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Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection

Summer 1975 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 24, No. 4 Michael Moloney

Friedrich Krebs

Louis Winkler

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Recommended Citation Moloney, Michael; Krebs, Friedrich; and Winkler, Louis, "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 24, No. 4" (1975). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 64. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/64

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Contributors to this Issue

MICHAEL MOLONEY, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a native of Limerick, Ireland. At present he is a doctoral student in the Folklore and Folklife Program at the Univer­ sity of Pennsylvania. His article in this issue will be of assistance to al l those researchers attempting to understand the traditional cultural patterns of the Irish and Scotch­ Irish emigrants who settled in Pennsylvania and elsewhere in the United States from the Colonial Period to the present.

DR. FRIEDRICH KREBS, Speyer, West Germany, is archivist emeritus at the Palatine State Archives in Speyer. Over the years, through a series of articles on Southwest German emigration, he has helped American ge nealogists and social historians to understand the Atlantic emigration of the 18th Century and its backgrounds in Europe. His article in this issue presents details on 141 emigrants who left villages in the Neckar Valley from 1726 to 1766.

DR. LOUIS WINKLER, State College, Pennsy lvania, is professor of astronomy at the Pennsylvania State University. In his article in this issue, sponsored in part by a grant from the American Philosophical Society, he offers an analysis of the current almanacs which are in circulation in the Pennsylvania German culture . The article is one of a series on the astronomical knowledge and astrological beliefs of the Pennsylvania Germans. EDITOR: SUMMER 1975, Vol. XXIV, No. 4 Dr. Don Yoder ASS ISTA T EDITOR: Dr. William Parsons EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: Dr. Mac E. Barrick LeRoy Gensler Dr. H enry Glassie Contents Dr. John A. Hostetler D avid J. Hufford Dr. Phil Jack Dr. Hilda A. Kring Dr. Maurice A. Mook Dr. Earl F. Robacker Dr. Alta Schrock 2 Irish Folklife Studies - A Present-Day Appraisal MICHAEL MOLONEY FOLK FESTIVAL DIRECTOR: Mark R. Eaby, Jr. FOLK FESTIVAL PUBLIC RELATIONS: Peg Zecher SUBSCRIPTIONS: 15 Palatine Emigration Materials from the Neckar Doris E. Stief Valley, 1726 - 1766 FRIEDRICH KREBS PENNSYLVANIA FOLKLIFE, Summer 1975, Vol. 24, No.4, pub­ lished five times a year by the 'Penn­ sylvania Folklife Society, Inc., Lan­ caster, Pennsylvania. $1.50 for single copies; Autumn, Winter, 45 Pennsylvania German Astronomy and Astrology, XI: Spring and Summer. $1.00 for Folk Contemporary Almanacs Festival Supplement. Year! y sub­ LOUIS WINKLER scription $7.00. MSS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: The Editor will be glad to consider MSS and photographs sent with a COVER: view to publication. When unsuit­ able, and if accompanied by return Photograph of Irish Tinker, itinerant craftsman and repairer of household items. Courtesy of National Museum of postage, every care will be exercised Ireland. toward their return, although no responsibility for their safety is as­ sumed. Editorial correspondence: Dr. Don Yoder, Logan Hall, Box 13, University of Pennsylvania, Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 39: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174. Cider and Wine Production Folk Festival correspondence: (Inside back cover) College Blvd. and Vine, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530. Folk Festival public relations: Peg Zecher, 717 N. Swarthmore Ave., Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081. Contribu tors to this Issue Subscription, business correspondence: (Inside front cover) Box 1053, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Contents copyrighted. Entered as second class matter at Lancaster, Pa. Irish F olklife Studies A Present-Day Appraisal

By MICHAEL MALONEY

T his paper propases to. give an intraductian to. the sciences and to see human thought and action as the p resent state af schalarship in falklife studies in Ire­ moving forces ~ nd the onl y final cause af history".' land- bath Narth and Sauth- and to. examine the Any account af the development af fo lk li fe studies areas af falk culture study which might be cansidered in I reland must be set against the backgrou nd of our well-researched as well as thase where the wark to. pali tical and cultural life in the past half century.' date has been sketchy. T he pra bl ems in the study af Partition has to a large extent split our working per­ Irish falklife are af caurse vast and af a different sonnel and, even though there has been much co­ arder than American falklife studies in that aur tradi­ aperation between the North and South, there exists tianal heritage stretches back in an unbraken cantin­ the problem of different institutions, different funding uum to. 6000 B. C. when the fi rs t settlers entered narth­ sources and essentiall y different a reas af interest. As east Ireland. E. Estyn Evans defin es heritage "in bra ad will be shown in this paper, most of the work in the terms as the unwritten segment af human histary folk-cul tural sphere in the Republic of Ireland tends camprising man's physical, mental, sacial and cultural to be focused an oral tradition rather than material inheritance fram a prehistaric past, his oral traditians, cul ture, while I would suggest that the apposite situa­ beliefs, languages, arts and crafts.''' This would cer­ tion is the case in Northern I reland. There are, haw­ tainly seem appropriate to. I reland's heritage. Further­ ever, signs that this division is breaking down as the more, he suggests a three-way appro.ach to the study of wealth of m aterial in the Irish Folklore Commission regional persanality fram the paint of view of habitat, is being used by folklife scholars. Examples of this heritage, and history-an a pproach which is novel in will be given later in the paper. relation to the fragmentary work done in the past by I propose to divide the paper into sections, each historians and geographers.' In fact, Irish historians dealing with particul ar aspects of artifacts and tradi­ have practically completely ignared environmental tional culture. This is obviously far from being an studies in their preoccupation with elites, parliamentary ideal method of grouping topics which cantinually procedures, a nd political persanalities. E. E. Evans overlap and interact in any folk culture, but in the also makes the point that " the cl assic Christian tra di­ interests of order rather than chaos, it seems effi cacious tion which is our academic heritage tended to isolate to do so. The cl assification is by no means meant to man from Nature, to separate the humanities from the be definitive and is merely a working model. On the matter of scope, some thorny problems arise, lE o Estyn Evans, The Personality of Ireland (Cambridge, 197 3), p . 3. the discussion on which would exhaust m any volumes . 'Ibid. Classie suggests that a "folk thing" is traditional and non-popular; m aterial folk culture is composed of obj ects produced out of a non-popular tradition in proximity to. popular culture: H e also states, "The best student of falk culture is both fi eld worker ami theorist, and a modern study of material cul ture might include the detailed description and ordering of fi eld-

'Ibid., Chapter IV. '''Fo1klife Studies in Northern Ireland," J .F.!., II, 355. ' Henry Class ie, Pat tern in the M aterial Folk Culture of the Eastern United States (Philadelphia, 19.6 8 ), p. 6.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I.F.C. Irish Folklore Commission Ulster hill farm, near Cushendall, County Antrim, showing l of F.I. Journal of the Folklore I nstitute lR.S.A.I. Journal of the R oyal S ociety of A ntiquarians the way in which the dwelling and outhouses in rural Ulster in Ireland farms are often built at right angles to the slope of the U .F. Ulster Folklil e ground. Ulster Folk Museum photograph. U.l Archeo. Ulster Journal of Archeo logy 2 data, the historic-geographic connections of types, con­ struction and uscs, as well ·as functional and psycholog­ ical consid erations."· Wikman also states, "The divid­ ing line between material and non-material objects Ulster hill farm from endall, structed at the Ulster Folk Museum in 1965. The dwelling seems no longer relevant. Man's bodily and mental has been rebuilt in the developed two-story form it assumed functions are to be considered together not only from around 1900. Following the Land Acts at the end of the a substantial point of view but also in methodological 19th Century by which many tenant farmers acquired questions. A 'material' ethnology (viz., ethnography) ownership of their holdings, the dwelling house was raised and a 'spiritual' folklore are only empty phrases with­ from its original single-story form and had a slate roof applied in place of the original thatch. The detached (upper) out a scientific basis .. . the design of an artifact may suite of outhouses has had its original thatched roof rein­ be symbolical, magico-religious, ethical or aesthetical, stated. Note the heavy round gate pillars - a feature of not onl y economical. Any starting point from evolu­ Ulster farms particularly in Counties Antrim and Down. tionary 'origins' or from a historical standpoint, primor­ Ulster Folk Museum photograph. dio rerum, will be only relative. Most products of cul­ the most exhaustive and impressive questionnaire ever ture are flowing into the stream of tradition.'" In view devised for folk-cultural fi eldwork. of this, it seems almost sacrilegious to leave oral folk­ The headings I will use for the various sections are lore out of folklife studies. I shall do so, however, in suggested by Dorson's classifi cation headings' with some this paper, not on ideological grounds but because the amendments of my own to suit the Irish experience. subject matter would surely form the basis for not just Our history has caused the expression of our national another paper but many more papers. Also, in the personality to manifest itself in such a way that our interests of bringing the subject matter within reason­ creative impulses channeled themselves along lines able reach, this paper will deal mainly with the study different from other folk cultures. There is not as done on the folk culture of the 20th and 19th centuries much diversity in regional costume, for example, in in Ireland even though from time to time studies on Ireland as there is in Continental Europe. Neither earlier centuries will be mentioned because of the light is there in the fi eld of folk art. As Glassie says on they throw on later periods. folk art, "The degree of ornamentation varies from On even a cursory glance at folk culture studies in culture to culture. In some folk cultures such as the Ireland, one major figure and one major institution Irish, the aesthetic drive is channeled more through emerge: E. Estyn Evans in the North of Ireland and oral than material media and there is little ornamental the Irish Folklore Commission in the South. Professor folk art. In other folk cultures, especially those who Evans has written the major works on Irish folklife' thrived in the glow of baroque high art in Holland, and his love of the I rish countryside, his background Scandinavia, France and Germany, the ornamental as a cultural geographer and historian, and his con­ elaboration is great"." summate scholarship have added a dimension to these books which make them a "must" for all students of THE HOUSE folk culture. Likewise, the Irish Folklore Commission The most extensive work in Irish folk-cultural studies has succeeded in collecting an astonishing wealth of has focused on the house and its different forms in tradition and lore from all parts of Ireland since the different parts of the country as well as the different 1930's, thereby placing material at the disposal of folk building techniques which evolved in different areas culture scholars which could undoubtedly have been which were influenced of course by a variety of factors. lost forever in its absence. It pioneered the use of the Interest in the house is of course universal in folklife questionnaire in Ireland and with the assistance of the studies everywhere. As Glassie says, "Architecture, be­ Irish government (a government extremely anxious to cause of the natural tenacity of its fabric, the im­ reaffirm the separate identity and distinctive cultural mobility and complexity of its examples, and the prac­ heritage of a young nation) was able to employ full· tical conservatism of its builders and users, has main· time and part-time collectors as well as building up tained its regional integrity and is of greatest use in a network of informants all over the land. The Hand­ the drawing of regions" (Patterns in the Material Folk book of Irish Folklore, produced under the aegis of Culture of the Eastern United St,ates, p. 35.) And so Scandinavian-trained Sean O'Sullivan, is still probably in Ireland the major folklife books have utilised the house to illustrate many facets of our relationship with 'Ibid., p. 16. our environment and with our fellow Irishmen. I will 'Robert V. Wikman, "Some Remarks about an Ethnological Synthesis," Ethnologia Europaea, IV (1970 ), 194. try to outline the areas in which work has been done 'E. Estyn Evans, Irish Heritage (Dundalk, 1942 ); Irish Folk to date by giving a bibliography of what I feel are the Ways (London, 1954); and The Personality of Ireland (Cam­ bridge, 1973). It is essential to read these books before em­ "Richard M . Dorson, ed., Folklore and Folklife: An Introduc­ barking on a serious study of Irish folklife noting particularly tion (Chicago, 1972). Irish Folk Ways. ' "Ibid., p. 27l.

3 bed coul d be traced through Brittany, Belgium, H oll and, and other parts of western Europe (Folk Liv, II [1938], 70 ) . Lucas suggests, however, that from archaeological and literary evidence, the outslot as fo und in I reland may be the truncated remnant of an annexe to the ancient Irish house which was used as a storeroom for food. R oof T imbering T ec hniques in Ulster: A Clas­ sifiication. D . M cCourt. Folk L ife, X (1972), 11 8-13 I. T he author feels that it is time a classification was Farmhouse from south-west Ulster (County Fermanagh) made, however provisional, of the major types of roof showing in the centrally-placed hearth and hipped thatch, two features which distinguish it from the gable hearth, timbering techniques recognized in U lster. The clas­ two-sided roofs of the majority of traditional Ulster houses. sifi cation system should be related to typologies of Ulster Folk Museum photograph. British roof types put forward by R. A. Cordingley and J. T. Smith. ("Cruck Construction ; a survey of most important books and articles written in this cen­ the Probl em". J. T. Smith. M edieval A rc haeology, tury in the fi eld in Ireland both North and South. VIII [1 966], 119-151 ). This would be useful fi rstly Irish H eritage. E. E. Evans. (Dundalk, 1942) . because of the affinity between Northern Irish and Chapters 7, 8, and 9 (pp. 57-79) deal with the Irish West Briton roofing methods and also because one peasan t house, the interior of the house and farm needs to codify current usage of terms and so provide buildings . a commonl y understood language for the purpose of Iris h Folk Ways. E. E. Evans. (Routledge, K egan technical description and discussion. H e suggests that Paul , 195 7) . Chapters IV to IX deal with the house much more fieldwork needs to be carried out all over and are excellent for illustrated description of techniques Ireland before we can progress beyond the very pre­ in thatching, hearth and home, furniture and fittings, liminaFY investigation of roofin g techniques. etc. British H istorical R oo f-TyjJes and their M embers; The work done in the various journals has been a Classification. .Trans. A nc. M ons. Soc. N.S., IX quite immense : (1961 ), pp. 73-117. The H ouse with Bedroo m over Byre. D. M cCourt. Since the papers on the house in Ulster Folklife are U . F. , XV l XVI, 1970, 3-19. The author makes the numerous, I will give a brief bibliography of them : point that the byre-dwelling in Ireland belongs to the Further Cruck T russes in East Ulster. A. R. Gailey. long-house category associated with the northwestern U. F. , XVIII (1972). fringes of Europe. H e takes some examples of the A Late 17th Century Farmhouse at Shantallon I. house with bedroom over byre and states that they D . M cCourt and E. E. Evans. U. F. XIV (1968 ), belong to a single class which differs from the simple 13-23. A Late 17th Century Farmhouse at Shantallon II. byre dwelling in several respects. H e suggests that the D. M cCourt and E. E. Evans. U.F. , XVII (1971) , fact that they are found only in the former long-house 37-42. province of Ireland gives support to his theory that A T imber-framed H ouse near Slane Co . M eath. they evolved from the long house. The reasons for K evin Danahar. U. F. , XIV (1968 ), 24-27 . the change came, he proposes, in response to changing Notes on H ouse with Cruck T russ. S. J. W. Cooper. U. F. , XIV (1968), 60-62 . fashions, particul arl y that of removing cows from the Furnishings of T raditional H ouses in the W icklow house. There was also the possibility of influence from H ills. F. H . A. Aalen. U. F., XIII (1967 ), 61-75. the better-off peasantry of Europe. Some Cruck R oo f Trusses in Ulster. E. E. Evans. XII ( 1966 ) 35-4l. The Luck of the H ouse. K evin Danahar. U. F. U.F., K itchen Furniture. A. Gailey. U.F. , XII (1966 ), XV l XVI, 1970, 20-28. The author outlines different 18-35. su perstitions .and beliefs connected with the house : Some Cruck Framed Buildings in Donegal and e.g., the placing of certain objects in the foundations, Derry. D. M cCourt. U. F., XI (1965), 39-5l. celebrations on reaching the highest point of the build­ Notes on 3 Cruck T russ H ouses. R . A. Gail ey. U. F., X (1964), 88-95. ing, days for moving into a new house, keeping the fire The M agilligan Cottier H ouse. G. B. Thompson, ali ve all night, use of horse shoes, etc. D . M cCourt and A. Ga il ey. U.F., X (1964), 23-35. Much of the material was d rawn from the archives W eavers' H ouses around South W est Lough N eagh. of the I.F.C. D. M cCourt. U .F., VIII (1962 ), 43-57. T wo Cruck T russ H ouses nMr Lurgan. R. A. Contributions to the H istory of the Irish H ouse . A Gail ey. U. F., VIII ( 1962 ), 57-65. Possible A ncestry of the Bed Outslot. A. T. Lucas. U .F., The Thatched H ouses of Ulster. R. A. Gailey. XV l XVI, 81-99. Erixon felt that the built-in alcove U. F., VII (1 961 ), 9-19. 4 H ousing and H ouse T ypes in County Armagh. Irish Traditional Building. K. D anaha r. j.R.S.­ T. G. F. Paterso n. U.F. , VII (1961 ), 19-23. A.l., LXXXVII (1957 ), 67-68. The Ulster Farmhouse : A Comparative Study. E.E. Land Use in Goodland T ownland, Co . A ntrim Evans. U. F. , III (1957), 14-19. H e gives in his usual from N eolithic T imes until T oday. Case, Dimble­ by, Mitchell , Morrison and Proudfoot. j.R.S.A.l ., compelling style some of the reasons [rom the cultural­ XCIX (1969 ). geographic point of view why the Irish house differs This is a good description beginning with the Neo- [rom its Asian or African counterpart. lithic Forest clearance through earl y Christian or early StapjJle Thatch. R. H. Buchanan. U.F., III (1957), Medieval farming; through seasonal and communal 19-29. Stapple thatching is when the straw is made grazing in the 16th and 17th Centuries to sedentary into tightly knotted bundles or "stappl es" which are grazing after the reorganization of land tenure in the secured to the roof with courses of mud. In the paper 17th Century, to the T ownland a nd modern field he describes first the method of thatching and discusses boundaries of the 19th Century.

some of the cultural implications of its type distribution FAMILY LIFE around the country. FARMING A D HARVESTING AND LAND USE Three H ouse T ypes. Kevin Danahar. U.F. , II An enormous amount of work has been done in this (1956), 22-27. The Ulster Farmhouse. E. E. Evans. U.F., I particular aspect of folklife studies. H ere, perhaps, (1955 ), 27-37. more than in any other area, it is impossible to break The Outslot H ouse T ype and its Distribution down individual areas for study because of the organic in County L ondondeny. D . M cCourt. U.F. II unity and total interdependency of different aspects of (1956 ), 27-35. Some Notes on Irish Farm H ouses. S. MacGiolla folk life whether they be cultural or material. A reading Meidre. Bealoideas, VIn (1938), 196-20l. of E. E. Evans' I rish Folk Ways bears this outmost Other journals also have articles on the house : clearl y. This is the area in which cultural geography H earth and Chimney in the Irish H ouse. K evin has given most to Irish folklife studies. One cannot D anahar. Bealoideas, XXI (1946 ), 91-105. fully understand patterns in present-day oral folklore, Irish Fields and Houses. A. Campbell. Bealoideas. for example, without a knowledge of the Rundale I (1935 ) ,57-75. T he Evolution of the Traditional H ouse in W estern systems and the Booleying tr.adition. As Arensberg Ireland. F. H . A. Aalen. j.R.S.A.I., LXXXVn points out in .The Irish Countryman, one cannot under­ (1957 ), 61 -76. stand folk religion in Ireland without a knowledge of Before modern forms of transport, local building the rural economy (Chapter VI, pp. 163-193). Evans' materials had to be used. The type and quality of books bear out this point most emphatically as do simple building materials varied from place to place. Arensberg, Messenger, and Kimball. Irish fo lklore Very often specialist builders were used. Materials scholarship has suffered from this lack of total per­ used varied from simple sods to wattle and daub and spective in the past and indeed right up to the present. of course viscous clay or mud. There is a particularly Again, I shall try in the following bibliography to good description on the building of a mud-walled house. indicate areas in which work has been done. Evans' Sod and .Tur,f H ouses in Ireland. E. E. Evans in books I have mentioned already- they are a pre­ Studies in Folk Life., ed. G. Jenkins (London, requisite for study in any area of Irish folklife. Mes­ 1969 ), pp. 84-86. senger's Inis Beag is also relevant, as is Arensberg's Old H ouse T ypes near L ough Gur, Co. Limerick. S. P. O'Riordain and M. J. K ell y (Fell scribhinn The Irish Countryman (M acmill an, 1937 ) . This has Eoin Mhic Neill ). been described as the first study by an anthropologist Lough Gur Excavations. Site j. Knocuadoon. S. P. of a "modern" society. It is perceptive, sympathetic, O'Riordain and K evin Danahar. j.R.S.A.l., LXX­ analytical and altogether a major landmark in every VII (1958), 39-52. The Combined Byre and Dwelling in Ireland. respect. It is ideally complementary (as in Inis Beag) K evin Danahar. Folklife, II (1964), 58-75. to Evans' books. The late 19th and early 20th Century saw the dis­ Family and Community in Ireland. Arensberg and appearance of a feature of life in Ireland which, al­ Kimball. 2nd ed. Harvard, 1968. First published in though influenced in some measure by economic con­ 1937, after extensive fi eldwork by the Harvard survey ditions, undoubtedly had its origin in ancient custom team. It was described by the American Journal of once common to many parts of Western Europe. The Sociology as "the most ambitious attempt yet made author concentrates mainly on evidence from the 19th at a functional analysis of a social system". This major and early 20th Century in describing the different work is the study of community and family life in rural types of dwelling. Photographs and house plans are Ireland and has been supplemented in the newer edition included. by six chapters on the behaviour of Irish townsmen and An Early Neolithic House in Co. Tyrone. A. M. the distinctions beaween rural and urban life even as Apsimon. J.R.S.A.I., XCIX (1969 ), 165-169. the two remain intimately linked.

5 The Pleasant Land of Ireland. K evin D anahar. Bog Wood- A Study in R ural Economy. A. T. M ercier, 1970. In I re land L ong Ago. K evin Danahar. Lucas, Bealoideas XXIII (1956), 71-135. M ercier, 1962. These books are a delightfully written The Flail in I re land. K evin Danahar. European introduction to Irish folklife, possessing a keen eye for Ethnology, IV (1970), 50-56. An article on the dis­ detail and a warm sympathy for the people. There tribution of flail types in Ireland with distribution maps. are chapters on land use and fencing, house types and The p.aper is based on the examination of specimens thatching, furnishing, hearths, farmers, craftsmen, and from 141 Irish localities. old style travel and fairs. Beautifully illustrated. Irish Farmyard T ypes. Studia Ethnographia V p­ j)saliensis. ( 1956) . Irish Folk Custom and Belief. Sean O'Sullivan. N otes on the H istory of Turf as a Fuel in Ireland Three Candles, Dublin. H e discusses folk customs and to 1700 A .D. V .F., XV/ XVI (1970), 172-196. beliefs, always setting them in context with their folk­ Donegal Survivals. E. E. Evans. Antiquity, XIII life setting. (June, 1939), 207-222. The Drift from the L and. R. H. Buchanan. V.F., Irish Country Peo ple. K evin Danahar. M ercier, VI (1960), 43-6l. 1966. Another pleasant book written about the country Surviving Openfield in County L ondonderry. D. folk among whom the author grew up. D escriptions McCourt. V.F., IV (1958) , 19-29. of several tradesmen from basket-makers to coopers to Souming in the Sperrins. B. M acAodua. V.F., II blacksmiths. ( 1956 ), 19-29. The author names some places where M ourne Country. E. E. Evans. A more localized communial grazing of land still goes on. version of Irish Folk Ways-confined to County Down Animal Droppings as Fuel. K evin D anahar. Folk which the author knows so well. Life, VI (1968), 117-120. H e concludes that the use Mountain Y ear. Michael J. Murphy (The Dolmen of animal droppings as fu el was widely known in Ire­ Press, 1964 ) . The author gives a beautiful and moving land but that the practice was not general. It was account of life in South Armagh on the slope of Slieve restricted to a) islands and other places where no fuel Gullion. Ap.art from its folk life content it is worth could be found, b) very poor people who could not reading purely for its majestic prose. . afford better, and c) times of general fuel shortage. Also by the same author is T yrone Folk Quest (Black­ Still used occasionall y in the Aran Islands. staff Press, Belfast, 1973), which is based on the author's ON HARVESTING observations made during his work for the Irish Folk­ The L ast Sheaf in the North of Ireland. U.F., XVIII lore Commission in the 1950's. (1972 ). Discusses attitudes to the last sheaf in the Another book which contains a wealth of folklife harvest practices in different parts of Ulster. Includes material and is beautifully written is Malachi H oran distribution maps of the names given to the last sheaf. R emembers, by George A. Little (Dublin, M. H. Gill Discusses beliefs attached to the sheaf as well as dif­ and Son, Ltd., 1943) . ferent ways of treating it after the harvest is over. H e In a Quie t Land. J. O'Donoghue (Batsford, London, ends up by discussing some ritualistic and functionalist 1957 ) . A simple account of the author's childhood inte rpretations of harvest customs. H e concludes, in the South West. "Harves t custom is a part of the whole body of eth­ In the more specialized publications some of the fol ­ nological subject matter. Sigurd Erixon in 1951 defined lowing indicate the work that has been done. ethnology as having three components, which he listed as historical, sociological and geographical . . . . An­ ON BOOLYING a lytical reality in any consideration of harvest custom Cloc.hans as Transhumance Dwellings in the Dingle Peninsula. F. H. A. Aalen. ].R.S.A.l., XCIV can only be attempted by a balanced, integrated, con­ (1964), 39-47. sideration of all three components". T ranshumance in the Wicklow Mountains. F. H. A. Aalen .v.F., X (1964), 65-73. Irish wheelwrights putting iron tire on wagon wheel. M ountain Shielings in County Donegal. S. De­ Photograph b y National Museum of Ireland. largy. Bealoideas, IX (1939 ), 295-298. ,Traces of the Buaile in the Galtee M ountains. K evin D anahar. ].R.S.A.F., LXXV (1945 ), 248- 25 3. Some Mayo Traditions of the Buaile. P. O'Mog-· hran. Bealoideas, XIII, 1-11 (1943 ), 161 -173.

