DOCSLIB.ORG

Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California' VEGETATION OF THE SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS, OREGON AND CALIFORNIA' R. H. WHITTAKER Biology Department,Brooklyn College, Brooklyn10, N. Y. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ............................. 279 East-West Gradation and the Prevailing Nature of the Study .... ... ........ .... 279 Climax Type ....... ............. .. 308 Geology............... ..... .. ..... 279 V. PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION ...... .... 311 The Central Relation of the Klamath Forests . 282 Formations . ...... ............. ..... .... 311 Climate .. ....................... .. 283 Dominance-Types and Sociations .. ......... 312 Culture and Disturbance ....... .......... 284 Associations . ............ .. ........ ..... 312 Literature .................................. 284 Quantitative Approaches to Continuity and Species Grouping . .. 313 285 II. PROCEDURE .................................. Distributional Groupings ... 314 Study Areas ................................. 285 Vegetation Samples and Soil Data ..... ..... 286 VI. FLORISTIC COMPARISONS ... 316 Arrangementof Samples in Transects .... 286 Life-Forms and Growth-Forms ........ .. .. 317 Evaluation of Transect Techniques . ..... 288 Species-Diversities ............ ..... ....... 319 Transect Tables ................... ....... 289 Sample Similarities and Coenocline Differentiation ................. .. .. 320 III. VEGETATION DESCRIPTION ...... ............. 291 Geographic Relations of Floras .... ....... 323 Low Elevations on Diorite . .... ......... .. 291 VII. RELATIONS OF SPECIES POPULATIONS TO THE Low Elevations on Gabbro..... ........ 297 THREE SOILS .325 on Serpentine and the Low Elevations Trees .325 Two-Phase Effect .......... .............. 299 Undergrowth Species .. 326 Forest Vegetation of Higher Elevations General Results ....... ...................... 327 on Diorite ......................... ....... 302 Rare Species and Serpentine Indicators .328 Vegetationof Higher Elevations on Serpentine . 305 VIII. CONCLUSION ..... ........................ 329 IV. CLIMAX INTERPRETATION .................. .. 306 SUMMARY .............. ............ ....... 330 Fire Effectsand Edaphic Climaxes.306 The Coenoclineand Climax Comparison.307 LITERATURE CITED . 332 I. INTRODUCTION ties to environmental gradients. Analysis and inter- pretation were based on the conception of the vege- NATURE OF THE STUDY tation as a multi-dimensionalpattern, and on study of The Klamath Region, betweenthe southernCas- the manner in which local patterns of vegetation in cade Range and the PacificOcean in southernOregon relation to topographic moisture gradients change and northernCalifornia, is an area of exceptional along climatic gradients and from one parent material ecologicalinterest. These old and geologicallycom- to another. The sections which follow include vege- plex mountainssupport an exceedinglycomplex pat- tation description, climax interpretation, community tern of natural communitiesin relationto steep cli- classification, floristic analysis, and consideration of matic gradients and diverse parent materials,and species distributions for the pattern of Siskiyou among these communitiesa prevailing climax, the forest vegetation in relation to four major environ- Mixed EvergreenForest, which has a centralrelation mental gradients-local topographic moisture, eleva- to otherwestern forest vegetation. One area of the tion, the diorite-gabbro-serpentineseries of parent region,the SiskiyouMountains along the California- materials, and the east-west climatic gradient from Oregon border,was selected for vegetationstudy. the Pacific Coast inland. Quantitativesamples were takenover a wide range of topographicsituations, climates, and parentmaterials GEOLOGY for gradientanalysis, seeking to relate distributions The dominatingtopographic features of the Pa- of plant populationsand characteristicsof communi- cific Coast states are the two chains of mountains 1 A contribution from the Department of Zoology, Washington which run parallel to the Coast from Canada to State University, and the Department of Biology, Brooklyn College. This study was supported in part by the funds for southernCalifornia, and the chain of valleysbetween biological and medical research of the State of Washington them. The higher,inner mountainchain is formed Initiative Measure No. 171. The author is indebted to M. Ownbey and A. Cronquist for determination of the plant by the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada; the collections, to D. I. Axelrod, R. W. Chaney, H. D. MacGinitie, and