-2­ of Greed). The Katipunan, founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, aimed at complete independence. On August 26, 1896 open revolt was launched by the llCry of Ba1intawakll whereby Bonifacio tore up his cedula (poll tax receipt) and repudiated the sovereignty of Spain. Dr" Riza1, already in the hands of the authorities, was executed on December 30, 1896. Dewey's victory over the Spanish fleet in Bay occurred on May 1, 1898. The Me1010s Constitution was promulgated on November 29, 1899 by the Philippine Revolutionary Government with as President. The Republic so proclaimed was not recognized by the United States which had acquired the rights of Spain by the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. Conflict between Filipino and American forcea subsided with capture of AgUinaldo on March 23, 1901. In 1901, William H. Taft was appointed first civil governor. The Commonwealth Government was established in 1935 under President Manuel Quezon. In 1941-1945 came the Japanese invasion. lIDefeated, overrun, but unconquered." July 4, 1946 .. the Republic of the was inaugurated. The American regime had brought constitutional government, public schools, pUblic health - and Protestant missions.

Populatio~ on October 1, 1948 was 19,234,182. Now estimated at 21,000,000 or more. Average density of 166 persons per square mile; ranging from 749 in Riza1 to 18 on Pa1awan. A net increase of 2.2 per cent, or over 300,000 a year, doubling in the last 33 years. The states of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland with practically the same area have 33,000,000 people; the non-industrial States of Florida and Georgia have 6,200,000. The basic racial stock of the Philippines is Indonesian or Malay, with Spanish, Chinese and American intermingling (llmestizos ll ) . Minority groups are the picturesque Moros (Moslems) of Mindanao and Sulu, and the pagan mountain tribes, largely in the north, with their fascinating costumes and customs. The rice terraces of the Bontocs and lfugaos beyond Baguio have been called the eighth wonder of the world. The 1948 census lists 312 artists, 82 sculptors, 50 authors, 286 architects, ~681 chemists, 17 biologists, 16 bacteriologists, g6 economists, 64 industrial, and 1,151 civil engineers, 3,524 physicians, and 3,896 lawyers. The national bent toward music is evidenced by the statistics of 188 composers, 496 conductors, 1,530 singers and 17,514 instrumental performers. Political There were 50 provinces in 1948, and Manila City. The national government is patterned after the United states with elected president and vice­ president and a bi-cameral legislature. There is an appointed judiciary, and no jury system. Local government follows the Spanish tradition. Except for 21 chartered cities the entire area is divided into 983 municipalities. Each municipality has a pob1acion, or tO~Tn proper, and surrounding barrios, totalling 18,859 in 1948. No provincial legislatures exist, but governors and certain board members are elected by popular vote. Centralized administration from Manila dominates the school system, public works, and the health and welfare programs. Communist opposition has been centered among the tenant farmers of Central .. the "Huks" or "Hukbakahapa" from the dialect name, Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon ("Anti-Japanese Peasants I Union"), changed after 1945 to Hukbo ng Magpagpa1aya ng Bayan or the "Peoples Liberation Army." Under the vigorous leadership of Secretary of Defense, now President, Ramon Magsaysay the military phase has ended ~1ith the surrender of the Huk leader, Luis Taruc. A Communist underground undoubtedly continues. A two-party system of politics is maintained (Liberal and Naciona1ista), although constantly threatened by disintegration through personal rivalries. -3­ Eoonomic Essentially the Philippines is a nation of farmers with over 70% of the people engaged in agriculture. Three-fourths live in barrios, and 11% in places with less than 2,500 inhabitants. Forests cover more than 60% of the total land area. Farming systems vary from clearing and burning the forest (the kaingin system) to large mechanized plantations.

