The Sulfur Cycle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Ecotones and Species Diversity Global Surveillance Network For CO2 Science Vol. 305:1923, 2004 NASA photo: false colors The Sulfur Cycle More Biogeochemical Cycles The Sulfur Cycle Some Naturally Occurring Forms of Sulfur Amino Acids Methionine Cystiene Dimethyl sulfide A Two Story High Cake Of Pure Sulfur! 1 The Sulfur Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Mt. St Helens is about to Blow its top again! Vent Life Black Smoker Sulfur Biogases Sulfate in Rain: Sources Sea-salt sulfate Hydrogen sulfide - H S 2 Anthropogenic SO2 - industrial and automobiles Carbon disulfide - CS2 Biogenic reduced S gases Carbonyl Sulfide - COS Volcanic emissions Methyl mercaptan - CH3SHS Forest Burning Dimethyl Sulfide - CH3SCHS 3 Soil dust Dimethyl Disulfide - CH3SSCHSS 3 Plant aerosols The Sulfur Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Phytoplankton bloom Clouds: earth’s thermostat Luke Howard Dimethyl sulfide Coccolithic phytoplankton Cloud Formation http://www.inclouds.com/ 2 backscatter reflection of solar radiation SO4 Cloud CCN Required reading: aerosols Albedo light air oxidation temperature ocean oxidation Algal www.puffythecloud.org DMS DMSO DMSP microbial transformation grazing, free lysis etc. Bacterial DMSP Consumption www.atmosphere.mpg.de/ enid/on.html Sources of Oil Contamination of the Ocean History of Ocean Oil Spills What is wrong with this picture? No clouds! Courtesy NASA 3 The Sulfur Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Courtesy: EPA The Earth At Night Acid Rain And Deposition Most energy generating systems that utilize fossil fuels put significant amounts of SO2 into the atmosphere. Deforestation-Reforestation Forest Damage Due To Acid Rain The George Washington National Forest, now a national treasure, was once"the land nobody wanted". It was formed as a result of the Weeks Law of 1911, which authorized the purchase or exchange of private lands, primarily in the east. Its original intent was to protect water and water supplies that had been damaged by abuse during the earlier settlement and industrial period. 4 Effects Of Acid Deposition On Trees The Nitrogen Cycle Emissions Acid Deposition SO NO O3 2 x Increased susceptibility To insects, Direct damage to Reduced drought, cold, leaves and bark photosynthesis Mosses, infectious diseases Soil acidification Tree death From: G.T. Miller. Living In The Environment. 2004 The Nitrogen Cycle* Corn is not a legume Ultrastructure of root nodule bacteria Root nodules *what is wrong with this picture? Nitrogen Cycle Products: ammonia and amino acids 5 Hydrological Cycle H2O H2O H2O H2OH2O H2O Hydrological Cycle Hydrological Cycle Courtesy: UNESCO Physical Determinants Of Ecosystems Hydrological Cycle Mean Daily Mean Daily Temperature from Miller, Living In The Environment Thompson Pub. Annual Precipitation 6 Annual Mean Precipitation Ecozones Nature Is “Re-shufflingThe Deck” As The Environment Changes Courtesy NASA 7.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle
What is Nitrogen? Human Alteration of the Nitrogen is the most abundant element in Global Nitrogen Cycle the Earth’s atmosphere. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the troposphere. Nitrogen cannot be absorbed directly by the plants and animals until it is converted into compounds they can use. This process is called the Nitrogen Cycle. Heather McGraw, Mandy Williams, Suzanne Heinzel, and Cristen Whorl, Give SIUE Permission to Put Our Presentation on E-reserve at Lovejoy Library. The Nitrogen Cycle How does the nitrogen cycle work? Step 1- Nitrogen Fixation- Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3) which the plants can use. Step 2- Nitrification- Nitrification is the process which converts the ammonia into nitrite ions which the plants can take in as nutrients. Step 3- Ammonification- After all of the living organisms have used the nitrogen, decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich waste compounds into simpler ones. Step 4- Denitrification- Denitrification is the final step in which other bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas (N2 ), which is then released back into the atmosphere to begin the cycle again. How does human intervention affect the nitrogen cycle? Nitric Oxide (NO) is released into the atmosphere when any type of fuel is burned. This includes byproducts of internal combustion engines. Production and Use of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere through Nitrogen Fertilizers bacteria in livestock waste and commercial fertilizers applied to the soil. Removing nitrogen from the Earth’s crust and soil when we mine nitrogen-rich mineral deposits. Discharge of municipal sewage adds nitrogen compounds to aquatic ecosystems which disrupts the ecosystem and kills fish.
