anniversary of the UDHR: Ethics and Inter- Japan Relations, and the relationship of nities here in the USA. In addition, we are rogation, (chaired by Brad Olson, and includ- economic cooperation to intergroup recon- looking at the nature of the peaceful person ing Steven J. Reisner, Stephen Soldz, and ciliation in Rwanda. Asymmetric Conflict, and the factors contributing to the inability Arthur Kendall), that immediately follows chaired by Philip G. Zimbardo, with Clark of nations to work together and with groups another program in the same meeting room McCauley, Albert Pepitone, Sophia Mos- within their borders. We are highlighting the on another perspective of the topic, spon- kalenko, James Breckenridge, and Anthony 60th anniversary of the Universal Declara- sored by the Community Psychology Divi- J. Marsella, explores factors related to un- tion of Human Rights (UDHR), focusing on sion. Both sessions offer CE credit. equal distribution of power within groups interrogation and ethics. In sum, we ask how that impede peaceful resolution of areas of we may be change agents in our own commu- For the first time, we have two poster sessions disagreement. Our Early Career Awardees nities and in larger systems. Our contributors and invite you to look over the interesting follow next with their thoughts about moral are our pioneer peace psychologists, those and diverse presentations. Our student poster disengagement (J. Christopher Cohrs) and in academics and in community service and session is a first for the Peace Division. Here changing dynamics related to peacebuild- private practice, as well as early career peace students in undergraduate and graduate psy- ing (Barbara Tint). Nicholas Freudenberg, psychologists who already have made seminal chology programs will share their research on the Morton Deutsch Award recipient, then contributions and students in peace studies. the justice and penitentiary systems (Caitlin speaks about youth violence and how to E. Femec, Carly B. Dierkhising, Shannon mitigate its social determinants.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 17 On Saturday we have Kathleen Malley- ties for Urban American Indian Youth, a our international humanitarian Peace Psy- Morrison and Michael Corgan, who co- systems delivery approach for psychological chology Division workers and PsySR’s new chair Moral Disengagement and Social services (Bertha Holliday), and contex- international affiliates. Justice—War and Peace, a symposium that tual issues confronting mental health and looks at theory and assessment (Abram substance abuse delivery systems (Larke Saturday, 8/16 begins with a Women in Trosky), at Russian and Brazilian responses Nahme Huang). The discussant will be Jes- Black Vigil, from 7 to 8 a.m. near the (Shirley McCarthy), at invasion and moral sica Henderson Daniel and Julie Meranze Convention Center. Please contact Eth- disengagement in Lebanon, Peru, and the Levitt will chair. The program was devel- el Tobach for location (tobach@amnh. USA (Tanvi Zaveri) and Portugal and the oped jointly by Division 37 with us. org) followed by a suite meeting of Steve US (Mariana Barbosa). This is followed Handwerker’s Peace and Spirituality Work- by the symposium, Empirical Research A most interesting and ambitious sympo- ing Group and Dan Mayton’s newly formed on Peacefulness and Warmongering, with sium, Integration of Civil Rights, Peace Peace Psychology Task Force from 8 to 8:50 John J. Dempsey, Jr., Linden L. Nelson, and Environmental Moverments, co-spon- a.m. In the afternoon in the Hospitality and William A. McConochie, chaired by sored with Division 34, Population and Suite, Jean Marie Arrigo will discuss Psy- Daniel M. Mayton. Environmental Psychology, will look at chologists for Social Responsibility’s de- the junctures of the Civil Rights and Peace velopment of a casebook on military and We ask that you please join us to honor our Movements with the environment, name- political ethics and interrogations from the pioneer peace psychologists for discussion ly the allocation of land and land rights, standpoint of psychologists. The day ends and lunch, between 11 a.m. and 12:50 p.m. how environment management perpetu- with our co-hosted Peace Division-PsySR at the Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, ates injustice, and the relationship of the social event starting at 6:30 p.m. the site where the rest of the afternoon and environmental movement with the two evening programming will take place. We other movements. Debbie Almontaser will On Sunday, 8/17, we offer three suite three ask that you let us know that you will be explore the experience of the Arab-Amer- Division programs, starting with Mathilde attending by August 8; the luncheon is co- ican family and youth, Anderson J. Frank- Salmberg and her colleagues who speak on hosted by the Division and Psychologists lin will look at impediments to change international perspectives on reconciliation for Social Responsibility (PsySR). The ses- from the African-American perspective, at 8 a.m. At 10 a.m. Debbie Almontaser, a sion is moderated by Richard Wagner and Joseph E. Trimble will consider the move- Muslim American educator from New York, includes presenters Dorothy Ciarlo, Her- ments from an American Indian point of will discuss her experiences as an educator bert Kelman, Milton Schwebel, M. Brew- view, and Albert Valencia will discuss the in the Post 9/11 world. This talk will be ster Smith, and Ethel Tobach. Our recent three movements from the vantage point followed 11 a.m. by a discussion on street Early Career Awards recipients will follow of Latino immigrants and migrants. Yasser violence and its impact on children and our pioneers with their observations about A. Payne will chair the session and serve families with Ann E. Tobey, the Director peace psychology (J. Christopher Cohrs, as discussant. of the Juvenile Justice and Youth Advocacy Peter T. Coleman, Victoria Sanford, and Program, Wheelock College in Boston. Daniel L. Shapiro). Our division business In addition to the above programming, Throughout the convention, there will be a meeting and Deborah Fish Ragin’s presi- we offer opportunities to discuss issues in- photographic exhibit of Boston Street Me- dential address complete the afternoon. depth in our hospitality suite in addition to morials in memory of child victims of vio- Following our luncheon, all are program- two Peace Division Work Group meetings lence from Wheelock College, “Life Worth ming will occur in the same meeting room and a meeting of the newly formed Peace Remembering: Images from Four Street (Provincetown Room). Psychology Task Force. Memorials,” coordinated by Dr. Tobey. See Exhibition Hours in the program. In the evening we will have a special gath- Starting with Thursday, 8/14, we will have ering, Celebration of Pioneers in Peace Psy- an opportunity to welcome our student and In addition, there will be pamphlets and chology, co-hosted by PsySR in our shared early career contributors from 4 to 4:50 p.m. other peace-related literature in the suite as suite, a gathering that rightfully honors all in our hospitality suite at the Boston Mar- well as Division buttons, and t-shirts, and of us—our early pioneers, our international riott Copley Place Hotel. From 8 to 9 p.m., hats for a donation. humanitarian practitioners, our early and Linden Nelson and Michael Van Slyck will mid-career peace psychologists and our chair the Peace Education Working Group. Deborah Fish Ragin, Petra Hesse, my Pro- most precious asset, our students. We urge gram Co-Chair, and I look forward to your On Friday, 8/15, Diane Perlman will speak everyone to attend. joining us this year at APA. Please review about global violence at 10 a.m. and Judith the Pull-Out Program Summary Sheet de- Our last day offerings include a co-sponsored Van Hoorn will bring us up-to-date about tailing our Peace Division 2008 program symposium with the Division 37, Child, the Divisions of Social Justice from 11 to schedule (on next four pages) and plan to Youth, and Family Services, Reducing 11:50 a.m. At noon, there will be a co- attend the exciting offerings. Service Disparities for Culturally Diverse hosted program with PsySR, a Town Hall Children—Research, Practice, and Policy Meeting for a discussion about race, justice, For questions, please write me at: Intersections, that will look at disparities and peace at the national level organized [email protected]. in health and social services (Margarita and facilitated by Counselors for Social Jus- Alegria), youth mental health services tice and the National Institute for Multi- (Anna C. Lau), culturally informed meth- cultural Competence. From 6 to 7:30 p.m., ods for lessening service delivery inequali- we gather to honor the accomplishments of

18 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology: Social Justice at Home and Abroad Pull-out Program Summary Sheet

Div. 48, APA Annual Convention, Boston – august 13-17, 2008 � Note: Hospitality Suite programming is identified in blue. �

Wednesday 8/13 Peace Psychology Past Presidents’ Breakfast Meeting 8 – 10 a.m. By invitation only; Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel (Orleans Room) Executive Committee Meeting 10 a.m. – 3:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel (Orleans Room)

Thursday 8/14 Symposium: Building Cultures of Peace 8 – 9:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 160A Chair: Joseph de Rivera, PhD, Clark University Steve Nisenbaum, PhD, JD, Harvard University: Negotiation: Human Tool for a Stairway to Heaven? Eduardo I. Diaz, PhD, Miami-Dade County Independent Review Panel, Miami, FL: Building More Peaceful Communities: The Facilitation of Constructive Police Reforms Sandra T. Azar, PhD, Penn State University Park: Achieving Peace in the Family Discussant: Michael Wessells, PhD, Columbia University in the City of New York Symposium: Stemming the Tide of Violence 10 – 11:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 160B Chair: Fathali M. Moghaddam, PhD, Georgetown University Craig A. Anderson, PhD, Iowa State University: Direct and Indirect Effects of Electronic Media on Youth Violence William C. Holmes, MD, MS, University of Pennsylvania: Early Abuse: An Overlooked Factor in Later Violence Michael B. Greene, PhD, Greene Consulting, Montclair, NJ: Violence Prevention Strategies and Health Disparities Among Youth of Color Cliff Akiyama, MA, University of Pennsylvania: Youth Gangs: What We Know and How We Can Intervene Eduardo I. Diaz, PhD, Miami-Dade County Independent Review Panel, Miami, FL: Miami-Dade County Contributions to Juvenile Justice Reforms Symposium: Health Care—The Great Divide 1 – 2:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 252B Chair: Nicholas Freudenberg, DrPH, City University of New York Hunter College Lydia P. Buki, PhD, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign: Take Pill Daily: Institutional Barriers to Health Care in Marginalized Populations David A. Chiriboga, PhD, BA, University of South Florida: Disparities, Cultural Competence, and Medical Homes: Lessons From Hispanic Populations Barbara W.K. Yee, PhD, University of Hawai`i at Manoa: Health Disparity Outcomes for Southeastern Asian Americans Jeffrey King, PhD, Western Washington University: Barriers to Urban American Mental Health Care Invited Address: Ralph K. White Lifetime Achievement Award 3 – 3:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 153B Fathali M. Moghaddam, PhD, Georgetown University: Multicultural Imperative: Psychological Science and Solutions to Fractured Globalization Recognizing Our Students and Early Career Psychologists 4 – 4:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite A social gathering for the Peace Division and Psychologists for Social Responsibility members and student members; co-hosted with PsySR. All are welcome. Peace Division Working Group (WG) 8 – 8:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite Linden L. Nelson, PhD, and Michael Slyck, PhD, Co-chairs, Peace and Education Working Group.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 19 Friday 8/15 Discussion: Celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the UDHR Ethics and Interrogation 9 – 9:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 252A Chair: Brad Olson, PhD, Northwestern University Steven J. Reisner, PhD, Columbia University in the City of New York; Stephen Soldz, PhD, Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis Prior to this session is Symposium: Marking the 60th Anniversary of the UHHR—Psychology and Interrogations, also Room 252A, Division 27, 8 – 8:50 a.m. Student Poster Session 10 – 10:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Exhibit Halls A and B1 Caitlin E. Femec, MEd, James Madison University: Juvenile Justice and Practices That Undermine Rehabilitation: Implications for Psychologists Carly B. Dierkhising, MA, Pepperdine University: Comparison Study of Delinquent Behavior Among Incarcerated Youth Silvia Susnjic, MA, George Mason University: Fueling Ethnonational Animosities: The Role of Collective Remembering Neda Faregh, MA, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada: Mental Health in War-affected, Displaced Populations: Externalizing Behaviors Among Adolescents Laura M. Begley, West Chester University of Pennsylvania: Fundamentalist Demonstrations on the Liberal University Campus: Chaos or Catharsis Matt S. Motyl, BS, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs: Validation of a Scale Measuring Perceptions of a Common Humanity Gabriel H.J. Twose, BA, Clark University: South Africa: Remembering the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Nadia H. El Tayar, Boston University: Ghana and the United States: Perspective on World Peace Sarah J. Whitman, MA, Harvard University: Interfaith Peacebuilding: How Psychologists Can Foster Peace Through Interreligious Cooperation Susan B. McGurr, Montclair State University: Peace Camp: Teaching Children Social Problem Solving Skills Ryan W. Hunt, PhD, Carnegie Mellon University: Project Camelot: Intelligence, Interrogations, and Military Sponsorship of Psychology Shannon Gottschall, BA, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada: An Examination of Anticipated Reactions to Segregation Global Violence, Terrorism and Nuclear War 10 – 10:50 a.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite A discussion with Diane Perlman, PhD, Private Practice, Conscious Politics.org. Divisions of Social Justice 11 – 11:50 a.m. boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite A discussion with Judith Van Hoorn, PhD, University of the Pacific. Town Hall Meeting: CSJ and NIMC Continue Discussion on Race, Justice and Peace Noon – 1:30 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite Facilitated by Counselors for Social Justice and the National Institute for Multicultural Competence; co-hosted with PsySR. Poster Session 1 – 1:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Exhibit Halls A and B1 Daniel M. Mayton II, PhD, LewisClark State College: Replicating and Extending the Profile of a Peaceful Person DoYeong Kim, PhD, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea: Malleability of Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Toward North Korea Scott L. Moeschberger, PhD, Taylor University: Steps to Peace: Reconciliation Among Excombatants in Northern Ireland Alice LoCicero, PhD, MBA, Endcott College: When the Last Tamil Dies: Interviewing Children in War Zones Lori J. Olafson, PhD, University of Nevada/Las Vegas: Morality of War Resistance Juliet D. RohdeBrown, PhD, Antioch University Santa Barbara: Supporting a Culture of Peace Through Interpersonal and Self Forgiveness Daya S. Sandhu, EdD, University of Louisville: Conceptual and Practical Framework to Create a Culture of Peace Symposium: Emotional Perspectives on Intergroup Conflict Around the Globe 2 – 2:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 260 Chair: Joseph de Rivera, PhD, Clark University Joseph de Rivera, PhD: Emotional Climate and National Unity Asako B. Stone, PhD, Washington State University: Effects of Social Identity on China-Japan Relations Jutta M. Tobias, MS, Washington State University: Economic Cooperation and Its Link to Intergroup Reconciliation in Rwanda Symposium: Asymmetric Conflict 3 – 3:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 206B Chair: Philip G. Zimbardo, PhD, Stanford University Clark McCauley, PhD, Bryn Mawr College: Asymmetric Conflict as Politics Albert Pepitone, PhD, University of Pennsylvania: Power of Weakness in Asymmetric Conflict Sophia Moskalenko, PhD, Bryn Mawr College: Mechanisms of Radicalization in Asymmetric Conflict James Breckenridge, PhD, Pacific Graduate School of Psychology:D ynamics of State Response to Nonstate Violence Anthony J. Marsella, PhD, University of Hawai`i at Manoa: Conflict Resolution and Peacemaking in Asymmetric Conflict