F. G. Wells for comments on the manuscript. lower,outer chain includesthe "Coast Ranges" in a 280 R. H. WHITTAKER Ecological Monographs Vol. 30, No. 3 1,0"EMT44,,,. IV R" 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 A/ 1 LEGEN A AR B L o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8l ? M~~~~~~~~~j~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iM FIG. 1. Map of Siskiyou Mountains of California and Oregoal in relatioa to other, adjaceat ranges. Major study areas on three parent materials within the Mixed Evergreen Forest Region are outlined and marked with circled letters: (D) the diorite area, (S) the serpentine area, (G) the area of gabbro and hornblende diorite. Study areas for the west-east climatic transect from the Coast ialaad are marked with circled numbers: (1) Mill Creek State Park (Sequoia forest), (2) South Fork, Smlith River (coastal Pseu- dotsuga forest), (3) Siskiyou Fork, Smith River (mixed evergreea forest, snore oslesic phase), (4) Sturgis Creek (mixed evergreen forest), (5) Beaver Creek (mlixed evergreea forest, more xeric phase), (6) Emi- grant Creek (oak woodland, with Pseudotsuga forest inl most mlesic and valley grassland in most xeric sites). broad sense. In northern California and southern major mountain groups of the central Klamath Re- Oregon a complex of mountains, the Klamath Ranges, gion; like other major ranges of the Region, they arc extends from the Coast inland to the southern Cas- a complex area of mountains rather than a well- cade Mountains and interrupts the chain of valleys defined ridge. The Siskiyous extend in an east-west between the two mountain chains. Geographically direction along and on each side of the California- the Klamath mountains are part of the coastal chain; Oregon border, north of the Klamath River and south but they differ from the Coast Ranges north and of the Rogue River. Froma the Pacific Coast they south of them in age and history, in geological char- extend inland from low mountains, with elevations acter and complexity, in height and east-west extent. less than 1000 m near the coast, through the main Their closest geological relations are not with the area of mountains of intermediate elevations, in- Coast Ranges, but with the Sierra Nevada. and the cluding some peaks above 2135 m, to the low moun- older core of the Blue Mountain complex of Oregon tains which connect with the southern Cascade Range. (Fennenian 1931). The older geological history of the Klamath The Klaniath Region, as it was outlined, described, Mountains is essentially the same as that of the Sierra and named by Diller (1894, 1902, 1903, 1906, 1914), Nevada (Diller 1894, 1903, 1906; Fenneman 1931). extends north and south for about 390 km, and west- Extensive masses of sedimentary rocks were deposited ward from the Cascade Mountains about 120 kil, to in an inland sea in Devonian and Carboniferous time; reach the Pacific Coast between 410 and 430 north and, at the close of the Paleozoic, these and other latitude, with a total area of about 34,000 km2. The rocks were folded and raised into mountains. These Siskiyou Mountains are the northernmost of the mountains were worn down, and much of the area July,1960 VEGETATION OF THE SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS, OREGON AND CALIFORNIA 281 submerged in Triassic and Jurassic time, while addi- (1949), Wells & Walker (1953), and Cater et al. tional sediments and volcanic materials were de- (1953). The Kerby and Grants Pass quadrangles posited. At the close of the Jurassic, extensive de- (Wells et al. 1949, Wells 1940) include the main formation and intr'usion occurred, accompanied by study areas in the central Siskiyous. In the Grants another uplift. A long cycle of erosion followed until, Pass quadrangle, the most extensive area is under- during the Cretaceous, the low mountains remaining lain by metavolcanic rocks of Paleozoic age; along subsided and were again largely submerged, with with these occur a number of larger and smaller out- deposit of extensive sedimentary rocks. crops of diorite, thought to represent a single great At the close of the Cretaceous the Klamath Moun- batholith of Jurassic or Cretaceous age. Of these, tains were again uplifted; and they have existed, as the larger outcrop of quartz diorite (about 120 kM2) at least low mountains, throughout the Cenozoic, with which includes Grayback Mountain served as one a complex history of uplift, subsidence, and erosion study area. Other rocks on which vegetation could (Diller 1902). Results of this history are to be seen be observed in the area included various metasedi- in wave-cut coastal terraces (Diller 1903, Fenneman mentary rocks-the marble in which the Oregon Caves 1931 :463, Dicken 1952) and peneplain remnants occur, slate, argillite, and quartzite-and serpentine. (Diller 1902) in the Siskiyou Mountains. One of In the Kerby quadrangle large areas of both serpen- these, the Klamath peneplain, is of major significance tines and gabbros occur, together with various meta- in the study area. Erosion during the early Cenozoic volcanic and metasedimentary rocks, granodiorite, reduced much