[Show full text]
Nitrogen Metabolism in Phytoplankton - Y
MARINE ECOLOGY – Nitrogen Metabolism in Phytoplankton - Y. Collos, J. A. Berges NITROGEN METABOLISM IN PHYTOPLANKTON Y. Collos Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie CNRS, Université Montpellier II, France J. A. Berges School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, UK Keywords: uptake, reduction, excretion, proteases, chlorophyllases, cell death. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Availability and use of different forms of nitrogen 2.1 Nitrate 2.2. Nitrite 2.3. Ammonium 2.4. Molecular N2 2.5. Dissolved organic N (DON) 2.6. Particulate nitrogen (PN) 3. Assimilation pathways 4. Accumulation and storage 4.1. Inorganic compounds 4.2. Organic compounds 5. Nutrient classification and preferences 6. Plasticity in cell composition 7. Overflow mechanisms: excretion and release processes 8. Recycling of N within the cell 9. Degradation pathways 9.1. Requirements for and roles of degradation 9.2. How is degradation accomplished? 9.3. Variation in degradation 9.4. Pathogenesis and Cell Death 10. From uptake to growth: time-lag phenomena 11. Relationships with carbon metabolism 12. Future directions AcknowledgementsUNESCO – EOLSS Glossary Bibliography SAMPLE CHAPTERS Biographical Sketches Summary Phytoplankton use a large variety of nitrogen compounds and are extremely well adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions by a high capacity to change their chemical composition.Degradation and turnover of nitrogen within phytoplankton is essential for many processes including normal cell maintenance, acclimations to changes in light, salinity, and nutrients, and cell defence against pathogens. The ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) MARINE ECOLOGY – Nitrogen Metabolism in Phytoplankton - Y. Collos, J. A. Berges pathways by which N degradation is accomplished are very poorly understood, but based on work in higher plant species, protein degradation is likely to be of central importance.
[Show full text]
Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes And
Published by the Ecological Society of America Number 1, Spring 1997 Causes andConsequences Human Alterationofthe Issues in EcologyGlobal NitrogenCycle: Photo by Nadine Cavender Issues in Ecology Number 1 Spring 1997 Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences SUMMARY Human activities are greatly increasing the amount of nitrogen cycling between the living world and the soil, water, and atmosphere. In fact, humans have already doubled the rate of nitrogen entering the land-based nitrogen cycle, and that rate is continuing to climb. This human-driven global change is having serious impacts on ecosystems around the world because nitrogen is essential to living organisms and its availability plays a crucial role in the organization and functioning of the worlds ecosystems. In many ecosystems on land and sea, the supply of nitrogen is a key factor controlling the nature and diversity of plant life, the population dynamics of both grazing animals and their predators, and vital ecologi- cal processes such as plant productivity and the cycling of carbon and soil minerals. This is true not only in wild or unmanaged systems but in most croplands and forestry plantations as well. Excessive nitrogen additions can pollute ecosystems and alter both their ecological functioning and the living communities they support. Most of the human activities responsible for the increase in global nitrogen are local in scale, from the production and use of nitrogen fertilizers to the burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, power generation plants, and industries. However, human activities have not only increased the supply but enhanced the global movement of various forms of nitrogen through air and water.