20 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2007 Invited Address: Early Career Awards 4 – 4:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 209 Chair: Daniel J. Christie, PhD, Ohio State University at Marion J. Christopher Cohrs, PhD, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany: Moral Disengagement and Support for War Barbara S. Tint, PhD, Portland State University: Transitions and Peacebuilding: Exploring Dynamics of External and Internal Change Invited Address: Morton Deutsch Award 5 – 5:50 p.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 160B Nicholas Freudenberg, DrPH, City University of New York Hunter College: Reframing Youth Violence: Interventions That Reduce Its Social Determinants Honoring Our International Humanitarian Peace Psychologists from Home & Welcoming the New International Network of Psychologists for Social Responsibility 6 – 7:30 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite Co-hosted with PsySR; All are welcome.

Saturday 8/16 Women in Black Vigil 7 – 8 a.m. Location to be announced (near Boston Convention Center); contact [email protected] for details. Peace Psychology Working Group and Task Force 8 – 8:50 a.m. Boston Marriott Copley Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite Steve Handwerker, PhD, Peace & Spirituality Working Group; Daniel Mayton, PhD, Peace Psychology Task Force. Symposium: Moral Disengagement and Social Injustice: War and Peace 9 – 9:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 103 Cochairs: Kathleen Malley-Morrison, EdD, Boston University; Michael Corgan, PhD, Boston University Abram Trosky, MA, Boston University: Moral Disengagement and Social Injustice: Theory and Assessment Sherri McCarthy, PhD, Northern Arizona University: Moral Disengagement and Peace: Russian and Brazilian Responses Tanvi Zaveri, MA, Boston University: Moral Disengagement and Invasion: Peru, Lebanon, and the United States Mariana Barbosa, BA, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal: Moral Disengagement in War and Peace: Portugal and the United States Symposium: Empirical Research on Peacefulness and Warmongering 10 – 10:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 103 Chair: Daniel M. Mayton II, PhD, LewisClark State College John J. Dempsey, Jr., PhD, Independent Practice, Vestal, NY: Developmental Path of a Peaceful Person Linden L. Nelson, PhD, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo: Cognitive and Motivational Predictors of Interpersonal Peacefulness and Militaristic Attitude William A. McConochie, PhD, Political Psychology Research, Inc., Eugene, OR: Measure of Warmongering: Multifaceted but Primarily Unitary Trait Conversation Hour: Honoring Our Early Pioneers in Peace Psychology—Conversation and Lunch 11 a.m. – 12:50 p.m. rSVP by 8/1; Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Grand Salons J and K Co-hosted: Peace Division and Psychologists for Social Responsibility Chair: Richard V. Wagner, PhD, Bates College Dorothy Ciarlo, PhD, retired, member of APA, PsySR and Division 48 Milton Schwebel, PhD, Graduate School of Education, Rutgers University M. Brewster Smith, PhD, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA Ethel Tobach, PhD, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, Herbert C. Kelman, PhD, Harvard University Invited Address: New Directions in Peace Psychology Early Career Award Winners Speak 1 – 1:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Provincetown Room Chair: Daniel J. Christie, PhD, Ohio State University at Marion Peter T. Coleman, PhD, MA, Teachers College, Columbia University: Suppose We Took Peace Seriously? A Dynamical Systems Approach Victoria Sanford, PhD, City University of New York Herbert H. Lehman College: Land of Pale Hands: Femicide, Social Cleansing, Impunity in Guatemala J. Christopher Cohrs, PhD, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany: Social Psychological Research on Peace: An Overview Daniel L. Shapiro, PhD, Harvard University: Challenge of Identity in Our Globalized World Psychologists for Social Responsibility’s Development of a Casebook on Psychology, Military and Political Ethics, and Interrogations 2 – 2:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite A Discussion with Jean Marie Arrigo, PhD., Project on Ethics and Art in testimony (PEAT); co-hosted with PsySR. Fall/Winter 2007 Peace Psychology 21 Business Meeting 3 – 3:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Provincetown Room Chair: Deborah Fish Ragin, PhD, Montclair University. Presidential Address 4 – 4:50 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Provincetown Room Deborah Fish Ragin, PhD, Montclair University. Honoring Peace Psychologists: A Reception & Social Hour 6:30 – 8:30 p.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite All are welcome. Peace psychologists are invited and honored; co-hosted with PsySR.

Sunday 8/17 International Perspectives on Reconciliation, a Discussion 8 – 8:50 a.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite A discussion with Mathilde Salmberg, PsyD, Georgetown University, and colleagues. Symposium: Reducing Service Disparities for Culturally Diverse Children—Research, Practice, and Policy Intersections (co-sponsored with Division 37) 9 – 10:50 a.m. Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Meeting Room 150 Chair: Julie M. Levitt, PhD, Independent Practice, Bala Cynwyd, PA Margarita Alegría, PhD, Cambridge Health Alliance, Somerville, MA: Disparities Framework for Children’s Health and Social Services Anna S. Lau, PhD, University of California–Los Angeles: Disparities in Youth Mental Health Services Depend on Problem Type Amy E. West, PhD, University of Illinois at Chicago: Culturally Informed Methods to Reduce Service Disparities for Urban American Indian Youth Bertha Holliday, PhD, APA Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs, Washington, DC: Systems Approach to Psychological Services for Diverse Children and Families Larke Nahme Huang, PhD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD: Contextual Issues in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Delivery for Culturally Diverse Youth: Implications for Policy Discussant: Jessica Henderson Daniel, PhD, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA An Educator’s Experience in the Post 9/11 World, a Conversation 10 – 10:50 a.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite A discussion with Debbie Almontaser, MBA, MS, former Project Director and founding Principal of the Khalil Gibran International Academy, NYC. Street Violence and Its Impact on Children and Families: Developing Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention Programs 11 – 11:50 a.m. Boston Marriott Copley Place Hotel, Peace Division Hospitality Suite Discussion with Ann E. Tobey, PhD, Director of the Juvenile Justice & Youth Advocacy Program for Boston, Wheelock College. Symposium: Integration of Civil Rights, Peace, and Environmental Movements 12 – 1:50 p.m. Sheraton Hotel, Fairfax Room Chair: Yasser A. Payne, PhD, University of Delaware Debbie Almontaser, MS, MBA, New York City: Educator’s Look at the Three Movements Anderson J. Franklin, PhD, Boston College: Different Bottle, Same Flavor: Civil Rights and Peace Efforts Repeated Joseph E. Trimble, PhD, Western Washington University: Interethnic Conflict, Colonialism, and Conflict Negotiations Among American Indians Albert Valencia, EdD, California State University Fresno: Civil Rights, Peace, Environmental Movements Need to Include Migrants/Immigrants

Hospitality suite hours: Thursday, 4 – 9 p.m.; Friday, 8 a.m. – 7:30 p.m.; and Saturday 8 a.m. – 8:30 p.m.; Sunday 8 a.m. – noon

Exhibit hours: Thursday, 4 – 5 p.m.; Friday, 8 a.m. – 7:30 p.m.; and Saturday 8 a.m. – 8:30 p.m.

All are welcome to view “Life Worth Remembering: Images from Four Street Memorials,” photographic exhibition from Wheelock College of Boston Street Memorials in memory of child victims of violence, coordinated by Dr. Ann E. Tobey.

Educational material about peace psychology and our theme will be available during Suite hours. 22 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 More Than Slavery Apologies Needed to Heal the Body Politic

Angelique M. Davis

Over the past year, six states have made unprecedented ‘apologies’ or have expressed regret for their role in perpetuating the institutions of slavery and Jim Crow. Alabama, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina and Virginia passed legislation expressing some form of regret. Although the text of each bill varies, most involve a detailed recognition of the institutions which upheld slavery and their present day impact. This trend is evident in the legislative proposals that have been brought forth by several other states as well as proposals currently under review in the U.S. Congress. These bills, introduced by both black and white legislators, received bipartisan support.

Despite the official ‘apologies’ that are Recognition, the first dimension of interra- now surfacing, an individualistic refutation cial justice inquiry, provides that “a person’s of responsibility remains for the ravages of suffering must be recognized and the wound slavery and Jim Crow that permeates repa- carefully assessed” through empathizing rations discourse in the United States. “It with the other, critical sociolegal inquiry wasn’t me” who held slaves—I have no that requires interrogation of “both the par- control over what my ancestors have done; ticular/contextual and structural/discursive While the state ‘apologies’ and the positive my family didn’t own slaves. “It wasn’t me,” aspects of a relationship in controversy” reception by many in the United States my family immigrated to the United States such as stock stories that groups tell about to Obama’s speech on race appear to be a after slavery so I shouldn’t have to pay repa- their relationship with the other and to step in the right direction, recognition that rations. “It isn’t me” who is racist or ben- justify their responses (Yamamoto, 1999). harm was done is not substantive enough to efits from institutionalized racism—there is Democratic Presidential Candidate Barack address the magnitude of this complex issue; equal opportunity after all. Utilizing Erik Obama’s recent speech on race fits well into a full assessment of the extent of the dam- Yamamoto’s four dimensional framework this recognition dimension of interracial age inflicted upon the African-American for interracial justice inquiry (Yamamoto, justice inquiry. His speech addressed the is- community is needed. Heeding Obama’s 1999), it can be argued that this individual- sue of racism in America and the need for call to increase dialogue and understanding istic response and the failure of our govern- recognition of the harms done to the black could be a first step. In addition, official ac- ment bodies to take meaningful corrective community and called for Americans to tions need to be taken to assess the present action allows the malignant nature of slav- empathize with the other. Obama stated day impact of slavery and Jim Crow on the ery and Jim Crow to metastasize and that that “in the white community, the path to black community, similar to the study done as citizens we have a collective responsibil- a more perfect union means acknowledging by the federal government to assess the im- ity, a civic duty, to take meaningful steps to that what ails the African-American com- pact of the Japanese-American internment heal the body politic. munity does not just exist in the minds of during World War II, in order to facilitate the people; that the legacy of discrimina- the development of meaningful corrective Legal scholar Erik Yamamoto, known for tion—and current incidents of discrimina- action. This type of recognition needs to his work regarding reparations for Japanese tion, while less overt than in the past—are come not only from the states, but also from Americans interned during World War II, real and must be addressed” and also states our federal government. Yet, even if there sets forth in his book Interracial Justice: that the anger from these harms “is real; were a national apology, the four dimen- Conflict & Reconciliation in Post-Civil Rights it is powerful; and to simply wish it away, sions of inquiry require much more than America, “an approach for inquiring into to condemn it without understanding its ‘apologies’ to improve race relations. This and acting on intergroup tensions marked roots, only serves to widen the chasm of is just the first, diagnostic step. For healing both by conflict and distrust and by a misunderstanding that exists between the to occur, our nation must take responsibil- desire for peaceable and productive rela- races.” Obama, however, does not call ity for its actions. tions.” His four dimensions of interracial solely on whites to empathize with African justice inquiry are derived from the study Americans, but also challenges blacks to Yamamoto provides that the second dimen- of the commonalities of the disciplines of understand the resentments of white Amer- sion of interracial justice inquiry, respon- law, theology, social psychology, political icans by explaining that “to wish away the sibility, “asks racial groups to assess group theory and indigenous practices relevant resentments of white Americans, to label agency and accept responsibility for racial to racial justice. These four dimensions of them as misguided or even racist, without wounds.” The acceptance of group agency inquiry are: recognition, responsibility, re- recognizing they are grounded in legitimate is, of course, a challenge due to the West- construction and reparation. concerns—this too widens the racial di- ern ethic of individualism supported by the vide, and blocks the path to understanding” (Obama, 2008). (continued on page 24)

