White-Tailed Deer of Florida1 Raoul K

WEC133 White-Tailed Deer of Florida1 Raoul K. Boughton, Bethany Wight, Samantha Wisely, Karen Hood, and Martin B. Main2 This document contains an overview of the deer populations prey species for the endangered Florida panther (Puma of Florida as well as their history and contemporary manage- concolor coryi). As a consequence, deer have been the object ment issues. You may also be interested in the Wildlife of of much management, research, and controversy. Florida Factsheet: White-tailed Deer, which can be found at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW445. Within the past century, Florida’s deer herd has gone through many changes. Throughout Florida, unregulated trade in deer hides and subsistence hunting during the mid- 1700s caused deer populations to decline sharply. In 1828, a law prohibiting firearm hunting west of the Suwannee River was passed to help restore population levels. However, a deer removal campaign to eradicate the cattle-fever tick in the 1930s and 40s reduced the population to an estimated 20,000. The campaign ended in 1941 with the enactment of the Pittman-Robertson Act, a federal tax on firearms and ammunition that aided in funding wildlife conservation, hunter education, and shooting programs. Arrests for game violations in the 1940s and the eradication of the screwworm fly in 1958 also helped deer populations begin to recover. The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commis- Figure 1. A mature male white-tailed deer, typically called a buck. sion (GFC) (now known as the Florida Fish and Wildlife Credits: Reed Bowman Conservation Commission [FWC]) also promoted recovery by purchasing deer from various sources, including a game Background farm in Wisconsin and states such as Texas, Louisiana, and The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the most Pennsylvania, and then transplanting them to unoccupied economically important big game mammal in North areas in Florida. Killing adult females (does) was also America and Florida. In 2011, over $50 billion was spent on prohibited during the early restocking period to further deer hunting in the United States. In Florida, deer hunting ensure success. These efforts were successful and although generated $95 million dollars in state and local taxes and the state herd size is not exactly known, it is large and now generated 14,673 jobs in 2011. Florida deer are also a major sustains a harvest of ~97,000 deer per year. 1. This document is WEC133, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date June 1997. Revised August 2001, December 2014, and December 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. 2. Raoul K. Boughton, assistant professor; and Bethany Wight, research biologist; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center; Samantha Wisely, professor, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; Karen Hood, MS student, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; and Martin B. Main, associate dean and Extension program leader, natural resources and Florida Sea Grant; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. Joe Schaefer, professor, contributed to an earlier version of this publication. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. Taxonomy and Distribution Florida Key deer (O.v. clavium) are an endangered subspecies of white-tailed deer that only exists in the Florida Keys. The white-tailed deer is one of 171 species in the taxonomic Their ancestors are thought to have crossed to the Keys order Artiodactyla, which means “even-toed.” The hooves via a land bridge when sea levels were lower. Geographic are actually toenails of the third and fourth toes of each isolation on islands led to local adaptation, and key deer foot, and support the animal’s entire weight. Other species became the smallest subspecies in North America, with in Artiodactyla include various other deer, camels, oxen, males weighing a mere ~ 80 lbs and females ~ 65 lbs , which hippopotamuses, and pigs. is just above half the weight of a typical white-tailed deer Within Artiodactyla, 37 species belong to the family (Figure 3). Key deer have high saltwater tolerance and low Cervidae, known as true deer, which share such character- birth rates, and they are more solitary than white-tailed istics as only males having antlers (except in one species). deer in other areas. Due to hunting and habitat loss, only The antlers of true deer are deciduous, meaning shed 25 Key deer existed in 1955. Conservation efforts, including annually (except in two species); the same dental arrange- a complete hunting ban (1939) and the establishment of ment; reduced second and fifth toes; and a four-chambered, the National Key Deer Refuge (1967), have helped Key ruminating stomach. deer populations to increase to 700–800 individuals. In 2016–2017, a screwworm epidemic killed about 10% of In addition to deer, North American examples within the population; however, the population recovered due the family Cervidae include elk (Cervus elaphus), moose to relatively quick eradication of the screwworm flies (Alces alces), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus). The two and because mainly male deer were impacted. However, most closely related deer species are white-tailed and mule continued habitat loss and degradation and sea-level rise deer (O. hemionus), both of which belong to the genus are still major risks to the population. The remainder of Odocoileus, which means “hollow tooth.” White-tailed this document focuses mostly on white-tailed deer in other deer are widely distributed in North, Central, and South regions of Florida. America ranging from 60 degrees north latitude near the Arctic Circle in Canada, to 18 degrees south latitude in Peru. There are 30 subspecies of white-tailed deer, of which three are found in Florida: the Florida coastal white-tailed deer (O. v. osceola), which occurs primarily in the Florida panhandle; the Florida white-tailed deer (O. v. seminolus) which occurs in peninsular Florida; and the Florida Key deer, with a distribution limited to Big Pine Key in the southern Florida keys (see Figure 2). Figure 3. Florida key deer. Credits: Kristin Lajeunesse Description Age Life expectancy of deer is primarily influenced by hunting pressure and other mortality factors, such as predation, vehicle collision, and disease. Although 20-year-old white- tailed deer have been documented, deer surviving beyond 6 years typically represent a small proportion of the herd, especially for males in heavily hunted populations. Figure 2. Range of white-tailed deer in Florida. Credits: UF/IFAS White-Tailed Deer of Florida 2 Coloration The most important function of antlers is as an indicator of The coloration of white-tailed deer aids in their camouflage, which males will be the most successful to breed with, and thermoregulation (a process that maintains their internal occurs through male-male combat and female mate choice temperature), and even communication. Coloration and (See Courtship and Reproduction). appearance of the pelage (coat) changes with seasonal molts, with summer coats being thinner and lighter to help deer stay cool. Although a great deal of individual and sub-specific variation exists in the coloration of white-tailed deer throughout their range, all tend to be cryptically colored in various shades of reddish-brown to grey-brown to even black. The throat, belly, rump, and the underside of the tail are white, as are the insides of the ears. When white-tailed deer sense danger, the tail is held upright exposing the white tail underside and rump, for which they are named. This con- spicuous reaction known as “flagging” quietly alerts other deer nearby and may also signal to the predator they have Figure 4. A fawn (left) and female or doe (right) white-tailed deer. been spotted. The white flag of the doe’s tail also serves as a Credits: Dennis Adair beacon that guides her fawns as they try to follow in dimly lit forests. During their first 3–4 months, fawns have spotted coats that provide excellent camouflage. This spotted pelage disappears and is replaced by the adult brown coat at about the same time the fawn is weaned (Figure 4). True albino white-tailed deer with white coats and pink eyes are exceedingly rare under natural conditions. Partially white or “piebald” deer occur more commonly than albinos, but still at a frequency of less than 1 percent. Size Whitetails tend to be larger in the colder northern states, a tendency seen in many animals known as Bergmann’s rule. An adult white-tail buck (male) from northern states may exceed 90 kg (200 lbs) and stand 100 cm (40 in) at the shoulder; a typical adult buck from Florida weighs about Figure 5. White-tailed deer bucks sparring and locking antlers during 56 kg (125 lbs) and the average adult female (doe) weighs rut. about 43 kg (95 lbs). Adult Florida deer are about 90 cm (36 Credits: Dennis Adair in) tall. Deer in southern Florida tend to be smallest. The Antlers are not true horns but outgrowths that originate Florida Key deer is one of the smallest of all 30 subspecies from frontal bones on the skull know as pedicels.

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