[Show full text]
Enhancing the Natural Sulfur Cycle to Slow Global Warming$
ARTICLE IN PRESS Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 7373–7375 www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv New Directions: Enhancing the natural sulfur cycle to slow global warming$ Full scale ocean iron fertilization of the Southern The CLAW hypothesis further states that greater Ocean (SO) has been proposed previously as a DMS production would result in additional flux to means to help mitigate rising CO2 in the atmosphere the atmosphere, more cloud condensation nuclei (Martin et al., 1990, Nature 345, 156–158). Here we (CCN) and greater cloud reflectivity by decreasing describe a different, more leveraged approach to cloud droplet size. Thus, increased DMS would partially regulate climate using limited iron en- contribute to the homeostasis of the planet by hancement to stimulate the natural sulfur cycle, countering warming from increasing CO2. A cor- resulting in increased cloud reflectivity that could ollary to the CLAW hypothesis is that elevated CO2 cool large regions of our planet. Some regions of the itself increases DMS production which has been Earth’s oceans are high in nutrients but low in observed during a mesocosm scale CO2 enrichment primary productivity. The largest such region is the experiment (Wingenter et al., 2007, Geophysical SO followed by the equatorial Pacific. Several Research Letters 34, L05710). The CLAW hypoth- mesoscale (102 km2) experiments have shown that esis relies on the assumption that DMS sea-to-air the limiting nutrient to productivity is iron. Yet, the flux leads to new particles and not just the growth of effectiveness of iron fertilization for sequestering existing particles. If the CLAW hypothesis is significant amounts of atmospheric CO2 is still in correct, the danger is that enormous anthropogenic question.
[Show full text]
Carbon–Nitrogen Interactions in Idealized Simulations with JSBACH (Version 3.10)
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2009–2030, 2017 www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/2009/2017/ doi:10.5194/gmd-10-2009-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Carbon–nitrogen interactions in idealized simulations with JSBACH (version 3.10) Daniel S. Goll1,a, Alexander J. Winkler2,3, Thomas Raddatz2, Ning Dong3,5, Ian Colin Prentice4,6, Philippe Ciais1, and Victor Brovkin2 1Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL-LSCE CEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France 2Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany 3International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modeling, Hamburg, Germany 4Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia 5Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 6AXA Chair in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK aformerly at: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany Correspondence to: Daniel S. Goll ([email protected]) Received: 17 December 2016 – Discussion started: 9 January 2017 Revised: 7 April 2017 – Accepted: 14 April 2017 – Published: 22 May 2017 Abstract. Recent advances in the representation of soil car- The strengths of the land carbon feedbacks of the re- −1 bon decomposition and carbon–nitrogen interactions imple- cent version of JSBACH, with βL D 0:61 Pgppm and γL D mented previously into separate versions of the land sur- −27:5 Pg ◦C−1, are 34 and 53 % less than the averages of face scheme JSBACH are here combined in a single version, CMIP5 models, although the CMIP5 version of JSBACH which is set to be used in the upcoming 6th phase of coupled simulated βL and γL, which are 59 and 42 % higher than model intercomparison project (CMIP6).
[Show full text]
1-3: Biogeochemical Cycles and Ecosystem Homeostasis
1-3: Biogeochemical cycles and Ecosystem homeostasis:……….…………………Week 4 For a full understanding of ecosystem functions , we need some knowledge of the quantitative and energetic pathways within an ecosystem . A brief consideration of the cyclic passage of the key elements ( such as carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , phosphorus, and sulfur ) between the living and nonliving components of the ecosystem , is a logical starting point toward this understanding . Carbon cycle : Carbon is a key element in all organic material . Carbon exists in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide , which is the form required in the photosynthesis ( Fig .4 ) . From plants , organic carbon may go into animals , and from either plants or animals it may re-enter the atmosphere as CO2 through respiration and decomposition . Carbon tied up in hard parts of some animals , such as shells , will remain for a long time as marine deposits of animal inorganic carbonates . Limestone can result from marine deposits of animal inorganic carbonates as well as from inorganic precipitation of carbonates in water . These carbonates in limestone can then return to the carbon cycle only very slowly through a process of erosion and dissolution . Carbon may also in the form of organic deposits in coal and petroleum until released in burning . Fig . 4 : Carbon cycle - 9 - Nitrogen cycle : Nitrogen is an essential element of all protoplasm , particularly proteins . The atmospheric form of the free nitrogen must be fixed to NH3 or NO3 which can be utilized by plants(Fig.5). Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by bacterial action of both free – living soil bacteria such as Azotobacter and Clostridium and symbiotic bacteria such as Rhizobium living in root nodules of leguminous plants .
