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1955-06-001-Carson.Pdf -2­ of Greed). The Katipunan, founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, aimed at complete independence. On August 26, 1896 open revolt was launched by the llCry of Ba1intawakll whereby Bonifacio tore up his cedula (poll tax receipt) and repudiated the sovereignty of Spain. Dr" Riza1, already in the hands of the authorities, was executed on December 30, 1896. Dewey's victory over the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay occurred on May 1, 1898. The Me1010s Constitution was promulgated on November 29, 1899 by the Philippine Revolutionary Government with Emilio Aguinaldo as President. The Republic so proclaimed was not recognized by the United States which had acquired the rights of Spain by the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. Conflict between Filipino and American forcea subsided with capture of AgUinaldo on March 23, 1901. In 1901, William H. Taft was appointed first civil governor. The Commonwealth Government was established in 1935 under President Manuel Quezon. In 1941-1945 came the Japanese invasion. lIDefeated, overrun, but unconquered." July 4, 1946 .. the Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated. The American regime had brought constitutional government, public schools, pUblic health - and Protestant missions. Populatio~ on October 1, 1948 was 19,234,182. Now estimated at 21,000,000 or more. Average density of 166 persons per square mile; ranging from 749 in Riza1 to 18 on Pa1awan. A net increase of 2.2 per cent, or over 300,000 a year, doubling in the last 33 years. The states of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland with practically the same area have 33,000,000 people; the non-industrial States of Florida and Georgia have 6,200,000. The basic racial stock of the Philippines is Indonesian or Malay, with Spanish, Chinese and American intermingling (llmestizos ll ) . Minority groups are the picturesque Moros (Moslems) of Mindanao and Sulu, and the pagan mountain tribes, largely in the north, with their fascinating costumes and customs. The rice terraces of the Bontocs and lfugaos beyond Baguio have been called the eighth wonder of the world. The 1948 census lists 312 artists, 82 sculptors, 50 authors, 286 architects, ~681 chemists, 17 biologists, 16 bacteriologists, g6 economists, 64 industrial, and 1,151 civil engineers, 3,524 physicians, and 3,896 lawyers. The national bent toward music is evidenced by the statistics of 188 composers, 496 conductors, 1,530 singers and 17,514 instrumental performers. Political There were 50 provinces in 1948, and Manila City. The national government is patterned after the United states with elected president and vice­ president and a bi-cameral legislature. There is an appointed judiciary, and no jury system. Local government follows the Spanish tradition. Except for 21 chartered cities the entire area is divided into 983 municipalities. Each municipality has a pob1acion, or tO~Tn proper, and surrounding barrios, totalling 18,859 in 1948. No provincial legislatures exist, but governors and certain board members are elected by popular vote. Centralized administration from Manila dominates the school system, public works, and the health and welfare programs. Communist opposition has been centered among the tenant farmers of Central Luzon .. the "Huks" or "Hukbakahapa" from the dialect name, Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon ("Anti-Japanese Peasants I Union"), changed after 1945 to Hukbo ng Magpagpa1aya ng Bayan or the "Peoples Liberation Army." Under the vigorous leadership of Secretary of Defense, now President, Ramon Magsaysay the military phase has ended ~1ith the surrender of the Huk leader, Luis Taruc. A Communist underground undoubtedly continues. A two-party system of politics is maintained (Liberal and Naciona1ista), although constantly threatened by disintegration through personal rivalries. -3­ Eoonomic Essentially the Philippines is a nation of farmers with over 70% of the people engaged in agriculture. Three-fourths live in barrios, and 11% in places with less than 2,500 inhabitants. Forests cover more than 60% of the total land area. Farming systems vary from clearing and burning the forest (the kaingin system) to large mechanized plantations. Crops and Animals (1948) Area hat Value -; Palay (unhulled rice) • • • • • • • • • • • 2,026,380 656;000 Coconuts •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 960,000 313,000 Corn (shelled). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 826,490 99,000 Abaca (Musa textilis, "Manila hemp") •••• 283,200 48,000 Sugar total • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 164,640 161,000 Cane •• • • • • •• 82,320 Centrifugal sugar • • 68,580 Muscovado, etc. • •• 13,740 Camote (sweet potato) ••••••••••• 115,310 Banana • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 90,000 Number Chickens •••••••••••••••••••••••• 15,080,190 Hogs •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2,636,820 Carabao (water buffalo) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1,115,530 Cattle •• ••••••••••••••••••••• •• 613,210 1 hectare (ha) - 2.41 acres 1 peso - 50~ u.s. currency Exports (1948) Value t Coconut products - total • • • • • • • • • • • • 391,802,021 Copra • • • • • • • • • 354,415;334 Dessicated Coconut • • • 19,054,656 Coconut oil • • • • • • 13,940,603 Copra meal. • • • • • • 4,391,434 Abaca • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63,432,314 Sugar • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4,081,058 Rope • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2,904,420 Embroideries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2,335,116 Chromite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 446,500 Note: While still important, the relative rank of coconut products is undoubt­ edly less in 1955 than in 1948. The list of imports in 1948 was headed by cotton and cotton goods - 1137,363,424 worth in 1948, and rayon or other synthetics (-;105,019,904), both largely from the U.S.A. Of all farms in the Philippinest 48% had less than 2 hectares (about five acres) and 10% had 5 hectares or over (1948). Tenants operated 31% of all farms and tenancy is increasing. The Philippines needs more efficient use of present agricultural lands, development of new lands, and industrialization. The rioe yield in the Philippines is 26.6 cavans (sacks) per heotare, in Taiwan it is 66.1, in Japan 81.1. The average corn yield is 10.46 cavans per hectare compared with 41.64 in the U.s.A. -4­ In the Philippines cottage industries have tended to deteriorate, and modern industry has been slotv of establishment. IIIn 1938, the Philippines with 16,000,000 population had only 66 million dollars worth of maohinery and manufacturing equipment, and employed 400,000 persons or 3% of the population, producing 118 million dollars worth of goods. In 1941, Argentina with 14 million population employed 917,000 persons and produced $1,700 million worth. Mexico, with 21 million population, made $300 million worth of goods. 1I ("Basic Problems of Philippine Economio Development," by Salvador Araneta, in Pacific Affairs, September 1948, P.280). War losses were vast and widespread. The Report of the American Agricultural Mission to the Philippines (December 1946) gave examples: "In the war were lost 47% of oarabao, horses 57%, cattle 80%, hogs 61e5%, chiokens 10%. Of 41 sugar centrals (mills) 32 'Were damaged and 9 destroyed. Of 163 sawmills with capacity of 1,693,000 board feet, 141 were damaged or destroyed, leaving a capacity of 766,250 board feet." The UIlS. War Damage Commission was authorized to pay $400,000,000 for private property claims, and $120,000,000 for pUblic claims. This against losses variously estimated from 1 to 3.5 billion dollars. Seventy-five per cent of the cultivated land now shows serious soil erosion. The Bell Report in 1950 characterized the Philippine economy by the phrase "inefficient production and very low income." Basic reforms were called for and a $250,000,000 aid program recommended. This was implemented on the one hand by such measures as the minimum wage law, and on the other by the U.S. Special Technical and Economic Mission (ECA, M3A, and FOA.) Education School enrolment in the Philippines in thousands. Elementary School Enrolment Secondary School Enrolment Ye8r Public Private Total Public Private -Total Grand total 1915 630 630 9 3 12 642 1935 1,191 52 1,233 53 29 62' 1,315 1947 3,233 102 3,335 183 182 365 3,700 By 1949-50 the Grand Total for enrolment had mounted to 4,173,061. In 1947-48 of the estimated school-age population 7-11 years inclusive, 68% were found to be in school. The literacy rate increased from 20.2% in 1903 to 59.8% in 1948. Except for the University of the Philippines, (now on a new campus at Diliman in Quezon City near Manila), and the government institutions for teacher education and for agriculture, higher education is largely a matter of private enterprise. Santo Tomas, now operated under the Dominican Order, had its beginnings early in the 17th century and was elevated to the category of a university by a papal bull in 1645. The Ateneo, under the Jesuits, has now moved to a new campus near that of the State University. Silliman University at Dumaguete City, some '400 miles south of Manila, was founded by the American Presbyterians, August 28, 1901; enrolment in 1954 was 2,865 students, cf whom 1,799 were in college departments. There were 19 missionary and 144 Filipino teachers with colleges of (1) Arts and Science, (2) Business Administra­ tion, (3) Education, (4) Engineering, (5) Law, (6) Nursing, (7) Theology, and (8) a Graduate School. A University Extension Service is maintained. Radio Stations DISR and DYH4 are located on the campus. Constituent bodies of the Board of Trustees are: Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (4 members), American Board (Congregational­ -5­ Christian) (1 member)" United Church of Christ in the Philippines (4 members)# alwnni (4 members). Presidents Leopoldo T. RuizJ Vioe-Presidentr Robert B. Silliman. In addition to Silliman University, which operates under a special Board of Trustees" the United Church is related to six schools of college or secondary grade: (1) Philippine Christian Colleges in Manila" End-lio Javier" President; (2) Southern Christian College at Midsayap in Cotabato; (3) La Union Christian College in Northern Luzon; (4) Dansalan Junior College of Lanao in Mindanao; (5) Ifugao Academy; and (6) Kalinga Academy.
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