Mendelian Genetics
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書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S. -
The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations. -
JUAN MANUEL 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Culture Friendship Justice
Friendship Volume 135, № 1 Character Culture JUAN MANUEL SANTOS 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Justice LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Brothers, It is an honor and a privilege as your president to have the challenges us and, perhaps, makes us question our own opportunity to share my message with you in each edition strongly held beliefs. But it also serves to open our minds of the Quarterly. I generally try to align my comments and our hearts to our fellow neighbor. It has to start with specific items highlighted in each publication. This with a desire to listen, to understand, and to be tolerant time, however, I want to return to the theme “living our of different points of view and a desire to be reasonable, Principles,” which I touched upon in a previous article. As patient and respectful.” you may recall, I attempted to outline and describe how Kelly concludes that it is the diversity of Southwest’s utilization of the Four Founding Principles could help people and “treating others like you would want to be undergraduates make good decisions and build better treated” that has made the organization successful. In a men. It occurred to me that the application of our values similar way, Stephen Covey’s widely read “Seven Habits of to undergraduates only is too limiting. These Principles are Highly Effective People” takes a “values-based” approach to indeed critical for each of us at this particularly turbulent organizational success. time in our society. For DU to be a successful organization, we too, must As I was flying back recently from the Delta Upsilon be able to work effectively with our varied constituents: International Fraternity Board of Directors meeting in undergraduates, parents, alumni, higher education Arizona, I glanced through the February 2017 edition professionals, etc. -
OUTLINE 12 IV. Mendel's Work D. the Dihybrid Cross 1. Qualitative Results 2
OUTLINE 12 IV. Mendel's Work D. The dihybrid cross 1. qualitative results 2. quantitative results E. Summary of Mendel's Rules V. Probability Theory and Patterns of Inheritance A. Definitions B. Rules for probability 1. independent outcomes 2. the product rule 3. single event; multiple outcomes 4. the addition rule C. Application to the dihybrid cross VI. Extensions of Mendel’s Rules Fig 14.2 A monohybrid cross Fig 14.3 P Homozygous P P Heterozygous p P p P PP Pp p Pp pp Genotypes: PP, Pp, pp genotype ratio: 1:2:1 Phenotypes: Purple, white phenotype ratio: 3:1 Fig. 14.6 A Test Cross Table 14.1 Fig. 14.7 A Dihybrid Cross Mendel’s Laws (as he stated them) Law of unit factors “Inherited characters are controlled by discrete factors in pairs” Law of segregation “When gametes are formed, the factors segregate…and recombine in the next generation.” Law of dominance: “of the two factors controlling a trait, one may dominate the other.” Law of independent assortment: “one pair of factors can segregate from a second pair of factors.” When all outcomes of an event are equally likely, the probability that a particular outcome will occur is #ways to obtain that outcome / total # possible outcomes Examples: In a coin toss P[heads] - 1/2 (or 0.5) In tossing one die P[2] = 1/6 In tossing one die P[even #] = 3/6 Drawing a card P[Queen of spades] = 1/52 The “AND” rule Probability of observing event 1 AND event 2 = the product of their independent probabilities. -
INTRODUCTION to GENETICS Table of Contents Heredity, Historical
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Table of Contents Heredity, historical perspectives | The Monk and his peas | Principle of segregation Dihybrid Crosses | Mutations | Genetic Terms | Links Heredity, Historical Perspective | Back to Top For much of human history people were unaware of the scientific details of how babies were conceived and how heredity worked. Clearly they were conceived, and clearly there was some hereditary connection between parents and children, but the mechanisms were not readily apparent. The Greek philosophers had a variety of ideas: Theophrastus proposed that male flowers caused female flowers to ripen; Hippocrates speculated that "seeds" were produced by various body parts and transmitted to offspring at the time of conception, and Aristotle