[Show full text]
Biogeochemistry of Wetlands Nitrogen
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Biogeochemistry of Wetlands SiScience an dAd App litilications NITROGEN Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida Instructor : Patrick Inglett [email protected] 6/22/20086/22/2008 P.W.WBL Inglett1 1 Nitrogen Introduction N Forms, Distribution, Importance Basic processes of N Cycles Examples of current research Examples of applications Key points learned 6/22/2008 P.W. Inglett 2 1 Nitrogen Learning Objectives Identify the forms of N in wetlands Understand the importance of N in wetlands/global processes Define the major N processes/transformations Understand the importance of microbial activity in N transformations Understand the potential regulators of N processes See the application of N cycle principles to understanding natural and man-made ecosystems 6/22/2008 P.W. Inglett 3 Nitrogen Cycling Plant biomass N N2 NH3 N2 N2O (g) Litterfall Nitrogen Fixation Volatilization Mineralization. Water - Nitrification + + NO3 NH4 Organic N NH4 Column AEROBIC - Plant Peat NO3 + + [NH4 ]s uptake accretion [NH4 ]s Denitrification ANAEROBIC Microbial + Organic N Biomass N Adsorbed NH4 N2, N2O (g) 6/22/2008 P.W. Inglett 4 2 Forms of Nitrogen Organic Nitrogen Inorganic Nitrogen + • Proteins • Ammonium (NH4 ) - • Amino Sugars • Nitrate N (NO3 ) - • Nucleic Acids • Nitrite N (NO2 ) • Urea • Nitrous ox ide (N2O) • Dinitrogen (N2) 6/22/2008 P.W. Inglett 5 N Transformations Solid Gaseous Phase: Phase: Particulate N N2 + Bound: NH4 N2O - - NO3 NO2 Aqueous Phase: + NH4 DON - DIN NO3 - Particulate N NO2 6/22/2008 P.W. Inglett 6 3 Reservoirs of Nitrogen Lithosphere 163,600 x 1018 g Atmosphere 3,860 x 1018 g Hydrosphere 23 x 1018 g Biosphere 0.28 x 1018 g 6/22/2008 P.W.
[Show full text]
The Carbon Cycle Is Very Important to All Ecosystems, and Ultimately Life on Earth
What is The Carbon Cycle? The carbon cycle is very important to all ecosystems, and ultimately life on earth. The carbon cycle is critical to the food chain. Living tissue contains carbon, because they contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The carbon in these (living or dead) tissues is recycled in various processes. Let's see how this cycle works using the simple sketch below: Human activities like heating homes and cars burning fuels (combustion) give off carbon into the atmosphere. During respiration, animals also introduce carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. The Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by green plants (producers) to make food in photosynthesis. When animals feed on green plants, they pass on carbon compounds unto other animals in the upper levels of their food chains. Animals give off carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration. Carbon dioxide is also given off when plants and animals die. This occurs when decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead plants and animals (decomposition) and release the carbon compounds stored in them. Very often, energy trapped in the dead materials becomes fossil fuels which is used as combustion again at a later time. Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is also key in the existence of ecosystems and food chains. Nitrogen forms about 78% of the air on earth. But plants do not use nitrogen directly from the air. This is because nitrogen itself is unreactive, and cannot be used by green plants to make protein. Nitrogen gas therefore, needs to be converted into nitrate compound in the soil by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil, root nodules or lightning.
[Show full text]
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle Almost 80% of our atmosphere is made up of the element nitrogen bonded together as N2. This represents most of the nitrogen available on Earth. Ni- trogen is an important element used by all living things to make proteins, amino acids and the nucleic acids of DNA. Yet its gaseous form, N2, found – + in the atmosphere is not usable. It must be “fixed” into nitrates (NO3 ), ammonium (NH4 ) or urea (NH2)2CO to be taken up by plants. Animals can get their nitrogen by eating those plants and so it moves through the food webs. When nitrogen is fixed, it is absorbed by plants and then eaten by animals, who then expel it in their waste and eventually die and decompose (releas- ing more). The nitrogen is then released into the soil and then back into atmosphere – this is the Nitrogen Cycle. The Nitrogen Cycle can be broken down into 4 processes: Nitrogen fixing – Decay – Nitrification – Dentrification 1. Nitrogen Fixing is when gaseous nitrogen is “fixed” by either lightning (only up to about 8%), bacteria in the soil, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants (like soy beans). 2. Decay - The nitrogen in plants is eaten by animals and broken down and expelled in the animals’ waste. Microorganisms further break it down into ammonia. 3. Nitrification - Some ammonia is absorbed by plants through their roots, but most is converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrites and then nitrates. 4. Dentrification moves the nitrogen in the other direction back into the atmosphere. Dentrifying bacteria reduce nitrites and nitrates into nitrogen gas, releasing it back to the atmosphere to complete the cycle.