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 23 (continued from page 23) the status of blacks; instead they include work daily to treat all person with abiding law’s emphasis on individual rights that general calls for remembrance, reconcilia- respect for their humanity and to eliminate militates against the acceptance of group tion or recognition of these atrocities. prejudices, injustices, and discrimination responsibility. Our legal system utilizes a from our society”; and Virginia’s call to re- The choice to forgive after an appropriate litigation model of forced responsibility tell the story and contributions of blacks apology is provided means that there is a and compliance. This makes voluntary ac- and “atone for the involuntary servitude of collective choice to restore the relationship knowledgment of wrongdoing beyond its Africans and call for reconciliation for all and to refashion new stories of intergroup typical functionalities (Yamamoto, 1999). Virginians ….” relations that build on the past and move White Americans must accept group agen- beyond it (Yamamoto, 1999). The choice These state pronouncements give no indi- cy and take responsibility for racial wounds to forgive does not erase the history of what cation that anything more needs to be done before healing can occur. happened or call for a cultural amnesia of in order to heal the wounds of the past that The state ‘apologies’ appear at first glance past atrocities. In the context of black repa- have yet to heal. In 1862 the Emancipation to be meaningful steps toward recognizing rations, what does this mean? Roy Brooks in Proclamation pronounced “all slaves…shall and taking responsibility for racial wounds. his book Atonement and Forgiveness: a New be forever free of their servitude, and not I believe, however, that the United States Model for Black Reparations discusses the again held as slaves.” In 1865 the Thir- has not entered into this dimension of in- anatomy of forgiveness as part of his atone- teenth Amendment prohibited slavery and terracial inquiry. The federal government ment model for reparations and, like Yama- involuntary servitude. And in 1868 the to this date has not apologized for slavery or moto, discusses the concept of forgiveness Fourteenth Amendment proclaimed, “[n]o Jim Crow. Some of the states chose not to as one which restores a broken relationship. State shall…deprive any person of life, lib- use the word apology and instead expressed Brooks, however, does not regard forgiveness erty, or property, without due process of law; “regret” in the attempt to avoid reparations as a moral imperative. In fact, he argues that nor deny to any person within its jurisdic- lawsuits. The failure to assess the extent of forgiveness in the absence of some sort of tion the equal protection of the laws.” Yet, the current damage inflicted on the black atonement is morally objectionable. Instead, despite these official pronouncements, Jim community and the unwillingness of most Brooks provides that forgiveness is a “civic Crow laws oppressed African Americans Americans to accept personal responsibil- subpoena” that creates an unconditional and the legacy of racism continues over ity for the present day impact of slavery and civil obligation on the part of the victim four decades after the enactment of the Jim Crow on our society demonstrates that to participate in a process of reconciliation 1964 Civil Rights Act. Our government’s there is still a long way to go before America (Brooks, 2005). In this sense, the existence Nineteenth and Twentieth Century actions takes responsibility for its cancerous legacy of a sincere apology and forgiveness forms a did not assess nor reconstruct the damage. and can enter into the last two dimensions type of social contract in which participants It would be premature to expect these state of interracial justice inquiry, reconstruction give up something personal to secure a larger ‘apologies’ that contain no prescriptive and reparation. collective good. (Yamamoto, 1999). This measures to heal the body. Such an expecta- serves as a form of offer and acceptance that tion is akin to naively expecting one round Reconstruction, the third dimension of in- concretizes the agreement and sets the pa- of chemotherapy treatment to heal a body terracial inquiry, requires the performative rameters for the relationship. inflicted with a widespread cancer. act of reaching out in tangible ways to heal the relationship. Reconstruction can take The state ‘apologies’ failure to demonstrate Finally, in addition to recognition, respon- place through apology and forgiveness; it concrete steps to assess or reconstruct the sibility and reconstruction the third dimen- requires a sincere apology and commitment damage negates the ability to enter into this sion of interracial justice calls for repair of to address past wrongs. Without this com- dimension of interracial justice inquiry. For the body politic through reparation. The mitment there remains the concern that reconstruction to occur, there must be more word reparation means “repair.” This can be the apology can “become an end rather than: Alabama’s call “for reconciliation transformative when it focuses on substan- than a means for relational change” and among all Alabamians”; Florida’s “for heal- tial barriers to liberty and denounces ex- that it will not sufficiently change the rela- ing and reconciliation among all residents ploitation (Yamamoto, 1999). Many argue, tionship structure that results in long-term of the state”; Maryland’s recommitment, “to for these reasons, that reparation is an es- forgiveness (Yamamoto, 1999). In addition, the principle that all people are equal and sential part of redress for justice grievances. insincere apologies, that pass responsibil- equally endowed with the inalienable rights This is crucial because without some form ity to someone else or obviate the degree to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”; of material change that includes attitudinal of harm, can exacerbate the injury (Lazare New Jersey’s call “to remember that slavery and societal structural transformation that 2004). Thus, for these ‘apologies’ to have a continues to exist and encourage them to has meaning to the recipients an insincere curative effect they must not only be sin- teach about the history and legacy of slav- or insufficient attempt at reparations may cere and take responsibility for the racial ery and Jim Crow Law”; North Carolina’s be more damaging that restorative. (Yama- wound, but they must also be the beginning, resolution for institutions to “learn the les- moto 1999; Lazare 2004). A “form of cheap not the end, of efforts to reconcile and cre- sons of history in order to avoid repeating grace” (Yamamoto, 1999; Brooks 2005). ate societal change. It remains to be seen if mistakes of the past, and to promote racial Reparation, therefore, aims for more than tangible actions will result from the recent reconciliation” and call to recommit to the a monetary placebo; it aims to heal through state ‘apologies,’ but at this time they do nation’s Declaration of Independence and change, which is more ‘costly’ in terms of commit to taking steps to repair the dam- State Constitution that “all men are cre- commitment than a monetary payment age done. The texts of these statutes do not ated equal and endowed by their Creator (Yamamoto, 1999). provide any concrete measures to improve with certain inalienable rights” and “to

24 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 The United States has yet to enter into the its restorative nature and argue that repa- Virginia Senate Joint Resolution 332, Atoning reparation dimension of interracial inquiry. rations cause blacks to view themselves as for the Involuntary Servitude of Africans and Not only do large segments of the Ameri- helpless victims (Winbush, 2003). Others Calling for Reconciliation Among all Virgin- ians (On-line at http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/ can population believe that there should believe they hold no responsibility. Some legp504.exe?071+ful+SJ332ER). not be reparations for blacks, but many of have taken limited responsibility, but have Boris I. Bittker, The Case for Black Reparations, the supporters of the recent state ‘apologies’ taken no action to repair the damage. By 2d ed. (Beacon Press 2003). believe this as well. In addition, there re- ignoring, denying the existence of, or ‘apol- Brooks, Roy L., Atonement and Forgiveness: A mains much debate about the appropriate ogizing’ with no concrete action, racism in New Model for Black Reparations (University of forms of reparations. Should they be to the our society continues to fester. This cancer California Press 2005). individuals or the group? How should they does not impact just one part of the body; it Lazare, Aaron, On Apology (Oxford University be administered and to whom? (Bittker, impacts all of us. To thrive, the body poli- Press 2004). 2003) These issues will continue to afflict tic must engage in meaningful rehabilitate Obama, Barack, “Speech on Race” delivered us and will remain unaddressed until the measures. March 18, 2008 (On-line at http://www.nytimes. body expresses a collective will to do so. com/2008/03/18/us/politics/18text-obama. REFERENCES html?em&ex=1206763200&en=1877f15179da 1aad&ei=5087%0A). Although all of the dimensions of inter- Alabama Senate Joint Resolution 59, Expressing racial justice inquiry addressed above are Profound Regret for Alabama’s Role in Slavery Winbush, Raymond A., Should America Pay? Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations significant, the ultimate question should be (On-line at http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/ acas/ACASLogin.asp?SESSION=1036). (Harper Collins Publishers Inc. 2003). “What will heal us as a nation?” What will Florida Senate Concurrent Resolution 2930, Yamamoto, Erik K. Interracial Justice: Conflict put rampant racism into remission? What Expressing Profound Regret for the Involuntary and Reconciliation in Post-Civil Rights America. will ultimately cure the body politic of this Servitude of Africans and Calling for Reconcili- (New York University Press 1999). cancerous legacy? A series of ‘apologies’ ation Among All Floridians (On-line at http:// www.flsenate.gov/data/session/2008/Senate/ with no actions to repair the harm done Angelique Davis teaches at Seattle Uni- bills/billtext/pdf/s2930er.pdf). could placate self-righteous Americans into versity and can be contacted at adavis@ thinking they adequately addressed the leg- Maryland Senate Joint Resolution 6, Slavery in seattleu.edu. acy of slavery and Jim Crow. ‘Apologies,’ Maryland (On-line at http://mlis.state.md.us/ 2007RS/bills/sj/sj0006t.pdf). without any curative action, will not solve New Jersey Assembly Concurrent Resolution the problem. No. 270. Apologizing for the Wrongs of Slavery and Expressing New Jersey’s Profound Regret for While the recent state ‘apologies’ are a step its Role in Slavery (On-line at http://www.njleg. in the right direction, much remains to be state.nj.us/2006/Bills/ACR/270_I1.PDF). done to heal the body politic. The failure North Carolina Senate Joint Resolution 1557, of our society to take meaningful steps to Expressing the Profound Regret of the North enter into the dimensions of interracial Carolina General Assembly for the History of justice inquiry has allowed the malignant Wrongs Inflicted Upon Black Citizens by Means of Slavery, Exploitation, and Legalized Racial nature of slavery and Jim Crow to metas- Segregation and Calling on All Citizens to Take tasize throughout the body politic. Many Part in Acts of Racial Reconciliation (On-line at opponents of reparations focus on the com- http://www.ncleg.net/Sessions/2007/Bills/Senate/ pensatory aspect of reparations instead of HTML/S1557v3.html).

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Order a “Peace is Possible” t-shirt or hat from Julie Levitt by emailing her at [email protected]. Donate $10 (or more if you like) to our Division, and we will send you one of the items as a token of our appreciation.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 25 Study: War Veterans Face Job Search Woes

Hope Yen

Strained by war, recently discharged veterans are having a harder time finding civilian jobs and are more likely to earn lower wages for years due partly to employer concerns about their mental health and overall skills, a government study says.