Crops and Animals (1948) Area hat Value -; Palay (unhulled rice) • • • • • • • • • • • 2,026,380 656;000 Coconuts •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 960,000 313,000 Corn (shelled). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 826,490 99,000 Abaca (Musa textilis, "Manila hemp") •••• 283,200 48,000 Sugar total • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 164,640 161,000 Cane •• • • • • •• 82,320 Centrifugal sugar • • 68,580 Muscovado, etc. • •• 13,740 Camote (sweet potato) ••••••••••• 115,310 Banana • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 90,000 Number Chickens •••••••••••••••••••••••• 15,080,190 Hogs •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2,636,820 Carabao () • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1,115,530 Cattle •• ••••••••••••••••••••• •• 613,210 1 hectare (ha) - 2.41 acres 1 peso - 50~ u.s. currency Exports (1948) Value t Coconut products - total • • • • • • • • • • • • 391,802,021 Copra • • • • • • • • • 354,415;334 Dessicated Coconut • • • 19,054,656 Coconut oil • • • • • • 13,940,603 Copra meal. • • • • • • 4,391,434 Abaca • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63,432,314 Sugar • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4,081,058 Rope • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2,904,420 Embroideries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2,335,116 Chromite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 446,500 Note: While still important, the relative rank of coconut products is undoubt­ edly less in 1955 than in 1948. The list of imports in 1948 was headed by cotton and cotton goods - 1137,363,424 worth in 1948, and rayon or other synthetics (-;105,019,904), both largely from the U.S.A. Of all farms in the Philippinest 48% had less than 2 hectares (about five acres) and 10% had 5 hectares or over (1948). Tenants operated 31% of all farms and tenancy is increasing. The Philippines needs more efficient use of present agricultural lands, development of new lands, and industrialization. The rioe yield in the Philippines is 26.6 cavans (sacks) per heotare, in it is 66.1, in Japan 81.1. The average corn yield is 10.46 cavans per hectare compared with 41.64 in the U.s.A. -4­ In the Philippines cottage industries have tended to deteriorate, and modern industry has been slotv of establishment. IIIn 1938, the Philippines with 16,000,000 population had only 66 million dollars worth of maohinery and manufacturing equipment, and employed 400,000 persons or 3% of the population, producing 118 million dollars worth of goods. In 1941, Argentina with 14 million population employed 917,000 persons and produced $1,700 million worth. Mexico, with 21 million population, made $300 million worth of goods. 1I ("Basic Problems of Philippine Economio Development," by Salvador Araneta, in Pacific Affairs, September 1948, P.280). War losses were vast and widespread. The Report of the American Agricultural Mission to the Philippines (December 1946) gave examples: "In the war were lost 47% of oarabao, horses 57%, cattle 80%, hogs 61e5%, chiokens 10%. Of 41 sugar centrals (mills) 32 'Were damaged and 9 destroyed. Of 163 sawmills with capacity of 1,693,000 board feet, 141 were damaged or destroyed, leaving a capacity of 766,250 board feet." The UIlS. War Damage Commission was authorized to pay $400,000,000 for private property claims, and $120,000,000 for pUblic claims. This against losses variously estimated from 1 to 3.5 billion dollars. Seventy-five per cent of the cultivated land now shows serious soil erosion. The Bell Report in 1950 characterized the Philippine economy by the phrase "inefficient production and very low income." Basic reforms were called for and a $250,000,000 aid program recommended. This was implemented on the one hand by such measures as the minimum wage law, and on the other by the U.S. Special Technical and Economic Mission (ECA, M3A, and FOA.) Education School enrolment in the Philippines in thousands. Elementary School Enrolment Secondary School Enrolment Ye8r Public Private Total Public Private -Total Grand total 1915 630 630 9 3 12 642 1935 1,191 52 1,233 53 29 62' 1,315 1947 3,233 102 3,335 183 182 365 3,700 By 1949-50 the Grand Total for enrolment had mounted to 4,173,061. In 1947-48 of the estimated school-age population 7-11 years inclusive, 68% were found to be in school. The literacy rate increased from 20.2% in 1903 to 59.8% in 1948. Except for the University of the Philippines, (now on a new campus at Diliman in Quezon City near Manila), and the government institutions for teacher education and for agriculture, higher education is largely a matter of private enterprise. Santo Tomas, now operated under the Dominican Order, had its beginnings early in the 17th century and was elevated to the category of a university by a papal bull in 1645. The Ateneo, under the Jesuits, has now moved to a new campus near that of the State University. Silliman University at Dumaguete City, some '400 miles south of Manila, was founded by the American Presbyterians, August 28, 1901; enrolment in 1954 was 2,865 students, cf whom 1,799 were in college departments. There were 19 missionary and 144 Filipino teachers with colleges of (1) Arts and Science, (2) Business Administra­ tion, (3) Education, (4) Engineering, (5) Law, (6) Nursing, (7) Theology, and (8) a Graduate School. A University Extension Service is maintained. Radio Stations DISR and DYH4 are located on the campus. Constituent bodies of the Board of Trustees are: Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (4 members), American Board (Congregational­ -5­ Christian) (1 member)" United Church of Christ in the Philippines (4 members)# alwnni (4 members). Presidents Leopoldo T. RuizJ Vioe-Presidentr Robert B. Silliman. In addition to Silliman University, which operates under a special Board of Trustees" the United Church is related to six schools of college or secondary grade: (1) Philippine Christian Colleges in Manila" End-lio Javier" President; (2) Southern Christian College at Midsayap in Cotabato; (3) La Union Christian College in Northern Luzon; (4) Dansalan Junior College of Lanao in Mindanao; (5) Ifugao Academy; and (6) Kalinga Academy. The last two schools are in the mountains of Luzon. Together these six schools in 1954 enrolled 429 elementary, 1,264 secondary, and 449 college students. Ten other high schools function under the annual conferences of the United Church. Central Philippine University of the Baptist Foreign Missionary Society is located at Jaro in noilo; Almus O. Larsen, President. The Union Theological Seminar1 in Manila reports 204 students; Benjamin Guansing, President. The Association of Christian Schools and Colleges is at 726 Taft Avenue, Manila; Benicia T. Catapusan, Executive Secretary. In 1952 the Association reported a total of 26,,924 students from kindergarten to college in 64 member schools. The Philippines has one college student to 88 of the population, U.S.A. also 88" Japan 972, England 841. National per capita incomes: Philippines 161J U.S.A. 11,025; Japan 1310; England 1917. In Philippines# law students 1:1,818 population In U.S.A. II" 1:2,807 II In Philippines, agricultural students 1:6,666 " In U.S.A. "" 1:2,101 " Languages At least 80 dialect groups can be distinguished, with 85% of the people using eight principal dialects.

