Identité Africaine Et Catholicisme

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Identité Africaine Et Catholicisme Identit´eafricaine et catholicisme : probl´ematiquede la rencontre de deux notions `atravers l'itin´eraire d'Alioune Diop, 1956-1995 Etienne Lock To cite this version: Etienne Lock. Identit´eafricaine et catholicisme : probl´ematiquede la rencontre de deux notions `atravers l'itin´eraired'Alioune Diop, 1956-1995. Histoire. Universit´eCharles de Gaulle - Lille III, 2014. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2014LIL30018>. <tel-01196696> HAL Id: tel-01196696 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01196696 Submitted on 10 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITE CHARLES DE GAULLE – LILLE 3 ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE L'HOMME ET DE LA SOCIETE UFR SCIENCES HISTORIQUES, ARTISTIQUES ET POLITIQUES THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE LILLE III Sujet: IDENTITE AFRICAINE ET CATHOLICISME : PROBLEMATIQUE DE LA RENCONTRE DE DEUX NOTIONS A TRAVERS L’ITINERAIRE D’ALIOUNE DIOP (1956-1995) Présentée et soutenue publiquement par M. ETIENNE LOCK Le 11 avril 2014 Sous la direction de Mme Jacqueline LALOUETTE Volume 1 Membres du jury M. Jean-Dominique DURAND, Professeur, Université de Lyon III Mme Jacqueline LALOUETTE, Professeur Emérite, Université de Lille III M. Claude PRUDHOMME, Professeur Emérite, Université de Lyon II Mme Isabelle SURUN, Maître de Conférences habilitée, Université de Lille III M. Ibrahima THIOUB, Professeur, Université Cheikh ANTA DIOP de Dakar et Institut d'Etudes avancées, Université de Nantes Mme Laurick ZERBINI, Maître de Conférences non habilitée, Université de Lyon II Dédicace A Madame Gaëtane ALLART 3 Remerciements A ma directrice de thèse le professeur Jacqueline Lalouette, pour l’intérêt qu’elle a manifesté pour ce sujet ; pour ses conseils, sa patience, sans lesquels ce travail n’aurait pas été possible, Au professeur Xavier Boniface qui m’a chaleureusement accueilli et orienté dans mes premiers pas comme doctorant à l’université charles-de-Gaulle Lille 3, Au Cardinal Christian Tumi qu m’a fait confiance et à Monseigneur Laurent Ulrich, A la famille d’Alioune Diop, et notamment Mmes Marie-Aïda Diop-Wane et Suzanne Diop qui ont permis que ce travail bénéficie des archives de Présence Africaine, Aux archivistes du Sénat à Paris, du siège parisien de l’Unesco, des Archives générales des pères du Saint Esprit à Chevilly-Larue, de la Centrale diocésaine des œuvres à Yaoundé (Cameroun), pour leur aimable accueil, A tous les bibliothécaires dont j’ai bénéficié des services de toutes sortes, Au cours de ces dernières années, j’ai participé à des colloques où j’ai présenté mes recherches ; je voudrais remercier ici l’ensemble des collègues qui ont discuté mon travail et qui m’ont permis d’avancer ; la communauté des chercheurs que j’ai ainsi connue par ces rencontres au Canada, en Martinique, au Cameroun et en France représente pour moi un espace d’enrichissement intellectuel et humain, A ma famille qui bien qu’étant loin m’a toujours soutenu, A M. Jacques Malbrancke pour le temps qu’il a consacré à la lecture de ce travail, A M. et Mme Alain L’Hostis, M. Guy Agoua, Mlle Sylvie Bourguignon et à tous mes amis pour leurs multiples soutiens. 4 Sigles et abréviations ₦ : Naira A.E.F. : Afrique équatoriale française A.N.C. : African National Congress. A.O.F. : Afrique occidentale française A.O.T.A. : Association œcuménique des théologiens africains A.V.C.A. : Association voltaïque de culture africaine C.A.C. : Communauté africaine de culture C.D.O. : Centrale diocésaine des œuvres C.E.L.A.M. : Conférences épiscopales latino-américaine C.E.R.A.O. : Conférence Episcopale de la Région d’Afrique de l’Ouest C.I.F. : Comité International du Festival C.M.A.C. : Conférence des ministres africains de la culture Coll. : Collection Comithéol : Comité théologique F.E.A.N.F. : Fédération des étudiants de l’Afrique noire française Festac : Association du Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres I.C.A.: Institut Culturel Africain 5 I.C.A.M.: Institut Culturel Africain et Mauricien Mgr : Monseigneur O.C.A.M. : Organisation commune africaine et malgache O.U.A. : Organisation de l’unité africaine P.A. : Présence Africaine P.C.F. : Parti communiste français R.D.A. : Rassemblement démocratique africain R.F.A. : République Fédérale d’Allemagne S.A.C. : Société Africaine de Culture S.C.E.A.M. : Symposium des Conférences épiscopales d’Afrique et Madagascar S.E.C. : Société Européenne de Culture S.F.I.O. : Section française de l’internationale ouvrière (ou socialiste) S.U.DOC : Service universitaire de la documentation S.N.A.C. : Somali national association for culture T.E. : Terre entière U.P.C. : Union des populations du Cameroun 6 Introduction générale La Deuxième Guerre Mondiale constitue