Eric Freitas Mazzei Peixes Da Cadeia Vitória – Trindade

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Eric Freitas Mazzei Peixes Da Cadeia Vitória – Trindade ERIC FREITAS MAZZEI PEIXES DA CADEIA VITÓRIA – TRINDADE ILHÉUS – BAHIA 2013 ERIC FREITAS MAZZEI PEIXES DA CADEIA VITÓRIA – TRINDADE Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade. Orientador: Rodrigo Leão de Moura Co-orientador: Jean-Cristophe Joyeux ILHÉUS – BAHIA 2013 2 M477 Mazzei, Eric Freitas. Peixes da cadeia Vitória – Trindade / Eric Freitas Mazzei. – Ilhéus, BA : UESC, 2013. 155 f. : il. Orientador: Rodrigo Leão de Moura. Co-orientador: Jean-Cristophe Joyeux. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – UESC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade. Referências: f. 34-44. 1. Peixes – Ecologia. 2. Peixes recifais. 3. Peixes reci- fais – Espécies. 4. Biodiversidade. I. Título. CDD 597 3 AGRADECIMENTOS A minha família, meus pais Alfredo e Maristella, aos quais sou grato por tudo sempre e a Jaque, minha companheira, parceira e amiga em todos os momentos. Amo vocês demais e não chegaria a lugar algum sem todo o apoio de vocês. Aos meus grandes amigos e irmãos que fiz em Ilhéus durante este curso. O que nos uniu perdurará para sempre. Aos meus grandes amigos e irmãos companheiros do Ictiolab e Moura-lab. Sempre enorme é o aprendizado com vocês. Contem comigo sempre para o que precisarem. Ao Prof. Dr. Jean-Cristophe Joyeux, pelos sempre valiosos ensinamentos, amizade e todo apoio. Sou seu fã. Ao Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Leão de Moura por todo apoio, ensinamentos, oportunidade e confiança para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Ao Hudson Tercio Pinheiro por todo o apoio, paciência, ensinamentos, amizade e irmandade. Sou seu fã. Aos parceiros e co-autores deste trabalho que sempre me apoiaram e auxiliaram durante todo o percurso. Ao CNPq pelo fornecimento da bolsa de mestrado através do Programa SISBIOTA Rede Abrolhos: Estrutura, Funcionamento e Conservação do Principal Complexo Coralíneo do Atlântico Sul. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade. Aos professores e colegas do PPGECB que contribuíram com sugestões e orientações. Sou muito grato por tudo a todos! 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The VTC study region ……………….......................................……....….…46 Figure 2. VTC oceanographic features...…………..............…………...........…....…..46 Figure 3. Diversity of structural habitat features along VTC region................…...47 Figure 4. Cluster analysis and MDS diagram…..................................…...…............48 Figure 5. Similarity among areas within the study region.......................................49 Figure 6. Endemic species along VTC groups of sites.………………………....…...50 Figure 7. The assemblages Turnover along VTC ..................................…….….…...51 Figure 8. Species traits contribution in predicting significant regional patterns of distribution…………………...................…………………....................….....…..............52 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of sampling effort, data sources and sampling site’s characteristics…………………………………………...............................................…….53 Table 2. Results of Mantel tests …………………………………….......................……...55 Table S1. Record types and species traits………….……....................................…….55 Table S2 and S3. Distribution of species number within species traits and patterns of distribution...............................................................................................….57 and 58 Table S4. GLM summary................................................................................................59 6 SUMMARY 1. RESUMO........................................................................................................................7 2. INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................................7 3. Fishes of Vitória – Trindade Seamounts Chain........................................................15 4. Abstract........................................................................................................................16 5. Introduction.................................................................................................................16 6. Methods.......................................................................................................................19 7. Results.........................................................................................................................23 8. Discussion...................................................................................................................25 9. Conservation