The Veterans Affairs Department report, “The issue of mental health has training, said the department provides a obtained by the Associated Press, points to turned into a double-edged sword wide variety of services to veterans seek- continuing problems with the Bush admin- ing jobs, including workshops that focus on istration’s efforts to help 4.4 million troops for returning veterans. More pub- resume writing and interview skills. Staff who have been discharged from active duty licity has generated more public also are educating reservists about their job since 1990. The 2007 study by the consult- rights as well as seeking to connect veterans awareness and federal funding for ing firm Abt Associates Inc. found that 18 to new jobs, he said. percent of the veterans were unemployed those who return home different “The Department of Labor is constantly within one to three years of discharge, while from when they left. However, more one out of four who did find jobs earned less working to better assist transitioning service than $21,840 a year. Many had taken ad- publicity—especially stories that members and veterans as they enter or re-en- vantage of government programs such as the perpetuate the ‘Wacko Vet’ myth— ter the civilian work force,” Ciccolella said. GI Bill to boost job prospects, but there was little evidence that education benefits yield- has also made some employers The two reports come as Congress and the ed higher pay or better advancement. The more cautious to hire a veteran.” Bush administration seek ways to improve veterans’ health care and benefits in light of report blamed the poor prospects partly on – Joe Davis inadequate job networks and lack of men- a protracted Iraq war. A Pentagon survey of tors after extended periods in war. The study VFW spokesman reservists released last year found increasing said employers often had misplaced stereo- discontent among returning troops about types about veterans’ fitness for employment, the government’s performance in protect- such as concerns they did not have adequate Separately, a Labor Department report ob- ing their legal rights after taking leave from technological skills, or were too rigid, lacked tained by the AP showed that formal job work. Some legal experts have said those education or were at risk for post-traumatic complaints by reservists remained high, numbers may grow once the Iraq war winds stress disorder. citing concerns about denied jobs or ben- down and more troops come home after efits after they tried to return to their old an extended period in combat. In recent It urged the federal government to consider jobs after extended tours in Iraq. Reservists weeks, some veterans groups and lawmak- working with a private-sector marketing firm filed 1,357 complaints with the department ers have called for an overhaul of the GI to help promote and brand war veterans as in 2006, the latest figures available, down Bill, which provides veterans with money capable employees, as well as re-examine from nearly 1,600 in 2005, when complaints to help them further their education. education and training such as the GI Bill. reached the highest level since 1991. The difficulty that veterans have had in “The issue of mental health has turned into While complaints declined in 2006, the finding jobs at higher wages has been go- a double-edged sword for returning veterans. Labor Department report noted for the first ing on for some time. The latest VA study, More publicity has generated more public time that figures in the previous years might numbering 199 pages, tracked a statisti- awareness and federal funding for those who have been inflated. That’s because in some cal sample of 1,941 veterans between the return home different from when they left. cases a single complaint was double count- ages of 17 and 61, more than half of whom However, more publicity—especially stories ed after the case was closed in one state and served in the Army. It found that from 1991 that perpetuate the ‘Wacko Vet’ myth—has then reopened in another state. to 2003, about 9.5 percent of recent veter- also made some employers more cautious to ans were unemployed within two years of hire a veteran,” said Joe Davis, spokesman “The military has worked on assisting ser- separation from active duty, compared with for Veterans of Foreign Wars. vice members in completing and translat- 4.3 percent for non-veterans of comparable ing their skills to match equivalent civilian age, gender and education. “The federal government needs to acceler- job descriptions; however, training for mar- ate its hiring and training of these young ketability may require much more prepara- The veterans also tended to have lower veterans to fill the ranks of the retiring tion than having the ability to improve a wages, although total income was often Boomer generation,” Davis said. resume,” the VA study said. similar when factoring in disability pay and other government benefits, and to be in A VA spokesman declined to comment, “The federal government may need to re- low-income families (under $29,000) for up saying the report spoke for itself. Last No- evaluate how it serves the needs of return- to eight years after separation. vember, the VA announced the initial hir- ing service members,” it said. Charles Cic- ing of ten full-time staff as part of an effort colella, the Labor Department’s assistant Used with permission of The Associated to help veterans find jobs at the department. secretary for veterans’ employment and Press © 2008 All Rights Reserved.

26 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Candidate Statements

Candidates for President-elect

Joseph H. de Rivera, Ph.D. practices in families, their causes, and ways chaired by Richard Suinn. Among the goals I’m a professor of psychology at Clark Uni- that the community can work to ameliorate of our task force are developing concrete ways versity and director of its peace studies pro- them. Following my tenure at the Clinic, I to help division leadership to be more aware gram. Ever since writing The Psychological became a volunteer faculty member of the and welcoming of cultural and other kinds of Dimension of Foreign Policy (back in 1968!) then Marriage Council of Philadelphia, part diversity, for example, those associated with I’ve been doing research on why our gov- of the University of Pennsylvania School of gender, age, disability and sexual orientation, ernment tends to rely on domination rather Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Divi- and finding ways for self-identified marginal- than leadership and how we may be able to sion of Family Studies. From 1981 to 1995 ized individuals to join the divisions and for change that pattern. I’m currently editing a I supervised trainees from several disciplines them, as division members, to have a voice Handbook for Building Cultures of Peace for and culturally diverse backgrounds and lec- in division decision-making. Among the out- the new Springer series on peace psychology, tured on topics related to children, couples, comes of our task force, to be completed by and believe it will be available for APA. My and families. An ongoing area of focus has late spring of this year, will be development next work will be aimed at peace movement been the treatment of children and families of a model for inclusion based on identify- strategy, at how psychologists may help en- who experienced trauma. Currently I am in ing division climate, small caucusing groups courage the resolution of conflicts within the private practice. I concentrate my volunteer that move toward large group dialogue and peace movement, and how nonviolent ac- efforts in areas of inter-group conflict and suggestions for ways to measure change, and tion may be used to encourage the establish- mobilizing communities to join anti-violence case book illustrations based on real situations ment of an effective Department of Peace. initiatives through promoting legislation and within APA. In addition, there will be an I believe that a properly organized depart- developing processes that bring disparate APA website that will contain resource mate- ment, supported by a knowledgeable peace groups together as partners. As Public Policy rial and will describe other APA work in the movement, can help our own government Chair of my local guild organization, I am area of diversity and inclusion. and culture become more peaceful. working on a plan to develop greater second response capability in time of crisis. Within I have contributed to Peace Psychology, our I fully support the work being done by our my state organization I am raising issues re- division’s bi-annual newsletter, and most re- current membership and our efforts to reach lated to the status of psychologists working in cently was a guest editor of the fall 2007 issue. out to other divisions. If elected, I would the military, in prisons, and in other circum- In that issue I examined with four practitio- like to also work on having our division stances where psychologists may find them- ners the needs of mental health workers in establish connections with psychologists selves in conflict with their employers and Post-Katrina New Orleans and proposed ap- working in the fields of intergroup relations with the ethics associated with their duties. proaches for addressing these needs there and and political psychology so that peace psy- in other settings. chology might foster relations between ba- My background includes Holocaust research, sic research and social activists. focusing on resiliency of victims, and re- I am Division Program Chair for the 2008 search and practice that has been concerned APA meeting. In this position I have ex- Julie Meranze Levitt, Ph.D. with trauma and outcomes based on systems panded programming to include a close look The Peace Society has been strongly com- models. Systems theory and application are at multiple needs of communities today, mitted to research and to the application of central to my clinical psychology work and here and abroad, and to expand our partner- principles concerned with peaceful commu- my research and teaching have looked at ing as a division with other psychology sub- nities and social justice, areas central to my the smallest kinds of interaction, including specialties, such as public policy and health belief system and professional work. I work as within individuals and between members of psychology, as well as with other disciplines, a clinical and school psychologist, as a com- a family, the interventions that work to cre- such as public health and medicine. My pro- munity advocate, and as a convener of groups ate healthy, positive kinds of interplay, and gram committee has developed a new stu- of people brought together for dialogue, edu- the applications of intra-psychic and small dent poster session that includes mentoring cation, and change. group transformations to large systems, such and preparation for the presentations, as an- as those in communities. other way to connect peace psychology with My undergraduate work, at the University other branches of undergraduate and gradu- of Pennsylvania, was in International Rela- I am one of three Members At Large of the ate psychology studies research. tions, and my doctoral work in psychology Peace Division. Now in my second term, I was at Yeshiva University. I have had two am serving on the Inter-Divisional Task Force In other national level work I have been years of post-doctoral training, one in child on Enhancing Diversity (IDTFED), formed part of the leadership of Psychologists for clinical psychology at St. Christopher’s Hos- in January 2006 in order to help the 56 APA Social Responsibility, where I co-chaired pital of Philadelphia, and the other at Phila- divisions with implementation of a 2005 task and developed two conferences that ex- delphia Child Guidance Clinic, in structural force, the APA Presidential Task Force on plored aspects of international humanitar- family therapy. I continued on the staff of Enhancing Diversity, initiated by the then- ian work in areas affected by ethno-politi- the clinic with a concentration on abusive president of APA, Ronald F. Levant, and cal warfare. These “Clara Conferences,”

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 27 Candidate Statements Candidate Statements

Community Healing, Empowerment and vision Executive Committee, my ability to interests have always included at cross-cul- Resilience in Time of Ethnopolitical Con- work with people and ideas, and to make tural component, and this focus has been flicts (July 2002) and International Psycho- the ideas realities, are examples of what I enhanced by visiting positions at the Uni- Social Humanitarian Assistance Working will bring to the position. versity of Waikato (New Zealand), Fudan with Communities Affected by Ethnopo- University (Shanghai, China), Univer- litical Warfare (September 2003), brought Stephen Worchel, Ph.D. sity of the Basque Country, International together leaders from various disciplines in They say that life is a circle, and this seems Graduate School (Jena, Germany), Uni- the governmental and NGO sectors from to be true for me. When I was a young versity of Almeria (Spain), and University various parts of the world, including the kid, my father, a psychologist, and family of Padua (Italy). I was a Fulbright research Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and friends, Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif, sup- scholar in Greece (1979-80). I have been Europe to work on assumptions, strategies, posedly plotted to have me attend one of awarded research grants from NIMH, NSF, and best techniques and provided a two-day the Oklahoma summer camps that became and CDC/NIOSH, and served on grant re- workshop for practitioners. A by-product of part of the early research on intergroup con- view panels for NIMH, NSF, NIOSH, and the project was the development of a strong flict. The plot failed, but more than 50 years Fulbright (CIES). I am presently co-editor and productive network that promoted dia- later, I find myself studying the short and of TMP (Testing, Psychometrics, Meth- logue among leaders in research and field long-term impact of programs, including odology), served as an Associate Editor of work. As part of the initial conference, a summer camps, designed to bring together Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, field study to ascertain needs of practitioners individuals from groups in protracted con- series editor for D. van Nostrand and Nel- highlighted the lack of supports for many flict. During the journey from summer camp son Hall publishers, and advisory editor for field workers internationally. Currently I to summer camp, I received my B.A. from Psychological Abstracts. I am a fellow of am Finance Committee Chair of the orga- the University of Texas (1967) and my APA, APS, and SPSSI, served on the Board nization and in this capacity am part of a Ph.D. in Psychology from Duke University of Governors of ISPP, and am presently a group examining its mission and objectives, (1971). My initial research focused on reac- director for HIUW (United Way). organizational structure, and directions. tance theory and the effect of perceived loss of freedom on aggression. This early work No matter one’s political persuasion, it is I believe I am eminently qualified to serve set the foundation for some later research difficult now to be awe struck by -the dis as President of the Peace Division. My focus involving questions of universal human parity in the amount and ease of funding as President of the Peace Division will be to rights and duties and the influence of cul- for war efforts as opposed to peace efforts. bring more researchers and practitioners to- ture on human freedom. My early research Having questioned several lawmakers about gether and to increase the interdisciplinary focused on interpersonal aggression. I then the basis for this difference, I was especially exchange of peace psychology with other moved into the area of group development impressed by one response, “I guess making psychology specialties and other disciplines and change, examining the role of conflict war is more exciting than making love.” to allow a forum for the development of the on group process and decision-making. My I’m not sure what this says about the state broadest and most relevant applications of interest expanded to the area of intergroup of love (or war), but it does raise a critical peace psychology scholarship. I see the ef- relations, focusing on the development of mission for Division 48. The Division must ficacy of working with clinical, community group (especially ethnic group) identity make peacemaking as critical (and excit- and social psychologists and anthropologists and basis for hatred and violence between ing) as war making. It is relatively easy (but and sociologists among others to further de- groups. My research has shown me how en- important) to recoil at the use of torture to velop ways of understanding small group in- trenched conflict and hatred, once ignited, extract information from prisoners, but if teractions and their impact on large group can become and how it is passed on from the protest is to have maximum impact, it attitudes and behavior and the impact of one generation to another. This finding has is vital that we offer alternative approaches large group changes on the smallest social led me to examine efforts aimed at creat- approaches to obtain information. The field systems. Increasing student and early career ing tolerance and preventing hatred, rather of psychology can offer such alternatives membership in our division will be one of then attempting to reduce violence once based on its vast storehouse of research and my priorities so that we have the widest and it as erupted. My present studies involve theory on persuasion, cooperation, and so- deepest of exchanges enriched by experi- working with a community in Massachu- cial influence. I would like to see Division ence and new perspectives. Peace Psychol- setts in an effort to create an atmosphere of 48 enhance its role in identifying a peace ogy must be understood by the professional tolerance and examining approaches to de- agenda, expanding its efforts to influence and lay public as an area of study and appli- velop better understanding and acceptance policy, and increasing awareness of the aims cation that creates the opportunity for the between immigrants and host populations. and contributions of the Division. development of communities where peace- ful ways and social justice are integral to the I have held faculty positions at the Univer- I see several actions that can be taken to- culture. I hope to help find effective ways sity of North Carolina (1971-74), Univer- ward these ends. One is to expand on the to educate professionals and the public in sity of Virginia (1974-1983), Texas A&M interdisciplinary outreach of the Division. these areas. I believe that my background University (1983-1998), University of Issues surrounding conflict, violence, and working with various social systems, both in Southern Maine (as dean, 1998-2000), and peace are deeply rooted in many areas of my clinical and volunteer work, my strong presently at University of Hawaii at Hilo psychology. But these issues are also central involvement as a member of the Peace Di- (dean and professor (2000-present). My to such disciplines as sociology, political sci-

