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Orchids and Pitcher Plant of Batam Botanic Gardens

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Orchids and Pitcher Plant of Batam Botanic Gardens Orchids and Pitcher Plant of Batam Botanic Gardens Yupi Isnaini1* and Hartutiningsih M Siregar1 1Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 13 Bogor *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract Orchids and pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.) are two of potential ornamental plants collected and conserved at the Batam Botanical Gardens. Both of the taxa have been collected from various protected forest areas and Nature Tourism Parks on Batam Island and forest areas on large and small islands around Batam Island, Riau Islands Province. Exploration activities to collect and conserve the plants have been carried out since 2013 until 2017. Forest areas that have been explored include the Batam Island, Abang Island and surrounding areas, Bulan Island and its surroundings, Bintan Island and its surroundings, and Sebangka Island. This study aims to obtain complete information about the species of orchids and pitcher plant that have been successfully conserved in the Batam Botanic Gardens from 2013-2017. Data tracking is done through exploration reports and collection databases which are still being monitored. Exploration results until 2017 show that there are at least 96 collection numbers of orchid consisting of 24 genera and 33 species and 6 species of pitcher plant which have been conserved in the Batam Botanic Gardens. The most collected species of orchids is Bromheadea finlaysoniana (terestrial orchid), while the most species of pitcher plant conserved ex situ in the Batam Botanic Gardens is Nepenthes rafflesiana and N. gracilis. All species of orchids and pitcher plant include protected plants and as many as 4 species of Nepenthes are included in the list of rare IUCN RedList plants. Keywords: Batam, Nepenthes, orchid, pitcher plant 1. Introduction Orchids and pitcher plant are ornamental commodities which are quite popular for the people. The diversity of orchids and pitcher plant in Indonesia is quite high. Orchids are the largest family of flowering plants (Huynh et al., 2004; de Bruyn et al., 2014), which consists of 25,000 species (Gravendeel et al., 2004). In Indonesia, about 6000 species of orchids have been identified. While in Sumatra there are approximately identified 1118 orchid species, 41% of which are endemic orchid in Sumatra (Comber, 2001). WCMC (1995) states that 203 orchids are the highest threatened species (39%) compared to other threatened species of Indonesia. Some types of orchids are included in CITES Appendix I and the other are in Appendix II. While pitcher plant (Nepenthes) are one of the most popular ornamental commodities because of their uniqueness and beauty in the shape and color of the pitcher. A total of 138 species were recorded in the world (McPherson and Robinson, 2012). Furthermore, Mansur (2013) reported, the number has increased up to 139 species and 68 species (48.9%) of whom live and grow on various islands in Indonesia, such as Sumatera (34 species), Kalimantan (22 species), Java (3 Proceeding The International Seminar on Tropical Horticulture 3 Horticulture for The Quality of Life Bogor, December 10th, 2018 species), Sulawesi (11 species), Maluku (3 species) and Papua (11 species). Some of them are included in the IUCN red list and CITES Appendix I and II. The government lists several species of pitcher plant into PP No. 7/1999, Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P57 / Menhut-II / 2008 and PermenLHK No. P.20 / menlh / setjen / kum.1 / 6/2018 concerning protected species of plants and animals. The Batam Botanic Gardens is one of the Regional Botanic Gardens which is actively developing, both in terms of infrastructure and aspects of its plantations. One of the activities related to enrichment of plant collections for the Batam Botanic Gardens is through exploration activities. Plant exploration for the Batam Botanic Garden has been carried out since 2013 until 2017. The exploration results in the form of common plant seedlings are kept in the nursery for the acclimatization stage until they are ready for planting and then planted in the garden to be used as collection plants (Hartutiningsih et al., 2018a). While orchid and pitcher plant seedlings are acclimatized and maintained in the paranet house. Orchid and pitcher plant were collected from various protected forest areas and Nature Tourism Parks on the Batam Island and forest areas on the islands around Batam Island, Riau Islands Province. Data on the potential of orchids and pitcher plant on Batam Island and the surrounding small islands are still very limited. Several publications from the results of the exploration and research of the team from the Bogor Botanic Gardens included the diversity of Nepenthes on Batam Island (Isnaini and Purwantoro, 2014) and Sebangka island (Isnaini, 2018), and the diversity of orchids on Abang and surrounding islands (Isnaini et al., 2015) and Diversity of orchids on Mount Bintan (Puspitaningtyas, 2018). This study aims to obtain complete information about the number of orchids species and pitcher plant that have been successfully conserved in the Batam Botanic Gardens from 2013- 2017. 