ON FARM WORK AND LAND USE The Spade in Ireland. K evin Danahar, Bealoideas, XXXI (1963), 98-115. Furze-A Survey and History of its Vses in Ireland. A. J. Lucas, Bealoideas, XXVI ( 1958), 1-203. 6 The W ork and Words of H aymaking 1. J. B. Adams. Plaited Straw Work. K. M . Morris. U.F., IX U.F., XII (1966 ), 66-91. T he Work and W ords of (1963 ), 53-61. R opes and R ope T wisters. R . A. Gailey. U .F. , H aymaking 11. B. Adams. U. F. , XIII (1967 ), J. VIII (1962 ), 72-83. 29-54. Including distribution maps. Utilizes informa­ Harvest Knots and Brighid's Crosses. T. G. Pater­ ti on gained from a questionnaire sent out by the Ul­ son. U.F., I (1953 ), 16-18. ster Folk Museum. Cloth-Finishing in Ireland. A. T. Lucas. Folk Life, H arvest Custom in County Armagh. U. ]. Archeo., VI (1968 ), 18-68. V (1942 ), 2-7. Picking up the Linen Threads--Som e Folklore of the Northern Irish L inen Industry. Betty M essenger. ]. of Some I rish T echniques of Collecting Seaweed. T. F.L IX, 18-28. She deals mainly with the songs and O'Neill. Folk Life, VIII (1970 ), 13-20. An examination rhyming produced by the working conditions of the of the different techniques of cutting .and storing prac­ mills. ticed in different areas. The R ise of the I rish Linen I ndustry. Conrad Gill. The Use of Sand and Sea Shells as Manure in ire­ land. A. L. Lucas, in Studies in Folk Life (1969 ), Oxford, 1925. Gives a full account of the evolutio.n of Ed. G. Jenkins. the mills and of working conditions there. Fields, Fences and Gates. E. E. Evans. U.F., II The Blacksmith's Craft. G . B. Thompson. U.F., (1956) , 14-19. IV (1958 ), 33-37. Flax Scutching in Ulster. T echniques and T er­ minology. M. McCaughan. U.F., XIV (1968 ), ON POITIN ( ILLICIT LIQUOR) MAKING 6-1 3. Irish Peasant Society. K. H. Connell. Oxford, 1968. Water-Powered Corn and Flax Scutching M ills in Chapter I, pp. 1-51. The best account so far written Ulster. N. A. McCutcheon. U. F., XII (1966 ), on the history of poi tin making and the poitin-makers. 41-52. The H orizontal M ill in I reland. A. T. Lucas. ON FISHING ].R.S.A.l., LXXXIII (1953) , 1-37. Irish Fishing Spears. A. E. Went. J. R.S.A.I., Distribution Patterns in Irish Folk Life. Bealoideas, J. LXXXII (1953), 109-134. XXV (1957). Spears and Gaffs used for Salmon Fishing in the Foyle System . A. E. J. Went. U.F., XIV (1968 ), ON ARTS AND CRAFTS 34-38. A Family Spade-Making Business in County T yrone. The Cots of North Derry. A. Gailey. U .F., IX A. Gailey. Folk Life, X (1972 ), 26-46. H e examines (1963),46-52. through the medium of historical record and bills of sale, etc., the history of a small family-run spade mill that operated for .almost a century uniquely surviving until the First World War. It is probably representa­ tive of many of the small spade mills in Ulster. He describes the changing economic climate that brought about the obsolescence of the mill. It is a very detailed paper with good photographs of the machinery used. The T ypology of the Irish Spade. A Gailey, in The Spade in Northern and Atlantic Europe, ed. A. Gailey and A. Fenton. Belfast (1970 ), pp. 35-48. W ooden Pumps. John C. O'Sullivan. Folk L ife, VII (1969 ), 101-117. An excellent description of the art of making wooden pumps (now largely superseded by iron pumps) . ~ome very good photographs. In 1965, Mr. J ames R eville made a pump for the N ational Museum of Ireland and the process was carefully recorded by the au thor. Notes on Social Life and Craft Work in Bally­ gawley. G. Gillespie. U.F., XIV (1968 ), 39-43. Irish Embroidery and Lace-making 1600-1800. E. Boyle. U. F. , XII (1966 ), 52-66. Origin of the Irish Linen Industry. W. H. Camp­ bell. U.F., XVII (1971 ), 42 -49. Embroidery and Lace-making in Ulster. E. Boyle. U.F., X (1964), 5-23. An 18th Century Family Linen Business. A. Mon­ Harness-maker finishinf( horse-collar. ahan. U.F., IX (1963) ,30-46. Pnotograph by National Museum of Ireland.

7 Cler, 1967 ) . T he author describes the vanou wake games and customs region by region and shows that they are related to similar customs a ll over Europe. Also: Irish Wake G.am es. H. Morris. Bealoideas, VIII (1938), 123-142. and: A L ongford Wake-game of the Sixties. H. Morris. Bealoideas, II (1930), 394-396.

ON T OMBSTO E I NSCRI PTIONS Eight papers, all entitled 18th and 19th Century Irish Tombstones, by A. K . Longfi eld, appeared in diffe rent is ues of the ].R.S.A.I. , from 1943 to 1955. They describe the different types of inscription, region by region. F OLK DRAMA U nfo rtunately all too little work had been done on folk drama before the I rish Folklore Commission's fo undation. With the decline in this century of mum­ mers' plays a ll over Ireland except in parts of Ulster and South Leinster, the number of texts and plays that Irish basket-maker. passed into oblivion was cnormou . H owever, some National Museum of Ireland work, however belatedly, has been done in the la t few years and the reconstruction of several plays has now T wo Further Salmon Spears. A. E. J. Went. ].R. S.A.I., X CVIII (1968 L 203-204. been made possible. Only one full-length book has been p4blished on the subject, but m any articles have ON F OLK COO K E RY been written in various journals, the mo t important Bread. K evin D anaha r. u.F. , IV (1 958 L 29-33. of which I'll briefl y mention. Of Irish folk drama in I n Ireland L ong Ago . K . D anahar. (Mercier, 1962 ) . general, it might be said that " the outlines remain . . . An introduction to types of fo od traditionall y eaten in a text of pres umabl y relatively recent date imposed on Ireland, pp. 37-57. a shadowy life-cycl e drama of international provenance In Ethnological Foo d R esearch in Europe and U .S.A., and vast antiquity. Questions remain to be answered, (Lund, 1970 ; p. 55 ) A. T. Lucas writes that in regard especiall y as to how and when the existing English to ethnological research on fo od, no specific program texts and characters were imported and impo ed on the has been or is in operation in any Irish institution and earlier folk dramas" (U.F., XVII [1 971], 112-11 3, by in fact, very little work has been done on any aspect E . R. R . Green ) . of the subject. The I.F.C. have collected much ma­ Iris h Folk Drama. A. R. Ga il ey. (M ercier, ] 969.) terial but it is not classified. The a rchives of the Ulster This book is based on records of eighty complete mum­ Folk Museum similarly contain a signifi cant corpus of mers' plays, collected in different parts of Ireland by information on food, relating in particular to the North­ the Iri h Folklore Commission, in a ddition to a number ern part of the country. The National Museum of of performances that the author himself has observed Ireland has, over m any years, operated a programme since 1960. H e suggests that incoming texts from Eng­ of abstracting all references to food in ancient, medieval land in the 17th Century were readily assimilated into and modern Irish literary sources. the Irish folk dramas because " they came at a time . .. ON FOLK COSTUME when it was becoming increasingly necessary to expl ain The only worthwhile reference to folk costume IS In what had become inexplicable, because of the frag­ In Ireland Long Ago by K evin D anaha r. (M ercier, mentation that had already occurred in the original 1962 ; pp. 72-81 ), where he briefly describes what the life-cycle drama in Ireland" (p. 10 1 ) people wore in the 18th and 19th C enturies. H e m akes, Christmas Rhymers and M ummers in Ireland. A. R. the point that the form of dress believed by most Gail ey. (The Guizer Press. Ib tock, Leics., 1968) . A people to be traditional was in fact invented 60 years short booklet giving some examples of folk pl ays m ain­ ago by the Gaelic R evivalists. ly from Ulster.

ON WAKES The Rathlin Rite of the Couilin. J. Braidwood. U.F., The best book is: XIV ( 1968 ), 44-50. An account of a ritual folk drama Irish Wake Amusements by Sean O'Sullivan (M er- in R athlin Island whieh takes place on New Year's 8 Eve and is designed to bring luck to the House during Straw H ead Dresses. C. Mc eill. ].R.S.A.!., L the coming year. T he author compares it with similar (1920), 62. For Biddy Boys: customs in Scotl and. Calendar Customs. R. H. Buchanan. u.F. , VIII There are a whole host of articles on local examples (1962 ) , 20. of mummers' plays or wren-boys, "straw-boys" or "bid­ The Wren-Boys. M . de Fuireastail. T reoir (D ub­ dy-boys" : lin ) , IV (Jan./ Feb. 1972 ) , 15. Christmas Rhymers in the D onaghadee Area. M. Wren Boys and Straw Boys. Treoir, IV (July/ Aug., McGaughan. U.F., XIV (1968), 66-70. 1972),3. The Rhymers of South-East Antrim. A. R. Gailey. Mummers in W exford. T. Q'Callaghan. T reoir, U.F.,XIII (1967 ) ,18-29. IV (Nov.jDec. 1972) , 6-7. Tromogagh M ummers' Plays Co. Fermanagh. Mary Wren H unting in Different Parts of I reland. D. Rodgers. U.F., XIII (1967 ), 8 1-85. O'Sullivan. Journal of the I rish Folksong Society, Biddies and Straw Boys. R . Hilliard. U.F., VIII XXVI (Dec. 1929 ), 83-90. (1962 ), 100-103. The Y ear in I reland. K. Danahar. (M ercier, 1972), Christmas R hymers and Mummers. E. R. R. pp. 243-250. H e deals with Wren Boys a nd Mumming Green. u. ]. Archeo., IX (1944 ), 3-21. on the above-mentioned pages. Straw Costume in Irish Folk Customs. A. A. Gail­ ey. Folklife, VI (1968 ), 83-94. THE I SLANDS I n this important article, the author attempts "to I have devoted a special section to the I slands off set the use of straw costume in mumming in the wider the West Coast of Ireland because by virtue of their context of its use in other folk customs and to examine isolation they seem to have evolved significantly dif­ the resultant body of evidence in relation to current ferent customs and beliefs than those on the mainland theories of folk drama" (p. 83). The author suggests as well, of course, as different folk architecture due that Ireland's major contribution to an overall assess­ to the islanders' dependence on raw materials close ment of fo lk drama in Europe will be the survival at hand. Fishing and farming were their main oc­ within her shores on the geographical periphery, of cupations. Tory Island and Rathlin Island off the straw costume and disguise as original elements of coast of Donegal and the Aran Islands situated west ancient ceremonies held on either mid-winter or quar­ of Galway and Clare are still inhabited. The Blasket ter-days or critical points in the human life span like Islands off the coast of K erry are sadly desolate now. marriage and death. H e makes the point that "general­ T he forces of social and economic change have taken ly speaking, Irish folk drama belongs to the H ero­ their toll, and now only the cries of the wild birds Combat variety. Only very occasionall y do the Irish disturb the solitude of islands which thirty years ago folk plays depart from the normal three-fold structure supported the last survivors of a historic community­ of presentation followed by the dramatic core, ter­ one of the richest repositories of folk culture in all minating with a quete or collection. Usuall y J ack Straw Western Europe. H appily, however, some records sur­ occupies a place in the third part as a grotesque player vive of the Islanders' way of life. having no particul ar function other than entering to H ere then is a survey of some of the work that has say his piece and to introduce his successor. H e ap­ been done on the Western Isles: pears to be unknown in mumming outside I reland and I nis Be.ag: Isle of Irelan.d. John C. M essenger. (H olt, within the island he is restricted to the Province of Rinehart a nd Winston, 1969). A cultural anthropolog­ Ulster" (p. 83). ical study which fo cuses on Inisheer, the smallest of See also: the Aran Islands. H e deals with subsistence, m aterial Wren Boys. D. O'Sullivan. Journal of the Irish culture, social organization and social control and Folksong Society, XXVI (1932), 85-86. valu es, and religion. H e also provides a brief introduc­ tion to the history of the island. It embodies a pa r­ Boat-builder following traditional craft of the Irish maritime ticularly interesting study of the folk religion of the population. Photograph by National Museum of Ireland islanders-the syncretism between the old "Pagan" beli efs and R oman Catholicism. Belief in the fairies and their power and in sea monsters, etc., can be ap­ prehended in most of our talC3 and legends, but only Arensberg and M essenger have rigorously applied anthropological tools to an analysis of the folk religion. It is an excellent book and extremely difficult to fault on analytical or methodological or descriptive grounds. It can perhaps be faulted for a sort of clinical aridity which isn't found, for example, in Arensberg's The Irish Countryman. It may well demonstrate that an 9 ethnographer should possess some of the skills of a novelist in order to depict accurately a community in some of its more subtle nonquantifiable aspects. For a review of the book by A. R. Gailey, see V.F., XVII (1971 ), 107-109. The I slands of I reland. T. H . M ason. (M ercier, 1967 ). Mr. M ason was a member of the Royal Irish Academy when he wrote the book in 1936. It is a pleasant "traveler-type" book based on his journeys to the various West Coast Islands- Tory, Irishmurray, Achill, Clare Island, Inishbofin, the Aran Islands, the Blaskets, the Suelligs and Salter. H e describes boat­ making, poi tin-making, antiquities, music, and marriage, etc. It is, on the whole, a skilful and sympathetic Cushendall Farm Kitchen, Ulster Folk Museum. description of island life incorporating some beautiful passages of natu-Falistic description. CliDmen of the W est, (London : Sands and Co., 1935 ) There were four fine novels written about life in the - the author also being a native of Inis Mor. Blasket Islands before they were abandoned. All of The problem of abstracting "cultural reality" from them contain a wealth of information on folk life: the above mentioned books is discussed by John M es­ T wenty Y ears a'Growing. M aurice O'Sullivan. senger in his "Literary vs. Scientific Interpretations of (Viking, New York, 1937) . The Islandman: Thomas Cultural R eality in the Aran Islands of Eire," Ethno­ O'Crohan. (London: Chatto and Wind us, 1934) . history, II: 1 (Winter, 1964) 41 -54. H e finds "distor­ Both these books were written by natives about grow­ tions of cultural reality" in all these works and continues ing up in the Blaskets. As well as providing valuable his iconoclastic crusade against nativists and primitivists information, they are a delight to read. with unabated zeal. In this article he also discusses the Likewise, An Old W oman's R efl ections, by Peig Saw­ results of one of the research techniques he employed­ ),ers (Oxford 1962 ), who grew up in Dunquin in the that of n';cording and analyzing the reactions of a num­ Dingle Peninsula in West K erry and who married into ber of islanders to Synge's .The Aran I slands, Mullen's the BIaskets and lived most of her life there. H ero Breed, and O'Siochain's Aran: I slands of L egend, which they read at his request. The W estern Island or The Great Blasket: Robin Further articles in some of the specialist magazines Flower (Oxford 1944). The author spent considerable include: time in the Bl askets, actively encouraged some of the authors mentioned to write their books and in this A Demographic Study of T ory I sland and Rathlin publication he writes himself, with great perception, I sland 1841-1964. J. H. Elwood. V .F., XVII (1971 ), on the isl anders ·and their ways. 70-85. Kinship and Land T enure on T ory Island. J. R. Fox. V.F., XII (1966), 1-18. This is a good essay Aran- I slands of Legend: P . O'Siochain. This is a history of the Aran Islands from ancient times to the from the social anthropological point of view. Fox present day. Much useful information. suggests that the system of landholding and kinship prevalent in Tory a nd R athlin Island is an adaptation The Aran I slands: J. M . Synge (New York: Vintage, of very ancient Rundale ideas. Because the isl ands 1962 ) . This is still a good source for folklife material, made their own adjustment, the cultural situation is written early in the 20th Century and first published unique in relation to the rest of Ireland. in 1907. Reality tends to be slightly obscured at times with Synge's particular brand of Celtic twilight. Aspects of Change in a Rural Community. R. A. Man of Aran: P. Mullen (London: Faber and Faber Gailey. V.F., V (1959), 27-35 . This is an excellent Ltd., 1934) . The author, who is a native of Inis Mor, article which shows how both social and economic wrote this book as an autobiographical account of his factors are bringing about significant changes in the involvement in the filming of R obert Flaherty's famous cultural landscape of the Aran Islands. "Man of Aran" during 1932. Aran History and Culture: J. M essenger. J. of F.l., H ero Breed: P. Mullen (London: Faber and Faber I: 3, 197-204. A brief account of Ar.an history, which Ltd., 1936). Another excellent book about island folk- is of cour e much extended in his Inis Beag. life and customs seen from the point of view of some­ THE CALENDAR YEAR AND FESTIVALS body whose perspective is from inside the culture. Most of the work done in this sphere has been of the The same can be said of T. O'Flaherty's Aranmen descriptive and Finnish diffusionist-type nature. Again All (Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles, 1934), and there is much information in the I.F.C. yet untapped. 10 The one truly definitive work on an Irish festival­ folk li fe material to be found in 18th and 19th Century L ughnasa- by M aire McNeill, was made possibl e by the local poetry. archives from which she drew much of her illustrative Calendar Customs I . R. A. Buchanan. U.F., VIII material. T he H andbook of Irish Folklore has a very (1962), 15-35. Calendar Customs II. R. A. Buchanan. U. F., IX impressive section on the calendar year and festivals. (1963), 61-80. The Y ear in Ireland. K evin D anahar. (M ercier, Halloween Customs in L ecale, Co. Down. A. J. 1972 ) . This is the only full-length book on the subject Pollock. U .F., VI (1960), 62-65. and is an excellent descriptive introduction. Brighid's Crosses in County Armagh. T. G. Pater­ son. U I Archeo. , VIII (1945), 43-48. The Festival of Lughnasa. M aire McNeill. (Oxford St. Martin's E ve. H. Morris. Bealoideas. IX University Press, 1962 ). Mountain pilgrimages, festive (1939), 230-236. assemblies on heights, patron pilgrimages on heights, The H oly W ells of East Muskerry. E. O . Muir­ assemblies at lakes and rivers, assemblies at wells and gheasa. Bealoideas, X (1940), 101-104. The H oly W ells of D onegal. E. O . Muirgheasa. Lughnasa and Lammas Fairs hitherto regarded as Bealoideas, VI (1936), 143-163. isolated individual phenomena, are now seen to be The H oly W ells of County Carlow I. E. O. Toole. part of the same whole ; all, however Christianized Bealoideas, IV (1932), 3-24. or otherwise disguised, being aspects of a primitive The H oly W ells of County Carlow II. E. O. Toole. harvest festival. Bealoideas, IV (1933), 107-1 30. The H oly W ells of Corkaguiney, Co. K erry. J.R.S. It incorporates a mass of data brought together from A.!., XC (1960), 67-68. a variety of sources, ancient, medieval and modern in The H oly W ells of Co. Limerick. J.R.S.A.I., Latin, Irish and English. There is a chapter on the LXXXV ( 1955), 193-217. survival of the same harvest festival in Britain and The H oly W ells of North Co. K erry. J.R.S.A.!., France, another on a diagnosis of the myths and the LXXXVIII (1938), 153-163. legends and a final chapter analysing the rites of the FOLK MEDICINE primitive festival and the concepts surrounding them. Again this is an area which has been sorely neglected Other articles include : to date. The Irish Folklore Commission has certainly The Feast of St. Martin in Ireland. Sean O'Sullivan. got enough material in its archives to document a truly (I ndiana University Publication. Folklore Series, IX, defi nitive work, but so far there is no sign of such a 252-261 ). The traditional practice of sacrificing a bird work emerging. P. Logan has so far been the only or animal to St. M artin on November 11 th is still wide­ author to devote a whole book to the topic but much ly observed in Ireland. M uch superstition and lore more needs to be done. Holy well s obviously fall with­ are connected with this practice. The author describes in the compass of folk medicine, but I have already some of the ways in which the sacrifice was performed dealt with these in another section. and some of the ritual surrounding it. Legends sur­ Making the Cure. P. Logan. (T albot, Dublin, 1972). rounding the Saint are outlined. They mainly associate The author is a prominent figure in medical and ac­ the Saint with mills, and in many areas there is a ademic circles having lectured at one time on folk tradition that no milling takes place on St. M artin's medicine. The book deals with an extensive range of Day because of the belief that he met a violent death examples of folk medicine a ll over Ireland both past in a mill. Sean O'Sullivan states that there never was and present- for chest and heart ailments, worms, a Saint M artin in Ireland and that the feast day has bone-breakages, warts, headaches, skin diseases, bald­ been superimposed by the Church on a much older ness, etc. H e has chapters on Holy Wells, spa wells pagan festival. This is of cou rse a familiar pattern in and veterinary medicine. H e d escribes numerous cur­ R oman Catholic countries where the Church is more ative techniques utilized by folk practitioners. than willing to compromise on the matter of supersti­ Traditional H erbal Cures in County Cavan. Beatrice tion. Moloney. U.F., XVIII (1972 ), 66-80. A good article I rish Folklore as a Source for R esearch. Maire M c­ which comments on the folk's relationship with doctors Neill. J.F.!., II, 340-343. The author shows regional and their relationship and attitudes toward folk healers. patterns in observa nce of feast days and festivals which She discusses the people who have the "Power". She have been detected through the analysis of data in the uses lots of evidence culled from the Schools mss. I.F.C. A German scholar, Hans Hartmann, published in the Irish Folklore Commission's archives. Between Der T otenkult in Irland (H eidelberg, 1952 ) on mate­ pages 71-79, she enumerates 82 different ailments from rial collected by the Commission. ague and asthma to white scour and worms, giving Edward L. Sloan's "The Y ear's H oliday." A. R. examples of the different folk remedies suggested by Gailey. A reconstruction of the observance of the year's the healers. holidays from a poem by Edward Sloan written in the The Irish R eputation for H ealing in Northern Eng­ J 9th Century. Ga iley suggests that there is a lot of land. J. D ent. U.F., XIV (1968), 71-72. He briefly