28 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Candidate Statements Candidate Statements

ence, history, anthropology, and economics. Haverford College and, in the early 1970s multiculturalism, positive psychology and Greater dialogue between these disciplines as research associate at its then Center for Buddhist psychology. In addition, through can add fertile new perspectives for research Nonviolent Conflict Resolution. creating peace and social justice oriented and policy making. Another avenue is to student clubs at UDC, I strive to men- develop closer ties with agencies, such as I am a Fellow of the Society and, since its tor and increase the number of students, the U.N., ICRC, and numerous NGOs, inception, Bibliographer and Review Editor mostly of color, engaged as peace activists that apply the results of our research in the for Peace and Conflict—also council member and researchers with such organizations as application of peace-making efforts. The and membership secretary of the Conflict Division 48 and Psychologists for Social Division has made significant strides in Research Society (UK) and a longstanding Responsibility. this direction, but more (e.g. cooperative member of Psychologists for Social Respon- conferences, joint publications, drafting of sibility and of Scientists for Global Respon- My research primarily has focused on Bud- policy) can be done. I’d like to see a Divi- sibility (UK). dhism as a resource for promoting personal sion member appointed as an active liaison resilience, well-being, and global peace. In furthering my interests in peace psy- to each agency that we deem as critical to Through two books, Resources for Stress Re- chology and social psychology, I have been peace making to ensure these agencies un- sistance: Parallels in Psychology and Buddhism a visiting scholar at Harvard University derstand the capabilities of the Division (1993) and Psychology and Buddhism: From (twice) and visiting professor at Haver- and the Division understands the agencies. Individual to Global Community (2003), arti- ford College (where I also gave lectures on Third, the Division can play a vital role in cles, and a series of APA symposia, my goal peace psychology). helping to develop peace studies curricu- is to illuminate the intersection of Bud- dhism and psychology and their sometimes lums, supporting degree-granting programs I am a senior editor of the International parallel contributions to creating peaceful in peace and conflict, and leading efforts to Encyclopedia of Peace (4 vols., Oxford Uni- communities. obtain funding for these programs. Given versity Press, in press) and have co-edited the fact that the study of peace, conflict, three volumes on nonviolent direct action. My goals in the coming years are to con- and violence is interdisciplinary in nature Among other relevant publications: tinue, through teaching, research, and stu- and is a relatively new kid on the block, it dent mentoring, to promote four long range is easy for these programs to become un- Blumberg & French (Eds.). (1992). Peace: goals of the Society: (1) broadening the claimed orphans in traditional academic Abstracts of the psychological and behavioral recognition of peace as a valued aspect of institutions. The Division can serve as an literature, 1967-1990. American Psycho- the discipline of psychology, (2) increasing advocate for these programs by demonstrat- logical Association. age, gender, and ethnic diversity perspec- ing how they can enrich other disciplines. tives within the Society, (3) promoting Finally, I’d like to see more effort put into Blumberg, Hare, & Costin. (2006). Peace peace and social justice, and (4) research- directly exploring the policy implications of psychology: A comprehensive introduction. ing and supporting values that sustain in- the research in our area. Special sections of Cambridge University Press. dividuals and societies in their quest for a the journal, targeted newsletters, and popu- I teach (since 1980) a course on social is- peaceful and less violent world. In addition, lar media-based programs could be used to sues and peace (at University of London), my priorities include continued excellence bring together Division members and poli- and regularly present relevant papers at e.g. as division secretary and fully contributing cy makers in the discussion of the role of re- international conferences. as a member of the Executive Committee. search in guiding policy. Work on this front will not only help cement the relationship between science and policy, but it will also Kathleen H. Dockett , Ed.D. Peace Psychology has become a “home” for help open alternatives for the employment my contributions as a community psycholo- Candidates for of our students. gist, a researcher, a peace activist, and an Membership Chair engaged Buddhist. Reflecting on my current term (2005-2008) as secretary of the Soci- Lawrence H. Gerstein, Ph.D. Candidates for Secretary ety for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and I earned a Ph.D. in counseling and social Violence, I experienced an excellent and psychology in 1983 at the University of Herb Blumberg, Ph.D. mutually beneficial fit with the goals and Georgia. Since then, I have been a professor My main concern would be to work with values of the Society and therefore, offer at Ball State University in the Department the Society’s team furthering the Division’s my services for a second term. of Counseling Psychology and Guidance existing goals, such as encouraging research Services. At Ball State, I am the director and education, facilitating communication, As a 34-year tenured professor of commu- of the doctoral program in Counseling Psy- and applying relevant knowledge and meth- nity psychology in the Department of Psy- chology and also the director of the Center ods in order actively to foster peace, justice, chology and Counseling at the University of Peace and Conflict Studies. The Center and nonviolent conflict resolution. of the District of Columbia (UDC), my is an interdisciplinary institute comprised of teaching embraces paradigms of social and faculty members from different disciplines. I These goals have been among my personal community change based in community have published extensively on internation- concerns for many years, starting with re- psychology, prevention in mental health, al and social justice issues. Recently, I have search and action as an undergraduate at

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 29 Candidate Statements Candidate Statements

focused on researching and resolving ethnic Disaster & Mass Trauma, Mentoring, Con- tional and developmental issues, I found political conflict. vention Program, and Finance. it is ultimately ineffective to merely react to the problem our culture creates. Rather, I am the co-editor of the Handbook for So- I am honored to serve as a candidate for we need to proactively help youth to learn cial Justice in Counseling Psychology: Leader- Membership Chair for Division 48. I have to live in this world nonviolently. It isn’t ship, Vision, and Action and the forthcom- felt the deep pains of genocide as a child of about stopping violence; it’s about creating ing International Handbook of Cross-Cultural survivors, experienced war as a young girl peace. Clinically and personally, my focus Counseling: Cultural Assumptions and Prac- in the Middle East, and felt the discrimi- shifted to helping in that creation. tices Worldwide. Further, I am currently a nations when I immigrated to the U.S. at member of Division 48’s Program Com- age 15. My 19-year tenure at the UN and Steps taken to date to help include: mittee, the co-chair of APA Division 17’s 20 years of voluntary global humanitar- ❚ Creating, organizing and conducting an International Section, the co-editor of the ian outreach around the globe, combined annual PEACE CAMP for area children International Forum of The Counseling Psy- with knowledge of five languages, will en- for the past 14 years. This week-long chologist, and a member of APA’s Commit- able me to apply my energies and talents in camp teaches peace, diversity, and con- tee on International Relations. I also serve conflict transformation, peace-making, and flict resolution. Almost 1,000 children on many other editorial boards and profes- peace-keeping. I would bring my talents to have attended this camp, staffed by sional committees. diversify, and internationalize our member- ship, and collaboratively find ways to make about 420 adolescent volunteers. I am a Fellow of the American Psychologi- Division 48 excel within the APA and in- ❚ Proposed, created, and taught an un- cal Association and the president of the In- ternationally. As Maya Angelou stated, I dergraduate class on “Children and ternational Tibet Independence Movement believe we can put our energies together to Violence” at Binghamton University. (www.rangzen.org). I was very fortunate help educate and disseminate non-violence to start this organization in 1995 with His around the globe. ❚ Consulting to our Head Start pre- Holiness The Dalai Lama’s oldest brother, school program, I advised and helped “History, despite its wrenching pain, can- Taktser Rinpoche. the program institute conflict resolu- not be unlived, but, if faced with courage, it tion training for young children. If elected as the membership chair of Divi- need not be lived again.” - Maya Angelou sion 48, I will actively work to help meet ❚ Provided dozens of workshops, semi- the needs of the current members and de- Rachel M. MacNair, Ph.D. nars, and training programs on peace vote time to recruiting new members in- Having written not only an introductory building and conflict resolution. cluding students. I also will build on the college textbook in peace psychology but a previous successes of the Division in serv- book explaining the concepts in a book for ❚ Speaking to news media on many top- ing the members. middle- and high-school youth, I’ve long ics relating to peace education. had an interest in popularizing and expand- ❚ Ani Kalayjian, Ed.D. ing the field of peace psychology. This is I will be presenting a workshop with Ani Kalayjian, RN, EdD, BCETS, Dr Sc both because of my interest in Peace Stud- Division colleagues at the 2008 APA (Hon), Division 52’s Program Chair (2004), ies, which was my major for my Bachelors, conference in Boston. My topic will Treasurer (05-08), was awarded an Honor- but also because many active in Peace Stud- be “The Developmental Path of the ary Doctor of Science from Long Island Uni- ies are not as familiar as would be ideal with Peaceful Person.” versity in 2001 recognizing her 25 years as a how important psychology is to the field ❚ Eight-year member of Division 48. pioneering clinical researcher, peace maker, —my Peace Studies major did not list one and administrator at the United Nations. psychology course, despite having plenty of I seek this position to take another step in Recently she was awarded Columbia Uni- psychology material involved. Accordingly, helping the Division in this peace journey. versity, TC’s Distinguished Alumni of the I would like to work at helping psycholo- Your support is appreciated. Year Award 2007. She is the author of the gists to understand the importance of ap- landmark book Disaster and Mass Trauma plying our knowledge to peace, and to work John R. Gruszkos , Ph.D. (1995), coeditor of the international book at helping peace studies people understand I am a clinical psychologist in solo practice Forgiveness: Pathways for Conflict Transfor- the importance of using psychology. Work in Virginia and psychology consultant at mation and Peace Building (2008 in press) on membership expansion, as I have done an addiction treatment center. I have been and more than 40 articles/chapters on hu- for other non-profit organizations, would fit a member of the Society for six years, and man rights, conflict transformation, and into this interest. treasurer of the Society for the last three post-trauma healing. Since 1990, Ani has years. I am honored to be nominated for been an officer, chair or vice chair of several another term of office. My tenure as trea- UN units—its Human Rights Committee, Candidates for Treasurer surer has introduced me to an exceptionally NGO annual conferences, and DPI/NGO talented and dedicated group of colleagues, Executive Committee. Ani is a Fellow of John Jody Dempsey, Ph.D. who are tireless in their efforts to promote the APA Div 1 and Division 52. In 52, Ani In 24 years as a psychologist, assisting thou- peace and justice in our society. During has chaired several committees, including sands of youth and families deal with emo- my term, we have been fortunate enough

30 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Candidate Statements Candidate Statements

to have the resources to fund a number of John Paul Szura, Ph.D. My experience in dealing with national new initiatives, including providing travel I have been a Division 48 member for about security and international affairs issues on stipends for students to present at the APA 13 years and our secretary for two terms. I many levels with people from many disci- convention, and collaboration with other am presently a member-at-large seeking a plines and organizations will help me con- divisions in funding the biannual Multicul- second term in that office. My first term was tribute to Division 48 as a member-at-large tural Conference. I hope to have the oppor- unproductive because I was not working well of the Executive Committee. I helped with tunity to continue to serve the Division in nor was I in good communication with the the starting of Division 48 and have been this capacity. Division due to unexpected hip replacement an active participant in review of proposals surgery done in Quezon City, Philippines. for the annual programs and as a discussant Candidates for I am seeking a second term hoping my re- on many sessions over the years. I am on habilitation will allow me to make valuable the editorial board of Peace and Conflict, the Member-at-Large contributions as member-at-large. division journal.