thought that male and female semen mixed at conception. Aeschylus, in 458 BC, proposed the male as the parent, with the female as a "nurse for the young life sown within her". During the 1700s, Dutch microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) discovered "animalcules" in the sperm of humans and other animals. Some scientists speculated they saw a "little man" (homunculus) inside each sperm. These scientists formed a school of thought known as the "spermists". They contended the only contributions of the female to the next generation were the womb in which the homunculus grew, and prenatal influences of the womb. An opposing school of thought, the ovists, believed that the future human was in the egg, and that sperm merely stimulated the growth of the egg. Ovists thought women carried eggs containing boy and girl children, and that the gender of the offspring was determined well before conception. -
Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers Working Paper Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers (2002) : Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research, WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50229 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu P 02 – 003 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE: A CASE STUDY OF EXCELLENCE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH J. -
Virus and Cancer: a Controversial Theory
CONTRIBUTIONS to SCIENCE, 1 (1): 87-98 (1999) Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona Francesc Duran Reynals (Barcelona, 1899-New Haven, USA, 1958) Virus and cancer: a controversial theory Thomas F. Glick1* and Antoni Roca Rosell2* 1 Department of History, Boston University, USA 2 Centre de Recerca d’Història de la Tècnica, ETSEIB-UPC, Barcelona Francesc Duran Reynals was most likely the first Catalan to had been rector of the University of Barcelona and, for a few become a research scientist of world renown [1]. months, minister of justice of the Spanish government, pre- Around 1900 both science and technology were well rep- cisely during the year in which Francesc was born. As for his resented in Catalan society. But those with the highest pro- mother, Agnès Reynals i Maillol, she was a daughter of files were the applied fields, such as industrial technology, Estanislau Reynals i Rabassa (1822-1876), also a jurist and medicine, or surgery. The weak initiatives of the Spanish an important protagonist of the political organization of state in this area (demonstrated in, for example, a very small Catalan conservatism and of economic protectionism. university with no outlets for research) practically prevented Francesc’s father, Manuel, died prematurely in 1906, just af- the existence of any relevant academic world [2]. At the na- ter the death, equally premature, of his wife. Their five sons tional level science and higher education policy were cen- –of whom Francesc was the youngest-were placed in the tered on the University of Madrid, but in the first decades of care of their mother’s three sisters, Paulita, Pilar and Anna the century the establishment of research centers was in fact Reynals, and their niece, Paulita Farriols i Reynals, who considered. -
Lecture No. IV
Course: Fundamentals of Genetics Class: - Ist Year, IInd Semester Lecture No. IV Title of topic: - Monohybrid crosses, Di-hybrid crosses, Test cross and Back cross Prepared by- Vinod Kumar, Assistant Professor, (PB & G) College of Agriculture, Powarkheda Monohybrid crosses:—Crosses between parents that differed in a single characteristic. The character (S) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single locus. The Mendel’s first law i.e. Law of segregation or purity of gametes can be explained by considering the monohybrid ratio i.e. by studying inheritance of only one character. For example: In pea, round seed shape is dominant over wrinkled seed shape. Generation Parental Parents Female X Male Phenotype Round X Wrinkled Genotype RR X rr Gametes R r Generation F1 Rr (Heterozygous) Round On selfing: Parents Female X Male Phenotype Round X round Genotype Rr X Rr Gametes R r R r Generation F2 ♂ R r ♀ RR Rr R Round Round r Rr rr Round Wrinkled Phenotype ratio: 3 round : 1 wrinkled Genotypic ratio: 1 RR : 2Rr : 1rr Two different alleles of the same gene i.e. ‘R’ and ‘r’ were brought together in the hybrid (F1). Even though the hybrid was round seeded in the next generation (F2) it produced both round and wrinkled seeded progeny. Thus both the alleles for round shape (R) and wrinkled shape (r) remained together in the hybrid without contaminating each other. In F2 generation (selfing of (F1) hybrid), the different phenotypes could be recovered because the two alleles in F1 remained pure and did not contaminate each other thus producing two types of gametes from F1 i.e. -