certainement l’un des événements les plus importants pour l’Afrique contemporaine. En effet, elle marque le point de départ d’une aube nouvelle dans l’histoire et la conscience collective de ses peuples. De fait, elle n’a pas seulement permis de voir la contribution africaine dans la victoire des alliés sur le régime inique et funeste que fut le nazisme ; elle se définit également comme le creuset d’une conversion dans les relations entre Occidentaux et Africains. Cette conversion trouve sa raison d’être dans la prise de conscience des Africains de leur situation, tout comme dans la nécessité d’un engagement. C’est ce qui explique toute l’effervescence qui caractérise l’Afrique des années cinquante. Même si elle est plus évidement perceptible sur le plan politique, il n’en demeure pas moins que sur d’autres plans, cette effervescence a des effets notoires. Et ici, il convient de souligner le rôle important de l’Occident. En effet, c’est lui qui, sans le vouloir peut-être, a mis en place, à travers des structures comme l’école sous le régime colonial, les bases d’une telle effervescence. Dans la mesure où celle-ci est principalement le fait des intellectuels africains, formés à l’école occidentale, l’on peut vraiment dire que l’Afrique contemporaine, telle qu’elle s’affirme après le second conflit mondial, est tributaire de l’héritage de l’Occident. Parler d’intellectuels africains dans le sens de l’éveil d’une conscience politique et culturelle en Afrique, c’est saluer des hommes et des femmes qui ont su mettre leur savoir au service d’un combat contre toutes les formes de l’aliénation, dans le but de rappeler avec insistance que la race humaine est une, et que de ce fait, il est normal que les hommes, de quelque horizon qu’ils viennent, cohabitent. C’est aussi, nécessairement, faire allusion à l’Eglise catholique qui a contribué, à sa manière, à la naissance d’une élite africaine et d’une intelligentsia engagée. C’est enfin mettre en exergue des courants d’émancipation favorables à l’affirmation de la différence, qui ne trouve son sens que dans la construction d’une universalité ne négligeant l’apport d’aucun peuple à ce rendez-vous commun. C’est là toute l’explication de ces mouvements intellectuels et culturels que furent le Panafricanisme ou encore la Négritude, qui doivent leur dynamisme à de grandes figures charismatiques bien connues. A côté de ces mouvements, se situe en bonne place Présence Africaine. L’expression « Présence Africaine » évoque toute une initiative, tout un parcours, toute une aventure à 7 laquelle ont participé des hommes d’origines et de croyances différentes, mobilisés pour un projet commun. Présence Africaine évoque surtout une figure de l’intelligentsia africaine, sans laquelle on ne saurait épuiser la liste des intellectuels du monde noir de ce temps : Alioune Diop. Il reste à n’en pas douter l’un des moins connus, bien qu’il soit l’un des plus importants, par la singularité de son engagement, de ses prises de positions, de son expérience d’homme, de croyant, d’intellectuel, d’Africain. Il est l’un de ceux dont l’Afrique contemporaine reste tributaire d’un héritage important, même si la reconnaissance due à un tel personnage n’a pas encore été suffisamment témoignée. Alioune Diop est né à Saint-Louis au Sénégal le 10 janvier 1910. La ville de Saint-Louis est alors aussi bien un ancien comptoir français qu’une société cosmopolite. Un metissage de la population, fruit des mariages « à la mode du pays », témoigne d’une cohabitation aisée entre Blancs et Noirs. Chez les Noirs d’ailleurs, la diversité des origines fait disparaître de nombreux clivages, si l’on en croit du moins Alain Sinou : « Les Africains des comptoirs sénégalais viennent principalement du Waalo et du Cayor. Cette population est divisée en plusieurs groupes sociaux qui ne reprennent pas les distinctions ethniques »1. Un tel climat social peut expliquer que les natifs de Saint-Louis aient eu une ouverture facile à divers modes de vie. Alioune Diop est l’aîné d’une fratrie de dix2. Son père, Mor Samba Diop est alors fonctionnaire de poste et sa mère, Aïssatou Ndiaye, en est la seconde épouse. C’est une famille appartenant au peuple wolof, profondément ancré dans l’islam « africain », c’est-à- dire un islam qui a su conjuguer plus ou moins pacifiquement, les enseignements du coran et les traditions des peuples négro-africains3. Mor Samba Diop et Aïssatou Ndiaye, soucieux de transmettre à leur fils la crainte de Dieu et la recherche du bien, et souhaitant même le voir exercer une fonction de responsable de communauté musulmane, l’envoient très tôt Ŕ comme cela est pratiquement de règle dans les familles musulmanes d’alors Ŕ dans une école 1 Sinou A., Comptoirs et villes coloniales du Sénégal : Saint-Louis, Gorée, Dakar, Paris, Karthala/Orstom, coll.
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