Peter T. Coleman, Ph.D. I teach in a Philippine Catholic seminary, I am a social and political psychologist. I My work centers on conflict, power, justice a position offering advantages and limita- recently retired from a Senior Mathemati- and change. I hold a Ph.D. in Social/Orga- tions. I can help advance peace psychology cal Statistician position at the U.S. Gen- nizational Psychology from Teachers Col- internationally in terms of research, teach- eral Accountability Office. I started there lege, Columbia University. I am currently ing and organizational structure. I can bring in 1980. At GAO, I had a consultative Associate Professor of Psychology and to the Division Philippine and even some and mentoring role in evaluations for the Education at Teachers College, Columbia Asian perspectives on peace, on psychology Congress. Many of these were evaluations University and teach graduate courses in and on peace psychology. I have already of military and civilian agencies with inter- conflict resolution, social psychology, and brought peace psychology to places it has national roles. Examples of these issues are: social science research. I am also Director never been before. modeling of the risks in chemical weapon of the International Center for Coopera- disposal; effects of ionizing radiation from Concerning limitations, I am far from the tion and Conflict Resolution (ICCCR) at diagnostic tests; radiation dosages received United States much of the year, not in close, Teachers College, Columbia University, by atomic soldiers; preparation for respond- quick contact with other Executive Com- and an affiliate of the International Cen- ing to biological and chemical attacks; en- mittee members and out of practical phone ter for Complexity and Conflict (ICCC) at vironmental impact of military facilities; conference range. I will miss some meetings. The Warsaw School for Social Psychology military force structure; adjudication of po- litical refugee status, veteran’s affairs, and in Warsaw, Poland. My research addresses Professionally, working closely with a Gulf War Syndrome. two basic problems: violent, intractable United Nations NGO, the Augustinians, conflicts and people’s resistance to sharing my religious order, my interests include I continue to provide methodological and power. My conceptual and methodological UNESCO, its cultures of peace and its As- statistical consulting to individuals and approaches to these problems have been sociated Schools Project, interrelated top- agencies. I am a Fellow of APA and of Divi- multifaceted, but stress the critical impor- ics important for peace psychology. I am sion 9 (SPSSI). I am a member of Divisions tance of theory and the underlying themes interested in promoting dialogue between 5, 8, 9, 34, and 48. I am a charter member of of complexity, dynamism, cooperation, and peace psychology and world religions, espe- the International Society of Political Psy- mindfulness. My applied scholarship has fo- cially those of Asia. Organizationally, I am chology. I am a founding member and on the cused on bringing new insights from theory interested in the infrastructure of the Divi- editorial board of the Society for Terrorism and practice to bear on important problems sion, its growth and its impact on APA and Research. I am a founding member of the in the field of conflict resolution (framing, on society. Statistics in Defense and National Security fostering ripeness, identity formation, ad- Section of the American Statistical Asso- dressing complex conflicts, etc.). The Cen- Petra W. Hesse, PhD ciation. I am a member of the Classification ter I direct engages in innovative scholarly, No statement received. Society of North America. I am president educational, and service activities with of the Capital Area Social Psychological individuals and groups ranging from pre- Hilary U. Kenechukwu, BS Association where I have worked to keep schoolers to UN delegates. To date, I have No statement received. peace and human rights issues on our meet- authored two edited books and over forty ing programs. I am a member of the AAAS journal articles and chapters, and am a New Arthur J. Kendall, Ph.D. Coalition on Human Rights. York State Certified Mediator and experi- I believe that Peace, Social Justice, and enced consultant. In 2003, I was the first Human Rights the most vital social and recipient of the Early Career Award from behavioral issues facing our planet. I have the American Psychological Association, devoted my career to the premise that Division 48: Society for the Study of Peace, good social policy should be based on good Conflict, and Violence. I am eager to serve science. My focus has been on the use of Division 48 as member-at-large. a broad array of social science methods in investigating social and policy issues.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 31 in memoriam Ralph K. White (1907-2007)

Richard V. Wagner

Ralph White celebrated his 100th birthday on December 9, 2007. On that day, he re- ceived congratulatory birthday calls from some youngsters, such as Brewster Smith, Herb Kelman and Dan Christie. They described his “fine voice,” his “distinctive baritone,” his humor—and how it was a “heart-warming experience” for them to be able to pay tribute to this icon of peace psychology. Ralph died on December 25th.

We all know Ralph White as a quintes- His leadership in the realm of psychology sential peace psychologist. His concept of and peace, including serving as first presi- “realistic empathy” has been recognized by dent of Psychologists for Social Responsi- politicians as essential to successful peace bility, has inspired us all. initiatives (Blight & Lang, 2004). Thanks, Ralph! Many of us were weaned on the Lewin, Lip- pitt, and White studies of autocratic, demo- I will always remember the smile on his face cratic, and laissez-faire leadership (1939). when I visited him last November and told him of our debt to him for his insights into And there were the precedent-setting books: the psychological pursuit of peace. I feel fortunate to have been able to thank him Nobody Wanted War: Misperception in Viet- in person. nam and Other Wars (1970), a masterful in-depth psychological analysis of the disas- References trous U.S. venture in Southeast Asia. I expect to pass through Blight, J.G., & Lang, j. M. (2004). Lesson number one: “Empathize with your enemy.” Peace and Misperception in the Arab-Israeli Conflict Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 10, 349- this world but once. (1977), distributed by the U.S. State De- 368. partment to many of its overseas missions. Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. (1939). Pat- terns of aggressive behavior in experimentally Any good things, Fearful Warriors: A Psychological Profile created “social climates.” Journal of Social of U.S.-Soviet Relations (1984), a model Psychology, 10, 271-299. therefore, that I can do, of psychological analysis of international White, R.K. (1970). Nobody wanted war: behavior. Misperception in Vietnam and other wars (Rev. ed.). New York: Doubleday. any kindness that I can Psychology and the Prevention of Nuclear War White, R.K. (1984). Fearful warriors: A psycho- (1986), the source book for the earliest logical profile of U.S.-Soviet relations. New York: show a fellow being, psychology courses on peace and conflict. Free Press. White, R.K. (Ed.). (1986). Psychology and the His final analysis, “Misperception and war,” prevention of nuclear war: A book of readings. let me do it now. appeared in Peace and Conflict: Journal New York: New York University Press. of Peace Psychology in 2004, culminating White, R.K. (2004). Misperception and war. eight decades of professional publications Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, Let me not defer 10, 399-409. promoting the theme of international un- derstanding of the psychological processes or neglect it, underlying peace and conflict.

for I shall not pass

this way again.

– Stephen Grellet

32 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 m e m b e r n e w s

Anne Anderson Early this year I was part of a petition drive to planet to avoid runaway warming that we religions, and will tend to endorse antiso- reinstate the Peace and Social Justice Com- may not be able to stop. Notably lacking cial responses, including terrorism and war- mittee of the National Association of Social from the presentations were any by scien- mongering. A prior study has shown this Workers (NASW). We were successful in tists, such as psychologists who have done to be true for persons who felt unpleasantly gathering enough signatures to put it on the research on the personality traits related and differently treated in their childhood agenda for the Delegate Assembly meeting to endorsement of sustainable policies and homes and who feel “oppressed.” in August, 2008. In addition, last fall the programs, human rights and warmongering. NASW published a Peace Policy Toolkit. I have done such research and am offering I specialize in political psychology and spent It can be downloaded from their website: to help this fledgling program at LCC, but three weeks last summer at the Stanford www.socialworkers.org. As co-author of the so far without invitations to participate Summer Institute for Political Psychology, introduction to the Toolkit, I have devel- other than as an observer/ attendee at their as a student. I continue my research on oped a training in how to use it and will be conferences. psychological traits related to terrorism and presenting it in April at the NASW Metro warmongering, publishing my findings on my DC “Hot Topics” Luncheon series, and also I am a recent new member of Human Dig- web site, PoliticalPsychologyResearch.com. with my co-author, Moya Atkinson, at the nities and Humiliation Studies, an interna- With Brad Olson I have recently written Social Welfare Action Alliance conference tional organization concerned with the role a revised code of ethics for psychologists in Houston, TX. Anne Anderson, LICSW, of humiliation and dignity in human affairs. for Psychologists for Social Responsibility. [email protected]. I am offering to design and coordinate a study of these and many related traits. If The revised code closes all the loopholes for

the organization endorses my proposal, I avoiding legal and ethical behavior if asked Bill McConochie will invite Div. 48 members and students by an employer, e.g. the U.S. military, to The Lane Community College had a peace to participate as subjects. The study will be engage in behaviors that violate ethics, hu- conference recently, with guest speakers who presented in the form of a large question- man rights, treaties, etc., as has happened have national and international reputations naire available over the internet, with re- in detention facilities in the U.S. military for effective activism. Other presentations search findings available to all participants. in recent years. We are scheduled to present included workshops on the basics of activ- A primary hypothesis to be explored is that in Berlin and Boston. ism and a talk by professor Mary Wood of persons who felt humiliated in their child- the University of Oregon law school, who hood families will also tend to feel humiliat- spoke on the urgent need for controlling ed in virtually all subsequent relationships, and reducing our carbon footprint on the e.g. by teachers, police, governments, other

e should take care, in inculcating patriotism into our boys and girls, that is a patriotism above the narrow Wsentiment which usually stops at one’s country, and thus inspires jealousy and enmity in dealing with others... Our patriotism should be of the wider, nobler kind which recognises justice and reasonableness in the claims of others and which lead our country into comradeship with...the other nations of the world. he first step to this end is to develop peace and goodwill within our borders, by training our youth of both sexes toT its practice as their habit of life, so that the jealousies of town against town, class against class and sect against sect no longer exist; and then to extend this good feeling beyond our frontiers towards our neighbours.

– Lord Baden-Powell

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 33 � r e p o r TS

APA Council of Representatives (COR) Report by Division 48 Council Representatives Judy Van Hoorn and Corann Okorodudu

During its February, 2008 meeting, APA sites such as Guantanamo to continue in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees Council took several actions of particular providing health services but would have Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, interest to Division 48 members. It: (a) prohibited any direct or indirect participa- or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the clarified the paragraph in the 2007 APA tion in interrogations. While we worked to Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prison- resolution against torture that addressed clarify the language of the 2007 Resolution ers; or the World Medical Association Dec- prohibited techniques (see newsletter ar- as adopted by Council, we continue to ar- laration of Tokyo. An absolute prohibition ticle, this issue); (b) voted to send to APA ticulate the Division’s strong stand against against the following techniques therefore membership a vote on seating representa- psychologists participation in interroga- arises from, is understood in the context of, tives from the four ethnic minority psychol- tions at these sites. and is interpreted according to these texts: ogy associations; (c) created and funded mock executions; waterboarding or any oth- the Task Force on the Psychosocial Effects The 2007 Resolution included a paragraph er form of simulated drowning or suffocation; of War on Children and Families who are that prohibited techniques that interna- sexual humiliation; rape; cultural or religious Refugees from Armed Conflict Residing in tional instruments and the 2006 Resolu- humiliation; exploitation of fears; phobias or the United States (originally proposed by tion would consider torture. Nineteen psychopathology; induced hypothermia; the Division 48 and Division 16 (School Psy- techniques were named as non-exclusive use of psychotropic drugs or mind-altering chology) (see newsletter article, this issue); examples. The imprecise wording of this substances; hooding; forced nakedness; stress and (d) adopted the Resolution Against paragraph led to considerable confusion positions; the use of dogs to threaten or in- Genocide. regarding intention, and was viewed by timidate; physical assault including slapping many as providing potential loopholes. In or shaking; exposure to extreme heat or cold; Council Clarifies APA’s 2007 an effort to clarify the language in order threats of harm or death; isolation; sensory to reflect Council’s intent and to close deprivation and over-stimulation; sleep de- Resolution Against Torture any potential loophole, we initiated a The November, 2007 Monitor includes an privation; or the threatened use of any of complex and lengthy process to replace article we co-authored that reviews the the above techniques to an individual or to the problem wording with wording that APA 2007 resolution against torture, which members of an individual’s family. Psycholo- was clear and strong. was adopted at the August 2007 Meeting gists are absolutely prohibited from know- ingly planning, designing, participating of the Council of Representatives (www. We worked with a group of council repre- in or assisting in the use of all condemned apa.org/monitor/nov07/calltoaction.html.) sentatives who also worked on the 2007 techniques at any time and may not enlist That resolution represents a step forward: Resolution: Laurie Wagner, PhD, (Div. 39: others to employ these techniques in order the resolution affirms that all prohibitions Psychoanalysis); William J. Strickland, PhD to circumvent this resolution’s prohibition.” are absolute and that there is never a justi- (Div. 19: Military Psychology); and Eliza- See www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/ fication for torture. The invocation of laws, beth C. Wiggins, PhD, (Div. 41: Psychology regulations or orders is never a defense and Law). Although the new language does councilres0807.html. against engaging in torture under standard not change the intent of the original para- 1.02 in the Ethical Principles of Psycholo- graph, it represents a further step forward in Council Votes to Send Three gists and Code of Conduct (2002). (See APA policy because it makes U.N. interna- By-Law Amendments to article.) The resolution also states that tional standards central to APA policy. torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrad- Membership for Vote Next November there will be a second ing treatment or punishment can result not The new language, which clarifies a -por national election: all APA members will only from the behavior of individuals but tion of the council’s 2007 statement, is as be asked to vote on three APA By-Law from conditions of confinement e.g., such follows: Amendments supported by the Council of as lack of due process. “Be it resolved that this unequivocal condem- Representives: In the last Division 48 newsletter, we wrote nation includes all techniques considered An amendment to add four seats to the that at its August 2007 Meeting, Council torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treat- Council of Representatives for representa- defeated an amendment to the 2007 Reso- ment or punishment under the United Na- tives of the following ethnic minority psy- lution supported by the Division that would tions Convention against Torture and other chological associations: the Asian American have limited psychologists’ participation in Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Psychological Association, the Association sites in which detainees human rights are Punishment; the Geneva Conventions; the of Black Psychologists, the National La- not guaranteed. The amendment would Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to Role tina/o Psychological Association, and the have permitted psychologists working at of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, Society of Indian Psychologists. The four