ZOOLOGY GENETICS Topic: Back Cross & Test Cross
ZOOLOGY GENETICS Topic: Back Cross & Test Cross Introduction The characteristics of the offspring of Mendel’s crosses can be predicted from the genotype of the parents through knowledge of dominant and recessive genes i.e., TT for tall and tt for dwarf traits. Mendel wanted to know whether the genotype of the individual be determined just from its phenotype. For recessive phenotype, it is possible, because it has only one genotype for example, tt for dwarf trait. But, the phenotypically dominant individuals show two types of genotypes – homozygous dominant (TT) and heterozygous dominant (Tt). In order to determine the genotypes of such phenotypes, Mendel employed two types of crosses viz., back cross and test cross. Without the knowledge of the genotype, just by crossing experiment, one can determine the genotype of the given phenotype with the help of these crosses. BACK CROSS Backcross is a cross of a hybrid (F1) with any one of its parents i.e. homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms. These are performed in Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses. 1. Monohybrid Back Cross:- In a monohybrid cross of homozygous tall (TT) and homozygous dwarf (tt) pea plants, the F1 progeny are heterozygous tall (Tt). When the F1 heterozygote (hybrid) is crossed either with its dominant parent or with its recessive parent, it is known as back cross and the results obtained from such a cross is as follows:- a. Back Cross with Homozygous Dominant Parent:- The F1 heterozygote (Tt) gives rise to two kinds of gametes viz., gametes with dominant factor for tall character (T) and gametes with recessive factor for dwarf character (t). -
Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R. -
Ssfaoggi 201306
SOCIETA’ DI SCIENZE FARMACOLOGICHE APPLICATE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED PHARMACOLOGICAL SSFAoggi SCIENCES Notiziario di Medicina Farmaceutica Giugno 2013 Bimestrale della Società di Scienze Farmacologiche Applicate Fondata nel 1964 numero 37 Dove sono i nuovi antibiotici? Sommario: La comunità mondiale sta correndo un grosso rischio: questo ci ricordano due editoriali, Editoriale 1 pubblicati su The Lancet e sul British Medical Journal, che riportiamo alle pagine 21 e 22. La resistenza agli antibiotici è un grave problema: The Lancet ci ricorda che fu addirittura Novità in Farmacovigilanza messa in evidenza dallo stesso Alexander Fleming nel 1945, il quale temeva che l’abuso Parte prima 2 della penicillina potesse selezionare ceppi resistenti. Il British Medical Journal evidenzia che molte pratiche mediche e chirurgiche (dall’uso Novità in Farmacovigilanza della chemioterapia agli interventi invasivi in ortopedia e cardiochirurgia) sono possibili Parte seconda 4 grazie alla profilassi con antibiotici. E quindi, la resistenza agli antibiotici non è un solo un problema degli infettivologi, ma sta diventando un problema dei chirurghi, degli oncologi, e Il Decreto Balduzzi 6 di tutto il sistema sanitario. Alcune previsioni sono drammatiche: l’intervento di protesi dell’anca, che è diventato una Farmaci a brevetto scaduto 12 routine per la popolazione anziana, potrebbe essere colpito in modo significativo da com- plicanze infettive, passando dall’1% dei pazienti di oggi fino al 40%-50% dei pazienti nel Affari Istituzionali 12 prossimo futuro, con oltre un terzo di essi in pericolo di vita. Uno scenario davvero preoc- 5a Edizione Master Bicocca 13 cupante. Di fronte a queste previsioni, che ci vengono ormai ripetute ad intervalli regolari, stupisce Master Bicocca 2013: i numeri 13 la mancanza di incentivi per la ricerca di nuovi antibiotici. -
Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research Hollingsworth, J
www.ssoar.info Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research Hollingsworth, J. Rogers Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: SSG Sozialwissenschaften, USB Köln Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, J. R. (2002). Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research. (Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 02-003). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-112976 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed