Estados Unidos E América Latina: Poder E Submissão

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Estados Unidos E América Latina: Poder E Submissão em que os norte-americanos firma- rofessor de Ciência Políti- vam-se como superiores a todos os ca na Universidade da Ca- Lars Schoultz outros povos que viviam "abaixo dos Prolina do Norte e ex-presi- Estados Unidos". Enquanto as socie- dente da Latin American Studies dades latino-americanas eram vistas Association, Lars Schoultz apre- como primitivas e desordenadas, os senta neste trabalho uma reflexão Estados norte-americanos se posicionavam que pode interessar a todos os como a única "civilização avançada" que se preocupam com as rela- Unidos: do Hemisfério Ocidental. Assim, a ções entre povos de culturas dife- pesquisa de Schoultz aponta para a rentes neste início de século. A poder e idéia de que a concepção negativa so- partir de vasta documentação, bre a América Latina, enraizada na produzida pelos funcionários do submissão sociedade norte-americana, motivou, Departamento de Estado dos Es- em muitos momentos, a atuação tados Unidos, Schoultz mostra a agressiva do Departamento de Esta- permanência de preconceitos dos do em direção à região. norte-americanos com relação aos latino-americanos em dois sé- O autor mostra, ainda, como a po- culos de trabalho daquele Depar- lítica externa norte-americana esteve tamento. Preconceito que remon- intimamente vinculada à política in- ta ao diplomata e Secretário de terna daquele país e à idéia de segu- Estado norte-americano, John rança nacional, tão cara aos norte- Quincy Adams (1767-1848), que americanos. Sendo impossível, em emitiu opiniões sobre os países dados momentos históricos, estudar que estavam se tornando indepen- uma sem considerar as outras. E ainda dentes no início do século XIX, que as políticas dos Estados Unidos região que viria, mais tarde, a ser em direção à América Latina tenham chamada de América Latina. sofrido alterações, aquele país jamais abandonou a sua aspiração hegemô- Schoultz informa que os fun- nica sobre seus vizinhos do Sul. cionários do Departamento de Estado, ao longo de dois séculos, Dessa forma, o trabalho de construíram e reforçaram “um Schoultz convida o leitor a pensar so- poderoso mind-set” , uma espécie bre estereótipos, preconceitos e dife- de estrutura mental que dirige o renças culturais que podem causar olhar norte-americano e informa intolerâncias e desentendimentos nas como interpretar a América Lati- relações entre os países. na. Dispositivo que faz com que, ao se pensar em algum país da re- gião, apareça em primeiro lugar uma imagem negativa das socie- Mary A. Junqueira dades latino-americanas. Vistos como vizinhos inferio- res, incapazes de gerir seus pró- prios negócios, inábeis para insta- lar a democracia em cada país e atolados no subdesenvolvimento, os latino-americanos foram des- qualificados, ao mesmo tempo EDUSC Editora da Universidade do Sagrado Coração Estados Unidos: poder e submissão uma história da política norte-americana em relação à América Latina Coordenação Editorial Irmã Jacinta Turolo Garcia Assessoria Administrativa Irmã Teresa Ana Sofiatti Assessoria Comercial Irmã Áurea de Almeida Nascimento Coordenação da Coleção Ciências Sociais Luiz Eugênio Véscio Lars Schoultz Estados Unidos: poder e submissão uma história da política norte-americana em relação à América Latina Tradução Raul Fiker Revisão Técnica Mary Anne Junqueira S376s Schoults, Lars. Estados Unidos: poder e submissão: uma história da política norte-americana em relação à América Latina / Lars Schoultz; tradução de Raul Fiker. -- Bauru, SP: EDUSC, 2000. 512p.; 21cm .-- (Coleção Ciências Sociais) ISBN 85-86259-75-6 Tradução de: Beneath the United States: a history of U.S. Policy toward Latin America. 1. Política - Estados Unidos. I. Título. II. Série. CDD - 320.73 ISBN 0-674-92276-x (original) Copyright© 1998, Harvard University Press Copyright© de tradução 1999 EDUSC Tradução realizada a partir da 1ª edição (1998) Direitos exclusivos de publicação em língua portuguesa para o Brasil adquiridos pela EDITORA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO SAGRADO CORAÇÃO Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50 CEP 17044-160 - Bauru - SP Fone (0xx14) 235-7111 - Fax 235-7219 e-mail: [email protected] Para Karina sumário i Apresentação v Prefácio à edição brasileira 9 Prefácio 17 Capítulo 1. O Confronto com a América Latina 33 Capítulo 2. A Incorporação do norte do México 59 Capítulo 3. O Debate sobre a escravidão nos EUA e a disputa pelo Caribe 81 Capítulo 4. O Fim de uma era: hegemonia sobre um povo deficiente 101 Capítulo 5. O Início de uma nova era: a mentalidade imperial 115 Capítulo 6. A Expansão marítima: enfrentando o Chile 133 Capítulo 7. A Exclusão da Grã-Bretanha: a disputa fronteiriça da Venezuela 151 Capítulo 8. O Estabelecimento do Império: Cuba e a Guerra contra a Espanha 179 Capítulo 9. A Criação de um país e a construção de um canal 203 Capítulo 10. Castigo para a transgressão crônica 235 Capítulo 11. A Supervisão benevolente e a Diplomacia do Dólar 251 Capítulo 12. O Auxílio