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the *.Pdf File
    ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED BIG PINE MOUNTAIN RESEARCH NATURAL AREA LOS PADRES NATIONAL FOREST, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA TODD KEELER-WOLF FEBRUARY 1991 (PURCHASE ORDER # 40-9AD6-9-0407) INTRODUCTION 1 Access 1 PRINCIPAL DISTINGUISHING FEATURES 2 JUSTIFICATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT 4 Mixed Coniferous Forest 4 California Condor 5 Rare Plants 6 Animal of Special Concern 7 Biogeographic Significance 7 Large Predator and Pristine Environment 9 Riparian Habitat 9 Vegetation Diversity 10 History of Scientific Research 11 PHYSICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 11 VEGETATION AND FLORA 13 Vegetation Types 13 Sierran Mixed Coniferous Forest 13 Northern Mixed Chaparral 22 Canyon Live Oak Forest 23 Coulter Pine Forest 23 Bigcone Douglas-fir/Canyon Live Oak Forest 25 Montane Chaparral 26 Rock Outcrop 28 Jeffrey Pine Forest 28 Montane Riparian Forest 31 Shale Barrens 33 Valley and Foothill Grassland 34 FAUNA 35 GEOLOGY 37 SOILS 37 AQUATIC VALUES 38 CULTURAL VALUES 38 IMPACTS AND POSSIBLE CONFLICTS 39 MANAGEMENT CONCERNS 40 BOUNDARY CHANGES 40 RECOMMENDATIONS 41 LITERATURE CITED 41 APPENDICES 41 Vascular Plant List 43 Vertebrate List 52 PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS 57 INTRODUCTION The Big Pine Mountain candidate Research Natural Area (RNA) is on the Santa Lucia Ranger District, Los Padres National Forest, in Santa Barbara County, California. The area was nominated by the National Forest as a candidate RNA in 1986 to preserve an example of the Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest for the South Coast Range Province. The RNA as defined in this report covers 2963 acres (1199 ha). The boundaries differ from those originally proposed by the National Forest (map 5, and see discussion of boundaries in later section).
    [Show full text]
  • Pigment Composition of Putatively Achlorophyllous Angiosperms
    Plant Pl. Syst. Evol. 210:105-111 (1998) Systematics and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 1998 Printed in Austria Pigment composition of putatively achlorophyllous angiosperms MICHAEL P. CUMMINGS and NICHOLAS A. WELSCHMEYER Received August 15, 1996; in revised version February 10, 1997 Key words: Angiospermae, Lennoaceae, Monotropaceae, Orobanchaceae, Orchidaceae. - Chlorophyll, carotenoid, pigment, high-performance liquid chromatography. Abstract: Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment composition was determined for ten species of putatively achlorophyllous angiosperms using high-performance liquid chromatography. Four families were represented: Lennoaceae (Pholisma arenarium); Monotropaceae (Allotropa virgata, Monotropa uniflora, Pterospora andromedea, Sarcodes sanguinea); Orobanchaceae (Epifagus virginiana, Orobanche cooperi, O. unißora); Orchidaceae (Cephalanthera austinae, Corallorhiza maculata). Chlorophyll a was detected in all taxa, but chlorophyll b was only detected in Corallorhiza maculata. The relative amount of chlorophyll and chlorophyll-related pigments in these plants is greatly reduced compared to fully autotrophic angiosperms. One of the most conspicuous features of plants is green coloration conferred by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll. However achlorophyllous plants, as their name implies, are thought to lack chlorophyll and other pigments associated with photosynthesis. This lack of chlorophyll is thought to be associated with the nonphotosynthetic habit, and hence the completely heterotrophic nature of holoparasites
    [Show full text]
  • High Root Concentration and Uneven Ectomycorrhizal Diversity Near Sarcodes Sanguinea ( Ericaceae): a Cheater That Stimulates Its Victims? Author(S): Martin I
    High Root Concentration and Uneven Ectomycorrhizal Diversity Near Sarcodes sanguinea ( Ericaceae): A Cheater That Stimulates Its Victims? Author(s): Martin I. Bidartondo, Annette M. Kretzer, Elizabeth M. Pine and Thomas D. Bruns Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 87, No. 12 (Dec., 2000), pp. 1783-1788 Published by: Botanical Society of America, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2656829 Accessed: 29-02-2016 09:39 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 132.174.255.116 on Mon, 29 Feb 2016 09:39:26 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions American Journal of Botany 87(12): 1783-1788. 2000. HIGH ROOT CONCENTRATION AND UNEVEN ECTOMYCORRHIZAL DIVERSITY NEAR SARCODES SANGUINEA (ERICACEAE): A CHEATER THAT STIMULATES ITS VICTIMS?1 MARTIN I. BIDARTONDO,2 ANNETTE M. KRETZER,3 ELIZABETH M. PINE, AND THOMAS D. BRUNS 111 Koshland Hall, College of Natural Resources, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, USA Sarcodes sanguinea is a nonphotosynthetic mycoheterotrophic plant that obtains all of its fixed carbon from neighboring trees through a shared ectomycorrhizal fungus.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanist Interior 43.1
    2011 THE MICHIGAN BOTANIST 129 THE MYCORRHIZAL SYSTEM OF PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA (PINE-DROPS) IN WEST MICHIGAN INFERRED FROM DNA SEQUENCE DATA Jianhua Li*, Jeffrey Corajod, Holly Vander Stel, and Austin Homkes Department of Biology Hope College 35 E 12th St., Schaap Science Center, Holland, MI 49423 ABSTRACT Pterospora andromedea is a mycoheterotrophic plant with a disjunct distribution between west - ern and eastern North America and obtains carbon and nutrients indirectly from photosynthetic plants via an ectomycorrhizal fungal bridge. In this study, we used DNA sequence data to determine the or - ganisms involved in the system in West Michigan. Our results suggest that at least two photosyn - thetic plants ( Tsuga and Acer ) are the potential carbon source of the system and that Pterospora is specifically associated with an unidentified species of subgenus Amylopogon of Rhizopogon . Previ - ous studies have shown that seed germination of Pterospora relies on chemical cues from the fungus, implying a dominant role of the fungus in the system. Our field observations suggest that repeated branching of Pterospora roots increases the mass production of the fungal mycelia and lead us to speculate that Pterospora may be a mutualistic partner, not a parasite or exploiter, in the mycorrhizal system. KEYWORDS: Pterospora , nrDNA ITS, rbc L, mutualism, mycorrhizal, subgenus Amylopogon , Rhizopogon . Pterospora andromedea Torr. (pine-drops) is a mycoheterotrophic plant rely - ing on fungal host for germination, growth, and development (Bakshi 1959 ). Molecular studies have shown its close relationship with other myco - heterotrophic plants in Ericaceae such as Monotropa , Allotropa , and Sarcodes (Cullings 1994 ; Kron et al. 2002 ). Pine-drops show a disjunct distribution between the eastern and western North America with an extension in the west to northern Mexico (Bakshi 1959 ).
    [Show full text]
  • Wildflower Guide
    Pussypaws (or Pussy Toes) Sierra Morning Glory Western Peony Calyptridium umbellatum Calystegia malacophylla Paeonia brownii Portulacaceae (Purslane) family Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory) family Paeoniaceae (Peony) family May-August July–August May-June The flower head clusters are reminiscent There are over 1,000 species of morning This flower’s petals are maroon to of fuzzy kitten paws. The stems and glory worldwide. Many bloom in the early brownish and the flower usually nods, flower heads are often almost prostrate morning hours, giving the family or points downward, so it can be easy (lying on the ground). Pussypaws are its name. Tahoe Donner is near the upper to miss. widespread and somewhat variable. elevation of the range for Sierra morning glory. Rabbitbrush Snow Plant Willow WILDFLOWER Ericameria sp. Sarcodes sanguinea Salix spp. Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family Ericaceae (Heath) family Salicaceae (Willow) family GUIDE August–October May–June March–June This shrub is common throughout the Appears almost as soon as snow melts. There are several types of willow in Tahoe Donner area. The tips of the Saprophytic plant: obtains nutrients from the Tahoe Donner area, with blooming branches look yellow throughout the decaying organic matter in the soil (no seasons that extend from March at least blooming season. photosynthesis). through June. The picture shows typical early-spring catkins (buds) that are getting ready to bloom, and gives the smaller types of willow the familiar name pussy willow. Ranger’s Buttons Varileaf Phacelia Woolly Mule Ears Sphenosciadium capitellatum Phacelia heterophylla Wyethia mollis Apiaceae (Carrot) family Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleaf) family Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family July–August April–July June–July Often found in wet or swampy places.
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of Vascular Plants Endemic to California
    Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 3-2020 A Checklist of Vascular Plants Endemic to California James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "A Checklist of Vascular Plants Endemic to California" (2020). Botanical Studies. 42. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/42 This Flora of California is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A LIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS ENDEMIC TO CALIFORNIA Compiled By James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University Arcata, California 13 February 2020 CONTENTS Willis Jepson (1923-1925) recognized that the assemblage of plants that characterized our flora excludes the desert province of southwest California Introduction. 1 and extends beyond its political boundaries to include An Overview. 2 southwestern Oregon, a small portion of western Endemic Genera . 2 Nevada, and the northern portion of Baja California, Almost Endemic Genera . 3 Mexico. This expanded region became known as the California Floristic Province (CFP). Keep in mind that List of Endemic Plants . 4 not all plants endemic to California lie within the CFP Plants Endemic to a Single County or Island 24 and others that are endemic to the CFP are not County and Channel Island Abbreviations .
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for Pterospora Andromedea Nutt
    Conservation Assessment For Pterospora andromedea Nutt. (Pine-drops) USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region Hiawatha National Forest November 2004 This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on Pterospora andromedea Nutt. This report provides information to serve as a Conservation Assessment for the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. It is an administrative study only and does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Although the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document and its review, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if the reader has any information that will assist in conserving this species, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service – Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 580 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. Conservation Assessment for Pterospora andromedea ii Acknowledgements Outside Reviewers: We would like to thank our academic reviewers and agency reviewers outside of the United States Forest Service for their helpful comments on this manuscript. • Phyllis Higman, Botanist, Michigan Natural Features Inventory National Forest Reviewers: We also thank our internal National Forest reviewers for their suggestions and corrections and for providing element occurrences for their National Forests. Complete contact information is available under Contacts section. • Jan Schultz, Forest Plant Ecologist, on the Hiawatha National Forest • Sue Trull, Forest Botanist, on the Ottawa National Forest • Ian Shackleford, Botanist, on the Ottawa National Forest Herbarium and Heritage Data: We appreciate the sharing of occurrence information for this species from Heritage personnel both in the United States and Canada, along with the helpful assistance of Herbarium personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • Pterospora Andromedea) in Eastern North America Linked to Rarity of Its Unique Fungal Symbiont?
    Mycorrhiza (2012) 22:393–402 DOI 10.1007/s00572-011-0414-y ORIGINAL PAPER Is rarity of pinedrops (Pterospora andromedea) in eastern North America linked to rarity of its unique fungal symbiont? Christina Hazard & Erik A. Lilleskov & Thomas R. Horton Received: 8 July 2011 /Accepted: 27 September 2011 /Published online: 12 October 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract Like other myco-heterotrophic plants, Ptero- Keywords Myco-heterotrophy. Pterospora andromedea spora andromedea (pinedrops) is dependent upon its (pinedrops) . Rhizopogon . Fungal specificity. Rarity . specific fungal symbionts for survival. The rarity of Distribution pinedrops fungal symbiont was investigated in the eastern United States where pinedrops are rare. Wild populations of eastern pinedrops were sampled, and the plant haplotypes Introduction and fungal symbionts were characterized with molecular techniques; these data were compared to those from the Mycorrhizal symbioses are often generalized as mutually West with phylogenetic analyses. The frequency of the beneficial for the plant and fungal symbionts, but this is fungal symbiont in eastern white pine forests was assessed not always correct in that mycorrhizal symbioses can using a laboratory soil bioassay and in situ pinedrops seed fall along a continuum from mutualism to parasitism baiting. Only one plant haplotype and fungal symbiont was (Johnson et al. 1997; Jones and Smith 2004). An extreme detected. The plant haplotype was not unique to the East. example in this mutualism-parasitism continuum is the The fungal symbiont appears to be a new species within the parasitic mycorrhizal relationship between many non- genus Rhizopogon, closely related to the western sym- photosynthetic plants and their fungal symbionts. These bionts.