2. Materials and Method The research was conducted in the Batam Botanic Gardens. The living material observed was mostly planted out in Batam Botanic Gardens for ex-situ conservation purposes. For orchids collected not in flower, it is commonly still in an initial identification to genus level. To identify to species level, it is usually necessary to observe the flower morphology. Valid names were attributed based on the current listings in "The Plant List, A Working List of All Plant Species" (www.theplantlist.org). Database from Batam Botanic Gardens was cross check with original data from the exploration report (Isnaini et al., 2013a,b; Isnaini et al., 2014). Data analyzed by excel programed to make a recapitulation of species and genus dominated in the garden. 3. Results and Discussion Exploration results from 2013-2017, there are at least 96 numbers of orchid collections collected from various islands in the Riau Islands province (Figure 1). The orchid consisting of 24 genera and 33 species. While pitcher plant consisting of 6 species. The orchids genus that are most commonly found are terestrial orchids, Bromheadea and efifit orchids, Dendrobium (Figure 2). Bromheadia finlaysoniana is the common species conserved at Batam Botanic Gardens (Figure 3 and 4), while Nepenthes were collected from some island to conserved at Batam Botanic 4 Proceeding The International Seminar on Tropical Horticulture Horticulture for The Quality of Life Bogor, December 10th, 2018 Gardens are N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. xhookeriana, N. rafflesiana, N reinwardtiana and N. trichocarpa. However, no one of N. reindwardtiana survived in Batam Botanic Garden nursery. Nepenthes gracilis is the common species at Batam island and surrounding area (Figure 4). Bromheadea finlaysoniana were conserved from Batu besar forest (Bulan island), Air Linka forest (Galang Baru island), Mount Bintan Besar protected forest (Bintan island), Sei Temiang, Nongsa, and Bukit Dangas protected forest (Batam island), Tanjung Banun forest (Sembulang), air jambu island, and Abang Besar island. The species distributed from Australia (Queensland), Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. This species included in least concern category in IUCN red list (Brummitt, 2013). This terrestrial species is more common growing in poor nutrients, on the open bush or on red clay soil, under full sunlight and it needs moderate rainfall. Generally, the species grown in the lowlands at 0–200 meters altitude, but sometimes can be found at an altitude of more than 1,100 m asl. (Comber 2001). Figure 1. Location exploration Map of Orchid and pitcher plant collection of Batam Botanic Gardens (source: Hartutiningsih et al., 2018b) Proceeding The International Seminar on Tropical Horticulture 5 Horticulture for The Quality of Life Bogor, December 10th, 2018 Vanilla 1 Thrixspermum 1 Spathoglottis 6 Polystachya 1 Plocoglottis 2 Neuwiedia 2 Malaxis 1 Grammatophyllum 2 Eulophia 1 Eria 2 Dendrobium 14 Cymbidium 5 Corymborkis 4 Genus Coelogyne 1 Claderia 2 Calanthe 2 Bulbophyllum 10 Bromheadia 14 Arundina 7 Arachnis 3 Appendicula 1 Agrostophyllum 1 Aerides 1 Acriopsis 3 0 5 10 15 quantity (specimen) Figure 2. Diversity of orchid genus conserved at Batam Botanic Gardens 6 Proceeding The International Seminar on Tropical Horticulture Horticulture for The Quality of Life Bogor, December 10th, 2018 Vanilla albida Blume 1 Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Blume) Rchb.f. 1 Spathoglottis plicata Blume 6 Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & H.R.Sweet 1 Plocoglottis plicata (Roxb.) Ormerod 1 Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.f. 1 Neuwiedia zollingeri Rchb.f. var. zollingeri 1 Neuwiedia sp. 1 Malaxis sp. 1 Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume 2 Eulophia graminea Lindl. 1 Eria multiflora (Blume) 2 Dendrobium sp. 1 Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl. # 1 Dendrobium metachilinum… 1 Dendrobium lobbii 1 Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb.f. 1 Dendrobium lamellatum (Blume) Lindl. 1 Dendrobium indivisum 1 Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. 5 Dendrobium concinum 1 Cymbidium sp. 1 Species Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. 4 Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume 2 Corymborkis teretifolium Blume 1 Corymborkis sp. 1 Coelogyne rochussenii de Vriese 1 Claderia viridiflora Hook.f. 2 Calanthe sp. 2 Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. 5 Bulbophyllum sp. 4 Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) Rolfe 1
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