[Show full text]
Carbon-Nitrogen Interactions Regulate Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedbacks: Results from an Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model
Biogeosciences, 6, 2099–2120, 2009 www.biogeosciences.net/6/2099/2009/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model P. E. Thornton1, S. C. Doney2, K. Lindsay3, J. K. Moore4, N. Mahowald5, J. T. Randerson4, I. Fung6, J.-F. Lamarque7,8, J. J. Feddema9, and Y.-H. Lee3 1Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA 2Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1543, USA 3Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA 4Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA 5Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA 6Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA 7NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3337, USA 8Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA 9Department of Geography, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7613, USA Received: 28 January 2009 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 26 March 2009 Revised: 12 August 2009 – Accepted: 17 September 2009 – Published: 8 October 2009 Abstract. Inclusion of fundamental ecological interactions
[Show full text]
The Carbon Cycle
TEACHER GUIDE THE CARBON CYCLE MATERIALS PER GROUP: LESSON OVERVIEW: Activity 1 The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is • Carbonated water (clear soda or exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydro- seltzer water) sphere and atmosphere of Earth. Along with the nitrogen cycle • Hot water (50°C) and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of • Cold water (5°C) events key to making Earth capable of sustaining life; it describes • Two 12 oz. plastic bowls the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout • Two small (3 oz.) clear plastic cups the biosphere. Activity 2 LESSON OBJECTIVES: • Vinegar Students will be able to: • Baking soda 1. Observe the density of carbon dioxide. • Universal indicator 2. Demonstrate the effect of temperature on the amount of car- • Water bon dioxide that will dissolve in water. • Water and indicator cup 3. Test the effect of carbon dioxide on the pH of water. • Baking soda and vinegar 4. Describe how these properties of carbon dioxide relate to the • Mini spoon carbon cycle. • Universal indicator pH color chart ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Activity 3 How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? • Bubble generator* • Dry ice (8 oz.) TOPICAL ESSENTIAL QUESTION: • 9 oz. plastic cup What is carbon’s role in life on Earth? • Water (enough to fill bubble generator half-full) • Plastic spoon TOTAL DURATION: • Dish soap (5 mL) 15-20 min. pre-lab prep time; 40-50 min. class time • Cotton glove SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: *A bubble generator can be purchased from • Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin.
[Show full text]
Recycling Nitrogen and Sulfur in Grass-Clover Pastures
Recycling Nitrogen and Sulfur in Grass-Clover Pastures 4.tj AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY CORVALLIS STATION BULLETIN 610 JUNE 1972 Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 The Nitrogen Cycle 3 The Sulfur Cycle 8 Summary 11 LiteratureCited 12 AUTHORS: M. D. Dawson is a professor of soils science and W. S. McGuire is a professor of agronomy, Oregon State University. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The authors are indebted to Viroch Impithuksa for conducting the carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus-sulfur (C:N:P:S) analyses and to J. L. Young for invaluable assistance in writing the manuscript. Recycling Nitrogen and Sulfur in Grass-Clover Pastures M. D. DAWSOTJ and W. S. McGuii Abstract Indeed, the soil-plant-animal chain is a fascinating intra-system where the Improved grass-clover pastures uti-nitrogen and sulfur cycles have practi- lized under high stockingsystems cal significance. epitomize conservation management at The management practicescom- its best. Under intensive grazing andpared are (1) unimproved, indigenous in spite of nitrogen (N) or sulfur (S) grasses, (2) fertilized grass-clover cut losses through leaching, volatilization, for hay, and (3) fertilized grass-clover or sales of meat and wool from the intensively grazed. The purpose of this farm, good management permits sym- bulletin is to review certain features bioticfixationofnitrogen and re-of soil-plant-animal interrelationships cycling of N and S in amounts needed as they influence soil nitrogen and sul- for top production. In the comparisons fur cycles under different management of management practicesinvolvingpractices in grass-clover pastures. unimproved indigenous grasses with (1) fertilized grass-clover cut for hay and (2) fertilized grass-clover inten- The Nitrogen Cycle sivelygrazed,thisbulletin reviews In western Oregon, annual yields of certainfeaturesof soil-plant-animal6,000 pounds and 12,000 pounds of interrelationships as they influence soildry matter per acre are common on nitrogen and sulfur cycles.
[Show full text]