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ABSTRACT Hearing Kyriotic Sonship: Rhetoric and the Characterization of Mark’s Jesus Michael R. Whitenton, Ph.D. Mentor: Kelly R. Iverson, Ph.D. This study utilizes a host of tools, from ancient rhetoric to modern cognitive science, in order to best approximate the diverse audience reactions to Mark’s Jesus within a hypothetical first-century audience present at a public reading of the entire Gospel. In order to delimit the scope of the study, I focus particularly on those episodes that prime or activate scripts from cultural memory grounded in the LXX, which hearers may associate with David and God. These two figures have often been downplayed in recent research because they do not receive much explicit attention in the Markan narrative itself. However, I demonstrate that the rhetorical culture of the first-century Mediterranean world prized what I have termed the “rhetoric of inference,” that is, those figures that lead audience members to making inferences and judgments that go beyond what is made explicit by the text itself. After grounding the rhetorical, performative, and cognitive aspects of this study in ancient and modern research, I trace the characterization of “kyriotic sonship” over the course of the entire Gospel. Kyriotic sonship refers to the characterization of Mark’s Jesus vis-à-vis assimilation to David and the God of Israel. This complex portrait, overlooked by modern readers (though not, it seems, by Matthew and Luke), is gradually and carefully unfurled over the course of the narrative, from prologue to passion, in a way that allows each audience member to join the perspective of the Gospel in her or his own time. In many ways, this study sets out to explore the Markan question, “If David calls him ‘Lord,’ how can he be his ‘son’?” (Mark 12:37). The answer, I argue, lies in the use of the rhetoric of inference to prompt audience members to infer that Mark’s Jesus is the kyriotic Son, the one who is portrayed as a figure as Davidic as he is divine, as one who is ultimately enthroned upon the cross and then at God’s right hand. Someone greater than Solomon is here… Hearing Kyriotic Sonship: Rhetoric and the Characterization of Mark’s Jesus by Michael R. Whitenton, B.S., Th.M. A Dissertation Approved by the Department of Religion William H. Bellinger, Jr., Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by the Dissertation Committee Kelly R. Iverson, Ph.D., Chairperson Mikeal C. Parsons, Ph.D. David E. Garland, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School May 2015 J. Larry Lyon, Ph.D., Dean Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School. Copyright © 2015 by Michael R. Whitenton All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... xvi DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. xx CHAPTERS 1. Introductory Remarks and Assumptions ......................................................................... 1 Enter the Kyriotic Son ..................................................................................................... 1 Situating this Study among Recent Portraits of Mark’s Jesus ........................................ 6 Jack Dean Kingsbury’s Davidic Messiah-King ........................................................ 10 Ole Davidsen’s Semiotic Jesus ................................................................................. 10 Edwin K. Broadhead’s “Titular Christology” ........................................................... 11 Jacob C. Naluparayil’s Son of Man as Divine Son ................................................... 12 Paul Danove’s Rhetorical Approach to Mark’s Jesus ............................................... 13 Elizabeth Struthers Malbon’s Mark’s Jesus .............................................................. 14 Scott S. Elliott’s Reconfiguration of Mark’s Jesus ................................................... 15 Johansson’s Unity and Diversity between Mark’s Jesus and God ........................... 16 Distinctives of this Study .............................................................................................. 17 Assumptions of this Study ............................................................................................ 22 Our Performance Setting ........................................................................................... 22 Our Performer ........................................................................................................... 25 Our Audience ............................................................................................................ 28 v The Extent of Our Performance ................................................................................ 32 My Imagination and its Limitations .......................................................................... 34 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 35 2. Performance and Encouraging Audience Inference in Ancient Theory and Practice .. 37 On Performing Texts and Hearing Them ...................................................................... 38 Oral Delivery as an Ancient Necessity ..................................................................... 38 Oral Delivery as an Ancient Skill ............................................................................. 43 Aural vs. Visual Narrative Experience ..................................................................... 52 The Ancient Mind and Modern Cognitive Science ...................................................... 63 Relevance of Modern Cognitive Research to Ancient Audiences ............................ 64 A Note about Orientation and Terminology ............................................................. 70 Audience Inference in Ancient Rhetorical Theory ....................................................... 74 Intentional Omission ................................................................................................. 75 Emphasis ................................................................................................................... 78 Irony .......................................................................................................................... 85 Appropriation and Reversal ...................................................................................... 86 Allusion ..................................................................................................................... 88 Testimony and its Role in Audience Inference in Mark’s Gospel ............................ 96 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 101 3. The Prologue (1:1-13) as Fertile Soil for Kyriotic Sonship ........................................ 103 Mark’s Prologue and Ancient Narrative Beginnings .................................................. 104 Narrative Beginnings in Ancient Theory and Practice ........................................... 104 The Function of the Markan Prologue .................................................................... 111 vi Preparing the Way for the Kyriotic Son (1:1-8) .......................................................... 115 Testimony from the Narrator (Mark 1:1) ................................................................ 115 Testimony Drawn from the Words of “Isaiah” (Mark 1:2-3) ................................. 124 Testimony Drawn from the Words of John (Mark 1:4-8) ....................................... 128 Baptism and Divine Testimony (1:9-11) .................................................................... 138 The Baptism of the Markan Jesus (1:9) .................................................................. 138 Divine Testimony at the Baptism (1:10-11) ........................................................... 141 Summary of Characterization at the Baptism ......................................................... 157 The Markan Jesus in the Wilderness (Mark 1:12-13) ................................................. 158 Kyriotic Sonship in the Prologue ................................................................................ 165 4. The Narrative Development of Kyriotic Sonship, Part 1 (1:14–9:13) ........................ 168 Testimony Derived from the Unclean Spirits (Mark 1:21-28) ................................... 169 Rhetorical Questions (1:23-24a) ............................................................................. 170 Testimony in the Demonic Revelation of the Markan Jesus (1:24b) ...................... 173 The Perlocutionary Effect of the Markan Jesus’s Response (1:25-26) ................... 179 Emotional Response of the Bystanders (1:27) ........................................................ 180 “Who Can Forgive Sins Except the One God?” (Mark 2:1-12) ................................. 182 “Your Sins are Forgiven!” (2:5) ............................................................................. 183 Who Can Forgive Sins Except the One God?” (2:7) .............................................. 185 “The Son of Humanity has Authority to Forgive Sins on Earth” (2:10) ...............
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