Host Searching and Host Selection of Trichogramma Cacoeciae

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Host Searching and Host Selection of Trichogramma Cacoeciae Host searching and host selection of Trichogramma cacoeciae: Potential and limitations of an egg parasitoid to locate and parasitise eggs from Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Biologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Cornelia Rüdiger geboren am 11.09.1980 in Sigmaringen 1 Dekan der Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Gunther Neuhaus Prodekan Biologie I: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Driever Promotionsvorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Samuel Rossel Betreuer der Arbeit: PD Dr. Thomas Schmitt Gutachter und Zweitprüfer: Prof. Dr. Josef K. Müller Drittprüfer: Prof. Dr. Michael Schere-Lorenzen Prüfung: 7.10.2011 2 Erklärungen: 1) Die vorliegende Dissertation wurde korrigiert und wird als Ersatz für die erste Version eingereicht. Somit wurde die vorliegende Arbeit in keiner Form anderweitig als Prüfungsarbeit verwendet oder einer anderen Fakultät als Dissertation vorgelegt. 2) Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus anderen Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Daten und Konzepte sind unter Angabe der Quellen gekennzeichnet. Insbesondere habe ich hierfür nicht die entgeltliche Hilfe von Vermittlungs- beziehungsweise Beratungsdiensten (Promotionsberater oder anderer Personen) in Anspruch genommen. Niemand hat von mir unmittelbar oder mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen für Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die erste Version, sowie die hier vorliegende, korrigierte Arbeit wurden bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt. 3) Die Bestimmungen der Promotionsordnung der Fakultät für Biologie der Universität Freiburg sind mir bekannt; insbesondere weiß ich, dass ich vor Vollzug der Promotion zur Führung des Doktortitels nicht berechtigt bin. Freiburg, den -3- Für meine Familie, die in den Jahren meines Studiums immer für mich da war und der ich so viel verdanke. Danksagung Mein besonderer Dank gilt PD Dr. Thomas Schmitt, der mir ermöglichte das Thema meiner Dissertation selbst mitzuentwickeln und mich bei der Durchführung meiner Arbeit unterstützt hat. Ich danke ihm für die vielen Stunden anregender Diskussionen und die Möglichkeit der Betreuung zweier Diplomandinnen im Rahmen meines Dissertationsthemas. Ebenso herzlich möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Klaus Peschke bedanken, der mir die Arbeit in seinem Labor und den Zugang zu sämtlichen relevanten Materialien und Geräten ermöglichte. Prof. Dr. Josef Müller danke ich für die konstruktiven Anregungen bei der Ausarbeitung der vorliegenden Arbeit und die vertieften Einblicke in die Welt der Statistik. Dr. Michael Breuer danke ich für die gute Zusammenarbeit am Staatlichen Weinbauinstitut Freiburg und den Zugang zur Traubenwicklerzucht. Sämtliche Freilandprojekte waren nur durch seinen tatkräftigen Einsatz möglich und seine Erfahrung hat mich vor vielen Überraschungen bewahrt. Dr. Olaf Zimmermann und Bernd Wührer von AMW-Nützlinge GmbH danke ich für die regelmäßige Übersendung der Trichogramma-Wespen, ohne die meine Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre, und die vielen Tipps und Tricks zur Haltung der Winzlinge. Für die Unterstützung bei allen kleineren und größeren Problemen, sowie für die stets schnelle, unkomplizierte und bereitwillige Hilfe, danke ich Stefan Heyl, Birgit Büsch, Daniela Noeske, Marc Spelleken, Dr. Martin Schaefer und besonders Renate Kendlinger. Harald Noeske, Matthias Siegel und dem ganzen Werkstatt-Team danke ich recht herzlich für die Herstellung sämtlicher Sonderanfertigungen für meine Versuchsreihen, für die häufig recht kurzfristigen Reparaturen und die Beratung bei allen Materialfragen. Bei meiner Arbeitsgruppe und der ganzen Abteilung bedanke ich mich für die vielen schönen und gemütlichen Stunden, sowie die wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen und Anregungen zur Durchführung der vorliegenden Arbeit. Ein besonderer Dank geht an Thomas Braun, Cordula Neumann, Nina Stobbe, Tamara Prokorny und an meine liebe Freundin Ragna Franz. Recht herzliche möchte ich mich außerdem bei Mareike Wurdack und Sandra Steiger bedanken, die diese Arbeit mit großem Zeitaufwand korrigiert haben und denen ich viele unvergessliche Stunden verdanke. Bei meinen Diplomandinnen Barbara Kagerer und Magdalena Daum bedanke ich mich für die erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit und die tollen Ergebnisse, die in diese Dissertation mit eingegangen sind. Ein großes Dankeschön geht außerdem an Martin Köcher, der während der gesamten Dissertation immer für mich da war und mich wärend der ganzen Zeit tatkräftig unterstützt hat. Zuletzt möchte ich nochmals meiner Familie danken, ohne die mein Studium und diese Dissertation nicht möglich gewesen wären und der ich diese Arbeit widme. Table of contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................10 1.1. Prospects to gain host access....................................................................................10 1.1.1. Host habitat location..................................................................................................13 1.1.2. Host location and induced plant volatiles ..................................................................14 1.1.3. Host location and enhancing background odours .....................................................15 1.1.4. Host location and host sex pheromones ...................................................................16 1.1.5. Host location and egg volatiles..................................................................................17 1.1.6. Host location and moth wing scales ..........................................................................18 1.1.7. Identification of involved chemicals ...........................................................................18 1.1.8. Host location and host egg age.................................................................................21 1.1.9. Host suitability and host egg age ..............................................................................21 1.1.10. Host suitability and host species .............................................................................22 1.1.11. Parasitoids and their natural environment...............................................................23 1.2. Limitations on host access .........................................................................................25 1.2.1. Masking plant volatiles ..............................................................................................26 2. Issues & Approaches ..........................................................................................27 3. Material & Methods..............................................................................................30 3.1. Model organisms..........................................................................................................30 3.1.1. Trichogramma cacoeciae ..........................................................................................30 3.1.2. Lobesia botrana & Eupoecilia ambiguella .................................................................31 3.2. Laboratory bioassays ..................................................................................................32 3.2.1. General setup: Y-tube olfactometer ..........................................................................32 3.2.2. Host location and plant volatiles ...............................................................................35 3.2.3. Host location and the source of infochemicals ..........................................................35 3.2.4. Identification of involved chemicals ...........................................................................38 3.2.5. Host location and host egg age.................................................................................40 3.2.6. Host suitability and host egg age ..............................................................................40 3.2.7. Host suitability and host species ...............................................................................41 3.3. Field bioassays.............................................................................................................43 3.3.1. Natural occurring Trichogramma species..................................................................43 3.3.2. Influences of sulphur treatment and artificial application...........................................45 -6- 4. Results.............................................................................................................................49 4.1. Statistikal declarations ................................................................................................49 4.2. Laboratory bioassays ..................................................................................................49 4.2.1. Control trials: Y-tube olfactometer.............................................................................49 4.2.2. Host location and plant volatiles ...............................................................................50 4.2.3. Host location and the source of infochemicals ..........................................................54 4.2.4. Identification of involved chemicals ...........................................................................57 4.2.5. Host location and host egg age.................................................................................60
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