II discusses the belief in Northern England that things The T inkers of I reland, A. M . Fraser, Journal of from Ireland possessed curative powers- not simply the Gypsy L ore Society (Edinburgh ), XLIV (1965), Irish people. 38-49. The author describes the Tinkers' points of Folk-Medicine of the Cavan-Leitrim Area I . P. similarities with the Gypsies. They had been plying Logan. U .F., IX (1963), 89-93. their trades in Ireland long before the Gypsies came Folk-Medicine of the Cavan-L eitrim Area II. P. to the British Isles and the Gypsies were content to Logan. U.F., XI (1965 ), 51-54. A Charm for Epilepsy. K. M . H arris. U.F., VII leave Ireland to them. Fraser draws much of the mate­ ( 1961 ), 7l. rial for his paper from the Commission's R eport. The Butterwitches and Cow Doctors. G. W. Saunders. Commis ion not only went to a number of Tinker en­ U. F., VII (1961 ), 72-74. campments out also visited 300 Tinker families. The Handbook of Irish Folklore. Sean O'Sullivan. number of Tinkers in Ireland has not varied much in Section on Folk Medicine : Chapter VII. pp. 304- 315. the last 20 years. The majority are found in the West THE TINKERS and Southwes t. There are many folk-religious aspects H ere a re_ a group of people who have been sadly of their way of life remaining to be studied, e.g., their neglected by Irish folklife students- quite astonishingly marriage rites . Their traveling patterns and their adap­ in fact, considering the number of trades and crafts tation to modern life are a lso potentially fruitful fi elds traditionally practiced by the roving itinerant clans for research. The Tinkers are loosely subdivided into that travel the roads of Ireland to this present d.ay. various groups-Tinkers (usuall y with motorised trans­ The interested enquirer must glean what he can from port) who ply tra des, buy and sell and do seasonal the Irish Government Publication : R eport of the Com­ work for farmers, and Tinkers who are too poor to mission on "ltinerancy (Dublin: The Stationery Office, own their own caravans and who exist mainly on 1963), and from isolated references that he can extract begging. from various folklife publications. The Irish Tinkers Contrary to popular opinion, there is little predis­ prefer to call themselves "travelers" in English. They position towards crime. Their habit of trespassing and are often mistaken for Gypsies but have no ethnic or grazing their animals on private land is the greatest linguistic connection with the Gypsies or Romanies single cause of the ill-feeling shown by the settled of other parts of Europe, whose language is one of popul ation. the Indo-Aryan languages of Northwest India. The Obviously, much more study is needed on their lore, Travelers and their argot language, "Shelta," emerged their crafts, caravan-building techniques, etc., before in Ireland at some point not yet established, though their present number of about 6,000 becomes assim­ their language in its present form d.ates from the break­ ilated into the settled population. down of native Irish society in the 17th Century. See also: For information on "Shelta," see : The Gypsies of Britain. B. Vesey Fitzgerald (Chap­ The Secret Languages of Ireland: R . A. S. Mc­ man and H all, 1944), pp. 32-42. Alister (Cambridge, 1937) , pp. 130-1 38 and 255- 257. TRAVEL BOOKS Tinkers an,d their Talk, John Sampson, Journal Travel books are a well known and much used of the Gypsy L ore Society (First Series), II (1890), source for folklife material. They must, of course, 204-221. be used with circumspection. In the 18th and 19th On the Origin and the A ge of S helt-a, Kuno Meyer, Centuries particularly, a veritable rash of books on Journal of the Gypsy L ore Society, (First Series), II (1891 ), 257-266. Ireland was published by various well-to-do traveling Irish Tinkers or 'Travellers/ P. MacGreine, Bealo­ gentlemen and ladies, mostly English, whose view of ideas III:2 (1931),170-187. Ireland was highly coloured for the most part by their Further 1N0tes on Tinkers' 'Cant,' P. M acGreine, Anglo-Saxon ethnocentrism. M os t of the books tended Bealoideas, III: 3 (June 1932), 290-304. Som e Notes on .Tinkers and their 'Cant/ P. Mac­ to fo cus entirely on aspects of elite culture, with oc­ Greine, Bealoideas IV: 3 (June 1934) , 259-264. casional glances at the peasantry. Some went further Also: however. H ere are a few that might be usefully perused Irish Traveller Cant in its Social Setting, Ja red including some later 20th Century examples which are H arper and Charles Hudson, Southern Folklore Quar­ perhaps more trustworthy than most. terly, XXXVII (1973 ), 101-115. The authors inves­ Ireland, Its Scenery Character, etc. Mr. and Mrs. tigate the use of the "Cant" by the descendants of the C. Hall. 3 vols. (London, 1841) . Mainly focuses on Irish Travelers who came over to America mainly in elite culture, towns and scenery, but nevertheless some the mid-19th Century and continued their old ways folklife information if one is prepared to sift through in the Southern States . These descendants, though it all. rapidly becoming integrated into the larger society, Where the River Shannon Flows. R. H aywood. still use cant in a variety of social circumstances. (Dundalk, 1940) . The author paints a tolerable picture 12 of urban .and rural life in the towns and villages on many local county publications. H oratio S. Krahn's the River Shannon. h ish L ife in Irish Fiction (AMS Press Inc., ew York, R esearches in the South of Ireland. T . J. Croker. 1966, originally published by the Columbia University (Irish University Press, 1968- new edition) . T. J. Press, 1903 ) is also useful for its critical an.alys is of Croker was born in Cork in J.a nuary, 1794, and trav­ how Irish writers in the 19th Century depicted local el ed Ireland extensively in the first half of the 19th life and customs. Century co ll ecting folktales and customs and simply C ONCLUDING R EMARKS observing. In an introduction to the present edition, The bibliographical references so far should be K evin D anahar says, "Croker saw his feIl ow country­ illustrative of the type of work and the are.as of men in a light unusuaIly clear for his period and with subject matter with which Irish folklore and folklife his limited opportunities wrote diligently, lovingly and scholars have concerned themselves. On the credit almost invariably truthfuIly of them" (p. viii ) . side there is much to be said. In the South we pos­ The Peo ple of Ireland. Colman Doyle. (M ercier, sess a full-fledged Folklore D epartment in University 1971 ) . Quite simply a book of photographs, extra­ Coll ege, Dublin, which now incorporates the archives ordinary because of the perceptiveness of the photog­ of the Irish Folklore Commission. These archives con­ rapher. Its section on " Islanders and Countrymen" tain the richest single store of folklore and folklife (pp. 9-21) is magnificent. data in the world. The Handbook of Irish Folklore The R oad around Ireland. P. Colum. (New York, is a model for fie ld workers everywhere. Even though 1926 ) . A pleasant book by one of our fin est poets. fo lk life was somewhat neglected by the commission's At Slieve Gullion's Foot. M. J. M u rphy. (Dundalk, publications, the balance h.as been somewhat redressed 1945 ) . Contains some folklife information about North by the recent upsurge in the number of publications Leinster. Ireland's W elco me to the Stranger. A. Nicholso n. on Irish folklife which have been issued by M ercier (London, 1847 ) . A very sympathetic travelogue again Press in Cork, written in the main by our foremost with some useful information. fo lklore and folklife personalities. Most of them have From a Gaelic Outpost. Aodh de Blacam. (Dublin already been referred to in this essay. In the N orth Catholic Truth Society, 1921 ) . A somewhat dis­ of Ireland the emphasis on folklife studies has been jointed superficial book with some useful information of longer standing. Of E. E. Evans' work, much has on Donegal and Tory Island (Chapter X ) . been said already. H e was the main driving force Books like A Journey to Connaught, by A. Smith behind the setting up of the Ulster Folk Museum," (London, 1709), should be avoided in consideration which as weIl as serving to iIlustrate the way of life, of passages like "In all my life I never saw so str.angely the institutions, customs and material equipment, pub­ stony and so wild a country .... H ere live multitudes lishes the annual journal Ulster Folklife and h as also of barbarous uncivilized I rish after their old fashions"! issued the booklet Ulster Dialects. Its staff have also Some journals which publish some folklife material continued to do extensive fi eldwork in spite of dif­ from time to time are: fi cult political conditions. Journal of the Cork Historical and A rc heo logical However, many problems remain, not the least of Society. which is to define the course along which Irish folk­ The Galway Archeological aTIAd H istorical Society. life studies should proceed in the future. R. H . Buchan­ The Journal of the K ilkenny Archeological Society. North Munster A ntiquarian Journal. an" has outlined the low percentage of articles published Journal of the County L outh Archeological Society. in Bealoideas relating to m aterial folk culture and this Journal of Breifn e Historical Society. despite the wealth of information the I.F.C. possesses As pointed out in the introductory section, this in its archives. We a re also lagging behind other Eu­ artiele does not purport to contain a full or indeed ropean countries in the matter of museums and ethnol­ even an adequate bibliography of sources which con­ ogical atl ases." A linguistic atlas .and survey of Irish tain material on Irish Folklife. Apart from the new dialects has been published but it needs to be supple­ studies published since this paper was originally writ­ mented by a full ethnological atlas. Much work has ten, much material-mainly in literary works and travel already been done on establishing distribution pa tterns literature - has been left out. Excellent guides to some of material folk culture in Ulster." More work IS of these sources are Stephen J. Brown's, Ireland in "See also G. B. Thompson, "The Welsh Contribution to Fiction: A Guide to Irish Novels, Tales, R omances and the Development of the Ulster Folk Museum," in Studies in Folk Life, ed. Geraint Jenkins (London, 1969 ), pp. 29-35. Folk-Lore (M aunsell & Company Ltd., Dublin and " R. H . Buchanan, "A Decade of Folklife Study" U.F. XI London, 1919), and Sean O'Sulliv.an's and R eider Th. ( 1965 ),69. ' , 13A. R. Gailey, "Towards an Irish Ethnological Atlas" U.F. Christiansen's The T ypes of Irish Folktale (FF Com­ XVIII ( 1972 ), 121-140. ' , munications No. 88, H elsinki 1963), the bibliography "A. F. Gailey, "The Ulster Tradition," .U .F. , II (1964) 27-42. The author isolates the distribution of eight example~ of which refers to a wide variety of areas including of material folk culture in Ulster.

l3 needed so that folklife analys is may be carried out politics of "eleventh-hour" coll ecting" .and scarce eco­ withi n the broad context of general cul ture history. nomi re ources and full-time personnel have re tricted T his of co urse has wide political implications as well , analytical development. " A full-time ethnographer has as H eslinga" demonstra ted in his observations on cul­ been at work for the past twenty-fi ve years in both fi eld tur.a l boundaries and geographic and topographical and offi e. H ouse-types, crafts, and other aspects of boundaries. rural life have been investigated and hundreds of thous­ ands of photographs have been taken. Pl ans and sketches The news of the pending establishment of a N ational have been made . . . ." '8 Thus Sean O 'Sullivan wrote Folk Life M useum in the R epublic of Ireland has in 1970. H owever, the two million pages of manuscripts come none too soon. For too long folk m aterial cul­ that the Archive houses have not ye t been full y indexed tural objects have bee n statically displayed in the according to subject m atter. The source materi al for Na ti onal Museum. This of course is totall y anathema scholars that this con ti tutes is staggering but we u rgent­ to the concept of a contextual presentation which would ly require to complete the indexing process. With Irish illustrate the cultural background from which the ob­ society going through a turbulent period of adjustment jects came. We also need more local folk museums. to the realities of European economic press ures and T o quote a European ethnologist,'C "Ethnographical with the fli ght from the land, and the concomitant museums will go a long way towards the development decline in the observance of folk ways and utilization of culture by organizing small open air museums in of traditional agricul tural and crafts techniques, being addition to the large ones which already exist". The accelerated at a hitherto unprecedented rate," this is development of .a folk park at Bunratty in County of course c.asier said than done, particula rl y when one Cl are must be welcomed in this respect. Though de­ considers how important it is to get as much fi eldwork signed m ainly for American tourist appeal, it incor­ as possible done right away. What I would suggest as porates very progressive dynamic features. Seven dif­ a com promise would be the designation of certain ferent examples of Irish traditional rural houses have chose n areas for intensive ethnographic work rather been reconstructed and furnished in an entirely authen­ on the lines of the work done by the H arvard team in tic manner representing Irish country life at the begin­ the 1930's. The new folklore program in U .C.D. should ning of this present century. The only significant dif­ be instrumental in mobilising train ed folklorists to do ference in building techniques is that concrete w.as used the necessary work. instead of tempered cl ay. All the buildings are open We also urgently require to break down the traditional to the public, including a blacksmith's forge, in which conservati ve barriers against fruitful interdisciplinary the bl acksmith works for the local people, and each cooperation that exist in Irish scholar hip. Folklifc of the dwelling houses is assigned a housewife who studies will undoubtedl y benefit as will Ireland herself. cleans and tidies, talks to vi sitors and prepares tea, If this were accomplished and if historians could have bakes bread on the open hearth and provides m eal s their perspectives broadened by acquaintance with when required,' thus giving the dwellings an occupied facets of our national heritage that owe little to great a ir. men and elite culture, then in the words of our fin est Irish folklife studies are a t ye t another crossroads. folklife schol ar, E. Estyn Evans,'o "We might well be They could be criticised on methodological grounds spared the facil e couplings of Irish mist and Celtic as leaning perhaps towards the descriptive historic­ mystery, of black basalts and black Presbyterians, geographic (unfortunate label though this now is! ) creameries .and dreameries or indeed, you might add, method of folklife studies. It is indeed necessary to of poverty and poetry, drums and drumlins". be able to record .an item of m ateri al culture so that " M aire M acNeill, " Irish Folklore as a Source for R esearch," a reconstruction would be possible if that item should ].F.J., II ( 1965 ), 341. disappear but it is also necessary to focus equally " Sean O'Sullivan, "Research Opportunities in the Irish Folklore Commiss ion," ].F.I., VII ( 1970), 116-125. strongly on crafts and craftsmen and their customers. lOR . H. Buchanan, "The Drift from the Land," V.F., VI The absence of anthropology and ethnology from the ( 1960 ), 43-61 ; R. H . Buchanan, " Tradition and C ha nge in Rural Ulster," Folk L ife, III ( 1965 ), 30-45. See also The curriculum of all the universities in the R epublic could D eath of an I rish T own by John H ealy (M ercier, 1968 ). This well be an explanation for the paucity of public.a tions book is about the rise and fall of C harlestown, a typical small Irish rural town. The author, who is one of Ireland's fore­ by Irish scholars on the functional, contextual and psy­ most journalists, outlines the interplay of internal and ex ternal chological aspects of folklife studies. The major cul­ forces which have decimated the populati on of the West of Ireland. J. O .'Brien's The V anishing Iris h (M cGraw Hill, tural and social anthropological works published have New York, 1953) is also a good reference so urce for informa­ been written and researched by foreign scholars. The tion on the social, p olitical and economic forces beh ind the continuous emigration which has been a d rain on the country's youth ever since the days of the Famine in the mid-19th C en­ 10 M. H eslinga, The Irish Border as a Cultural Divide. tury. ,cM . Znamierowsua-PrLifferowa, "Ethnomuseology and its ,oE. E. Eva ns, The Personality of Ireland (Cambridge, 1973), Problems," Ethnologia Europaea, IV ( 1970), 203. p . 84.

14 Palatine Emigration Materials from the Neckar Valley., 1726-1766

By FRIEDRICH KREBS Translated and Edited by Don Yoder

The present state of 'the Palatinate (now Rheinland­ the Baden State Archives at Karlsruhe ( GeneraUandes­ Pfalz ) in West Germany lies entirely west of the Rhine. archiv Karlsruhe) . In the 18th Century, when the Palatine emigration to The present emigrant list, giving details on 141 in­ the New World was heavy, portions of territories east dividual emigrants, is composed of several lists pub­ of the Rhine were also included in the Electoral Pal­ lished in Germany plus some newly discovered mate­ atinate (Kurpfalz) . Among these was the lower vall ey rials that are published here for the first time. The of the eckar River, which included the two adminis­ sources for the information are as follows : ~ (1) Nos. trative districts ( Oberamter) of H eidelberg and Mos­ 1-14 (emigrants of 1726-1727 ) come from the Proto­ bach.! Since this area is now part of the West German cols of the Electoral Palatine District of H eidelberg state of Baden-Wiirttemberg, the records are housed In ( Protokolle des kurpfalzischen Oberamtes H eidelb erg) in the Baden State archives, and a ppeared in print !The upper valley of the Neckar belonged p rincipally to in the article, "Zur Friihauswanderung aus dem kur­ Wlirttemberg and those records a re found in the Ludwigsburg Archives. For emigrants from the Wlirttemberg territori es of p HiIzischen Oberamt H eidelberg nach Amerika ( 1726- the Necka rthal, see Don Yoder, translator and edi tor, "Em­ 27 ) ," in the Sudwestdeutsche Blatter fur F amilien- und igrants from Wlirttemberg: The Adolf Gerber Lists," The Pennsylvania Germ an Folklore S ociety, X ( 1945), 103-2 37. Wappenkunde, Jg. 10 Heft 2 (June 1958 ), 512. (2)

HAIM ~

D"r~tJc~ o . AfrtfIJ o

Map showing Neckar Valley, from Menan ~ Topographia Germaniae. 15 Nos. 15-32 (emigrants of 1727 and 17 32) come from list, the William and Sarah, which arrived at Philadel­ a protocol of the town of Weil er am Steinsberg bei phia September 18, 1727 (List 1 A-C ) . If we had no Sinsheim (Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, Abt. 61 , No. other proo f of the fact, these data show us cl earl y that 13154) and have not previously been published. (3) very often emigrants from the same area in Europe Nos. 33-37 (emigrants of 1737-17 38), Nos. 99-119 (em­ traveled to America together and frequently settled to­ igrants of 175 1), Nos. 124-125 (emigrants of 1753), ge ther in the new country. The long list of emigrants and os. 126-1 34 (emigrants of 1754) are also drawn on the William and Sarah, many of them from the [rom the Protocols of the Electoral Palatine District of vill age of Weil er am Stein sberg, near Sin heim, sheds H eid elberg in the Baden State Archives at K arlsruhe, light on the settlement of several Pennsylvani a frontiers and appeared in the article "Die Amerikaauswanderung of the time-Goshenhoppen in what is now M ontgomery aus dem kurpfalzischen Oberamt H eidelberg in den County, the Conestoga area of what is now Lancaster J ahren 17 37, 17 38, 1751 , 1753 und 1754," in Badische County, the Maxatawny area of what is now Berks H eimat, Bd. 38 (1958 ),303-304. (4) Nos. 39-67 (em­ County, and the a rea across the Susquehanna that igrants of 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, and 1747) are was in 1749 to become the County of York. These from the article "Zur Am e ri~ aa u s w a nd e run g aus dem emigrants founded the churches, built schools, erected kurpfalzischen Oberamt H eidelberg 1741-1748," in mills and shops. Their sons, some of them, became Z eitsc hrift fii r die Geschichte des Oberrheins, Bd. 106 county officials, military officers of the Revolution, and (1958 ) , 485-486. (5 ) Nos. 73-89 (emigrants of 1749), served their adopted country in many ways. For the and Nos. 90-97 (emigrants of 1750) are drawn from history of the Goshenhoppen settlement, and the found­ the Protocols of the Electoral Palatine Districts of ing of the Goshenhoppen Reformed Church in 1727 H eidelberg and Mosbach in the Baden State Archives under George Michael Weiss, Reformed pastor who at Karlsruhe, a nd appeared in the a rticle "Amerika­ led the emigration party on the William and Sarah, Auswanderer aus den kurpfalzischen Oberamtern H eid­ see William J. Hinke, A History of the Goshenhoppen elberg und Mosbach fi.ir die Jahre 1749/ 50," in Badische R eformed Charge, Montgo mery County, Pennsylvania H eimat, Bd. 33 (1 953), 76-77. Finall y, (6 ) Nos. 38 (1727-1819) (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania (1739), 68-71 (1747 ), 72 (1748 ), 98 (1750), 120-123 German Society, 1920); also C. Z. Weiser, A Mon­ ( 1751 ), 135 ( 1 754), 136 (1755 ), 137 ( 1764), 138- ograph of the N ew Goschenhoppen and Great Swamp 140 (1765), and 141 ( 1766) are drawn from the Pro­ R eformed Charge, 1731-1881 (Reading, Pennsylvania: tocols of the Districts of H eidelberg and Mosbach D aniel Miller, 1882 ) . in the Baden State Archives. They appeared in the Additional materials on the passengers of the William article, "Zur Amerikaauswanderung aus den kurpfal­ and Sarah .can be found in Hannah Benner Roach, zischen Oberamtern Heidelberg (1764-66 ), und Mos­ "H ans Georg H ertzel: Pioneer of Northampton County bach (1739-55 ) und Baden-Durlach (1754) ," Z eit­ and His Family," in The Pennsylvania Genealogical sc hrift fur die Geschichte des Oberrheins, Bd. 120 Magazine, XXIV:3 (1966 ), 151 -184. The H ertzel (1972 ), 493-495.' (Hirtzel) family was from Reihen on the Elsenz, a Estimating four persons in each emigra tion party, tributary of the Neckar. Like some other families in the entire list must amount to about 550 persons in all. the vicinity, they had come originally from Switzerland. It is an extremely important emigrant list, not only The Hirtzels were from Pfaffikon in Canton Zurich. for the genealogist but for the social historian as well , Two brothers, Hans Georg H ertzel (born 1686) and with references to trades and economic status of the Hans Ulrich H ertzel (1705-1771 ), emigrated from emigrants, their religion, their family relationships, Reihen to Pennsylvania. They were the sons of Clemens and other matters. The list has been coll ated with the Hirtzel (1659-1707 ) of Reihen and his wife Anna, Philadelphia ship lists, the Strassburger-Hinke Penn­ daughter of Hans and M argaretha (Mayer) Sinter. sylvania German Pioneers, 3 volumes (Pennsylvania Ulrich Hirtzel settled in Goshenhoppen with Pastor German Society, 1934). Some of them may have entered Weiss, George H ertzel settled in the Saucon area of the British colonies via other ports than Philadelphia, what was to become Northampton County. The name since some whose names do not appear in the ship lists has in more recent times become Hartzell in Penn­ turn up in other American source materials of the sylvania. colonial period. The list could be enlarged from many other sources. Particularly important are the materials on the em­ For example, among the earliest emigrants to what igrants who came over together on the first ship on the is now the United States from the lower Neckar Valley

'Preliminary versions of several of these lists of emigrants were those who appear among the New York "Pal­ a ppeared in The Pennsylvania Dutc/l1nan. See Friedrich Krebs, atines" who were served by Jo hua Kocherthal, Luth­ "Pennsylvania Pioneers from the eckar Valley, 1749-1750," eran mInister. Among the Neckarthalers whom he V:2 (June 1953 ), 13; and "More 18th Century Emigrants from the Palatinate," V: 13 (March 1, 1954), 12 . mentions in his church register- the earliest German 16 church register In America-are the following: ( 1 ) adelphia, Chester, Bucks, Northampton, Berks, Lan­ Johann Michael Wage lin, of Bohnfeld in the Creichgau, caster, York, and Cumberland Counties. 1710 ; (2) Catharina, daughter of Johann Jaco b Mus­ 4. The William J. H inke Collection, Schaff Library, sier, of Steinsfurt in the Creichgau, 1710 ; (3) Johann Historical Society of the Evangelical and Reformed Paul Raitschaff, from Diihren, but owing allegiance to Church, Lancaster Theological Seminary, Lancaster, the Durlach government, 1710 ; (4) Susanna, widow of Pennsylvania. Bound volumes of 18th Century Re­ Johann Paul Clotter of Berckenheim bei Weinheim in formed Church Registers for Pennsylvania and Mary­ the Palatinate, 1710; (5) Johann Adam Sollner (Sol­ land. ler), from Eppingen in the Palatinate, 1710; (6) M ag­ 5. Pennsylvania Church R egister Collections, Ge­ dalena Schauer, widow of Michael S chauer of Mas­ nealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and senbach in the Creichgau, 1711; (7) Elisab etha, State Library, Harrisburg. widow of Jerg H umbel of Mosbach in the Palatinate, 6. Proceedings of the Pennsyluania German Society, 1711; (8) Anna Maria Meyer, daughter of Johann particularly the earlier volumes of abstracts of church Fridrich Meyer, late of Rohrbach bei Sinsheim, in the registers. Venningen government, 1715 ; and (9) Andreas Ellich, 7. The Pennsyluania German Magazine, I-XVIII of Neckarburken, district of Mosbach in the Palatinate, (1900-1918) . 1715. For further details, see Otto Lohr, "Das lil­ 8. R ecords of R ev. John Casper Stoever, Baptismal teste deu tsch-amerikanische Kirchenbuch (1708-1719)," and Marri'age, 1730-1779 (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Jahrbuch fur auslanddeutsche Sippenkunde, [I] ( 1936 ) , Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1896 ) . 54-60. 9. The Perkiomen R egion, first series, I-III (1894- Further searching in local records, particularly the 1901 ; second series, I-IX (1921-1931). church registers of the parishes of the lower Neckar 10. Publications of the Genealogical Society of Penn­ Valley, will undoubtedly turn up additional names. sylvania. We have added, in appendix I, brief sketches of four 11. Theodore W. Bean, H istory of Montgomery additional Neckarthal emigrants whose accomplish­ County (Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1884). ments in the new world are well known to our readers : 12 . William H enry Egle, History of the Counties of (A) Caspar Wistar of Hilsbach, (B) Alexander Schaef­ Dauphin and L ebanon in the Commonwealth of Penn­ fer. of Schriesheim, and (C ) Johann H einrich H elffrich sylvania (Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883 ), the of Mosbach, and Johann Conrad Albert H elffenstein two counties separately paginated. of Sinsheim, Reformed clergymen. 13. John Gibson, History of York County, Pa. (Chi­ In editing the list, materials from American sources cago: F. A. Battey Publishing Company, 1886) . have been added in brackets to the basic European 14. Morton L. Montgomery, History of Berks County data. Identifying emigrants in American contexts is a in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Everts, Peck and Rich­ difficult process. In some cases we have obviously been ards, 1886 ) . successful, in other cases we suggest difficulties involved, 15. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland, and call for help. Will readers who have information 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1882 ). on where the unidentified emigrants settled, or who 16. Andrew S. Berky, translator and editor, The Jour­ have additional information on those here identified, nals and Papers of David Schulze, 2 vols. (Pennsburg, contact the American editor of the list. It is quite Pennsylvania: The Schwenkfelder Libr,ary, 1953 ). possible that some of the emigrants unidentified in 17 . Theodore G. Tappert and John W. Doberstein, Pennsylvania contexts will turn up in other colonies. translators and editors, The Journals of Henry Melchior In locating individual emigr.ants in American sources, Muhlenberg, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: The Muhlenberg the editor has used the following sources, many of Press, 1942-1958). which are abbreviated in the text: 18. 1. Daniel Rupp, A Collection of Upwards of 1. Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, which in­ Thirty Thousand Names of German, S wiss, Dutch, clude the 18th Century tax lists of the Pennsylvania French 'and Other Immigrants in Pennsylvania from counties. 1727 to 1776 (Philadelphia: Ignatius Kohler, 1876), 2. Edward W. Hocker, Genealogical Data Relating appendices. to the German Settlers of Pennsylvania and Adjacent To make the list more useful for genealogical pur­ Territory from Advertisements in German Newspapers poses, we have prepared two indices, an Index of Published in Philadelphia and Germantown, 1743-1800 Places, including the names of the German villages (Germantown, Pennsylvania: Germantown Historical and towns from which individual emigrants came Society, 1935 ), typescript. (Appendix II); and an Index of Family Names 3. Abstracts of Wills, Genealogical Society of Penn­ (Appendix III). Spellings of proper names are given sylvania, Philadelphia, manuscript volumes for Phil- throughout as they appear in the source materials cited.

17 In conclusion, we wish to express our thanks for In addition to the Brechts of Schaefferstown and the basic materials of the article to Dr. Friedrich Bern, one Johannes Brecht settled at Great Swamp in Krebs, Speyer, West Germany, retired archivist, who Bucks County. Schulze (Diary, I, 168) reports the has contributed so much to our knowledge of the back­ death of his wife, February 13, 1756. Also one David ground of the 18th Century emigration to Pennsylvania; Brecht was a taxpayer in Pine Grove Township, now to the Generallandesarchiv, K arlsruhe, where the ori g­ Schuylkill County, 1772 (Montgomery, Berks County, inal emigrant protocols are preserved; to Dr. K arl p. 1192). Scherer, Director, and Dr. Fritz Braun, Director Emer­ In the H eber Gossler Gearhart Collection at the itus, of the H eimatstelle Pfalz, K aiserslautern, for Genealogical Society of Pennsylvani a in Philadelphia materials useful in enlarging the data about certain are several volumes of typescripts on "The Bright Fam­ emigrants; to Prof. Dr. Lau, for Weiler materials ; ily of Pennsylvania," particularly those of Berks and and to Dr. H ermann Brunn, for Schriesheim materials. Northumberland Counties. H eber Gearhart traced the Other sources are noted in the text.-EDITOR. family to Johannes Brec ht, born at Schriesheim, October 12, 1662, married July 29, 1684, at Schriesheim, Anna EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1726 Catharina H offmann, .daughter of Hans Jost H off­ 1. JACOB KIESSINGER, "a poor non-citizen from mann. Their children were (1) Catharina, born March Sandhofen" rein armer Beisass aus Sandhofen], was 22, 1704, died July 24, 1794, married John Dehuff, permitted to go "to the island of Pennsylvania" [in die saddler, October 1, 1727 (Burial Book of Moravian I nsul Pinsselvaniam]. Church, Lancaster, Publications of the Genealogical [According to the records of Trinity Lutheran Church, Society of Pennsylvania, X: 2 [March 1928], 155 ); and Reading, a Michael Kissinger, born on "Fastnacht Day," (2) Johann Michael (1706-1794), q.v. supra. Johannes 1717, at "S.andhofen on the Rhine in the Palatinate," Brecht (b. 1662) was the son of Balthasar Brec ht ( 1636- was buried at Reading, J anuary 6, 1791. H e had come 1703 ), who married in 1658, at Schriesheim, Anna to America as a child with his parents. H e married Margaretha Christmann. Balthasar Brecht was the son Catharina R uland, to whom he had four sons and five of Christopher Brecht (1591-1665 ), born at Neudorff daughters.] in the Palatinate, died at Sehriesheim. 2. STEPHAN and JOHANN BRECHT. The widow For this famil y, see a lso Albert G. Green, "Historical of Johann Brec ht of Schriesheim was permitted to go Sketch of the Bright Family," Transactions of the H is­ to Pennsylvania in 1726 with her two sons Stephan torical Society of Berks County, I (1898-1904) .] and Johann Brecht. [The Brecht (Bright) famil y in Pennsylvania has 3. MICHAEL WEDEL. Michel Wedel from Dos­ important branches in Lebanon, Berks, and Northum­ senheim wanted to go to the New World, 1726. berland Counties. Stephan Brecht, one of the emigrants [Other Wedels emigrated also from Dossenheim. of 1726, had children baptized in the Bern Reformed Anna Maria W edel of Dossenheim emigrated to Car­ Church, Berks County (Elizabeth, 17 38; Anna Maria, olina, May 9, 1752. Georg W edel of Do senheim, who 1745 ) (Bern Church Records, 17 38-1835, Hinke Col­ had married A nna Barbara SchlejJP (born 1691), em­ lection ) . igrated also to Carolina in 1752. On the Ship H ero, Johann Michael Brecht, born M ay 30, 1706, at landing at Philadelphia October 27 , 1764 (List 248C ), Schriesheim, married April 1728, in H eidelberg T own­ appears another Wedel emigrant from Dossenheim, ship, Chester (now Lebanon ) County, Margaret Si­ Johann Peter W eidel, R eformed, who married Anna mone, born 1708 in France, d aughter of Jacob Simone. Sybilla H er, and settled in Maryland. Georg Albrec ht Margaret died March 21, 1778, in H eid elberg T own­ W edel and wife Eva C atharina, born circa 1711, are ship, Lancaster (now Lebanon ) County. J ohann Mich­ said to have emigrated at the same time and also ael settled in Germantown in October, 1726, then settled in Maryland. See Gabriel H artmann, "Am erik­ came to the headwaters of the Millbach, Lebanon afahrer aus Dossenheim im 18. J ahrhundert," M ann­ Valley, near what is now Schaefferstown. H e moved heimer Geschichtsblatter, XXVII ( 1926 ), cols. 55-58, to Reading in 1782, where his sons Michael and Peter republished in Pennsylvania Folklife, XXI: 2 (Winter were living. His son Michael Brecht (1732-1814 ) was 1971 -1972),46-48.] County Commissioner of Berks County, 1774-1775, 4. DANIEL LEVA . Daniel leVent ( Levan) ot and Member of the Committee of Observation for Hockenheim, wanted to go to the New World, 1726. Berks County, during the Revolution. D aniel L evan (party of 8 persons) arrived at Philadel­ The Brechts and Schaeffers were connected in Penn­ phia, September 18, 1727, on the Ship William and sylvania through the marriage of Margaretha S chaeffer, Sarah (Strassburger-Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pi­ d aughter of Alexander Schaeffer (see Appendix), oneers, List 1A ). native of Schriesheim and founder of Schaefferstown, [Daniel Levan was one of five sons of Daniel L evan to Johannes Brecht (Bright). of Amsterdam and his wife Marie Beau, Huguenot 18 refugees from Pi cardy in Northern France. The older P. C. Croll, Annals of the Oley Valley in Berks County, sons, Abraham, I saac, Jacob, and Jose ph, are said to Pa. (Reading ; Pennsylvania: Reading Eagle Press, have emigrated to Pennsylvania circa 1715, Joseph 1926 ), pp. 65-68.] dying at sea ; Abraham settling in Oley; Isaac in Exeter; EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1727 Jacob in Maxatawny, at Eaglepoint, Levan's Mill; 5. MICHEL DIEL. Michel Diel, citizen, of M ann­ which became an important stopover point for Mor­ heim-S eckenheim, was permitted in 1727 to leave for avian missionaries after 1740. Daniel L evan emigrated the "New Land" (America) . H e had to pay 36 fl orins in 1727, settling near J acob. A sister of the five Levan 55 kreuzer emigration tax. H ans Michel Diel took the brothers, Anna Elisabeth, emigrated also and married oath of allegiance at Philadelphia, September 21, 1727, Sebastian Zimmermann of Maxatawny. arriving September 18, 1727, on the Ship William and Daniel Levan married Susanna Sieg fri ed, daughter Sarah (List 1 A-B ) . See also No.6, Michel Bettle, of Johannes and Elisabeth Siegfrie,d, who were among who came with him from the same town. the first settlers in the vicinity of Kutztown, where Sieg­ [One Michael Diehl was deacon in 1748, First Re­ fried's Dale is still on the map. Daniel L evan was an formed Church, Philadelphia (Hinke Collection ) . elder of the Maxatawny Reformed Church, and gave There were of course many Diehl families in Colonial land for a church and school there. About 1740 he America. To show the range of backgrounds, the fol­ opened Levan's T avern (now Kemp's) , a mile east of lowing is the list of Diehl emigrants before 1808 avail­ Kutztown on the Easton Road. This was operated by able at the H eimatstelle Pfalz, K aiserslautern, W est him and after his death in 1777 by his son until 1788. Germany: (1) Adam Diehl, from Einod (H omburg), The children of Daniel and Susanna (Sieg fried) 1737; (2) Ananias Diehl, mentioned in the Kocherthal Levan were the following: ( 1) Peter, (2) Barbara Records, Colony of New York, 1714 ; (3) Daniel Diehl, (R eeser), (3) Catharine, (4) Mary (Siegfried), (5) from Oberweiler (Kusel), 1744 ; (4 ) Jakob Diehl, Susanna (K emp), (6 ) Mag,dalena, (7) Margaret, a nd from Zweibriicken; 1803; (5) Jacob Diehl, from Thal­ (8) Daniel, Jr. Daniel L evan, Jr ., was admitted to the eischweiler, 1741 ; (6 ) Johannes Diehl, from Zweibrii­ Berks County bar in 1768, and was a prominent attor­ cken ; (7) Johann Michael Diehl, from H engstbach, ney. H e became Judge of Berks County under the con­ 1738; (8) Johann Adam Diehl, from Wiirttemberg, stitution of 1776, treasurer of the county, 1779-1789, 1731; (9) Jost Diehl, from Offenheim, 1739; (10) sheriff, 1777-1779, prothonotary 1779-1789, 1791, and Peter Diehl, from Zweibrucken, 1749 ; ( 11 ) Simon clerk of the quarter sessions, 1780-179l. Ja cob Diehl, from Oberweiler, before 1757 ; (12 ) Val­ The Siegfrieds had settled first in Oley, in 1719, and entin Diehl, from Niedermoschel, 1743 ; and (13 ) Wil­ came to Siegfried's Dale prior to 1732. Their home helm and Jakob Diehl, from Horschbach (Kusel), 1742.] was a stopping place for Moravian missionaries. A 6. MICHEL BETTLE. Michel BettIe, of Mann­ so n, Joseph Siegfried (born 1721), married Anna Maria heim-Seckenheim, was permitted to leave in 1727 for R omig, born 1724 at Ittlingen near Heilbronn in the the New Land (America), with Michel Diel, No.5, Palatinate. She came to Pennsylvania with her parents, above. H e had to pay 27 florins 48 kreuzer emigration Johann Adam R omig (born at Riidenstein in the Pal­ tax. Michel Bettle took the oath of allegiance at Phil­ atinate) and his wife A gnes Margaretha nee Bernhardt, adelphia, September 21, 1727, arriving September 18, arriving at Philadelphia on the Ship Dragon, September 1727, on the Ship William and Sarah (List 1 A-B). 30, 1732 (List 26A-C ) . Joseph's son, Colonel John 7. JACOB CUNZ. Jacob Cunz from Walldorf left Siegfried, born at Siegfried's Dale, M axatawny Town­ for the "island of Pennsylvania" [Insul Pensylvaniam], ship, in 1745, married Mary Levan, daughter of Daniel with Christian Mitller, No.8, below. Jacob Cuntz ap­ Levan, in 1769, and settled on the Lehigh River in pears among the passengers of the Ship William and Allen Township, Northampton County, in 1770, where Sarah, arriving at Philadelphia September 18, 1727 he conducted a tavern and a ferry. H e was a revolu­ (List 1 A-B). tionary hero, friend of Washington, and died 1793. [One Jacob Kuntz, of Conewago (Hanover, Penn­ For the Siegfrieds, see W. W. Deatrick, ed., The sylvania), had a son John George, born October 1735, Centenni-al H istory of Kutztown, Pennsylvania, Cel­ baptized April 27, 1736; sponsors John George Frosch ebrating the Centennial of the Incorporation of the and wife (Stoever R ecords, p. 11 ). Additional Kuntz­ Borough 1815-1915 (Kutztown, Kutztown Publishing Frosch items appear in the same source on p. 5. Co., 1915 ), pp. 21-24. There were of course other Kuntz (Koons, Coons) For the Levan Family see Warren Patten Coon, families in Pennsylvania. For the George Michael Kuntz Genealogical R ecord of the L eVan Family, Descendants who arrived at Philadelphia, September 24, 1727, see of Daniel LeVan and Marie Beau (Huguenots), Natives The Perkiomen R egion, II (1923),63-64. John George of Picardy, France, Who Settled in Amsterdam, Holland, Kuntz, who arrived September 11 , 1732, was one of 1650 to 1927 (n.p., n.d. ); Deatrick, pp. 26-30; and the first settlers on the site of Hanover, and gave land

19 for the first Lutheran Church there (Gibson, York buried November 13, 1778, Zeltenreich's Church, Lan­ County, p. 594) . caster County, aged 83-10-2 (Hinke Collection ) . On Another Jacob K untz, of Lancaster Borough, made January 21 , 1721, he married Barbara H asen or H esen. his will June 30, 176~, probated October 20, 1763. They settled where New H oll and, Lancaster County, His executors were William Bowsman a nd Casper Shaff­ now stands, and are believed to have been the first ner. His wife's name was M argaretta, and his children settlers there, and among the founders of Zeltenreich's were (1) Elizabeth, wife of Casper Shaffner, (2) Mar­ Reformed Church. garetta, wife of Jacob Y eizer, (3) Catharina, (4) Anna, For Frank Ried Diffenderffer, see PGS, XXXII (5 ) Francis, (6) John, (7) Jaco b, a nd (8) Christian. (1924), 34-45.] A will of Jaco b Kuntz, son of Jaco b, was probated in 10. ANNA MARIA WILL, of Schriesheim, em­ 1778. Ja cob Kuntz, Sr., was also the executor of H enry igrated 1727. Walter of Lancaster Borough, 1754-1755. [Among the early references to the Will family in The Ja cob Kunz who was buried at Lebanon, Febru­ Pennsylvania is the marriage of Michael Will and ary 3, 1796, aged 77 years, 7 months, was a native of Christina Puder of Leacock in Lancaster County, June Alsace (Salem Lutheran Church Records, Lebanon, 2, 1735 (Stoever R ecords, p. 54) . Elizabeth Will, widow Pennsylvania) .] of Christian Will, tinsmith, one mile from Schaeffers­ town or H eidelberg, Lancaster (now Lebanon ) County, 8. CHRISTIAN MUELLER. Christian Muller of is mentioned in the Staatsbote, Philadelphia, M ay 26 Walldorf left in 1727 for the "island of Pennsylvani a" and October 20, 1772 (Hocker, pp. 122, 126 ).] [I nsul Pensylvaniam] with Jaco b Cunz, No.7, above. 11. JACOB MUELLER, from M annheim-Neckerau, H e was either the Christyan Miller who arrived at emigrated in 1727. Philadelphia on the Ship M olly, September 30, 1727 [One Jaco b Muller, born at Kiirnbach near Sinsheim (List 3 A-B ), or the Christian Miller who arrived on in 1718, died November 21 , 1776 and was buried on the Ship James Goo dwill, September 27 , 1727 (List 2A ) . the 23rd at Reading, according to the records of Trinity 9. JOHANN ALEXANDER DIEBENDOERFFER. Lutheran Church. H e married Mary Agatha, widow Johann Alexander Diebendorffer, of Schriesheim , em­ of Christian Kammerer. In the register the birthplace igra ted in 1727. is given as "Hernbach in Bretten," which is obviously [For the Diebendorffer (Diffenderffer ) families in Kiirnbach in the District of Sinsheim.] Pennsylvania, see Frank Ried Diffenderffer, Some of 12 . ANDREAS ZIMMERMANN, from Meckes­ the Descendants of John Michael Dubendorff 1695- heim, wanted to go to Pennsylvania in 1727, with 1778, More Especially Those Directly Descended Johann Andreas Hill (No. 13, below). Through his Grandson David Diffenderffer, 1752-1 846 [According to records in the H eimatstelle Pfalz, K ais­ (Lancaster, Pennsylva nia: The New Era Printing Com­ erslautern, Andreas Zimmermann, son of Hans Georg pany, 1910) . For the Maryland families, see "The Dif­ Zimmermann, married A nna Elisabeth [---]; they fenderffers and Frieses," Fifth Annual R eport of the had the following children listed in the church registers Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, of Meckesheim: (1) Hans Michael, born July 16, 1891 , pp. 91 -95. 1706 ; (2) Hans Dietz, born August 18, 1707; (3) Mar­ Frank Ried Diffenderffer, LL.D. (1837-1924), Lan­ garetha, born August 24, 1709 ; (4) A n.na Elisabetha, caster journalist and historian and one of the principal born April 25 , 1711 ; (5) Johann Georg, born M arch founders of the Pennsylvania German Society in 1891 , 6, 1714, married before 1740, Anna Catharina [---], traced the family name from Diibendorf in Canton to whom he had ten children ; removed to Frederick, Zurich, Switzerland. Maryland, after 1786; (6) Anna Margaretha, born Alexander Dubendorffer (d. 1768 ) settled in Bucks January 13, 1716; and (7) Amalia Maria Katharina, County, on the present Lehigh County border, and was born September 13, 1717. The emigration p arty in­ a member of the Great Swamp Reformed Church in cluded eight persons. 1736 (N ew Goshenhoppen R eformed R ecords, Penn- Andreas Zimmermann settled in Goshenhoppen, sylvania German Society, XXVIII, 276). Alexander Montgomery County. See The Zimmerman Family Dieffendoerffer married Gertrude [L eidig?], PGS, XX­ (1955 ) .] VIII and moved to Macungie Township, now Lehigh 13. JOHANN ANDREAS HILL, of M annheim­ County. His widow, Gertraut Diefenderfer, made her Sandhofen, wanted to go to Pennsylvania in 1727, with will May 29, 1777, probated December 22, 1789 (North­ Andreas Zimmermann (No. 12, a bove). ampton County Will Book 2, p. 57). 14. CHRISTOPH WALTER. In the case of Chris­ The founder of the Lancaster County branch was toph Walter, of Dossenheim, who wanted to leave in Michael Dubendorffer, born at Neresheim in the Elec­ 1727, the notation "America" is lacking in the proto­ toral Palatinate, near H eidelberg, January 10, 1695, cols, but he is certainly identical with the Christopher 20 Walther who landed at Philadelphia on the Ship Wil­ Another Philip Ziegler, of Ridge V all ey, Upper Sal­ liam and Sarah, September 18, 1727 (List 1 A-B ) . ford T ownship, Philadelphi a (now Montgomery) Coun­ 15. PHILIPP ZIEGLER, citizen of Weiler, had to ty, is mentioned in Sower's newspaper, February 16, pay 24 florins, 19 kreuzer emigration tax, intending to 1750, and October 16, 1757 (H ocker, pp. 17,36) .] go to Pennsylvania. H e appears as Philip Z igler in the 16. CASPAR SPENGLER, citizen of Weil er, em­ pa enger lists of the William and Sarah, 1727. igrant of 1727, had to pay 49 florins 5 kreuzer em­ [According to records in the H eimatstelle Pfalz, igration tax. Kai er lautern, Georg Philipp Z iegler was baptized R e­ [The great authority on the Spangler families of formed, but was later Lutheran. H e was baptized Pennsylvania is Edward W. Spangler, The Annals of April 1, 1677, at Weil er am Steinsberg, K reis Sinsheim, the Families of Caspar, H enry, Baltzer and George son of H ans Geo rg Z iegler (born 1622, buried February Spengler, who settled in York County R espectively in 22, 1685 ) and his wife Sarah, who died at ''''eil er 1729, 1732, 1732 and 1751 : W it h Biographical and December 18, 1689, aged 56 years. Georg Philipp Z ieg­ H istorical Sketches and M em orabilia of Contempora­ ler married (Lutheran ) June 1702, at Weiler, Anna neous L ocal E vents (York, Pennsylvania : The York M ayer, born at R eihen (?), K reis Sinsheim, daughter D a ily Publishing Co., 1896) . While the name was of Jaco b Mayer of Reihen. The emigration party con­ originally "Spengler," the common spelling in 1896 was sisted of 5 ~ persons. The following children were "Spangler," "except for one branch ilJ Virginia" (pp. born to Georg Philipp Z iegler (later referred to as vii- viii) . The family came from "Weyler under Steins­ Johann Philipp Ziegler ) : berg," according to the passport documents brought 1. Johann Jaco b, born M ay 15, 1703, baptized along on the emigration, and the R eformed pastor of May 17, at Weiler (R eformed Church Register, Hilsbach-Weiler constructed a family tree which traced Hilsbach-Weil er ) . Confirmed 1717 Lutheran the family from Schoftl and, Canton Aargau, Switzer­ (Lutheran Church R egister Sinsheim) . 2. Maria Catharina, born M arch 1, 1705, died land. Hans Rudolf Spengler, father of the emigrants, young? was the son of Jaco b Spengler of S choftland, and Hans 3. Barbara, born July 25, 1707, died (?) Weiler R udolf emigrated to Weil er, near Sinsheim, on the August 11 , 1707. Elsenz, and married Judith Haegis, daughter of Jacob 4. L udwig, born October 22, 1708, died Weiler Haegis. November 4, 1708. 5. H ans Martin, baptized M arch 12, 1710, died Of the emigrants to Pennsylvania, Baltzer Spengler young? was one of if not the first settler and one of the 6. Johann Georg, baptized February 2, 1712, con­ founders of York, Pennsylvania (Gibson, Y ork County, firmed 1726 (Lutheran ) . p. 237) . The Weiler emigrant families continued to 7. Johann Philipp, born August 24, 171 3, at Weil er intermarry in America. Cas par Spengler's daughter (Lutheran Church R egister, Sinsheim ), con­ firmed 1726 (Lutheran ) . Mary married Colonel M ichael SwoojJe (S chwab), 8. Anna Christine, born D ecember 15, 1715, Weiler who was Justice of the Peace, Judge, M ember of the (Lutheran Church R egister, Sinsheim ) . State Assembly 1768-1776, and Colonel in the Flying Possibly os. 1, 6, 7, and 8 emigrated with the parents. Camp during the R evolution. H enry Spengler, who The emigration total is "5 Y2" persons . The mother's emigrated in 1732, br6ught along a family Bible that name is given as "Anna Martha" 1705-1708, " Anna he had purchased at the Frankfurt F.air for 4 florins, Magdalena" 1710-171 3, and "Anna" 1715. Whether and when his first child was b ~ rn in America, in 1732, this is the same person is not certain. In Weiler how­ the sponsors were Rudolph Wilcke (No. 20 ) and wife, ever there is no further marriage of the father listed. both from Weiler. Philip Ziegler settled in H ell am Township, York Other Spangler families settled in the Schaefferstown County, where he petitioned about the land disputes area. Michael Spangler and wife Elizab eth and two in 1736, with T obias Frey and other emigrants of 1727 sons emigrated from Heidelberg, Germany, in 1737, (Gibson, Y ork County, p . 602 ) . John Philip Ziegler, arriving at Philadelphia on the Ship Samuel (The [Jr.], of Codorus, had a daughter Anna Christina, bap­ S p·angler Family, pp. 252-254) . Jaco b and Adam tized September 18, 1740 ; sponsors Jaco b Ziegler and Spangler were residents of New Hanover Township Agnes Schmidt (Stoever R ecords, p. 14) . Philip Zieg­ (Falkner's Swamp), now Montgomery County, in ler, Jr ., was sponso r at the baptism of .a daughter of 1741 (Bean, Montgo m ery County, p. 993 ); and Stophel Dietrich Mayer, Codorus, 1740 (Stoever R ecords, p. (ChristojJher) Spangler was res ident in Alsace Town­ 15 ) . ship, Berks County, 1759 (Montgomery, Berks Count)l, Philipp Ziegeler, Ur.], m arried Margaretha Schmidt, p. 984) . Other Spanglers settled in what is now Centre Codorus, November 21 , 1737 (Stoever R ecords, p. 55 ). County, Pennsylvania, in the revolutionary era. On the same day, Christina Ziegeler m arried George A distinguished descend.ant of the York County M eyer, Codorus (Stoever R ecords, p. 55). Spangler family was H enry Wilson Spangler (1858-

21 1912 ), engineer, educator, and author (Dictionary of married M argaretha H amspacher, Codorus, J anuary American Biography, XVII, 429-430 ) .J 17, 17 38 (Stoever R ecords, p. 55 ) . Georae Ziegler wa~ 17. TOBIAS FREY, citizen of Weil er, emigrant of the first constabl e of Codorus Township, when York 1727, had to pay 65 florins 18 kreuzer emigration tax. County was set up in 1749 (Gibson, Y ork County, p. H e appears in the passenger lists of the William and 492) .J Sarah,1 727. 19. ADAM MILLER, JR., citizen of Weil er, em­ [According to records in the H eimatstell e Pfalz, igrant of 1727, paid 13 florins 2 kreuzer emigration K a iserslautern, Tobias Frey was baptized June 1, 1684, tax. H e appears as H ans Adam At/iller in the passe nger at Weiler am Steinsberg bei Sinsheim (R eformed lists of the William and Sarah, 1727. Church R egister, Hilsbach-Weiler ). H e was the son [According to the William and Mary College Quar­ of Hans an:d Margaretha Frey and was by trade a terly, IX :2 (O ctober 1900), reprinted in The Penn­ cartwright. H e married (Reformed Church R egister, sylvania-German, IX (1908), 421, Adam Miller was Hilsbach-Weil er ), July 17, 1709, at Weil er, Anna Maria naturalized in Virginia M arch 13, 1741-1742. In the Peter, from Eppingen. Their children, born before the naturalization paper, dated at William burg and signed emigration, were as follows: by Lieutenant Governor William Gooch, he is described 1. Conrad, baptized at Weil er, M arch 10, 1715. as "Adam Miller born at Shresoin [SchriesheimJ in 2. Gottfried, baptized at Weil er, August 4, 1721. Germany having Settled a nd Inhabited for fifteen years 3. Anna Maria, bapti zed at Weiler, December 16, 1722. past on Shenandoa in this Colony". According to the commentary, the paper "proves beyond a doubt that T obias Frey, with Martin Frey a nd Philip Ziegler, Adam Miller was the first white man to build on this other emigrants of 1727, settled in York County, Penn­ side of the Blue Ridge, as he came in 1726 [1727]. sylvania, where they petitioned relative to the land The Hites came to Winchester in 1732; the Lewises disputes of 17 36 (Gibson, Y ork Count)l, p. 602 ). Martin Frey, son of T obias Frey, married Maria M ag­ settled near Staunton also in 1732; so Adam Miller dalena Willhaut, daughter of Fre,derich Willhaut, from was the first white settler in the v.all ey of the Shen­ over the Susquehanna, on April 15, 1735 (Trinity andoah, as this old naturalization paper proves; and Lutheran Church, Lancaster, M arriage R ecords, 17 31- the land on which he located is still in possession of 1850, State Library, H arrisburg). his descendants" . The material was sent in by Lizzie Martin Frey (died 17 39), who had settled on the B. Miller, Elkton, Virginia, copied from the original northeastern section of what is now York, Pennsylvania, in her possession. as early as 1734, also had a son T obias (Gibson, Y ork For Adam Miller, see also F. B. K egley, K egley's County, p. 514). V irginia Frontier: The Beginning of the Southwest,' The R oanoke of Colonial Days, ]740-]783 (Roanoke, Frysville, Windsor Township, York County, is named Virginia : The Southwest Virginia Historical Society, for the family (Gibson, York County, p. 725 ) .J 1938 ), pp. 22-23.J 18 . JOHANN GEORG ZIEGLER, cabinetmaker, 20. RUDOLF WILCKE, citizen of Weiler, emigrant citizen of Weil er, emigrant of 1727, had to pay 126 florins 25 kreuzer emigration tax. H e appears as Hans of 1727, paid 57 fl orins 21 kreuzer emigration tax. His Georg Ziegler in the passenger lists of the Ship William name appears as R utolff W ellecker in the passenger and Sarah, 1727. lists of the W illiam and Sarah, 1727 . [According to records in the H eimatstelle Pfalz, Jo­ [According to records in the H eimatstelle Pfalz, Kais­ hann Georg (Hans Jerg) Ziegler, was born 1697, either erslautern, R udolf Wilcke was a baker and innkeeper, the son of Hans Martin Ziegler (July 28, 1697 ) or of born about 1690. H e was R eformed and m arried 17141 Christoph Ziegler (May 18, 1697 ) . H e married 17201 15 Elisabetha [---]. His emigration party consisted 21 Anna Maria [- --]. The family was Lutheran. of three persons. The emigration party numbered 3 persons. Children According to the R eformed Church R egister of Hils­ born before the emigration, as listed in the Lutheran bach-Weil er, Rudolph and Elisabeth Wilcke had four Church R egister, Sinsheim, are as follows: children baptized at Weil er: 1. Anna Barbara, born at Weiler July 28, 1722, 1. Johann Georg, baptized D ecember 15, 1715; baptized August 2. died. 2. Elisabeth, born at Weil er July 11 , 1724, ba p­ 2. Anna Margaretha, baptized O ctober 27 , 1718. tized July 13. 3. Johann Gottfried, baptized M a rch 6, 1721. 3. Johann Ludwig, born at Weil er D ecember 15, 4. Johann Georg, baptized July 29, 1723, died 1726, baptized D ecember 18. Febru ary 1, 1724 (?). John George Ziegler, emigrant of 1727, was a mem­ Rudolph Wileke apparently joined other Weil er ber of the Lutheran Church, York, Pennsylvania, 1733 emigrants in settling in York County, Pennsylvania (see (Gibson, York County, p. 525 ). John George Ziegeler No. 16, above) .J 22 21. PHILIP RUDISILLE. In the case of Philip Sheely Weiser, The T anger-Metzger Genealogy (Gettys­ Rudisille, citize n of Weiler, emigrant of 1727, it was burg: Privately printed, 1955), pp. 8-9.J noted that his father-in-law, Geo rg Philij)j) Schopf, had 22 . JERG PETER, citizen of Weil er, emigrant of taken over for his own use what had been sold. The 1727, had to pay 27 florins, 34 kreuzer emigration tax. emigrant appears as Philip Rutschly in the passenger His name appears as J erg Petter in the passenger lists lists of the William and Sarah, 1727 . of the William and Sarah, 1727. [According to records in the H eim atstell e Pfalz, [According to records of the H eimatstelle Pfalz, K ais­ Kaiserslautern, Philip/) Rudisille was born in Michelfeld, erslautern, Hans Jerg Peter, born circa 1690, Reformed, Kreis Sinshcim, September 24, 1697, son of Johann married (1) A nna Barbara [---J, buried at Weil er, Jaco b and Cleo phe (Neff) Rudisille, of Miehelfeld. The J anuary 19, 1726, aged 32 years; (2) J anuary 7, 1727, famil y was originall y from Switzerl and, where the name at Weil er am Steinsberg (R eformed Church R egister, wa spell ed Rii.disii.hli. Philipp R udisille was a tailor Hilsbach ), Margaret ha Bohler ( Bii.ller, Biehler), from by trade. On April 14, 1722, at Weil er am Steinsberg, R eihen, daughter of Johann and Anna Barbara Bohler he married Anna Maria Schopf, daughter of Georg of R eih en, baptized July 24, 1701 (Reformed ) at R ei­ Philipp Schopf and his second wife Anna Maria. Schopf hen, Kreis Sinsheim. The emigration party consisted was village mayor [S chultheissJ for the Venningen gov­ of "2 Y2" persons. Included was a son of the first ernment, was baptized at \"'eil er October 15, 1656, and marri age, R udolph, baptized at Weiler (R eformed ), buried there March 29, 1742. Anna Maria Schopf, his October 25, 1722.J daughter, was baptized (R eformed ) ovember 3, 1702, and confirmed in 1715 (Lutheran Church R egister, 23. ERNST RUDI, citize n of Weil er, emigrant of Sinsheim ) . The Lutheran Church Register of Sinsheim 172 7, paid 18 florins 47 kreuzer emigration tax. His lists the following children born before the emigration: name appears as Hans Ernst R udi in the passenger 1. Georg Philipp, born at Weiler March 30, 1723, lists of the William and Sarah, 1727. baptized April 1, 1723. [According to records of the H eimatstell e Pfalz, K ais­ 2. Georg Philipp, born at Weiler, August 18, 1725, erslau tern, Hans Ernst R udi, son of H ans Conrad Rudi, baptized August 19. Both of these appear to cooper, of Weiler, and his wife Anna Maria, nee Schopf, have died in infancy. was baptized in Weiler February 5, 1682. H e married, The Rudisills have proliferated through Lancaster, January 25, 1707, in Hilsbach (R eformed Church Reg­ York, and Lebanon Counties, Pennsylvania, and West­ ister of Hilsbach-Weiler ) , Anna Catharina Doll, of Hils­ ern Maryland. bach, daughter of the Attorney Doll. Philipp R udiesile married Susanna Beyer, of Cones­ In the same ship lists appears the name of Johann toga, October 27, 1734 (Stoever R ecords, p. 54) . Philip Dietrich R udi, born J anuary 1, 1702, at R eihen, Kreis R udysil, of Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Sinsheim , son of Sebastian and Anna M argaretha Rudi. made his will September 3, 1755, probated November Dietrich Rudi settled first in Germantown, Pennsylva nia, 11, 1755. Executors were Adam Simon Kuhn and in 1737 was in Upper Salford, Philadelphia (now Michael Immel. His wife's name was Susanna, and his Montgomery ) County, then to R ockhill, Bucks County, children were (1) Michael, (2) Susanna, and (3) and finally settled at Indian Creek. See Price, History Catharine. Philip Rudesill is also found in Lebanon of Christ R eformed Church at Indian Creek, p . 67. Township, 1755 (Egle, Lebanon County, p. 130) , and Other early Rudi emigrants included (1) Bastian the records of the Hill Church, Lebanon County, list Rudi, born at R eihen, Kreis Sinsheim, D ecember 21, children of his baptized 1749-1756. Among the early 1708, baptized the 23rd, son of Dietrich and Anna members of the family in York County was W eirich (Schuch) Rudi, arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Rudiesiel, of Codorus, whose daughter Anna Johanna Plaisance, September 21, 1732; and (2) Hans Conrad was baptized M ay 17, 1741; sponsors Ja co b .ottinger Rudi, born August 5, 1683, a t Diihren, son of Hans and Ana Johanna Igsin [Ickes?J (Sto ever R ecords, p. Rudi from Frenkendorf, Canton Basel, Switzerland, 17 ) . A descendant of the York County branch of the a nd his wife Anna Dorothea Bender, nee Lang (H eim­ family, Abraham Rudisill, was responsible for one of atstelle Pfalz ) . According to the church registers of the earliest printed Pennsylvania German genealogies, Diihren Hans Conr~d Rudi went to the New Land Minutes of the Centennial Celebration, held by the before 1747 (H eimatstelle Pfalz).J descendants of the Elder Mathias Smyser, May 3rd, 24. MICHAEL PFAUZ. An entry in the admin­ 1845, on the farm of Samuel Smyser, in W est M an­ istrative protocols [Amts- und Gerichtsprotoco llJ of chester Township, York County, Pennsylvania (Carlisle: Diihren (Generall andesarchiv K arlsruhe, Abt. 61, No. Abraham Rudisill, 1852 ) . 5552) treats the handing over of a legacy of 549 florins For additional materials on Philip Rudisill, with 11 kreuzer, which Michael Pfauz of Rohrbach bei details on his children born in America, see Frederick Diihren, "now in Pennsylv.ania" [nunmehr in Pensilva-

23 nien befindlich], had made to his deceased brother-in­ near Little Pipe Creek, and in 1772 went on to North law Iaco b Jvl iihlhauser in Steinsfurt, of which two rel­ Carolina. Two brothers of Andreas preceded him to atives at Steinsfurt and at R ohrbach had each taken America, Johannes, on the M ortonhouse in 1728, and half into custody. Michael Plauz desired that the leg­ Christian, on the D raaon, 17 32. For the Huber-Pfautz acy be transferred to his brother Andreas Pfauz. The family, see Hulda Hoover M cLean, Genealogy of the Electoral Palatine Government directed that a relative, H erbert H oover FamilJI (Stanford, University: Th(" Martin Ludwig's widow at Steinsfurt, should transfer H oover I n titute on War, R evolu tion and Peace, her share in the said legacy to A ndre·as Pfauz. The 1967), Hoover Institute Bibliographical Serie, XXX. document is dated at Sinsheim, March 6, 1737. A daughter of Andrew H oover, Elizabeth, born circa H ans Michael Plautz appears in the passenger lists 1751 , married D avid Fouts ( Phouts) and emigrated of the Ship William and Sarah, 1727. to Ohio in 1801.J [According to records in the H eimat telle Pfalz, K ais­ 25. JOHA GEORG SCHWAB. According to erslautern, H ans M ichael Pfautz, son of Hans Michael family tradition, Johann Georg Schwab, emigrant of Pfautz, village mayor [Schultheiss], was born about 1727, came from Wiesloch near H eidelberg, where he 1680/ 1682, at R ohrbach, Kreis Sinsheim. H e was the was a baker. His name also appears in th passenger innkeeper of the Tree Inn [B aumwirtJ at Rohrbach, li sts of the W illiam and Sarah, 1727. and was married on February 10, 1702, at Steinsfurt, [This emigrant, along with some of the Zi eglers, (Church Register, R ohrbach ) to Ursula Miihlenhiiuser Spanglers, and Rudisill s, who .arrived on the same ship, of Steinsfurt, Reformed, daughter of H ans Jacob Miih­ settled in York County, Pennsylvania (Gibso n, York lenhiiuser of Steinsfurt. The emigra ti on party consisted County, p. 525) . H e was one of the organizers of of five perso ns. On M arch 22 , 1727, Michael Plautz Christ Lutheran Church in York, 17 33 . H e was named sold his property [Haus, H of u. A cker] for 650 fl orins one of His M ajesty's Justices of the Peace for the Coun­ to the beerbrewer Hans Adam Tracken at Neckar­ ty of Lancaster, August 29, 1746, and reappoin ted in gemi.ind. 1749 when York County was set off from Lancaster. H ans Michael Pfautz settled in "Conestoga," i. e., H e is described as a "principal inhabitant". H e died Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. In 1737 his children in 1757. numbered six: (1) Hans Michael, (2) Hans Jaco b, Edwin Swo jJ e, Box 155, M ansfield, Missouri, USA (3) Johannes, (4) Andreas, (5) A nna Margaretha 65704, is working on the Swope (Schwab, Schwob) Wiederer, and (6 ) Anna Barbara W eller. Pfautz's family records in the Protestant church registers of V alley in Perry County, on the west side of the Sus­ Di.ihren (Baden) and Leimen/ Walldorf (Baden ) . H e quehanna, is named for this family. has found that H ans Jorg S chwab was born July 19, For the descendants of Michael Pfautz, see John 1682, at Di.ihren, son of Jost and Anna Catharina Eby Pfautz, A Family R ecord of John M ichael Pfautz, ( W olffhart) S chwab. Jost S chwab was the son of Georg A Native of Switzerla n.d, Europe, who emigrated from Schwab, citizen of Sinsheim, and married A nna Cath­ the Palatinate to Ame.,ica, ab out the year 1707 [si cJ arina, daughter of Hans Jorg W olffhart, of Di.ihren, and His Posterity down to the year 1880 (Lancaster: M ay 17, 1681 , .at Dlihren. Hans Georg S chwab had a John Baer's Sons, 1881 ) . John Eby Pfautz was mis­ son Johann Georg, born O ctober 5, 1705, at Wiesloch, taken as to the date of his ances tor's emigration. who died in America M arch 30, 1780, in Paradise Township, York County, Pennsylvania. Hans Georg Other members of the family were found in Frederi ck S chwab, Sr., said to be one of the founders of the town Township, Philadelphia (now Montgomery ) County, of York, Pennsylvania, died there in 1759. prior to 1734; Jacob Fauts, 100 acres, and Baltus Fauts, A recent volume on the Swope genealogy, Emily 100 acres (Rupp, p. 472). Anna Barbara Plautz, of Swope Morse and Winfred Morse M cLachlan, co­ Leacock, married Jaco b H eller, June 25, 1734 (Stoever authors, The Swope Family Book of R em embrance: R ecords, p. 54). David Pfautz w.as carpenter in Lan­ A History of the .origins of the First S chwab, Schwob, caster, 1761 (Hocker, p. 97) . President Hoover's em ­ igrant ancestor, Andreas Huber, married a Pfautz from Lancaster County. Andreas Huber, born J anuary 23, 1723, at Ellerstadt in the Palatinate, from a family originally from Canton Aargau, Switzerland, came t~ Pennsylvania on the Ship T wo Sisters, arriving at Phil­ adelphia September 9, 17 38. H e settled in Lancaster County and m arried Margaret Pfautz circa 1745. M ar­ garet Pfautz was said to be a dau ghter of M ichael Pfautz, emigrant of 1727. In 1746 Andreas and Mar­ garet Huber removed to Carroll County, M aryl and, 24 )wo pe Families in Early Lancaster County, Pennsylva­ a daughter of Johann M ichael L utz (PGS, XXVIII, nia, and Som e of Their Descendants (Provo, Utah : J. 277 ) . They had a daughter Elisabetha Barbara, bap­ T heron Smith, 1972 ), 2 volumes bound in one, besides tized by John Peter M iller, June 4, 1732; sponsor, Anna being a model of genealogical research for one Penn­ Barbara, daughter of K aspar K amm (PGS, XVIII, sylvani a German clan, contains all the basic Schwab­ 278 ) ; and a so n Georg Peter, baptized May 9, 1736, by Schwob materi als from the church registers of the Pastor Goetschy (I bid., p. 28 t ) . His residence was in Neckar Vall ey. Part I (1282 pages) deals with the H anover T ownshi p, Philadelphia (now Montgomery) descendants of Jacob S chwob, of Bennwil , Bascll and, Coun ty. H e built the oldest gristmill on the upper Swi tzerland, who settled in what is now Lebanon Perkiomen in 1739 (Bean, M ontgomer)1 County, p. County in 1749. Volume II (pp. 1283 -1 39 7) presents 1105 ) . Hillegassvill e in Upper H anover T ownship is material on Jost Schwab ( 1656- 1727 ) of Leimen, who named for the famil y. A descendant founded the re­ settled in Leacock Township, Chester (now Lancaster ) gional news paper, T own and Country, in Pennsburg, County, in 1720. From this it appears that the Johann in 1874. Georg S chwab, emigrant of 1727, was the oldest son A nephew of Frederick H illegass, M ichael H illegass of Jost Schwab. A daughter of Jost Schwab and sister ( 1729-1 804), was a di stingui shed Philadel phia merch­ of the 1727 emigrant, A nna Elisabeth S chwab ( 1692- ant, revolutionary leader, and first Treasurer of the 1761 ), married in 1712 Johann Eberhardt R iehm (1 687- United States. For his career, see the Dictionary of 1779), of Leimen, founder of R eam town in Lancaster A merican Biography, IX , 51-52; also Emma St. Clair County. Another daughter of Jost, A nna Maria Schwab W hi tney, M ichael H illegass and H is Descendants (Potts­ (born 1698), married in 171 9 A ndre as M eixell, widower vi ll e: M . E. Mill er, 1891) . of Leimen. T he Meixells probably came to Ameri ca Fre derick H illegass died in 1759 ; his wi ll is dated with her parents in 1720. A ndreas M eixell of Donegal J une 25, 1759. His widow, Elizabeth Barbara, died T ownship, Lancaster County, made his wi ll October M ay 4, 1759 (Schulze, I, 237: " Old Hillegassin died 25, 1735, probated March 3, 1740. on M ay 4th and was buried on the 6th". The Morse-McLachl an volume contains fu ll genea­ Materials in the D otterer Collection, H istorical Soci­ logical accounts of the German famil ies that married ety of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, indicate that the into the Schwab-Schwob ances try, particula rl y the W ol­ "Hill engass" family was origin all y from "Schanheim fahrt- W olfhardt famil y of Waibli ngen on the Neckar am Eberbach" in Baden.] in Wurttemberg. An earlier genealogy, Gilbert Ernest Swope, H istory of the Swope Family and their Con­ EM IGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1732 nections, 1678-1 896 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania : T.B. and H.B. Cochran, 1896) is still useful although super­ 27. CONRAD HILDENBRAND, JR., citizen of seded in many details by Morse-M e Lachlan.] Weil er, was reported, with others, on M.ay 7, 17 32, as "intending to go to the island of Pennsylvania" 26 . J OHAN FRIDERICH HILLIGASS. Johann FrideTich H illigass, em igrant of 1727, probably came [in die I nsulam Pensylvaniam zu ziehen gesonnen]. H e left after sale of property .and payment of debts and from the city of Sinsheim, where the rather rare fam il y name of Hilligass is to be found in the Protestant the tithe ( 10. Pfennig) emigration taxes. Conrad H ildenbrandt, with his family, arrived at church registers.. H e appears among the passenger Philadephia on the Ship Pleasant, October 11 , 1732. lists of the W illiam and Sarah, 172 7. H e is listed as "sick," and his age is given .as 34. With [For John Frederick H illegass (1685-1765 ), see The Pennsylvania Magazine, XVIII (1894), 85-89 ; and The him in the ship lists were the S penglers (Nos. 29, 32), Johannes K eller (see N o. 28) , and Georg Michel Favian Perkiom en R egion, I (1895 ), 50-5 l. FTe derick H illegass and wife are mentioned as earl y as 17 31 in the registers (see Joseph Fabian, N o. 41, below) . [According to records in the H eimatstelle Pfalz, of the New Goshenhoppen Reformed C hurch, where K aiserslautern, Conrad Hildenbrand was born Febru­ they were sponso rs to a daughter of Philif) L abaar and ary 12, 1699, at Weiler am Steinsberg, son of the shoemaker Conrad Hildenbrandt, who was born 1671 in Melsungen in H essen and died at Weiler after 1740. Conrad, Jr. , was by trade a shoemaker, and married 1720/1 721 S usanna [--]. Conrad H ildenbrandt, Sr., was married (1) circa 1698, to A nna Elisab etha Barther, baptized at W eiler July 11 , 1660, died at Weiler September 9, 1701 ; View of Sins­ heim, from Mer­ (2) December 7, 1702 (Weil er, R eformed Church Reg­ ian ~ Topogra­ ister ) A nna Eva Brenneisen (born at H eidelberg 1677, phia Germaniae. died at Weiler, June 13, 1740 ); and (3) O ctober 18, 25 1740 (Weil er, Reformed Church Register), Francisca 32. BAL TZAR SPENGLER is listed with other cit­ Catharina Sauter, born at Schonau. izens of Weil er in a document dated May 7, 1732, as The emigrant, Conra.d H ildenbrandt, Jr., had the "intending to go to the island of Pennsylvania" [in die fo ll owing children before emigration (Reformed Church I nsulam Pensylvaniam zu ziehen gesonnen]. H e left Register, Weiler ) : ' after sale of property and payment of debts and the 1. Barbara, baptized at Weil er, April 16, 1722. tithe (10. Pfennig) emigration taxes .. 2. Georg M ichael, bapti zed at Weiler, October 1, Balzer Spengler, aged 24, arrived at Philadelphia on 1724. the Ship Pleasant, October 11 , 17 32 (List 27 A-C ). 3. Hans Georg, baptized at Weil er, J anuary 19, 1729.] With him were listed Jerg Spengler, aged 31 (No. 29, above); H enrich Spengler, aged 26 ; and other Weiler 28. MARTIN KELLER'S WIDOW. The widow of names (see Nos. 27-28, above) . For information on Martin K eller is listed among other citizens of Weil er, Balzer Spengler's famil y, see No. 16, above. in a document dated May 7, 1732, as "intending to go to the island of Pennsylvania" [in die Insulam Pen­ EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1737 sylvaniam zu ziehen gesonnen]. She left after sale of 33 . CHRIST AN EWIG, of Wilhelmsfeld , was per­ property and payment of debts and the tithe ( 10. mitted in 17 37, on payment of 50 fl orins manumission Pfennig) emigration taxes. tax, to go with his wife and three children "to the [Margaret K eller, widow of Martin K eller, made a island of Pennsylvania" [in die I nsul Pensilvaniam will dated August 4, 17 37, probated October 14, 17 37, ziehen] (Protocol 6183, pp. 462 , 478, 527 ). at Lancaster. Executor was Charles K eller, and the [Christian Ewig had 300 acres in Cumberland County, children named were ( 1) John, (2 ) Mary wife of surveyed February 27 , 1755 (Pennsylvania Archives, George Sevic, and (3) Charles. One Martin K oeller 3d Ser. XXIV, 669 ) . On December 29, 1756, Christian was married on April 19, 17 37, to Magdalena L eitner, Ewig was married to Anna Magdalena S chmidt, of of Leacock (Stoever R ecords, p. 55 ) . Warwick, Lancaster County (Stoever R ecords, p. 66 ) . Johannes K eller, aged 32, .appears among the pas­ A Christi-an E wy is listed in Warwick T ownship, Lan­ sengers of the Ship Pleasant, arriving at Philadelphia, caster County, 1756 (Hocker, p. 57 ), and a George October 11 , 1732. (List 27 A-C ), with the Spenglers Ewy in Bethel Township, Northampton County, 1757 (Nos. 29, 32) and Com-ad Hildenbrand (No. 27 ) , all (Hocker, p. 67 ) . Nicholas Ewig, from Wachtersbach, of Weiler.] aged 73, was buried by Michael Schlatter, M arch 29, 29. HANS GEORG SPENGLER. Hans Georg 1748 (First Reformed Church, Philadelphia, Hinke Spengler is listed with other citizens of Weil er in a Collection ) . Some confusion exists between the spell- document dated May 7, 1732, as "intending to go ing "Ewy" and the Lancaster County Swiss-Mennonite to the island of Pennsylvania" [in die I nsulam Pen­ name Eby (Aebi), which is a different name.] sylvaniam zu ziehen gesonnen]. He left after sale of 34. CASPAR WEDEL, of Wieblingen (today H eid­ property and payment of debts and the tithe (10. elberg-Wieblingen ) was permitted in 17 37 to emigrate Pfennig) emigration taxes. to the New Land [in das- N eue Land] on payment of Jerg Spengler, aged 31, arrived at Philadelphia on an emigration tax of 9 florins, 54 kreuzer (Protocol the Ship Pleasant, October 11 , 17 32 (List 27 A-C ). 6183, p. 554). Caspar W edel is probably identical with With him were listed Balzer Spengler (No. 32, below), the Caspar W endell (Wendel, W endle) who was listed aged 24 ; H enrich Spengler, aged 26 ; and other Weiler as sick on arrival at Philadelphia on the Billender names (see Nos. 27-28, above). For information on T ownshend, October 5, 1737 (List 48 A-C ) . J erg Spengler's family, see No. 16, above. [For other Wedel emigrants, see No.3 above.] 30. HANS PETER, JR. Hans Peter, Jr., is listed EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1738 with other citizens of Weiler in a document dated 35. JOHANN GEORG ARNOLD. In 1738 Johann May 7, 1732, as "intending to go to the island of Georg Arnold of Zuzenhausen (Kreis Sinsheim ) re­ Pennsylvania" [in die Insulam Pensylvaniam zu ziehen ceived permission to emigrate to America with his wife gesonnen]. He left after sale of property and payment and children, on payment of 10 florins manumission of debts and the tithe (10. Pfennig) emigration taxes. tax (Abkaufschilling) (Protocol 6184, p. 366). 31. BASTIAN KELLER'S WIDOW. Bastian K el-' Johann Gorg Arnold, aged 34, arrived at Philadel­ ler's widow is listed with other citizens of Weiler in a phia on the Ship Elizab eth, October 30, 1738 (List 64 document dated May 7, 1732, as "intending to go to A-C). the isl and of Pennsylvania" [in die Ins-ulam Pensylva­ Uohann Georg Arnold was born September 4, 1712, niam zu ziehen gesonnen]. She left after sale of prop­ at Zuzenhausen, Kreis Sinsheim, son of Hans Adam erty and payment of debts and the tithe (10. Pfennig) a nd Maria Barbara Arnold. H e died 1768, in Frederick, emigration taxes. Maryland. At the time of his death he owned eight 26 farms in Western Maryland. His wives' names were Thi was possibly the Johans H erb el, \ ho arrived Anna Maria and Catharina. A son, Samuel, born about at Philadelphia September 6, 1730, on the Ship Alex­ 1734, settled in H ampshire County, [Wes t] Virginia, in ander and A nne (List 12 B-C ) . In addition a Johann 1785 (H eim atstell e Pfalz ).] Peter Herb el arrived in 1741, a Johann Gorg H arpel 36. JOHANN LEO HARD OTZ. In 1738 Jo- in 1749, and a Jeremias H orpell in 1754. hann L eonhard Notz of Zuzen hause n, was permitted [J ohannes H erpel of the Trappe is mentioned in to emigrate, on payment of 28 florins (Protocol 6184, Sower's newspaper, D ecember 16, 1754: " Johannes p. 367 ). L enhart N otz, aged 38, arrived at Philadel­ H er/J el, Trappe, New Providence T ownship, Philadel­ phia on the Ship T wo Sisters, September 9, 1738, with phia (now Montgomery ) County, advertises that his wife Oatharina N otz, aged 37, and daughter Dorothv German servant, Bernhard Z immermann, 17, ran away" N otz, aged 4 (List 54 A-C ) . (Hocker, p. 46 ) . Other representati ves of the name [L eonard Notz, of Lancaster Borough, wrote his will are Johann Peter H erpel, at Oley, 1752 (H ocker, p. October 11 , 1757, probated J anuary 17, 1758. His 36) , and Peter and Ludwig H erbel, St. Luke's Re­ wife's name was Catharine. His executors were Caspar formed Church, Trappe, 1761 (GSP) . Th!' name is Shaffner and William Bowsman. His children were spell ed Harpel after 1800 in the New H anover Luth­ (1 ) Dorothea, wife of Christian K inder, (2) M ichael, eran Church Records (PGS, XX, 255).] (3) Margaret, (4) L eonard, (5 )Jaco b, (6) Elizab eth, EMIGRANTS O F THE YEA R 1741 and (7) John. 39. VALENTI ZWEISIG (ZWEISSIG) . Valentin In the Salem Lutheran Records, Lebanon (State Z weisig of Mauer (Kreis H eidelberg) was permitted Library) is the death record of Anna Dorothea Gii.n­ in 1741 to emigrate to America with wife and four ther nee N otz, August 31, 1799, aged 65 years, 4 months, children, on payment of 3 florins 30 kreuze r (Protocol and 4 days . According to this she was born April 25, 6187, pp. 812, 81 3, 864 ). Valdin Zweisig, aged 49, 1734, in the Durlach territory (now in Baden ), and arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship M olly, October came with her parents, L eonard N otz and wife, to 16, 1741 (List 87 A-C ) . He was accompanied by Pennsylvania in her fifth year. In 1752 she married Diterich Shweyzig, aged 24, and Bernhart Switzig, aged Christian Gunther, who died circa 1785. See also Egle, 16. O ther emigrants from Mauer arrived on the same L ebanon County, p. 345.] ship (See Nos. 40 and 41 , below) . 37. JOHANNES ROEHRER. In 1738 Johannes [B ernhard Z witzig is listed as resident of Longswamp R ohrer, of Mauer (Kreis H eidelberg), was permitted Townshi p, Berks County, in 1759 (Montgomery, Berks to emigrate to America with wife and children, on County, p. 1049 ) . Bernhard Z weitzig and wife Mar­ payment of 10 florins (Protocol 6184, p. 403). Johan­ cretha are sponsors to Bernhard Roemer, baptized nes R ohrer and Johann Gottfried R ohrer arrived at October 2, 1760 (Christ Church, Bieber Creek Church, Philadelphia on the Ship R obert and Alice, September near D ryvi ll e, Berks County, GSP) . Bernhardt (Ber­ 11 , 1738 (List 55 A-C ) . nard) Z weizig (and other spellings) was listed as res­ [J ohannes Rohrer was born about 1686, so that Gott­ id ent of Windso r Township, Berks County, 1767, 1779, fried was probably his son. Gottfried R ohrer ( R ehrer) 1780, 1781 , 1784, 1785 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. was born May 3, 1718, and died July 27, 1800, aged XVIII, 47 , 298, 427, 555, 688, 814) . See also Conrad 82 years, 2 months. In 1745 he married Magdalena Lang (No. 60 ), below.] Etschberger, born September 18, 1724, died July 12, 40. MICHAEL MILLER. In 1741 Michael Miller, 1810, aged 85 years, 10 months, 6 days. They settled of Mauer (Kreis H eidelberg), was permitted to em­ in Altalaha, Pennsylvania, now R ehrersburg. See Bross­ igrate to America with his wife and five children, on man, Our K eystone Families, Nos. 159/ 160, 161/162. payment of 6 florins emigration tax (Protocol 6187, For Gottfried Rohrer's children, see Stoever R ecords, pp. 813, 814). Michael Miller, .aged 60, arrived at p. 39.] Philadelphia on the Ship M olly, October - 16, 1741 EMIGRANTS OF THE YEA R 17 39 (List 87 A-C ) . H e was the second to sign the em­ 38. JOHA NES HOERPEL. In 1739 the El ectoral igrant list in Philadelphia, after Jose ph Fabion, which Palatine Government allowed Johannes H arpel, of may mean that he was one of the leaders of the Neckarelz, who had emigrated without permission, to emigration party. H e was accompanied by others from transfer the properties he had received from his Mauer, the Z weizigs (No. 39, above), and his son-in­ parents-in-law at Neckarelz to the church there, up law, Joseph Fabian (No. 41 , below) . to a small remainder of 100 florins, which he could 4l. JOSEPH FABIAN. Of Joseph Fabian of Mauer apply to his return journey. The properties of the (Kreis H eidelberg ), there is in the protocols only a emigrant himself, because of ill egal emigration, had request for emigration indicated (Protocol 6187, p. been confiscated by the treasury (Protocol 8095, p . 811), but he landed at Philadelphia as Joseph Fabion, 473 ) . aged 41, on the same ship with the Zweisigs (No. 39, 27 The Joseph Fabian house in Mauer. This is the dwelling left by the emigrant when he came to Pennsylvania in 1741. Photograph by Monroe H. Fabian, 1971.

Inscription-stone above main door on Fabian house. Monroe H. Fabian photograph, 1971

above) and Michael Miller (No. 40, above), both from son appears to be Johann Valentin, preceded by two Mauer. Since his name appears first on the list he may sons of the same name who died in infancy. have been a leader of the group. Joseph Fabion first appears in the Goshenhoppen [Hans Joseph Fabian was born at Mauer, March 4, Reformed records on September 4, 1742, when he was 1700, son of Hans Jacob Fabian. Sponsor at his baptism sponsor at the baptism of Jo seph, son of Georg Michael was Joseph Ritss, cooper, of Dielheim. On February 20, Kolb. 1719, Joseph Fabian married Maria Dorothea Muller. Another Joseph Fabian is mentioned in Sower's news­ Her father was probably the Michael Muller who paper, April 16, 1749: "Joseph Fabian, 15 years old, seems to be the co-leader of the group that arrived has been indentured to a trade three times by his guard­ aboard the Molly (No. 40, above) . This Michael Mul-· ian, Georg Welcker, Goshenhoppen [Montgomery Coun­ l e~ was the son of Dietrich Muller who was born (or ty], but he ran away each time" (Hocker, p. 13 ). baptized ) at Mauer, April 7, 1678. Joseph Fabian had Michael Fabian preceded Joseph in emigration, ar­ at least one brother, Hans Michael Fabian, born at riving as Michael Favon, sick, aged 30, or Jarrick Michr Mauer August 23, 1695, son of Hans Jacob Fabian. Fa von (Georg Michel Favian), aged 23, on the Ship Joseph and Maria Dorothea (Muller) Fabian had Pleasant, October 11, 1732 (List 27 A-C ). According several children before emigration. The one surviving to William John Hinke, A History of the Goshenhoppen 28 R eformed Charge, M ontgomery County, Pennsylvania EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1742 (1727-1 819) (Lancaster, 1920), M ichael Fabion was a 44. CHRISTOPH GEISTER (GEl ER?) . In the member of the church under Pastor John H enry Goets­ year 1742 Christoph Geister ( Geiser?) of Eschelbronn chy. Three children are listed to Michael and Dorothea was released from vassalage in order to emigrate to Fabian : America (Protocol 6188, p. 560). As Christof Geiser 1. Anna Catharina, baptized by Goetschy June 20, he arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Francis and 1736; sponsors : Friedrich Nuz and wife Cath­ Elizabeth, September 21 , 1742 (List 94 B-C). anna. [One Chris. Geiser had land surveyed in 1769, in 2. Johan Caspar, baptized by Goetschy August 21 , 1737; sponsors: Johan Caspar Grisemer and what is now Montgomery County (Schulze, II, 258), his mother. probably the Christopher Geiser listed as taxpayer in 3. Anna Margreth, baptized by Goetschy Septem­ Marlborough Township, Philadelphia County, 1774 ber 24, 1740; sponsors: Anna Margaretha Dan­ (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XIV, 38 1) .] kelso 45. MICHAEL DANNER. Michael and Dieter The oldest surviving church register for the Evan­ Danner, of Walldorf, totall y impoverished brothers, who gelical parish at Mauer contains the records of the wanted to go to the New World in 1742, landed in death of a child of Hans Fabian on May 14, 1674. Philadelphia as Michel Danner and Dietrich Danner This is the earliest reference to the family in Mauer. on the Ship R obert and Alice, and took the oath of There is also a death record for Hanss Fabian, aged all egiance there September 24, 1742 (List 95 C ) . 62, October 5, 1683. On May 6, 1698, the death of [There were several Danner ( Tanner) families m Anna C. ( Zimmer) Fabian, wife of Hanss M ichel Pennsylvania and Maryland, and it is difficult to sort Fabian, is recorded. They were married April 2, 1695. them out without help from the genealogists of the The little volume edited by Albert H aaf, M eine family. Of the M ichael Danners, there were (1) H eimat: Mauer a. d. Elsenz (H eidelberg : Gutenberg Michael and Elisabeth Danner, who had a daughter Druckerei, for Gemeindeverwaltung M auer, 1961 ), de­ Catharina, baptized May 24, 1761 (Trinity Lutheran scribes the burning of the entire village of Mauer and Church, Lancaster, PGS, III, 239); (2) M ichel Danner the adjoining villages in the French war on August 10, and wife Eva, who had a son Johannes, baptized March 1689, and its rebuilding. After 1689 new families set­ 19, 1745 ; sponsors: Johannes Kranester and Maria tled here, Lutherans from Wlirttemberg, H ohenlohe Barbara (Lower Bermudian Church, Adams County, and Brandenburg, who took up citizenship. Later, in also York R eformed Records, Hinke Collection ); and the 18th Century, Catholics settled in M auer from (3) Michael Tanner, whose will was probated 1777, the Aschaffenburg area in the M ain Va ll ey and from in Frederick County, Maryland (Scharf, W estern M ary­ the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. land, I , 432).] In Pennsylvania the Fabi ans are found principall y 46. DIETER DANNER of Walldorf, was described in Montgomery and Bucks Counties. A descendant of in his application to emigrate, with his brother Michael Joseph Fabian, M onroe H. Fabian of Ql!akertown, Danner (No. 45, above) as "totally impoverished". now associate curator of the National Portrait Gall ery, H e arrived at Philadelphia on the R obert 'and Alice, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D .C., is historian and took the oath of allegiance there September 25, of the family and has furnished most of the data given 1742 (List 95 C ) . here.] [Of the Dieter ( Dietrich) Danners, there were (1) 42. JACOB HEZEL, of Schatthausen, made applica­ Dietrich Danner, listed as a founder of the Dover tion to go to America (Protocol 6187, p. 81 3), but his (Strayer's ) Church in Dover Township, York County name does not appear in the ship lists, so that it remains (Gibson, Y ork County, p. 675 ); (2) T eter Danner, whose uncertain whether he left his homeland. will was probated in 1768 in Frederick County, Mary­ [One Jaco b H etzel arrived at Philadelphia on the land (Scharf, W estern M aryl-and, I, 431); and (3) Ship N eptune, September 23, 1751 (List 171 C ); the obviously younger Dietrich Danner, yeoman, of another on the Polly, August 24, 1765 (List 253 C ), Macungie Township, Northampton County, whose will with Johann Georg Schneck, of Schatthausen (No. 138, was probated in 1792 in Northampton County, but below) . with children under the age of 15.] A later Jaco b H etzel had children baptized at the Tohickon Lutheran Church (PGS, XXXI [1920], 385, 390). H enry Hetzel was schoolmaster at Muddy Creek, EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1743 Lancaster County, in 1764.] 47. CASPAR HAUCK. In the year 1743 Caspar 43. JACOB MUELLER, of Wiesloch, cooper, was Hauck of H elmstadt was permitted to leave for the permitted in 1741, with the recommendation of the "Island of Pennsylvania" [Insul Pensilvanien] (Protocol Wiesloch city council, to go to the New Land (Protocol 6189, pp. 666, 781, 850. 6187, pp. 640, 700,. 713, 722 ). 48. DIETRICH MUELLER, of Zuzenhausen, baker, 29 was permitted in 1743 to emigrate with Jacob H offmann (No. 49, below), without payment of the usual taxes because of their poverty (Protocol 61 89, pp. 484, 528, 59 1, 622 ). 49. JACOB HOFFMANN, shoemaker, of Zuzenhau­ sen, was permitted to emigrate in 1743, along with

Dietrich Muller (No. 48, above), without paym ent of ... ~ ~- ,~ _ a- the usual taxes because of their poverty (Protocol 6189, - - 0' pp. 484, 528, 591, 622 ) . Possibly the Jacob H offman who arrived a t Philadelphia on the Ship R osannah, taking the oath of allegiance September 26, 1743 (List 100 A-C ). 50. ABRAHAM SCHWANN. In 1743 Abraham Schwann of Schries heim wanted to go to Pennsylvania (Protocol 6189, p. 559 ) . He did not appear in the ship lists. Did he come to America, perhaps arnvmg at another port than Philadelphia? 51. HIERONIMUS TRAUTMANN, of Schries­ heim, received permission to emigrate in 1743 after paymen t of the tithe ( 10. Pien nig) on his property which he was taking out of the country (Protocol 6189, pp. 485, 511 , 563, 585). In the same application Town Hall, were Johannes Tmutmann (No. 52, below), Bernhard Tubinger (No. 53, below), and Georg H offstatter (No. 54, below), all of Schriesheim. H yronimus T rauttman, aged 34, is listed with Bernhart Dubinger, a rriving at [entsc hlossen, m das neue Land Pennsylvanien zu Philadelphia on the Ship St. Andrew, October 7, 1743 ziehen ]. (List 103 A-C ). Hieronimus Trautmann settled in H eidelberg Town­ [According to records in the H eimatstell e Pfalz, ship, Lancaster (now Lebanon) County, in the vicinity Kaiserslautern, H ieronimus T rautmann, widower, mar­ of what is now Schaefferstown, joining his compatriots ried Ann-a Maria Schaffe r, November 24, 1737. She from Schriesheim, the Schaeff ers, Brec hts, and Besches. was born February 9, 1707, daughter of H ans H einrich H e is listed as a resident of H eidelberg T ownship in Schaffer, who was born at Schriesheim, September 17, 1752 (Egle, L ebanon County, p. 196 ). He was a mem­ 167 3, Reformed, son of the single Anna Margaretha ber of the Reformed Church. H e made his will October Karg, daughter of the citizen Hans Michel Karg. The 10, 1774, probated 1775. His wife's name is given as father was Hans Schaffer, cooper's apprentice from Anna Mary. His executors were John Shaffer and John Martin in Alsace. Hans H einrich Schaffer died at Brecht. His children were listed as George and Ann Schriesheim, March 13, 1746. He was married at (Lancaster County, Book X No. 2, p. 50) . Schriesheim November 21 , 1702, to A nna Mayer, Details on the Trautmanns in Schriesheim have been daughter of Hans V elten Mayer of H ohensachsen. furnished by Dr. H ermann Brunn, author of the new Anna Mayer was born at Hohensachsen July 12, 1681 , history of Schriesheim.] and died at Schriesheim August 23, 1761. 52. JOHANNES TRAUTMANN, brother of Hier­ Hieronimus T rautmann was born January 22, 1708, onimus Tr.autmann (No. 51, above) was born Decem­ son of Philipp Trautmann, citizen of Schriesheim, and ber 3, 1713. H e married at Leutershausen, May 1, wife Dorothea nee Buchacker. H e married (1) August 1742, Eva Elisab etha Bauer, daughter of Philipp Bauer., 11 , 17 32, Anna Margaretha Kruger, daughter of Jorg of Leutershausen. Like his brother H ieronimus, he was Nickel Kruger of Weinheim. Anna Margaretha (Kru­ .a "farmer and vinedresser, in poor circumstances," and ger) Trautmann died October 15, 1736, after the birth a member of the Reformed congregation of Schriesheim. of her third child. The brothers and their families occupied one house. H ieronimus Trautmann is referred to in the Palatine For details of the sale of property prior to emigration, records as "farmer and vinedresser, in poor circum­ see No. 51, above. stances" [Bau er und Winzer in armen V erhaltnissen ]. [J ok-ann es Trautmann settled in Lebanon County, H e and his brother Johannes (No. 52, below ) sold their Pennsylvania, where on August 6, 1749, his daughter properties on May 1, 1743, and on May 10, 1743 their M aria Elisabeth was baptized at MiIlbach Reformed house, "resolved to go to the new land Pennsylvania" Church; sponsors were Hieronimus Tmutmann and 30

I his wife Anna Maria (Hinke Collection ). This Traut­ with his wife and three children (Protocol 6190, p. 439) . man family also appears in the nearby Host Reformed 59. GEORG WELCKER, of Spechbach, was per­ Church, 1755-1757 (H inke Collection) . mitted in 1744 to emigrate to America, with his wife The American historian of the Trautmann (Trout­ and two children. man) fami ly is Schuyler C. Brossrrw.n, Box 43, Rehrers­ [What relation was this emigrant to the John George burg, Pennsylvania, USA 19550.] W elcker, who was a resident in Hanover Township, 53. BER HARD TUEBI GER (TIEBINGER, Philadelphia (now Montgomery ) County before 1734 IBINGER) . Bernhard Tilbinger, of Schriesheim, ap­ (Rupp, p. 474 ) , a nd member of the New Goshenhoppen plied for emigration in 1743 along with other citizens Reformed Church in 17 31 (Bean, Montgo mery County, of Schriesheim, H ieronimus Trautmann (No. 51 , p. 1108 ), when he had a daughter baptized (PGS, above), Johannes Tnautmann (No 52, above), and XXVIII, 274 ) ? The Schulze Diary gives us details of Georg H offstatter (No. 54, below ). H e was permitted the death of this early emigrant and his wife, M arch to emigrate upon payment of the tithe ( 10. Pfennig) on 1782 : "Old Mrs. Welker died on the 27th [of Febru­ the property that he took with him (Protocol 6189, ary] and was buried on March 1st. She was nearly 78 pp. 485, 511 , 563, 585 ) . Bernhart Dilbinger, aged 29, years old, less one month". On March 6, Schulze arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship St. Andrew, Octo­ "wrote old George Welker's will". And "Old H ans ber 7, 1743 (List 103 A-C ) . George Welker died at 3 o'clock in the afternoon on [What relation was this emigrant to Kilian Tilbinger the 8th and was buried on the 10th. He was 85 years (Duvinger, Dueffinger, Dibbinger) who arrived at Phil­ old (Schulze, II, 145-146) .J adelphia on the Ship Drago n, September 26, 1749, set­ 60. CONRAD LANG, of Spechbach, was permitted tling in York, where he was a member of the Reformed in 1744 to emigrate to America, with his wife and four Church, and resident of York Town, 1781 -1783 (Penn­ children. See also Georg W elcker of Spechb:lch (No. sylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXI, 328, 645, 663 ) , and 59, above ) . storekeeper in York 1783 (Gibson, York County, p. [The name Lang ( L ong) is so common that it is 51 7) .J almost impossible to identify this emigrant. H owever, 54. GEORG HOFFSTAETTER, of Schriesheim, ap­ it may be of value to note that Cunradt L ong and wife plied for emigration in 1743 along with other citize ns were sponsors to John Cunradt, so n of Christian Z wey­ of Schriesheim (Nos. 51 , 52, and 53, above) . H e was sich, of Northkill, now Berks County, on April 12, 1747 permitted to emigrate upon payment of the tithe (l0. (Stoever R ecords, p. 30 ) ; and again, Cunradt Lang Pfennig) on the property that he took with him (Pro­ and wife Barbara were sponsors to John Cunradt, son tocol 6189, pp. 485, 511, 563, 585 ) . of John Jacob Soerer of Atolhoe (Altalaha, i.e., Rehr­ [One George H uffstitter was a taxpayer in Lower ersburg), February 8, 1756 (Ibid., p. 33 ) . Conrad Darby Township, Chester County, 1781 (Pennsylvania Lang was from Spechbach and the Z weysichs and R oe­ Archives, 3d Ser. XII, 645 ) .J hrers were from the nearby town of Mauer. 55. MARTIN ZIEGLER, of Hilsbach, was permit­ Another Conrad Lang ( Lange), emigrant from Ger­ ted to emigrate to the new world in 1743 (Protocol many to Pennsylvania, evidently settled in North Ca r­ 6189, pp. 490, 528, 591, 756 ) , although his name does olina before the Revolution. See S. A. Ashe, ed. , not appear in the Philadelphia ship lists. Johann Wolff­ Biographical History of North Carolina (Greensboro, gang K ellermann (No. 56 ) of Hilsbach received per­ N. C., 1917 ), VIII, 286-291. A later Conrad L ong of mission at the same time. York County had children born 1771-1777 (William [Another Martin Z iegler, from "Malsem," Wilrttem­ Gabriel Long, History of the L ong Family of Pennsyl­ berg, is mentioned in the Staatsbote, Philadelphia, July vania [Huntington, West Virginia: Huntington Publish­ 28, 1772 (Hocker, p. 124) .J ing Company, 1930], p. 317 ).] 56. JOHANN WOLFFGANG KELLERMANN, of 61. ANNA MARIA (REGINA) HEYLMANN. In Hilsbach, single, was permitted in 1743 ( with Martin 1744 Anna Maria ( R egina) H eylmann, single, of Zuzen­ Ziegler of Hilsbach, o. 55, above ) to emigrate to the hausen, was permitted to emigrate to America. See New World, although his name does not appear 10 also Nos. 62-65 (Protocol 6190, pp. 442, 477, 484, the Philadelphia Ship Lists. Did he emigrate? 538) . E MIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1744 [Possibly she joined John A,dam H eilman in Lebanon 57. JOHANN ESAIAS STEIN, of Zuzenhausen, was (later North Annville) Township, Lebanon County, granted permission in 1744 to emigrate to America with Pennsylvania. He was one of the pioneers in the town­ his wife, a stepson, and three stepdaughters (Protocol ship, and one of the founders of the Hill Church (Berg­ 6190, pp. 355,431,444). kirche), where he was an elder as early as 1745. H e 58. JOHANN ADAM KREHEBUEHL, of Bam­ was baptized February 24, 171 5, at "Zutzenhallsen," menthal, was permiteed in 1744 to emigrate to America and died September 25, 1770, in Lebanon Township. 31 He was a son of John Jaco b H eilman (d. 1753), of V eit M eister had emigrated to America from H offen­ Zuzenhausen, who came to America in 17 32, settling heim in the year 1751, with wife and children. H e in what is now Lebanon County. John Adam H eil­ appears as V eit M eister, arriving at Philadelphia on man, Jr., married Maria Catharina Steger (1709-1787), the Ship Shirley, September 5, 1751 (List 163 C) . daughter of John Barnhard Steaer. For this family see [According to records in the H eim atstelle Pfalz, Egle, L ebanon County, pp. 226, 242.] Kaiserslautern, V ei [d] t M eister married, July 7, 1744, 62. GEORG KIRSCH, of Zuze nhausen, was permit­ at Hoffenheim ( ?), Kreis Sinsheim, A nna Elisabeth ted to emigrate to America in 1744, with his wife and K rafft, Reformed, born May 20, 1724, at H offenheim, two small children. See also Nos. 61 , 63-65, also from daughter of Hans Georg Krafft ( Crafft), born 1680. Zuzen hausen (Protocol 6190, pp. 442, 477, 484, 538 ) . Their children were as fo llows: [A later George Kirsch had a daughter baptized at 1. Georg Conrad, born April 5, 1746, at Hoffen­ Trinity Lutheran Church, Lancaster, 1792 (PGS, V, heim. 2. Elisabetha Margaretha, born October 1, 1748, 200 ) .] at Hoffenheim. 63 . ANNA DOROTHEA LICHT(N ) ER. In 1744· 3. Johann Jurg, born September 18, 1751, baptized A nna Dorothea, widow of Georg Licht(n)er, of Zuze n­ September 21 , 1751 , St. Michael's and Zion's hausen, was permitted to emigrate to America with her Lutheran Church, Phi ladelphia. 16-year-old son. See also Nos. 61-62, 64-65, also [rom With the Meisters emigrated the wife's stepbrother, Zuzenhausen (Protocol 6190, pp. 442, 477 , 484, 538). Johann Friederich Kraft, son of H ans Georg and Anna Uohann Georg L echner is listed as resident of T ulpe­ Margaretha (Pfeil) Krafft, born October 12, 17 30, at hocken in the period 1743 -1746 (Rupp, p. 466). Georg Hoffenheim, Kreis Sinsheim . H e was confirmed in L echner and wife were sponsors to Anna Margaretha, 1747. His name appears also among the passengers daughter of Stephan Cunradt, of Swatara, March 3, on the Ship Shirley.] 1751 (Stoever R ecords, p. 27 ) ; and George L ec hner and EMIGRA NTS OF THE YEAR 1747 A nna M argaret ha Lay, sponsors to Georg Philipp, so n 67. CHRISTIAN RUPP, of Daudenzell , a citi zen's of Stephan Cunradt of Swatara, December 17, 1752 so n released from military service, was permitted in (Stoever R ecor,ds, p. 27) .] 1747 to emigrate "to the new land" on payment of 64. JOHANN JACOB KIRSCH, of Zuzen hausen, the tithe amounting to 11 florins and in addition 2 was permitted to emigrate to America in 1744. At the florins 40 kreuzer emergency taxes (Protocol 6193, same time Georg K irsch and Conrad K irsc h received pp. 43 7, 464 ) . Christian R upp took the oath of permission, as well as other Zuzenhausen resid ents (Nos. all egiance at Philadelphia, arriving on the Ship R es­ 61 , 63) (Protocol 6190, pp. 442, 477, 484, 538). lauration, October 9, 1747 (List 11 4 C ) . Uaco b K irsh ( K ersh) was listed in Codorus Town­ [Two individuals bearing the name Christian Rupp ship, York County, Pennsylvania, 1779-1783 (Penn­ ( R ooj)) appear in Pennsylvania records about the time sylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXI, 79, 251, 465, 545, 705 ), of the Revolution. In Earl Township, Lancaster Coun­ and in Shrewsbury Township, York County, 1780, 1782, ty, Christian R upp ( R oop) appears with John Rupp, 1783 (Ibid., XXI, 271 , 615, 709 ). Jacob Karsh, book­ 1773, 1779, 1782 (Pennsylvani·a Archives, 3d Ser. XVII, binder, was listed in Hopewell T ownship, Cumberl and 449, 495, 887 ) . Another appears in H ellam Township, County, Pennsylvania, in 1785 (Pennsylvania Archives, York County, 1779-1783 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d 3d Ser. XX, 725 ) .] Ser. XXI, 57, 288, 49 1, 517, 693 ) and in York Town, 65. CONRAD KIRSCH, of Zuzenhausen, single, York County, 1781 (Ibid., XXI, 332). received permission in 1744 to emigrate to America. The pionee r Pennsylvania German historian I srael At the same time permission was kranted to Georg and Daniel R upp has left an early genealogy of his emigrant Johann Jaco b Kirsch, and other residents of Zuzenhau­ ancestor, John Jonas Rupp, born 1729, who first settled sen (Protocol 6190, pp. 442, 477, 484, 538) . at the Hill Church (Bergkirche) in Lebanon County 66. VEIT MEISTER, of Hoffenheim, received per­ and moved to Cumberland County in 1772. H e was mission in 1744 to emigrate to America. H e received born in "the town of Reihen, in the bailiwick of Sin­ manumission on payment of 3 florins, before his wed­ sheim, seven leagues from H eidelburg". See A Brief ding in the Gemmingen territories at Hoffenheim bei Biographic M emorial of Joh. Jonas Rupp, and Com­ Sinsheim (Protocol 6190, pp. 561, 621 ). He was born plete Genealogical Family R egister of his Lineal De­ at Ba rgen, son of Georg Bernhard M eister. According sceTlMannheim ) was man­ adelphia County, 1779 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. umitted on payment of 10 fl orins fo r the tithe (l0. Pfen­ XIV, 54, 72 9).] nig) . Johannes Eulen (sic) arrived at Philadelphia on 69. JOHANNES KNECHT, of Reihen, was permit­ the Ship Patience, September 19, 1749 (List 134 C ). ted in 1747 to leave for Pennsylvania, along with Hans [One John Eyler was listed as taxpayer in M an­ Georg Durr and H ans Adam K auffmann of the same heim T ownship, York County, Pennsylvania, 1779-1783 place. Because of his propertyless status, Knecht had (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXI, 21, 212, 398, to pay nothing to the government (Protocol 81 01, pp. 594, 788).] 350, 354, 407). Johannes K necht arrived with the two 74. LEON (H ) ARD EBERLE, of Eiterbach (Kreis others listed above on October 9, 1747, on the Ship H eidelberg), was permitted by the electoral govern­ R estaumtion (List 11 4 C ) . ment in 1749 to go to the New Land with wife and [One John K necht was a farmer in Bethlehem Town­ three children, on payment of 4 fl orins manumission ship, Northampton County, 1772 (Pennsylvania Ar­ tax and 40 fl orins emigration tax. chives, 3d Ser. XIX, 24); also (with H enry K necht ) [For Johann L eonhard Eberle of Eiterbach, see H einz in Lower Saucon T ownship, N orthampton County, F. Friederichs, President Dwight D . Eisenhowe'ls An­ 1772 (Ibid., XIX, 33) .] cestors and R ela tions (Neustadtj Aisch, 1955), p. 103.] 70. HANS ADAM KAUFFM ANN, of Reihen, was 75. JACOB GRAU SS (KRAUSS), inhabitant of permitted in 1747 to leave for Pennsylvani a, along with D aisbach (Kreis H eidel berg), was, on account of his H ans Georg Durr and Johannes K necht, both of Reihen. poverty and lack of p roperty, manumitted gratis with H e paid only the usual supplementary tax a nd the wife and children for emigration to the New Land. emergency taxes. Johann A dam K auffman arrived at Jaco b K rauss, with Joh. Georg K ra uss, arrived at Phil­ Philadelphia with the two others listed above on the adelphia on the Ship Dragon, September 26, 1749 (List Ship R estauration, O ctober 9, 1747 (List 11 4 C ) . 136 C ) .