    [Show full text]
  • John Torrey: a Botanical Biography
    Reveal, J.L. 2014. John Torrey: A botanical biography. Phytoneuron 2014-100: 1–64. Published 14 October 2014. ISSN 2153 733X JOHN TORREY: A BOTANICAL BIOGRAPHY JAMES L. REVEAL School of Integrative Plant Science Plant Biology, 412 Mann Building Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-4301 [email protected] ABSTRACT The role played by the American botanist John Torrey (1796–1873) in the development of floristics and the naming of plants, especially from the American West, is shown to be fundamental not only for present-day taxonomists in their monographic and floristics studies, and to historians in understanding the significance of discovering new and curious objects of nature in the exploration of the West but also the role Torrey directly and indirectly played in the development of such institutions as the New York Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. For the author of this 2014 paper, the name of John Torrey dates back to his earliest years of interests in botany, some 56 years ago, as even then Torrey was the kind of hero he could admire without resorting to comic books or movies. John Torrey has long been a “founding father” of North American systematic botany. Even so it was probably a bit unusual that a high school kid from the Sierra Nevada of California should know the name and even something about the man. It was Torrey who described plants with the explorer John Charles Frémont 1, and so by fate the three of us were thrown together while I penned a paper for a history class at Sonora Union High School in the spring of 1958.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition
    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Tree Circumference, Litter Depth, and Slope Affect Snow Plant (Sarcodes Sanguinea) Size at James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve
    Host tree circumference, litter depth, and slope affect snow plant (Sarcodes sanguinea) size at James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve Sean Hinson1, Mina Sadek2 1University of California, Santa Barbara; 2University of California, Riverside Plant-ectomycorrhizal relationships dominate temperate forest ecosystems, and for many Pinaceae tree species, this mutualistic relationship is an essential aspect of their ability to gather nutrients. The snow plant (Sarcodes sanguinea) is an ectomycorrhizal parasite that steals nutrients from host trees by accessing their root systems via the mycorrhizae. We examine microhabitat variables that affect snow plant size and phenology by measuring 51 snow plants within the James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve. We investigate the effects of distance to the largest host tree, its circumference, the depth of litter surrounding the snow plants, and the slope compared to the snow plants’ sizes and the number of reproductive parts. We find an association between larger snow plants to larger host trees. A relationship between deeper litter and steeper slopes with larger snow plants is also found and discussed. None of the microhabitat variables we tested are found to influence the number of reproductive structures. The interconnected system of the snow plant, ectomycorrhizae, and tree involves organismal specificity that can have subsequent evolutionary influences in their ecosystems. Keywords: snow plant (Sarcodes sanguinea), Monotropes (Monotropoideae), Rhizopogon ellenae, Pinaceae, ectomycorrhizae. INTRODUCTION ectomycorrhiza fungi (ECM) (Kretzer et al. 200; Press & Phoenix 2004; Bidartondo & The over four thousand species of various Bruns 2002). They indirectly parasitize trees parasitic plants have been shown to have by exploiting a mutualistic relationship profound impacts on the ecosystems in between the tree and the ECM (Bidartondo which they are found (Press & Phoenix & Bruns 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Mycobiont Overlap Between Two Mycoheterotrophic Genera of Monotropoideae (Pterospora Andromedea and Sarcodes Sanguinea) Found in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
    Symbiosis (2011) 54:29–36 DOI 10.1007/s13199-011-0127-1 Mycobiont overlap between two mycoheterotrophic genera of Monotropoideae (Pterospora andromedea and Sarcodes sanguinea) found in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Nicholas J. Dowie & Joshua J. Hemenway & Steven M. Trowbridge & Steven L. Miller Received: 11 April 2011 /Accepted: 9 August 2011 /Published online: 27 August 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract Pterospora andromedea, a mycoheterotroph, has Keywords Rhizopogon ellenae . Rhizopogon salebrosus . been shown to form obligate symbioses with only three Pterospora andromedea . Sarcodes sanguinea . species of Rhizopogon in section Amylopogon: R. sale- Mycorrhizae . Mycoheterotroph . Mycobiont brosus, R. arctostaphyli and an undescribed molecular taxon. Sarcodes sanguinea, another my coheterotroph in Ericaceae, and sister taxon to Pterospora andromedea, has 1 Introduction been found to form symbioses with two species of Rhizopogon in section Amylopogon: R. ellenae and R. Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) is mainly comprised of myco- subpurpurascens. To date no overlap has been recorded heterotrophic plants (Bidartondo and Bruns 2002; Hynson between these two achlorophyllous plants and their associ- and Bruns 2009). These achlorophyllous plants form a ated mycobionts. Tissue from Pterospora andromedea tripartite relationship with an autotrophic host via an rootballs and Rhizopogon spp. basidiocarps were collected obligate mycorrhizal fungus to procure their carbon require- from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The mycobionts ments. Although some generalist relationships do exist, were identified using sequence analysis of the ITS locus (Martos et al. 2009; Roy et al. 2009; Hynson and Bruns and compared with sequences of Rhizopogon spp. section 2009), many mycoheterotrophs are specific to certain Amylopogon from GenBank. Sequences of two additional genera, species groups or individual species of fungi (Leake loci, ATP6 and RPB2 were also generated and analyzed.
    [Show full text]