In 1939, of a total population of 16,000,303 the following were the main languages used: Language (1939) Number of Persons Visayan dialects, including the following • • • •• 7,099,582 Cebuano • • • • • • • • • 3,,854,299 Hi1igaynon (nongo) ••• 2,,063,744 Samar-teyte • • • • • • • 1,,051,,438 English • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• 4,2,9,549 Tagalog • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4,068,565 I10cano • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2,,353;'318 Bicol • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1,,289,242 ------~------..---... Spanish • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 411,375 Chinese (Amoy dialect predominating) ••••••• 120,903 English and Spanish are official languages. English is the language of education, and Spanish is a required course offered in secondary schools. Tagalog is the basis of the National Language, required as a subject in all elementary and secondary schools. Health The principal cause of death in 1949 was pulmonary tubercalosis with

~- Congregational), the Evangelical Church (Disciples and Evangelical United Brethren), and the Philippine Independent Methodist Church. In 1953 the United Church reported 124,813 communicant members, or a related community of 314,032. There were 192 organized churches, and 188 unorganized groups, served by 401 ordained ministers and 524 evangelistso The total bUdgat raised locally was $165,683.81 for church support and $21,88lQ3l for other purp~ses. It is a missionary church, supporting the Rev. and Mrs. Jo~ge Quismundo at t~e Makassar Theological School in Indonesia, and the Rev. and Mrs o Jose Estcye in Thailand. Home mission projects exist among the mountain tribes of the north, the Bilaans of Mindanao, the Moros and the people of the interior settlementsQ Ministers are prepared at Silliman University College of Theology (116 students in 1954), the Union Theological Seminary in Manila which is shared with the Methodists ar.d other grO~PB, the Bible Training School at San Fernando, and at the School of Theology of Northern Christian College. Over 200 theological students of the United Church attend these institutions. The Interboard Office of the mission boards related to the United Church is located at 118 Georgia Street, Manila, PeB. Box 461, cable address INTERBOARD; the Rev. Rodney Sundberg, Field Representative. The Phili9pine Federation of Evangelical Churches is at 726 Taft Avenu9, in Manila; the Rev. Jose A. Yap is General Secretary. Methodists, Disciples not in the United Church, Baptists, the United Church and certain looal churches join in this Federation. -8­

BIBLIOGRAPHY-

1. Census 1939. 2. The Economic and Social Conditions in the Phili ines, Bureau of Census and Statistics. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 19 O. Data from the Census of 1948. 3. Spencer, J.E. Land and People in the Philippines, University of California Press, 1952. 4. Harrison, Brian South-east Asia: A Short History, 268 pages, $3.50. st. Martins, London. ­ 5. Hayden, Joseph R. The Philippines: A Study in National Development. MacMillan, 1942. Hunt, Coller, Espirito, deYoung, a.nd Corpus, Sociology in the Philippine 19~4. Setting; Alemars, 749 Rizal Ave., ManilaJ 48lpp. $5.50 7. Bell Mission. Report to the President of the U.S.A., by the Economio Survey Mission to the Philigpines. Washington, D.C. October 9, 1950. 8. UNESCO Report of the Mission to the Philippines, 1949. Columbia University Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York, N.Y. $1.75. 9. Balfour, Marshall, et al. Publio Health and Demography in the Far East. Rockefeller Foundation, 1950. 10. Rodgers, James B. Forty Years in the Philippines, 1940. Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. 11.. The Philippine Christian Advance. Philippine Federation of Christian Churches, 726 Taft Avenue, Manila, $2.00 per year.