34 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 r e p o r TS

associations have had a long-standing rela- charge, APA’s Committee on International Approved an increase in the Interdivi- tionship with APA. Formalizing these rela- Relations in Psychology and Committee on sional Grant Program funds to $25,000 tionships by creating a permanent voting Ethnic Minority Affairs call on all psychol- per year for each of three years (2009-11). seat for each association would be an im- ogists to respond to this global continuing The Committee on Division/APA Relations portant step forward by APA in its efforts crisis with the unique contribution that will submit an evaluation of the projects to to promote diverse voices within APA and can be made by mental health educators, the Council in 2011. (Note: Division 48 to respond to the needs diverse populations. researchers, and counselors. currently participates in an interdivisional (See detailed newsletter article this issue.) grant to increase diversity.) The Resolution concludes with statements An amendment to create a voting seat of policy, including the following recom- Adopted a Resolution on Families of In- on the Board of Directors for the rep- mendations for APA and its members: the carcerated Offenders that urges psycholo- resentative of APAGS (APA Graduate development of research that fosters our un- gists as well as U.S. institutes, centers for Student Association). Currently, the derstanding of the causes, effects, and solu- mental health services, state social service APAGS representative has a non-voting tions to race-based and ethnicity-based hate agencies, courts to attend to the needs of seat on the Board. crimes; the implementation of interventions the children and all family members of in- that promote equity, social justice, and rec- carcerated offenders. An amendment to make the By-Laws onciliation across cultures; the exploration consistent by including “Territorial” of the gendered experience of genocide in- Adopted the report of the 2007 Presi- throughout. Though U.S. territories are cluding systematic rape; the awareness of dential Task Force on Integrative Health indeed included in APA governance and raising of psychologists and psychologists-in- Care for an Aging Population, Blueprint programs, the wording of APA By-Laws is training about the prevalence and impact of for Change: Achieving Integrated Health inconsistent in acknowledging through- genocide through curriculum development, Care for an Aging Population. out the text that divisions as well as conference presentation, research dissemi- (U.S.) territorial, (U.S.) state, and (Ca- nation, and the use of media outlets; the Approved Div. 56 (Trauma) as a perma- nadian) provincial associations are inte- promulgation of psychological strategies to nent APA division. gral to APA. promote the recovery of victims, commu- Voted not to adopt a proposal to create nity reconciliation, and human rights for a new division for qualitative inquiry. Council Funds Task Force on the all persons. The proposal failed to achieve the two- Psychosocial Effects of War on (See APA website for full text of Resolution.) thirds vote required by the APA By-Laws Children and Families Who are for establishing new divisions. (Note: Both Division 48 COR Reps supported the cre- Refugees from Armed Conflict Council and the Board of ation of this division.) Residing in the United States. Directors Take Other Actions: Voted to adopt the Resolution on the (See detailed newsletter article this issue.) , which Adopted the Report of the Task Force on American with Disabilities Act reaffirms APA’s policy on disabilities, the Implementation of the Multicultural strengthens the association’s position on Guidelines. The Resolution Against the law, and enables the association to pur- Genocide This report concludes that “the recommen- sue disability-related activities at the fed- Introduction to the Resolution: dations of the Task Force echo the urgency eral and state levels. of the Multicultural Guidelines and at- Throughout human history and continu- tempt to take the next step in integrating Voted to adopt as policy the revised Prin- ing to the present, the issue of genocide or and infusing them within psychology. Our ciples for the Recognition of Specialties mass violence has been a devastating real- recommendations are vital in advancing in Professional Psychology, which has been ity (Staub, 2000). Psychology is in a unique cultural competence…Through infusing updated to recognize the importance of cul- position to both inform our understanding cultural competency throughout psycholo- tural and individual differences and diversity of the causes and solutions to genocide gy, the field is better positioned to meet the in the education and training of specialists. (Munn, 2006; Sternberg, 2003). While needs of a growing and diverse U.S. society governments and the United Nations work and is better able to respond to the needs of Board of Directors and Council to address this life altering and history al- a global community.” Fund Multiple Projects tering crisis, Non-Governmental Organiza- Newly funded projects include the follow- A key recommendation of the Task Force tions, such as the American Psychological ing: APA Presidential Task Force on the that is currently being implemented is the Association, have skills, knowledge, and Psychological Needs of U.S. Military Service creation of the position of Diversity En- expertise to increase awareness and ulti- Members and Their Families ($8,900 from hancement Officer. This senior position was mately bring about peace and reconcili- Board; $8,900 from Council); Task Force on created by APA CEO Dr. Norm Anderson ation (Howe, 2004). In keeping with its the Interface Between Psychology and Global and the officer will report directly to him.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 35 r e p o r TS

Warming ($14,400 from Board); Revision of project involves updating the web site re- Since 1997 the working group has contrib- the Guidelines for Psychotherapy with Les- source titled “Graduate Programs in Peace uted to three APA plenary sessions involv- bian, Gay and Bisexual Clients ($8,000 from Psychology.” ing over two dozen former APA presidents, Board); Support for Quantitative Training and to over 55 convention programs. In ad- for Underrepresented Groups ($24,400 from Finally, Working Group members will be dition, colleagues and friends from the task Council). invited to participate as reviewers for a force have generated a number of programs study of how social psychology textbooks that have been presented at international cover the topics of peace and conflict. conferences over the past ten years as well. Peace and Education One objective is to provide information Two books from Oxford University Press relevant to textbook adoption decisions have presented several interesting research Working Group for social psychology teachers, and a sec- studies involving Peace and Spirituality ond objective is to offer recommendations measures and dimensions of concern and Report to authors and publishers for improving several books are in the proposal phase in- their textbooks. If successful, this could volving these topics. Presentations at the Linden Nelson be followed with a study of introductory Midwinter conferences for Division 36, the psychology textbooks. Psychology of Religion have featured issues concerning the promotion of values that The Working Group is engaged in several For all of these projects, we communicate to promote peace, and a book on “Visions in projects related to the issue of how psy- the Working Group using the group’s list- Conflict” is being formed involving profes- chologists can promote and support conflict serv. If you would like to join the listserv in sionals from all over the world who are in- resolution education and programs for so- order to participate in our projects or to oc- volved in peace work from diverse perspec- cial and emotional learning and violence casionally receive information about peace tives. We are very much looking forward to prevention in their local school districts. education resources and activities, please another decade of meaningful work. From We have developed a list of web sites with contact me at [email protected]. free lesson plans and teaching materials for the heart of this intention we invite any grades K-12 that will be linked to the Div. and all colleagues to expand our radius of 48 and Psychologists for Social Responsibil- Peace and Spirituality concerns and endeavors in the promotion ity web sites. We also plan to create a list of peacebuilding values! For any informa- of strategies that seem promising for pro- Working Group tion regarding this Task Force, please con- moting conflict resolution education and tact: Steve Handwerker, P.O. Box 880229, related programs in the schools. Finally, we Boca Raton, FL 33488-0229 or e-mail me Steve Handwerker expect to prepare a package of exemplary at [email protected] Thank you very lesson plans, materials for career day events, much for all you do for peace. and parent education materials for school The Peace and Spirituality Working Group newsletters that psychologists could use in enters its 11th year since its inception! We efforts to influence teachers, counselors, are very pleased with the efforts and inten- and administrators in their local districts. tions that have contributed to making this Task Force in Peace Psychology a living and We will also continue to solicit teaching breathing entity. A wide variety of inputs � materials on peace, conflict, and violence comprising one fundamental theme: pro- for college courses. After peer review and moting those values that promote peace approval, the materials will be placed on or and operationalizing them in the midst of a linked to the Peace Psychology Resource diversity of professional experiences in the Project on the Div. 48 Web site. Another field of psychology as well as related fields.

he life of “peace” is both an inner journey toward a disarmed heart and a public journeyT toward a disarmed world. This difficult but beautiful journey gives infinite meaning and fulfillment to life itself because our lives become a gift for the whole human race. With peace as the beginning, middle, and end of life, life makes sense. – John Dear

36 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 r e p o r TS l e tt e r s

Letter from Harare, Zimbabwe tacking innocent villagers, that MDC lead- had just received on her cell phone. It an- Jim Statman, May 2008 ers are trying forgo the proper legal process nounced that Monday night the younger and to delay the run-off, that MDC agents brother of her recently deceased fiancé, Since the elections on 29 March, I have have been aiding the return of deposed suspected of being an MDC supporter, had been trying, without success, to find suitable white farmers to retake the land and restore been beaten to death by a group of naked words with which to convey to those outside the old colonial master. I must confess that ZANU-PF militants. Naked! Apparently, the country the experience of being here in I find a certain morbid fascination in these many others in the village had been beaten this dreadful moment. ludicrous accounts, brazenly inverting real- and terrorized. ity, openly reversing victim and perpetra- ❙ Some of my inability to construct a lucid tor, mobilizing the rhetoric of sovereignty, A friend’s daughter who broke her arm in account is surely attributable to the ever- rule-of-law, racial-solidarity and patriotism a playground accident on Monday afternoon changing rush of events that seems to shift to justify brutal oppression. was scheduled to have a pin inserted and the the terrain of what is happening—or what I bone set on early Tuesday. The parents told think may be happening, or what is reported Make no mistake: at its core, the story us that the operation had to be repeatedly to be happening, or what an army of experts of post-election Zimbabwe is all about delayed, as the medical staff rushed to at- believe to be happening, or what is rumored violence. Overwhelming, intimidating, sa- tend to numerous seriously injured victims to be happening—from hour to hour. The distic violence unleashed upon the rural of ZANU-PF violence who continuously election results will be released tomorrow, or black population, anyone—children and the streamed into the private clinic. next week or not at all. The Chinese arms elderly, women and men—perceived to have ❙ ship will dock in Durban, in Beira, in Lu- voted for the MDC, or to be a relative, friend Yesterday an NGO colleague reported see- anda, or return to China and the weapons or acquaintance of someone who may have ing thousands of people on the Mazoe road will be trucked, or flown to Harare or not. voted for the MDC or to reside in an area that —just north of Harare—carrying what pos- Sixty white-owned farms have just been supported MDC. From our Harare island of sessions they could and apparently fleeing seized, or 160 farms, or no farm invasions relative clam and safety, we sit by, helplessly, toward the city. Today VOA reported that have occurred. Morgan has won two-thirds as their stories trickle and then flood in from eleven people had been murdered and at of the vote, or a bare majority of the vote, the countryside. least twenty more seriously injured in Mazoe or a mere plurality of ballots. Bogus ballot North, all victims of ruling-party assault. boxes stuffed with phoney ZANU-PF votes Here are some of the accounts that I have ❙ Here is a widely published account from are seen delivered to the Zimbabwe Electoral heard directly from local sources in the past about two weeks ago, confirmed by several Commission to steal the election, the ZEC few days: sources. While not directly reported to me, has been seized by security forces, the police I have found particularly disheartening, as I are arresting ZEC personnel. Mugabe and ❙ On Sunday evening, one of our local have a professional link to the key perpetra- wife have flown to Malaysia or are happily staff described his just-completed visit to tor, David Parirenyatwa, M.D., the national relaxing in their Harare mansion. Mbeki has his family in the rural Eastern Highlands. Minister of Health and Child Welfare and a secretly arranged for Mugabe to step down, When he arrived the village Headman was ZANU-PF member of Parliament. Together or share power, or maintain control. There in hiding, threatened by a roving gang of with two other ruling party politicians, the was almost a military coup, or there will be ZANU-PF youth led by the so-called war good doctor, brandishing an AK-47, is said a coup, or there has already been a coup and veterans. Many young people, he said, had to have invaded a peaceful MDC meeting, we are under military rule but don’t know been dragged from their homes, beaten and threatening and intimidating those in at- it. There will or won’t be a run-off. It will forced to chant ZANU-PF slogans. They tendance and demanding that they attend a happen in thee weeks, in three months, in were then told that they were now recruit- ZANU-PF rally instead. “There is no place a year, not at all. We will be saved by Jacob ed into the ruling party and were forced to in this district where MDC supports will be Zuma, by SADC, by the African Union, become part of the youth patrol terrorizing safe,” he reportedly told the crowd. This from by the EU, by no one. On and on and on the district each night. If they refused they the senior most government official charged it goes, baffling, impossible, and we are left were beaten. The bus on which he traveled with safeguarding the public health and the dazed, disheartened, flabbergasted. back to Harare on Sunday was stopped sev- eral times at impromptu ZANU-PF road- well-being of Zimbabwe’s children. The Government propaganda machine is in blocks. Youth and War Vets clambered on Since my arrival in Zimbabwe fourteen overdrive. “Farmers Attack War Veterans” board beating those suspected of supporting months ago, numerous people here have was Tuesday’s headline. The story told the the opposition and demanding that ev- referred to the apocryphal tale of the frog tale of a white farmer attacking with pep- eryone chant ZANU-PF slogans and sing blissfully swimming in a pot of water as the per spray, a band of war vets who happened “patriotic songs.” Those who resisted were temperature gradually increases to the boil- to “visit” his farm and of three white farm- dragged out and beaten, as the police calm- ing point, as perhaps a fit analogy descriptive ers driving a truck with an improper license ly watched from the sidelines. of our own adaptability to an ever-worsening plate. Such lawlessness by whites won’t be scene, an ever more menacing and manifest tolerated a police official is quoted. The ZBC ❙ On Tuesday a colleague at work came into evil. We are well and still quite safe, but we radio news tells us that MDC thugs are at- my office to show me a text message she can definitely detect the heat of the water.

