Ecotones and Species Diversity Global Surveillance Network For CO2 Science Vol. 305:1923, 2004 NASA photo: false colors The Sulfur Cycle More Biogeochemical Cycles The Sulfur Cycle Some Naturally Occurring Forms of Sulfur Amino Acids Methionine Cystiene Dimethyl sulfide A Two Story High Cake Of Pure Sulfur! 1 The Sulfur Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Mt. St Helens is about to Blow its top again! Vent Life Black Smoker Sulfur Biogases Sulfate in Rain: Sources Sea-salt sulfate Hydrogen sulfide - H S 2 Anthropogenic SO2 - industrial and automobiles Carbon disulfide - CS2 Biogenic reduced S gases Carbonyl Sulfide - COS Volcanic emissions Methyl mercaptan - CH3SHS Forest Burning Dimethyl Sulfide - CH3SCHS 3 Soil dust Dimethyl Disulfide - CH3SSCHSS 3 Plant aerosols The Sulfur Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Phytoplankton bloom Clouds: earth’s thermostat Luke Howard Dimethyl sulfide Coccolithic phytoplankton Cloud Formation http://www.inclouds.com/ 2 backscatter reflection of solar radiation SO4 Cloud CCN Required reading: aerosols Albedo light air oxidation temperature ocean oxidation Algal www.puffythecloud.org DMS DMSO DMSP microbial transformation grazing, free lysis etc. Bacterial DMSP Consumption www.atmosphere.mpg.de/ enid/on.html Sources of Oil Contamination of the Ocean History of Ocean Oil Spills What is wrong with this picture? No clouds! Courtesy NASA 3 The Sulfur Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Courtesy: EPA The Earth At Night Acid Rain And Deposition Most energy generating systems that utilize fossil fuels put significant amounts of SO2 into the atmosphere. Deforestation-Reforestation Forest Damage Due To Acid Rain The George Washington National Forest, now a national treasure, was once"the land nobody wanted". It was formed as a result of the Weeks Law of 1911, which authorized the purchase or exchange of private lands, primarily in the east. Its original intent was to protect water and water supplies that had been damaged by abuse during the earlier settlement and industrial period. 4 Effects Of Acid Deposition On Trees The Nitrogen Cycle Emissions Acid Deposition SO NO O3 2 x Increased susceptibility To insects, Direct damage to Reduced drought, cold, leaves and bark photosynthesis Mosses, infectious diseases Soil acidification Tree death From: G.T. Miller. Living In The Environment. 2004 The Nitrogen Cycle* Corn is not a legume Ultrastructure of root nodule bacteria Root nodules *what is wrong with this picture? Nitrogen Cycle Products: ammonia and amino acids 5 Hydrological Cycle H2O H2O H2O H2OH2O H2O Hydrological Cycle Hydrological Cycle Courtesy: UNESCO Physical Determinants Of Ecosystems Hydrological Cycle Mean Daily Mean Daily Temperature from Miller, Living In The Environment Thompson Pub. Annual Precipitation 6 Annual Mean Precipitation Ecozones Nature Is “Re-shufflingThe Deck” As The Environment Changes Courtesy NASA 7.