Headlines.............................................................................................32 10. Conclusion.................................................................................................................33 11. References.................................................................................................................34 12. Conclusões gerais....................................................................................................45 13. Figures ......................................................................................................................46 14. Tables.........................................................................................................................53 15. Supporting information............................................................................................55 16. S1 Checklist ..............................................................................................................61 7 1. RESUMO A Cadeia Vitória–Trindade (CVT) é um alinhamento de montanhas submarinas, com altura superior a 4000 m, e isoladas entre si e da margem continental por consideráveis distâncias (entre 50 e 250 km) e águas profundas (2.500 - 4.500 m). A CVT estende-se da margem continental para leste por cerca de 1.200 km, entre 20 e 21oS, até o complexo de ilhas de Trindade e Martin Vaz. Juntamente com a margem continental adjacente, a região da CVT abriga a maior biodiversidade recifal do Atlântico Sul em uma zona de transição climática/biogeográfica. As expedições realizadas durante os últimos 15 anos promoveram um considerável nível de conhecimento da fauna de peixes recifais dos ambientes rasos (<30m) das ilhas. Estes sugeriram que a CVT facilita a conectividade da fauna recifal entre o continente e as Ilhas através das montanhas submarinas que, com seus topos na zona mesofótica, permitem o estabelecimento de populações isoladas e o fluxo de propágulos, funcionando assim como "trampolins" de conectividade (stepping stones). Essa hipótese foi aqui examinada com dados inéditos que compõe o primeiro inventário de espécies de peixes recifais dos topos das montanhas submarinas da CVT. Nossos resultados apoiam a sugestão de que as montanhas submarinas funcionam como stepping stones para algumas espécies. Já a distância geográfica, ou grau de isolamento, não é o fator mais crítico para a dispersão dos peixes recifais na região. Grande parte das espécies tidas como endêmicas das ilhas são encontradas amplamente distribuídas ao longo das montanhas submarinas. A composição da fauna de peixes recifais do topo das montanhas da CVT indica a existência de um fluxo bidirecional de propágulos. Desta forma, as montanhas submarinas atuam como verdadeiras ilhas funcionais às espécies recifais, podendo atuar tanto como fonte quanto como receptores de propágulos. Esse papel, no entanto, sofre influências combinadas do complexo hidrodinamismo, a disponibilidade de hábitats, as interações ecológicas, e as distintas características bioecológicas e da história de vida das espécies. A CVT funciona como um corredor regional de conectividade entre a margem continental e as ilhas, na região mais biodiversa do Atlântico sul. Portanto, uma região prioritária para a conservação, porém, atualmente bastante ameaçada pela sobrepesca e a mineração. 2. INTRODUÇÃO Montanhas submarinas são feições originadas por processos de vulcanismo associados às intrusões magmáticas na litosfera oceânica (PITCHER et al., 2007). A distribuição destas feições ao redor do globo está relacionada a regiões de contato entre placas tectônicas (i.e. zonas de espalhamento do assoalho oceânico ou de subducção) ou a 8 processos intra-placa (zonas de fratura) originados pela atividade de extravazamento das plumas mantélicas através dos pontos quentes - hotspots (WESSEL, 2007). Com uma área de aproximadamente 10 milhões de km², as montanhas submarinas representam um dos biomas mais representativos do planeta, existindo mais de 40.000 montanhas submarinas espalhadas ao redor do globo terrestre (KIM & WESSEL, 2011). Contudo, somente menos de 200 montanhas submarinas já foram amostradas biologicamente (ETNOYER et al., 2010). Além da distância entre as fontes de propágulos, a conectividade entre montanhas submarinas pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores como pela disponibilidade e tamanho de habitats adequados aos adultos sesseis/demersais (e.g. tipo de substrato e profundidade), a hidrodinâmica regional (e.g. condições para dispersão e retenção larval) e pelas distintas capacidades dispersivas das espécies (FROESE & SAMPANG, 2004; MCCLAIN et al., 2009; ROWDEN et al., 2010; SCHLACHER et al., 2010; SHANK, 2010; HART & PEARSON, 2011; HOBBS et al., 2012; CLARK et al., 2012). A maioria dos estudos sobre peixes
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