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 37 New Members

Our membership has grown and includes these new members and associates for 2008 (as of 3/16/08). Please welcome them to Peace Psychology. We are grateful for their commitment to the mission of the Society.

Elizabeth Abrams , IL Laura Kerr, CA Adrian Anari, CA Diana Ketterman, CA Belanle Ogung Bamila, Nigeria J. Keiko Lane, CA DONATIONS Steven Baum, NM Sandra Lema, IL Marjorie Bayes, CO Richard Littieri, CA TO THE Terri Berg, NV Paula MacKenzie, IL Helen Boscher, ME William Martinez, PA SOCIETY Jessica Brumm, WI Caitlin Mattoney, MA Gregory Caron, ME Marilyn Mozafarinezhad, CA A �number of members have inquired Camille Carvalho, NY Sherry Nooravi, CA about making monetary gifts to the Maggie Chartier, CA Kathryn Norsworthy, FL Society. All such donations are greatly Stan Clark, AR Yuko Okado, PA Jonathan Cohen, NY Peter Pavilionis, DC welcomed to help the Society meet

Taya Cohen, NC Beckie Peyton, MA our budget and to fund new and M. L. Corbin Sicoli, PA Shela Pfafflin, NJ

important peace-making activities! Jennifer Costello, CA Renata Pleshchuk, CA Donation checks should be made out Justine Darling, CA Rick Pongratz, ID � Lori Reineke, MI to APA, Division 48, and should be Virginia Davis, WA Luther Destler, CA Marlia Rixey, MD sent to: Bradley Elison, MT John M Robertson, KS Neda Faregh, Canada Pamela Rutledge, NV John Gruszkos, Div. 48 Treasurer Stephanie Fine, PA Ilana Shapiro, VA 7301 Forest Ave, Suite 201 Sandra Franz, IL Rickey Silverman, NH Richmond, VA 23226 Paula Gomez, Columbia Barry Simon, CA Laura Gordon, NM Anneliese Singh, GA Please identify any such amounts as Amy Griffith, OK Rachel Steele, DC donations. Donations of this sort Tiffany Harness, IL Shanna Treworgy, CA are tax-exempt. Kenneth Helfant, CA Beverly Underwood, WA April Hollenhorst, IA Sherry Walling, MA Thank you. Milan Horkeavy Jr., NJ James Walker, MA Sarah Howes, RI Anna Williams, TX Eileen Ilardo, NY Nermin Wood, VA Lydia Eckstein Jackson, TN Emily Young, IL David Kannerstein, PA

Thank you for joining our collective effort to bring about peace in the world! Please spread the word to your friends and colleagues and direct them to www.peacepsych.org to join us.

38 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008 Division 48 Directory Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association as of January 2008

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RECRUITMENT, RETENTION & PUBLIC RELATIONS LIAISONS Joan Gildemeister PRESIDENT 4406 35th St, N.W., Washington, DC 20008-4204; PsySR (Psychologists for Social Responsibility) Deborah Fish Ragin 202-363-6197; 202-363-9270 (fax); [email protected] Coleen Cordes Dept. of Psychology, Montclair State University, National Coordinator; Psychologists for Social Responsibility, 1 Normal Avenue, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043; STRATEGIC PLANNING COMMITTEE 208 I St. NE, Suite B; Washington, DC 20002-4340 973-655-4176; [email protected] Dan M. Mayton II, Chair (see Past President) 202-543-5347; 202-543-5348 (fax); [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT STUDENT AND EARLY CAREER (SEC) DIV. 2: TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY Eduardo I. Diaz Silvia Susnjic, Chair Linda M. Woolf (see Internet Editor) Executive Director, Miami-Dade County Independent Doctoral Candidate, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Review Panel, 140 West Flagler Street, Resolution, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, 22201; DIV. 9: SPSSI Suite 1101, Miami, FL 33130-1561; 857-544-2168; [email protected] or [email protected] (Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues) 305-375-4880; 305-275-4879 (fax); [email protected] Rhoda Unger WORKING GROUPS Resident Scholar, Women’s Studies Research Center, PAST PRESIDENT Brandeis University (MS 079), Waltham, MA 02454-9110; Daniel M. Mayton CHILDREN, FAMILIES & WAR 781-736-8107; Fax 781-736-8117; [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Petra Hesse, Co-chair 500 Eighth Avenue, Lewiston, ID 83501-2698; Wheelock College, 200 The Riverway, Boston, MA 02215 DIV. 17: COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY 208-792-2280; 208-792-2571 (fax); [email protected] 617-879-2307; [email protected] Judy Kuriansky (see MAL) SECRETARY Kathleen Kostelny, Co-chair DIV. 19: SOCIETY for MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY Kathleen H. Dockett Erikson Institue, 420 N. Wabash, Chicago, IL 60611; Deanna Beech, Lothian MD Dept. of Psychology, University of the District of Columbia, 312-893-7188; [email protected] Washington, DC 20008; 202-274-5705; 202-274-5003 (fax); DIV. 35: PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN [email protected] Judith Van Hoorn, Co-chair (see Council Representatives) Corann Okorodudu (see APA Council Representatives) TREASURER CONFLICT RESOLUTION DIV. 36: PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION John Gruszkos Steve Fabick, Chair Eileen Borris (see Committee on International Relations in 4901 Dickens Road; Suite 105; Richmond, VA 23230; 640 N. Old Woodward, Suite 201, Birmingham, MI 48009 Psychology – CIRP) 804-261-1642; 804-261-1643 fax; [email protected] 248-258-9288; [email protected] DIV. 44: LESBIAN AND GAY ISSUES APA COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES Barbara Tint, Co-chair Bianca Cody Murphy Judith Van Hoorn Director, International and Intercultural Conflict Resolution, Psychology Dept., Coordinator of Women Studies, Wheaton University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211 Conflict Resolution Graduate Program, Portland State College, Norton, MA 02766; 508-286-3690; 508-286-3640 510-233-2959; [email protected] University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751; (fax); [email protected] Corann Okorodudu 503-291-8183; 503-725-3693 (fax); [email protected]. DIV. 45: ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES Dept. of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND JUSTICE Jim Statman 856-256-4500 x3782; 856-848-0142 (home fax); 856-256- ETHNICITY AND PEACE 34 Chestnut Street, Rhinebeck, NY 12572; 4892 (office fax); [email protected] Deborah L. Vietze Aurora Associates, 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite MEMBERS-AT-LARGE (MAL) Psychology and Urban Education; 640; Washington, DC 20009; 845-876-4211; Julie Meranze Levitt City University of New York; CCNY 202-588-5881 (fax); [email protected] 33 East Princeton Road, Bala Cynwyd, PA, 19004-2242; 212-650-5690; [email protected] COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 610-664-3990 (w); 610-664-3975 (fax); [email protected] FEMINISM AND PEACE IN PSYCHOLOGY (CIRP) Judy Kuriansky Eileen Borris GLOBAL VIOLENCE AND SECURITY Columbia University Teachers College, 65 West 55th Street Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, 6450 E. Hummingbird Brian Betz, Co-chair Penthouse D, New York, NY 10019 Lane, Paradise Valley, AZ 85253; 480-951-0544 (phone; for Dept. of Psychology, Kent State University, Stark Campus, 212-307-6771 (w); 917-224-5839 (cell); 212-307-7771 (fax); fax, same number and then press*51); [email protected] [email protected] 6000 Frank Avenue NW, Canton, OH 44720-7599; 330-499-9600 x 414; [email protected] APA PRESIDENTIAL TASK FORCE ON DIVERSITY John Paul Szura Julie M. Levitt (see Members-At-Large) Order of Augustine,1165 E. 54th Place, Chicago, IL 60615 Diane Perlman, Co-chair 773-684-6510 x17; 773-684-9830 (fax); [email protected] 1325 18th St. NW #404 Washington DC 20036 ASIAN-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL EDITOR 202-775-0777; [email protected] Judy Kuriansky (see Members-At-Large) Richard V. Wagner Marc Pilisuk, Co-chair ASSOCIATION FOR BLACK PSYCHOLOGISTS Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240; Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, Deborah Ragin (see President) 207-786-6185 (w); 207-784-0645 (h); 207-786-8338 (fax); 494 Cragmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94708-1206; Kathleen Dockett (see Secretary) [email protected] 510-526-0876; 510-526-0876 (fax); [email protected] NATIONAL LATINO/A PSYCHOLOGICAL NEWSLETTER EDITOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PRACTITIONERS ASSOCIATION JW P. Heuchert Joanie Connors, Co-chair Eduardo Diaz (see President-Elect) Dept. of Psychology, Allegheny College, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM 88061 SOCIETY OF INDIAN PSYCHOLOGISTS 520 North Main Street, Meadville, PA, 16335-3902; 505-388-4088; [email protected] Dan Mayton (see Past President); Eileen Borris (see Div. 36) 814-332-2397; 814-332-4321 (fax); [email protected] David Adams, Co-chair COMMITTEES 256 Shore Drive, Branford, CT, 06405 SPECIAL TASKS 203-488-3044; [email protected] FELLOWS COMMITTEE ARCHIVES Leila (Lee) F. Dane PEACE AND EDUCATION Michael Wessells Institute for Victims of Trauma, Linden Nelson, Co-chair Dept. of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, 6801 Market Square Dr., McLean, VA 22101 Dept. of Psychology and Child Development, Ashland, VA 23005; 703-847-8456; 703-847-0470 (fax); [email protected] Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407; 804-752-7236; Fax 804-752-4724; [email protected] NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS 805-756-5705; [email protected] DIVISION HANDBOOK Dan Mayton (see Past President) Michael Van Slyck, Co-chair John Paul Szura (see Members-at-Large) PROGRAM COMMITTEE Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, JOURNAL EDITOR Julie Meranze Levitt, Chair (see MAL) 808 West Franklin St., P.O. Box 842018, Richard V. Wagner (see Executive Committee) Petra Hesse, Co-chair (see Children, Families and War) Richmond VA, 23284-2018; 804-828-8034; 804-828-2237 (fax); [email protected] NEWSLETTER EDITOR PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE JW P. Heuchert (see Executive Committee) Dan Christie, Chair PEACE AND SPIRITUALITY Steve Handwerker PEACE PSYCHOLOGY TEACHING RESOURCE 351 Hawthorn Blvd. Delaware, Ohio 43015 COLLECTION & LISTSERV MODERATOR The International Association 740-363-0518 (h); 740-972-1230 (c); [email protected] Linda M. Woolf (see Internet Editor) JW P. Heuchert, Member (see Newsletter Editor) for the Advancement of Human Welfare; Janet Schofield, Member 7300 W. Camino Real Ste. 229, Boca Raton, FL 33433; internet editor: WEB SITE 561-447-6700; [email protected] www.peacepsych.org 517 LRDC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; Linda M. Woolf 412-624-7473; [email protected] Webster University, 470 East Lockwood Avenue, Richard V. Wagner, Member; (see Journal Editor) Saint Louis, MO 63119-3194; 314-968-7062; [email protected]

Spring/Summer 2008 Peace Psychology 39 Invite Friends to Join Division 48 Division 48 web site Please visit the Division 48 web site at: Invite your friends to join the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, http://www.peacepsych.org and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychologi- cal Association (Division 48). Give them a membership application and There is a second way to get to our web site—go to the APA web invite them to join the Society and a working group! site, scroll down to Division 48, click on it, and you’ll find our web site address at the bottom of that page. The APA URL is: The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence works to pro- http://www.apa.org/about/division.html. mote peace in the world at large and within nations, communities, and families. It encourages psychological and multidisciplinary research, Let me know if you have any difficulty getting to our web site. education, and training on issues concerning peace, nonviolent conflict Linda M. Woolf resolution, reconciliation and the causes, consequences, and preven- [email protected] tion of violence and destructive conflict.

peace is possible. think it. plan it. do it.

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40 Peace Psychology Spring/Summer 2008