pragmático 287 Capítulo 13. A Remoção dos fuzileiros navais e a instalação dos fantoches 307 Capítulo 14. Os Fundamentos das relações respeitáveis 7 325 Capítulo 15. Tornando-se um bom vizinho 353 Capítulo 16. O Ataque às ditaduras 369 Capítulo 17. O Combate ao comunismo com ditadores amistosos 387 Capítulo 18. O Combate ao comunismo com desenvolvimento econômico 407 Capítulo 19. Dois séculos depois 427 Índice remissivo 441 Fontes 445 Bibliografia Mapas 34 1 México e sudoeste dos Estados Unidos 67 2 Região do Caribe 84 3 Nicarágua 117 4 Chile e Peru 135 5 Disputa fronteiriça da Venezuela apresentação As relações entre os Estados Unidos e a América Latina estiveram, nos úl- timos dois séculos, mais próximas do conflito que do diálogo; embate que esta- beleceu uma separação considerável entre a América anglo-saxônica e a América Latina. Neste extenso e polêmico trabalho de pesquisa, o cientista político norte- americano Larz Schoultz procura compreender como os norte-americanos conce- bem a América Latina, e pretende mostrar como foi se cristalizando um profun- do preconceito entre diplomatas e outros funcionários do Departamento de Esta- do norte-americano com relação aos latino-americanos, em dois séculos de fun- cionamento daquele Departamento. Existe, segundo o autor, uma concepção ne- gativa sobre a América Latina, sendo que, nos dias atuais, essa idéia faz parte da cultura dominante nos Estados Unidos. O objetivo de Schoultz é encontrar a “explicação lógica subjacente” para tais afirmações negativas. Para ele, existe nos Estados Unidos uma crença na in- ferioridade dos latino-americanos: enquanto os norte-americanos são descritos como civilizados, protestantes, anglo-saxões e “brancos”, a América Latina, por sua vez, é desqualificada como católica, latina, mestiça e subdesenvolvida. Segun- do o autor, essa perspectiva continua a influenciar as ações norte-americanas e tem por objetivo proteger os interesses norte-americanos na região. Para Schoultz, tal estigma tem suas origens nos textos e pronunciamentos do diplomata e primeiro Secretário de Estado dos Estados Unidos, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), que inaugurou o que o autor chama de “um poderoso mind- set” (p. 13), uma espécie de estrutura mental que dirige o olhar norte-americano, informa como pensar a América Latina e interpretar a cultura latino-americana. Dispositivo que faz com que, ao se pensar em algum país da América Latina, re- vele-se em primeiro lugar uma imagem negativa das sociedades da região. Adams, ainda criança, afirmava sobre os latino-americanos: “Eles são vagabundos, sujos grosseiros e, em suma, eu posso compará-los a nada mais do que um bando de porcos” (p. 17). Segundo Schoultz, John Quincy Adams fora influenciado pelo seu pai, John Adams, que já havia afirmado que “o povo da América Latina é o mais ignorante, o mais fanático e o mais supersticioso de todos os católicos romanos na cristandade”(p. 21). Impressiona a quantidade de relatos produzidos por diploma- tas e outros funcionários do Departamento de Estado que revelam uma profunda rejeição pela cultura, valores e modo de vida dos latino-americanos. Para o autor, essas “crenças do século XVIII foram se desenvolvendo de forma lenta e constan- te, até que, no final do século XIX, a certeza da superioridade e supremacia dos norte-americanos com relação aos latino-americanos se instalava como algo natu- ral para os funcionários do Departamento de Estado. Segundo o autor, ainda hoje, “quando um funcionário do Departamento de Estado abre uma reunião com o comentário ‘temos um problema com o Peru’, i estados unidos: poder e submissão em menos de um segundo é evocada uma imagem mental de um Estado estran- geiro que é completamente diferente daquela que teria sido lembrada se o fun- cionário em questão tivesse dito, em contraste, ‘temos um problema com o go- verno da França’” (p. 14). A França é compreendida como a região que fica no noroeste da Europa, o “berço da cultura norte-americana”, e o Peru é visto como o país pobre, fraco e subdesenvolvido. Na perspectiva de Schoultz, existe algo anterior, que influenciou o entendimento dos diplomatas e outros funcionários do Departamento de Estado. A esta estrutura subjacente, na qual se encaixam as concepções sobre a América Latina, o autor sobrepõe a política externa norte-americana, que não pode ser entendida separadamente da política interna daquele país e da influência da opinião pública norte-americana. Para o autor, por exemplo, “é impossível com- preender a expansão dos Estados Unidos, no período anterior à Guerra Civil, para o Texas e o México, ou as atividades dos flibusteiros em Cuba e na América Cen- tral, sem as referências ao debate interno sobre escravidão e a necessidade do Sul em aumentar o número de senadores escravocratas para compensar a expansão que estava ocorrendo acima da linha do ‘Compromisso do Missouri’”. Somava-se a esta complexa rede de interesses internos e externos, a preocupação com a se- gurança nacional, constantemente evocada pelos estrategistas norte-americanos.
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