33 76. PH ILIPP GEORG M UELLER, of M ec kes heim lists with them as H ans Philij) p Brenner (with Philip (K reis H eid elberg), was permitted in 1749 to em­ Adam Brenner ), arrivi ng at Philadelphia on the Shi p igrate to the New Land with wife and two children, Patience, September 19, 1749 (List 134 C ). on payment of 10 fl orins emigration tax. Perhaps iden­ [Was this the Philipp Brenner, of Donegal T ownshi p, tical with the Pifls Gorg Muller who arrived on the Lancaster County, whose wi ll is dated J uly 29, 1783, Ship Chesterfield, September 2, 1749 (List 126 C ) . and probated August 28, 1788? H is wife was Ann, [One Filip Gorg Muller and wife Barbara had a son who with Philip Brenner [Jr.] was executor. Children Johann Jaco b baptized at the Egypt Reformed Church, were Catharine wife of Jaco b Y oung, Ann wife of Jaco b March 6, 1754 (Pennsylvania A rchives, 6th Ser. VI, H ofJman, Susanna, Philip, and Eliw beth wife of John 184) .] Gorner. A grandchild, Elizab eth Gorner, is listed also. 77 . J O HANN MICHEL M UELLER, of Meckes­ Other references incl ude the birth of Philip A dam heim (K reis H eid elberg) was permitted in 1749, on Brenner, son of Philipp and M aria Catharin'a Brenner, payment of the ti the on his property, to emigrate to born J anuar y 8, bapti zed J anuary 21 , 1750 (Trinity Pennsylvania "in hopes of better luck" [in H ofJnung Lutheran Church, Lancaster) . Philipf) a nd A nna besseren Glucks]. Johann M ichel M iiller a rri ved at Catharina (K lein) Brenner had a son Johann Philipp, Philadelphia on the Shi p S peedwell, September 25 , 1749 born December 2, baptized December 10, 1752 (Trinity (List 135 C ) . Lutheran Church, Lancaster). Another Philif)j) A dam 78. JACOB FREY, of Wiebli ngen (K reis H id el­ Brenner, whose wife was A nna Maria nee R udesill, berg) was permitted in 1749 to emigrate gratis on pay­ had a child baptized December 10, 1752 (Trinity Luth­ ment of the tithe. Jacob Frey arrived at Philadelphia eran Church, Lancaster) . Philipj) Brenner and wife on th e Ship D ragon, September 26, 1749 (List 136 C ) . were sponsors to Philipp Jacob Z iegler, son of Jaco b [Among the Jaco b Freys in P nnsylvani a is the Jaco b Ziegler, Jr. , of Lebanon, and wife Judith, in 1767 Frey who in 1751 had a so n Johann Jaco b baptized (Stoever R ecords, p. 52 ) .] at First Reformed Church, Reading ; sponsor was H ans 8 1. GEORG K U MPFF, of Asbaeh (K reis M osbach ) A dam T iefetorfer (Rinke Coll ection ) . O ther Jacob received permission to emigrate to the ew Land in Freys lived at Perkasie, 1751 ; and between Philadelphi a J 749 on payment of the tithe. H e applied with Georg and Frankford, 1766 (H ocker, pp. 26, 35, 88 ) .] Linz (No. 79, above) and Philipp Brenner ( o. 80, 79. GEORG LINZ, of Asbach (Kreis Mo bach ) , above) and appears with them in the ship li sts as H ans received permission in 1749 to emigrate to the New JOrg K amjl (with Daniel Camp ), arri ving at Phil a d e l~ Land on payment of the tithe. He had to pay in phi a on the Ship Patience, September 19, 1749 (List addition the sum of 10 fl orins to buy him elf out of 134 C ) . vassalage. Wi th him in a ppli cation and in the ship [A nother Georg Gumj), born October 9, 1709, came lists are Nos . 80 and 81, below. Jerg Lintz arrived at to Pennsylvani a from Hliffenhardt, two miles from Philadelphia on the Ship P.atience, September 19, 1749 H eilbron n, in the Palatinate. H e was a Lutheran a nd (List 134 C ) . ettled first at M onocacy in M ary land and in 1762 [G eorge L intz ( L ins) was resid ent of H eid elberg removed to York, Pennsylva ni a. H e had married (1) T own hip, Northampton (now Lehigh ) County, in in Europe, July 24, 1731, R osina Mack (died June 6, 1785 (with John ) , 1786 (with Martin and John ), and 1769, aged 64 ). See Records of the M oravian Church, 1788 (with M artin and John ) (Pennsylvania A rchives, York (Publications of the Pennsylvania Gene·alogical 3d Ser. XIX, 12 2, 236, 327 ) . Among the other bearers S ociety, IV [1909], 326-327 ) . of the name before the Revolution were A nna L intz, John Georg Gum p was sponsor to Susanna Catarina, servant, New H anover T ownship, Philadel phia (now daughter of H einrich Fortunee, of Monocacy, 17 38 Montgomery) County, who ran away in 1756 (Hocker, (Stoever R ecords, p. 12 ) .] p. 59 ) ; and Sebastian L intz, single, Longswamp T own­ 82 . WILHELM BESCH, of M ittelscheffi enz (K reis ship, Berks County, 1759 (Montgomery, Berks County, M osbach ), was permitted to go to Pennsylvania in p. 1049). A George L entz (al 0 spell ed Lantz ), which 1749. U ndoubtedl y the W illhelm Bosc h who arrived presumably is a different name, was found in Bethel at Philadelphia on the Shi p Patience, September 19, T ownship, Lancaster County, Albany T ownship, Berks 1749 (List 134 C ) . The origin al (see fac imile, II, 457) County, and East District T ownship, Berks County; has been misread. in 1779.] [W ilhelm Besch settled at Schaeffers town in what is 80. PHILIPP BRENNER, of Asbach (Kreis Mos­ now Lebanon County, in 1749, where he joined the bach ) received permission in 1749 to emigrate to the S chaefJ ers, T rautm anns, Brechts and others from his New Land on payment of the tithe. H e applied with neighborhood in the eckar V aHey. He was a member Georg Linz (No. 79, above) and Georg K um f) fJ (No. of St. Paul's R eformed Church there. In 1758 he is 81 , below), both of Asbach, and appears in the ship listed as a taxpayer in H eidelberg T own hip, Lancaster

34 County (Egle, L ebanon Count)!, p. 196 ) . On December (175 7- 1838 ) of Bethlehem T ownship, August 12, 1779. 29, 1750 John William Pesch and A nna M aria had a Two other children are listed : Margaret who married so n John Andrew baptized; sponso rs wcre John A ndrew George Phile ( Feil) of North Carolina, and Elizabeth Peischlein and Elsa R osina (Mill bach Reformed Re­ who married John Philip W olf. In Northampton Coun­ cords, Hinkc Collection ) . See also The H istor)! of ty the Ehrets were members of the Dryland Church at St. Paul's United Church of Christ ( Formerl)! St. Paul'( H ccktown. See "Ehret of Dryland ," The Penns)!lvania R eformed) S chaeffersto wn, Pa. (M ye rstown, Pennsylva­ Dutchman, June 15, 1950.] ni a : Church Center Press, 1965 ), p. 121.] 86. ADAM LUDWIG, of Burcken (=Neckarbur­ 83. JACOB BEHR, of Eberbach (K reis Mosbach ), ken ), received permiss ion, with Jacob Bender (No. 87, received permission to emigrate to "England," i.c. Ncw below ), to emigrate to New England. Hans Adam England, on payment of the tithe. H e appli ed with Ludwig arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship P.atience . Martin T Teibel (No. 84, below ) of Eberbach, and ap­ September 19, 1749 (List 134 C ) . pears in the ship lists \Vito him as Johann Jacob BeT, [A single John Adam Ludwig was confirmed October arriving at Philadelphia on the Ship Jaco b, October 2, 19, 1768, son of Philipp L udwig (Muhlenberg, Journal, 1749 (List 140 C ) . II, 362 ) . Adam L udwig, single, stood sponsor at the [Other Bar emigrants left Dossenheim in 1749, 1752, baptism of a daughter of Carl Sill, October 20, 1776 and 1757, some of them for "Carolina". See Gabriel (Muhlenberg, Journal, II, 750 ) .] H artmann, "Amerikafahrer von Dossen heim im 18. 87. JACOB BE DER, of Burcken (=Neckarbur­ J ahrhundert," M.annheimer Geschic htsbliitter, XXVII ken ), received permiss ion, with Adam Ludwig (No. (192 6), cols. 55-58, republished in Penns)!lvania Folk­ 86, above ) to go to New England. life, XXI: 2 (Winter 1971-1972 ), 46-48. For the Bahr [Among the Jaco b Benders in Pennsylvania were those families of Weinheim a.d.Bergstrasse, see Pfiilzische in Bucks County, 1751 , and Heid elberg Township, Familien- und Wappenkunde, XVII Jg., Bd. 6, H eft 7 Northampton County, 1757 (Hocker, pp. 27 , 64) . One (1968 ), 221-222.] Jaco b Benter and wife Catharina were sponso rs at a 84. MARTIN TREIBEL, of Eberbach (Kreis Mos­ Filler baptism at Heidelberg, November 13, 1752 (Re­ bach ) received permission to emigrate to "England," cords of Egypt Reformed Church, Penns)!lvania Ar­ i. e., New England, on payment of the tithe. H e ap­ chives, 6th Ser. VI, 9) . Another Ja co b Bender and his plied with Jaco b Behr (No. 83, above ) of Eberbach, wife Susanna had children baptized, 1771-1781, New and appears in the ship lists with him as Martin Treibel, Hanover Lutheran Church (PGS, XX, 207 ) ; and there arriving at Philadelphia on the Ship Jaco b, October 2, was a Jacob Bender mentioned in Muhlenberg, Journal, 1749) (List 140 C ) . III, 335 ff.] [M·artin Trible, farmer, is listed as resident of Beth­ 88. PETER SPOHN, of Schollbrunn (Kreis Mos­ lehem Township, Northampton County, in 1772 (Penn­ bach ) was permitted to emigrate to New England on s)!lvania Archives, 3d Ser. XIX, 26 ) .] payment of 14 florins for manumission and 14 florins 85. PETER EHRET, of Mittelscheffi enz (Kreis Mos­ for the tithe. Petter Spohn arrived at Philadelphia on bach ) , was permitted in 1749 to emigrate to "New the Ship Patience, September 19, 1749 (List 134 C ) . England," on payment of the tithe. [P eter Spohn (Spoon) was a resid ent of Richmond [Peter Ehret first appears in Pennsylvania records in Township, Berks County, 1768, 1779, 1784-1785 (Penn­ the Colebrookdale Township tax list, Berks County, s)!lvania Archives, 3d Ser. XVIII, 147, 261 , 671 , 791 ) . 1752. In the records of the Oley Hills Church, Berks He also appears to have owned land in Ruscombmanor County, is the baptism of John George Ehret, May 26, Township 1780-1781, 1784-1785 (Ibid., XVIII, 408, 1754, son of Peter "Erred" and wife Maria Christina, 528, 665, 780 ) and in Heidelberg Township, Berks both Reformed. Sponsors: George S chall, single son County, 1785 (Ibid., XVIII, 753 ) . of T obias S chall, and Eva Barbara, single daughter of Other representatives of the name were George Stephan Hauck. T obias Schall (No. 72 , above), also Spoon, resident of Greenwich Township, Berks County, from Mittelscheffi enz, had emigrated in 1748 and settled 1759 (Montgomery, Berks Count)!, p. 1076 ) ; and H enr)! in the Dryvill e, Berks County, area, and appears in the and Adam Spohn, H eidelberg Township, Berks County, Mertz's (Beaver Creek ) church register. 1759 (Ibid., p. 1108) . Michael Spon, of Maxatawny, The Penns)!lvanische Berichte for April 1, 1758, con­ had children baptized 1732 and 1736 (Stoever R ecords, tains a reference to Peter Eret of "Koolbruckdel," Berks p. 5 ).] County (Hocker, p. 72 ). 89. MICHEL ZILLING, of Mittelscheffienz (Kreis Peter Ehret moved to Northampton County, where Mosbach ), wanted in 1749 to emigrate to New England. he is listed in the Bethlehem Township tax lists for Michael Zilling arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship 1766. H e died intestate in 1779. Letters of administra­ Patience, September 19, 1749 (List 134C) . tion were granted to George Ehret and John Ehret [Georg Zilling of Towamencin Township, son of

35 Michael Zilling, applied November 18, 1778, for pub­ 1. Johann Bartholomiius, born January 30, 1747. li cation of the banns to marry H annah H enric h, of 2. Maria Katharina, born June 12, 1749, died in Towamencin Township (Muhlenberg, Journal, III, Am rica or during the passage across the At­ lantic. 194 ) .] Information from Gerhard W ohlfahrt, of Braunsch­ EMIGRANTS OF THE YEA R 1750 we ig, April 15, 1954. 90. JOHANN BATTENFELD, of Mi helbach (Kreis Evidently the emigrant settled in York County, where Mo bach ), received permission to go to the New Land three additional children of Georg and Susanna Elis­ with wife, two sons, and three daughters, on payment abeth Ganshorn appear in the Jacob Lischy Record, of the tithe, amounting to 30 fl orins. Johannes Bat ­ 1744-1769 (Hinke Collection): te/elt, with Philipp Bathenfeld and H ans Adam Batten­ 3. Johann Ja co b, baptized March 1, 1752 ; sponsor: feld, arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship T wo Brothers, Jaco·b Ottinger< and Johanna. August 28, 1750 (List 153 C ). 4. Johann Georg, baptized February 1, 1756 ; [According to the Iacob Lischy Records, 1744-1769 sponsors: Nicholas Wild and Catharina. 5. Johann Philipp, baptized June 25, 1758; spon­ Adam Elisab eth Battfeld (Hinke Collection ), and had sors: Nicholas Wild and Catharina. a daughter Catharine, baptized November 26, 1758; Nicholas Wild was probably a relative of Georg Gan­ sponso rs were L eonard and Catharine Sabel. This was shorn's wife. One Nicholas W ild arrived at Philadelphia somewhere in the York-Adams County area, where on the Johnson Galley, September 18 (O .S.), 1732 Lischy was Reformed pastor. Philip Batanfeld is listed (List 21 A) . With him was Valentin Wild. Both were as taxpayer in Manheim Township, York County, in over 16 yea rs of age. 1781 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXI, 397) . A In addition there was a M ateis (Matthias) Gantz­ possible misreading of the name involves the marriage horn, listed in the records of the York Reformed Church of Adam Brecht and M argaretha Battesteld (sic), of in 1754 (Hinke Collection ).] Bethel Township, July 5, 1752 (Stoever R ecords, p. 93. JOHANN MATHIAS GERNER, of H elmstadt 63 ) .] (Kreis H eidelberg), wanted in 1750 to go to the so­ 91. JOHANN ADAM EBERLE, of Eiterbach (Kreis called New Land. Johan Matthes Gerner, with Hans H eidelberg), was manumitted in 1750, on payment of Jorg Garner, arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship T wo 10 florins for manumission and 9 florins emigration tax. Brothers, August 28, 1750 (List 153 C ) . Adam Eberle, with Conradt I sra el Eberle, arrived a t [Mathias Gerner, of Earl Township, Lancaster Coun­ Philadelphia on the Ship Bro thers, August 24, 1750 ty, made his will December 5, 1786, probated April (List 152 C ) . 27, 1787. Executors were Benjamin L essle and Bemard [One Adam Everly was a taxpayer in Springhill Town­ Geiger, his so n-in-law. His wife's name was Maria and ship, Westmoreland County, 1783 (Pennsylvania Ar­ his children were M ic hael, Catharine, Susan, Eve, Ann'a, chives, 3d. Ser. XXII, 422). An earlier Adam Eberley and Margaret .] had land surveyed in Bucks County, 1746 (Ibid., XXIV, 94. JOHANN GEORG KOBERSTEIN, of Z)1zen­ 124) . hausen (Kreis H eidelberg), applied in 1750, along with For the Eberles of Eiterbach and the Neunhofe, sec Johann Georg Ludwig (No. 95, below), of th~: same H einz F. Friederichs, President Dwight D . Eisenhower's place, to go to the so-call ed New Land with his wife Ancestors and R elations (Neustadtj Aisch, 1955), pp. Anna Catharina. H e had to pay 3 florins. Hans Gorg 49, 103.] Koberstein, with Ludwig, arrived a t Philadelphia on 92. JOHANN GEORG GANSSHORN, of Bam­ the Ship Osgood, September 29, 1750 (List 157 C ) . menthal (Kreis Heidelberg), baker, was permitted in 95. JOHANN GEORG LUDWIG, of Zuzenhausen 1750 to emigrate gratis. Hans Gorg Ganshorn arrived (Kreis Heidelberg), applied in 1750, along with Johann at Philadelphia on the Ship Brothers, August 24, 1750 Georg K oberstein (No. 94, above), for permission to (List 152 C) . go to the so-caJled New Land with his wife Maria [According to records in the H eimatstelle Pfalz, Kais­ M argaretha. H e paid 2 florins 30 kreuzer manumission erslautern, Johann Georg Gantzhorn (Gansshorn) was tax. Johan George L u.dwig, with Koberstein, arrived born March 17 or 19, 1725, at Bammenthal, Kreis at Philadelphia on the Ship O sgood, September 29, 1750 H eidelberg, son of Johann Philippus and Appolonic: (List 157 C ). (Ziegler) Gansshorn. H e was a baker, and married [Several George Ludwigs (Ludwicks) were found in January 5, 1746, Susanna Elisabetha Buckle, d aughter 18th Century Pennsylvania, in Tulpehocken and Bern of Johann Adam and V eronica Maria (Wildt) Buckle, Townships, Berks County, 1767, 1779-1781, 1784-1785 born March 22 , 1723, at Wiesenbach. See No. 101 , (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XVIII, 76, 83, 202, below, Adam Buckle. 321, 450, 577, 708 ) ; and in Philadelphia, deceased, Children, born in Bammenthal before the emigration, 1779 (Ibid., XIV, 552, 829 ).] include: 96. JOHANN FRIEDRICH MUELLER, of Meck- 36 esheim (Kreis H eidelberg), was permitted in 1750 to ditional tax (Protocol 6197, pp. 359, 451 ). go to the so-call ed New Land on payment of 2 florins 101. ADAM BUECKLE (BICKLE), the Reformed on his property of 20 florins. schoolmaster from Spechbach (Kreis H eidelberg), was 97. JOHANN ADAM WOLLFARTH, an orphaned in 1751 permitted, on account of his poverty, to em­ citizen's son from Spechbach (Kreis H eidelberg), was igrate gratis with his wife and children (Protocol 6197, released from vassalage in 1750, on payment of 20 pp. 458, 495) . florins, and received permission to emigrate on pay­ [According to the records of Trinity Lutheran Church, ment of 18 fl orins additional tax. Johan Adam W olfart Reading, Pennsylvani a, Johann Adam Buckle, son of arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Brot hers, August Johann Adam Buckle, Reformed schoolmaster at Wies­ 25, 1750 (List 152 C ) . en bach (K reis H eidelberg), and his wife V eronica, was [The only reference I could locate to an Adam W oll­ born at Wiesenbach, M ay 1, 1708. In 1729 he was farth was Adam W olfart, who had 110 acres surveyed install ed as schoolm aster at "Spechtbach," serving there in Bedford County, June 10, 1785, possibly a younger 22 years. He married (2) Elisabeth Gernion, of Germ­ man (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXV, 657 ); on ersheim, in 1741. H e had four children, of whom one the same day a Joseph W olfart had 100 acres surveyed son survived him. He died in Reading November 3, (Ibid., XXV, 657 ). 1783, and was buried in the Reformed churchyard. The name is unusual and perhaps a survey of other His sister married Johann Georg Gansshorn, of Bam­ families of the name will be useful. For example, menthal (No. 92, above). there was Nicolaus Wolfart, Reformed, member of the Adam Bickle was taxpayer in Robeson Township, Old Goshenhoppen Church in Upper Salford Town­ Berks County, 1759 (Montgomery, Berks County, p. ship, Montgomery County (Bean, M ontgomery County, 1149 ) . p. 11 35). H e and his wife Catharina were sponsors at Adam Bickly, tailor, was taxpayer in Reading, Berks a Muck baptism in 1760 (New Goshenhoppen Re­ County, in 1780, also H enry Beckly, taylor (Pennsylva­ formed Church, PGS, XVIII, 296 ). According to nia Archives, 3d Ser. XVIII, 394). The Perkiomen R egion, 1:6 (1922 ), 108-110, Nicholas Tobias Bickle was resident in H eidelberg Township, Wohlfart emigrated on the Snow Charlotte, arriving new Lebanon County, in 1752 (Egle, L ebanon County, September 5, 1743. H e made his will in Marlborough p. 196 ). On October 22, 1764, George Adam Bueckle Township, Montgomery County, April 12, 1788. H e and M·aria Salome Huber, of Reading and Derry, were died March 16, 1796, aged 78 years, 3 months, and married (Stoever R ecords, p. 70 ) . Adam and Maria 12 days . He is buried at Old Goshenhoppen. H e was Eva Bickel had a son Johann A,dam, baptized August a member of the Reformed congregation, his wife was 25, 1754 (New Hanover Lutheran Church, PGS, XX, Lutheran. 210 ) . Ludwig Adam Bickel, Lutheran, was a member Another emigra nt was M ic hael Wohlfahrt of Tulpe­ of the Old Goshenhoppen Church, Upper Salford hocken T ownship, Berks County, 1759 (Hocker, p. 81 ) . Township (Bean, Montgo mery County, p. 1135 ).J The Wohlfarts of Atolhoe (Rehrersburg) appear in the 102. JOHANN GEORG ERNST, of Lobenfeld Stoever R ecords. (Kreis Heidelberg), was permitted to emigrate in 1751 A third family appears to have settled in Lancaster (Protocol 6197, pp. 458, 495) . County, in the Warwick and Whiteoak area. On Febru­ [One Georg Ernst and wife Catharina (Reformed) , ary 25, 1755, Ludwig Wohlfahrdt and Anna Margar­ had a son Johann Jurg, baptized October 8, 1752; spon­ etha H oeg, of Warwick, were married (Stoever R ecords, sors: Michael Ege, as proxy for his son and wife (St. p. 65 ) . Conr~d Wohlfart is listed in "Weisseichenland" Michael's and Zion's Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, (Whiteoak) in 1755 (Waldschmidt R ecords, 1752-1786, PGS, VIII, 206) .J Hinke Collection ) .J 103. WIDOW BECKENBACH. The widow Beck­ 98. JOHANN LEONHARD ZIEGLER, of Sinsheim, enbach with her children, from Eiterbach, were per­ a blacksmith, wanted to go to Pennsylvania in 1750, mitted to emigrate in 1751 after lengthy negotiations but had his petition refused by the government (Proto­ and payment of 130 florins for manumission and 117 col 8204, pp. 224, 247 ). florins and 30 florins for the tithe (10. Pfennig) (Proto­ EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1751 col 6197, pp. 330, 378, 429, 505, 536 ) . This family 99. PETER BENNINGER, of Epfenbach (Kreis probably includes the Adam Beckebag, Caspar Becke­ Sinsheim ) , was permitted to emigrate in 1751 , with bach, Georg Adam Beckenbach, Johann Georg Becken­ his wife and four children (Protocol 6197, p. 140). bach, and Georg L eonhardt Beckenb·ach who arrived 100. HENRICH BECK, of Epfenbach (Kreis Sin­ at Philadelphia on the Ship lanet, October 7, 1751 (List sheim ), with his wife Anna Margaretha and son Jo­ 175 C ). hann Jorg, was permitted in 1751 to emigrate on pay­ [Anna Maria Beckenbach, widow of Johann Adam ment of 11 florins for manumission and 10 florins ad- Beckenbach, who was killed in 1747, was from H eilig- 37 kreuzsteina h-Eiterbach (Kreis H eidelberg) . She em­ heim (Kreis Mannheim ), who had already emigrated, igrated with her children. George Beckenbach died was in 1751 retroactively manumitted (Protocol 6197, before 1802, in Frederick, Maryland (Lutheran Church pp. 487, 525, 535). Register, Frederick, Md.) H eimatstell e Pfalz, Kaisers­ 110. NICKLAS REINHARD, day laborer from Wil­ lautern. helmsfeld , was permitted in 1751, along with Caspar The name came in some areas to be spelled Peckin­ H eckmann (No. 111, below) and Adam Eisenhauer pah. (No. 112, below )' all from the same place, to emigrate A·dditional materials on the B e~~e nb ach (e r ) families on payment of the usual taxes (Protocol 6197, pp. 384, of the Odenwald can be found in H einz F. Friederichs, 395, 468, 534, 550, 762 ). President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Ancestors and R e­ 111. CASPAR HECKMANN, day laborer from Wil­ lations (Neustadt/ Aisch, 1955 ), pp. 95, 100, 103, 158.] helmsfeld, was permitted in 1751, along with Nickla 5 104. ELISABETH HILD, citizen's daughter from R einhard (No. 110, above) and Adam Eisenhauer (No. H andschuhsheim (today H eidelberg-Handschuhsheim ), 112, below), a ll from the same place, to emigrate on was permitted to emigrate in 1751 , on payment of 5 payment of the usual taxes (Protocol 6197, pp. 384, florins (Protocol 6197, pp. 501, 504). 395, 468, 534, 550, 762 ) . 105. JOHANNES SCHILLING, of Reichartshausen 112. ADAM EISENHAUER, day laborer from Wil­ (Kreis Sinsheim ), vassal, was permitted in 1751 to helmsfeld, was permitted in 1751, along with Nicklas emigrate with his wife and children, on payment of R einhard (No. 110, above) and Caspar H eckmann 5 florins to buy themselves out of vassalage, and 13 (No. Ill, above), all from the same place, to emigrate florins for the tithe (10. Pfennig). (Protocol 6197, pp. on payment of the usual taxes (Protocol 6197, pp. 384, 428, 474). Johannes S chilling arrived at Philadelphia 395, 468, 534, 550, 762 ) . on the Ship Phoenix September 25, 1751 (List 173 C ) . Uohann Adam Eisenhauer, of Eiterbach, Reformed, [One Johannes Schilling and wife Anna Maria had a was born circa 1697, lived after 1729 in Wilhelmsfeld, son Johann Conrad baptized 1753 (The Trappe Re­ where he was overseer of the poor [Almosenpfleger] in cords, PGS, VI, 213). A later John Shilling, single, 1733. In 1734 he was sponsor to the child of Georg was listed in Manheim Township, York County, in Pfeiffer, Catholic, in Wilhelmsfeld. He married ( 1) 1779 and 1780 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXI, before 1724 Anna Elisabeth [--- ] , Reformed, born 27,217).] 1699, died at Wilhelmsfeld December 15, 1743, aged 106. ANDREAS WETZSTEIN, of Gauangeloch 44 years 10 weeks; (2) at Heiligkreuzsteinach, June (Kreis Heidelberg), was permitted in 1751 to emigrate 14, 1744, Anna Margarethe Franck, Reformed, widow with his wife and two chldren, on payment of 10 florins of Johann Adam H eeb in Falkengesass. for manumission and 9 florins for the tithe (10. Pfennig) Johann Adam Eisenha·uer was the son of Hans Nic­ (Protocol 6197, p. 461). olaus Eisenhauer, of Eiterbach, baptized at Waldmich­ [Henrich W etzstein is listed in Maxatawny, Berks elbach, October 11, 1674, Reformed, died between County, 1756 (Hocker, p. 60) and ( = Wetstone), 1759 1737-1745. He lived in the newly founded town of (Montgomery, Berks County, p. 1041). H enry W et­ Wilhelmsfeld from about 1711. He married, circa 1696, stone had "loca ted lands," Longswamp T ownship, Berks Susanna (Anna) [---], Reformed, born circa 1672, County, 1759 (Montgomery, p. 1049) .] died at Wilhelmsfeld, May 19, 1730, aged 58. Their 107. SAMUEL SCHWEIGERT (SCHWEIKERT), daughter Anna Elisabeth, born circa 1698, Reformed, of Bargen (Kreis Sinsheim) was permitted to emigrate married Johann Georg Pfeiffer, Catholic, of Wilhelms­ in 1751, on payment of 10 florins (Protocol 6197, pp. feld. 480, 504). Hans Samuel Shweyart arrived at Philadel­ The children of Johann Adam Eisenhauer of Eiter­ phia on the Ship Shirley, September 5, 1751 (List bach and Wilhelmsfeld were the following, all baptized 163 C) . at H eiligkreuzsteinach: 108. JOHANN LEONHARD SCHEID, of Schries­ 1. Magdalena, born August 17, 1724, Catholic. heim (Kreis Mannheim), was permitted to emigrate 2. Johannes, born 1728, confirmed March 22, 1742, in 1751 (Protocol 6197, p. 533). Reforme·d. [Other Scheidts from various Pennsylvania records 3. Magdalena, baptized November 12, 1729, Re- formed (sponsor: M argaretha, daughter of include Carl Scheidt who with his wife was sponso'r Johann L eonhard R einhardt). to the son of Nicholas Wolf, of Bethel, in 1753 (Stoever 4. Johann Georg, baptized January 22 , 1733, Re­ R ecords, p. 42) . Evidently from the same family is formed (sponsor: Johann Georg, son of Johann the marriage of Catarina Scheidt and Wilhelm Stein, Gartner in Wilhelmsfeld ) . 5. Anna Elisabeth, baptized November 24, 1735, of Atolhoe (= Altalaha, i.e., Rehrersburg), August 29, Reformed (sponsor: Anna Elisabeth, wife of 1762 (Stoever R ecords, p. 69) .] George Pfeiffer, nee Eisenhauer); died Decem­ 109. ADAM HENRICH HOFFMANN, of Schries- ber 6, 1735. 38 6. Johann Nicolaus, baptized ovember 29, 1738, 116. BALTHASAR KOENIG, citizen of Schonau Refonned (sponsors: Johann Nicolaus Biehler (Kreis Heid elberg) was permitted in 1751 to emigra te in Wilhelmsfeld, Catholic, and his wife Juliane, Reformed ) ; died 1739 / 1740. taxfree on account of poverty. Incl uded in the per­ 7. Johann Nicolaus, baptized September 23, 1740, mission were Jorg Happes ( o. 117 ), Johannes Wagner Reformed. ( TO. 118 ), and Jorg Lucker (No. 119) , all of Schonau. 8. Elisabeth, baptized January 20, 1748, Reformed Although in their application no goal of emigration is (sponso r : Elisabeth C atharina, wife of Johann indicated (Protocol 61 97, p. 505 ) , they are obviously Theobald Schmidt in Wilhelmsfeld ) . the George Licker, Balzar K onig, Johannes Wagner and For Adam Eisenhauer and his ancestry, see H einz George H appes who arrived at Philadelphia on the F. Friederichs, editor, President D wight D. Eisenhower's Ship Queen of Denmark, October 4, 1751 (List 174 C ). A ncestors -and R elations: Genealogical, Historical and [Baltzar K enig had land surveyed in Berks County, Sociological Studies on the Odenwald Emigration dur­ 1754 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XXVI, 278 ). A ing the First Part of the Eighteenth Century (Neustadt/ Baltzer K ing was a taxpayer in Cumru T ownship, Berks Aisch: Verlag Degener & Co., Inhaber Gerhard Gess­ County, 1767 (Ibid., XVIII, 73) ; another in H eidel­ ner, 1955 ), pp. 100-101 , 104-105. Other members of berg Township, York County, 1783 (Ibid. , XXI, 751 ).] the Eiterbach-Wilhelmsfeld branch of the Eisenhauer family emigrated in the 19th Century to Australi a, 117. JOERG HAPPES, citizen of Schonau (Kreis Africa, and the United States [Ibid., pp. 100-101).] H eidelberg ) was permitted in 1751 to emigrate taxfree of account of poverty (Protocol 6197, p. 505). In­ 11 3. PETER LEYER, of H eiligkreuzsteinach, was cluded in the permission were Nos. 116, 118-119, all permitted in 1751 to emigrate, along with Niclas Zim­ of Schonau. The four arrived a t Philadelphia on the mermann of Altneudorf (No. 114, below) and Jacob Ship Queen of Denmark, October 4, 1751 (List 174 C ). R eichert of H eddesbach (No. 115, below ) (Protocol [According to H. N. Hoppes, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 6197, pp. 384, 395, 468) . It is not without interest Jorg Happes settled in North Carolina, where he died that one of the wives of these emigrants, who was after 1790. His children were named George, Johannes. Catholic-which one is involved, is not indicated- did and Daniel. According to the same source, his brother not receive the desired permission to emigrate, "because Johann Michael H appes, son of Johann Michael Hap­ in the country to which they are going, the exercise pes (1688-1750) of Hirschhorn (Odenwald ) settled in of the Catholic religion has not been introduced" Pennsylvania. His children were named Michael, Jr., [weilen in .dem Land, wo sie hinziehen, das katholische H ans Adam, Jaco b, Heinrich, and Johannes (Heimat­ R eligionsexercitium nicht eingefuhrt]. stell e Pfalz) .] [There were other Leyer families in Pennsylvania: 118. JOHANNES WAGNER, citizen of Schonau M·artin L eyer was a member of Cacusi (H ain's) Re­ (Kreis H eidelberg), was permitted in 1751 to emigra te formed Church in Berks County in 1752 (Hinke Col­ taxfree on account of poverty (Protocol 6197, p. 505). lection ); and Adam Layer in 1768-1770. Jacob L eier Included in the permission were Nos. 116-117, and is referred to in the New Hanover Lutheran Church 119, all of Schonau. Johannes Wagner arrived with Records, 1756, 1759 ; and Michael L eier in 1765 (PGS, these other three countrymen on the Ship Queen of XX, 279 ) .] Denmark, October 4, 1751 (List 174 C ) . 114. NICLAS ZIMMERMANN, of Altneudorf, was 119. JOERG LUECKER, citizen of Schonau (Kreis permitted in 1751 to emigrate along with Peter L eyer H eidelberg), was permitted in 1751 to emigrate tax­ ( o. 11 3, above) and Jaco b R eichert (No. 115, below ) free on account of poverty (Protocol 6197, p. 505). (Protocol 6197, pp. 384, 395, 468). See the note under Included in the permission were Nos. 116-118, all of o. 11 3, above, involving the Catholic wife of one of Schonau. George Licker arrived with them on the Ship these three emigrants. Queen of Denmark, October 4, 1751 (List 174 C). 115. JACOB fEICHERT, of H eddesbach (Kreis [On November 27, 1753, Anna Johanna Luecker, of Heidelberg) , was permitted to emigrate in 1751, along Warwick, in Lancaster County, married John Peter with Peter L eyer (No. 113, above) and Niclas Zimmer­ Dinnies (Stoever R ecords, p. 64 ) .J mann (No. 114, above) (Protocol 6197, pp. 384, 395, 120. JACOB STAHL, of Neckarelz, wanted to leave 468 ). See the note under No. 113, above, involving for Pennsylvania in 1751 (Protocol 8105, p. 124) . He the Catholic wife of one of these three emigrants. is perhaps identical with the Jacob Stahl who arrived [One Jacob R eichert was a taxpayer in Bern Town­ in Philadelphia on the Ship St. Andrew, September 14, ship, Berks County, 1768 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d 1751 (List 165 C). Ser., XVIII, 111 ) and an early member of St. Michael's [For an earlier Jacob Stahl, from Lambsheim, who Church near Hamburg (Thomas S. Stein, Centennial arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Winter Galley, History of L ebanon Classis [Lebanon, Pennsylvania: September 5, 1738 (List 52 A-C ), see H einrich Rembe, Sowers Printing Company, 1920], p. 298).J Lambsheim (Kaiserslautern, 1971 ), p. 224, noted in 39 Pennsylvania Folklife, XXIII: 2 (Winter 1973-1974), ground and Annals of the Swiss and German Pioneer 47-48. Still another Jacob Stahl arrived in 1739 (List Settlers of South Eastern Pennsylvania (Lancaster, 73 A-C).] Pennsylvania, 1917 ), p. 238, Hans Musselman belonged 12l. MARTIN DIETZ, of Mosbach, wanted to go to the Mennonite congregation in Meckesheim, two to Pennsylvania in 175l. The government had no hours southward from "Neckarsmond" (= Neckarge­ objection to his emigration. Martin Dietz arrived at mUnd ) . The congregation included the Mennonites Philadelphia on the Ship St. Andrew, September 14, at Zuzenhausen, Daisbach, and Langzaei. 1751 (List 165 C ). For the Johannes Musselman of Great Swamp (1750 ) 122. JOHANN HENRICH SEYDENBENDER, pos­ and Upper Saucon (1759 ), see Schulze, I, 110, 213, sibly of Mosbach, wanted to go to Pennsylvania in 260. John Musselman of Upper Saucon, Northampton 175l. The government had no objection to his emigra­ County, made his will January 4, 1773, probated M arch tion. "Such people of common rank remain here among 29, 1773. The will names his wife Elisabet h, the fol­ us only as a nuisance, since they are incapable of paying lowing children : Jaco b (a minor), Veronica, C athar­ the seigneurial duties, hence let there be no scruples ina, and Elisabetha. Executors were J acob Yoder, and in speeding them on their way most graciousl y" [d er­ John Newcomer, Jr. gleicher L eut gemeiner Statt nur zum U eberlass sich Another John Musselman, of Warwick Township, hier aufhalten, auch die herrsc hafftliche Besc hwerden Lancaster County, made his v/ill August 20, 1793, pro­ zu entrichten ausserstand, also {tnde man keine Beden­ bated November 18, 1797. It names hi s wife Christina, klichkeit wann in dem Gesuch gniidigst willfahret and the following children: Christian, Abraham, Jacob, werde] (Protocol 8105, p. 102 ) . H ennrich Seyden­ Barbara, John, Margaret, and Christina. Executor~ bender arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship St. Andrew, were Christian Frantz and Christian H ostetter.] September 14, 1751 (List 165 C ). 125. GEORG MARTIN, of Neunkirchen (Kreis [Henry Seidebender is listed as resident of Brecknock Mosbach ) received permiss ion in 1753 to emigrate Township, Berks County, in 1759 (Montgomery, Berks with his wife and three children (Protocol 6199, p. County, p. 1182 ) . In the Waldschmidt Records, 1752- 637 ). Joerg Marthin arrived on the Ship Edinburg, 1786, is the marriage of George Seidenbender, son of September 14, 1753 (List 199 B-C ). the late H enry Seidenbaender, to Susanna Brendel, EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1754 daughter of Philip Brendel, February 16, 1784 (Hinke 126. JOSEPH BUBIGKOFFER, Reformed, non­ Collection) .] citizen [Beisass], on the Rohrhof near BrUhl (Kreis 123. MARTIN SCHUCK, of Reihen, was permitted Mannheim ), was, on account of poverty, manumitted in 1751 to emigrate to America on payment of 4 florins gratis and permitted in 1753 to emigrate (Protocol for manumission and 3 florins emigration tax (Protocol 6200, p. 520). Joseph Bubikofer, aged 30, arrived at 8105, p. 172 ). Martin S chuch arrived in Philadelphia Philadelphia on the Ship Brothers, September 30, 1754 on the Ship Edinburgh, September 16, 1751 (List 167 (List 219 A-C ) . C ). Johann Petter Schuch accompanied him. ["Bibikhoffer" families appear in the records of First [One Martin Schuck, of R apho Township, Lancaster Reformed Church, Lancaster (PGS, IV). For example, County, made his will January 26, 1801 , probated John Bibikhoff er, son of Nicholas and Anna Delia Bibik­ November 11, 1801. His wife's name is not given. hoffer, was born April 1, baptized April 13, 1740 (p. His executors were John and Joseph S chuck. His 254). In the Waldschmidt Records, 1752-1786 (Hinke children were ( 1) John, (2) Susanna married John Collection ), appears the marriage, on August 1, 1756, Rubert, (3 ) Joseph, (4) Esther married Jos eph Gen­ of Joseph Buby-Kofer, son of the late Frantz Buby­ grich, (5) Abraham, and (6) Salome. Martin Schuck Kofer, to Anna Maria Ulrich, daughter of the late is mentioned in Sower's newspaper, February 29, 1760, John Jacob Ulrich (p. 59 ). Joseph and Ann Maria as living in Hempfieid Township, Lancaster County; Bibickhoffer had a son John Jaco b, born August 27 , his wife's name is given as Anna Maria (Hocker, p. baptized September 7, 1758 (First Reformed Church, 87) .] Lancaster, PGS, IV, 273 ).] EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1753 127. NICOLAUS FEDEROLFF, of Dossenheim 124. JOHANNES MUSSELMANN. In 1753 the (Kreis H eidelberg ), who wanted to go to South Car­ Mennonite Johannes Musselmann of Zuzenhausen r ~ ­ olina with his wife and three children, was permitted ceived permission to marry the daughter of the Men­ to emigrate in 1753 (Protocol 6200, p. 631 ) . nonite Samuel Petzer of Meckesheim and permission [Among the Federolff families of Pennsylvania, who to emigrate to America (Protocol 6199, pp. 663, 678 ). mayor may not have been related to Nicolaus Federolff, Hans Musselmann, aged 22, arrived at Philadelphia on are the WUrttemberg family headed by Peter Feterholf, the Ship Patience, September 17, 1753 (List 200 A-B). born at Wachbach" WUrttemberg, March 20, 1699, [According to H. Frank Eshleman, Historic Back- who married Anna Maria Rothermel, born February, 40 1712, at Wachbach, daughter of John and Sybilla (K reis j\"(osbach ), was permitted in 1754 with his six (Zimmermann) R othermel, of Wachbach. They settled childr n, to emigrate gratis on account of thei r prop­ in Macungie T ownship, Lehigh County, where the ertyless status (Protocol 6200, pp. 42 1, 452). emigrant died August 15, 1784. See Abraham H. 131. DAVID MUELLER, of Altneudorf (K reis Rothermel, "The Pioneer Rothermel Family of Berks H ei delberg), was permitted to emigrate taxfree in County," in T ransactions of the H istorical Society of 1754 (Protoco l 6200, p. 634). Berks County, III (192 3), 134-1 43; also Penn Ger­ 132. JACOB SCHIFFERDECKER, of Neunkirchen mania, XIII, 204-207. A Johannes Federwolf (sic), (Kreis Mosbach ), was permitted in 1754 to emigrate with wife A nna Catharina and three daughters, left on payment of the usual taxes (Protocol 6200, pp. 385, Dossenheim for Carolina in 1752. See H artman, "Amer­ 426 ) . Jacob Schifferdecker arrived at Philadelphia on ikafahrer von Dossenheim im 18. Jahrhundert," Mann­ the Ship H enrietta, October 22, 1754 (List 226 A-C ) . heimer Geschichtsblatter, XXVII (1926 ), cols. 55-58, Uacob Shiffendecker (sic) settled in or near Lan­ republished in Pennsylvania Folklife, XXI: 2 (Winter caster, Pennsylvania, where he appears in the records 1971-1972), 46-48]. of First R eformed Church (Hinke Collection), where 128. JOHAN MICHAEL ROESCH, day laborer hi s name is spell ed Shiffendecker. His wife's name is from the Bruchhauserhof (today Bruchhausen, Gem­ give n variously as Mari-a Catharina and Catharina. einde Sand hausen, Kreis H eidelberg), was permitted They had a so n Jacob born February 27, 1756, bap­ in 1754, along with Johannes Krauss of th e same place tized M arch 3, 1756 (PGS, IV, 268 ); a daughter ( o. 129, below) to emigrate tax free with his wife and M argaret, born 0 tober 13, 1757, baptized November children (Protocol 6200, pp. 648, 659). M ichael R ash 23, 1757 (PGS, IV, 272 ); and a daughter Anna Maria, (R ich, Rust) arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship born Augu t 28, 1759, baptized September 28, 1759 Brothers, September 30, 1754 (List 219 A-C ) . (PGS, IV, 276 ) . A George Shifferdecker is listed as [One Michael R esch and wife Anna had a child an inmate in Warwick Township, Lancaster County, baptized July 6, 1761, by the Reverend Geo rge M ichael in 1779 and 1782 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. W eiss (Goshenhoppen Records, PGS, XXVIII, 300) . XVII, 507, 781 ).] A Michael R osch was among the eld ers and deacons 133. CATHARINA ZIMMERMANN, of Moos­ of the Reading Lutheran congregation in 1777 (Muh­ brunn (Kreis H eidelberg), received permission to marry lenberg, Journal, III, 45).] in 1754 and at the same time permission to emigrate (Protocol 6200, pp. 932, 946 ) . 129. ]OHA ES KRAUSS, day laborer, of the 134. JOHANN STEPHAN MARTIN, citizen's son, Bruchhauserhof (today Bruchhausen, Gemeinde Sand­ of Neckarkatzbach (Kreis Mosbach ), who had already hausen, Kreis H eidelberg) was permitted in 1754, emigrated to Pennsylvania, was granted manumission along with Johann M ichael R osch of the same place in 1754 (Protocol 6200, pp. 440, 464) . Hans Steffan (No. 128, above), to emigrate tax free with his wife Marthin arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Shirley, and children (Protocol 6200, pp. 648, 659 ) . September 5, 1751 (List 163 C ) . [This relatively common name is difficult to sort out. [One Stephen Martin was a resident and tavernkeeper One Palatine John Krause settled in what is now Leba­ in Lancaster Borough, Lancaster County, 1771-1773, non County, where his son Captain D avid Krause, 1779, 1782 (Pennsylvania Archives, 3d Ser. XVII, 10, born circa 1750, in Lebanon Township, achi eved fame 296,461 , 611 , 760 ) . Stephen Martin married Catharine in the Revolution and served as member of the Assem­ W eidler, daughter of Michael W eidler of Manheim bly from D auphin County, 1785, Associate Judge of Township, Lancaster County, who died in 1770. Steph­ Lebanon County and other offices (Egle, L ebanon en Martin was executor of Elizabeth Weidler, of Man­ County, p. 277 ). heim Township, his mother-in-law, in 1783; he was Another Johannes Krauss settled in H eidelberg Town­ also executor of the estate of L eonard Klein, of Lan­ ship, Lehigh County; for a sketch of his descendants, caster, probated 1793.] see The Pennsylvania German, VII (1906), 298-301. 135. JOHANN MICHEL WAGNER, of Sin heim, Still another John Krauss married in 1753 and was was permitted to go to the New Land in 1754 (Pro­ a member of Zeltenreich's R eformed Church, Lancaster tocol 8107, pp. 250, 325). County, in 1754 (Waldschmidt R ecords, 1752-1786, Hinke Collection ). Another Johannes Krauss, with his EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1755 wife Catharina, appears in the New H anover Lutheran 136. MICHAEL WEIS, of Waldkatzenbach, was Church, 1770 (PGS, XX, 273 ). And of course the permitted in 1755 to emigrate to America, on payment Krauss families of Montgomery County include the of 30 florins for the tithe (10. Pfennig) (Protocol 8108, Schwenkfelder Krausses from Silesia, emigrants of p. 335). Johan Michael Weiss arrived in Philadelphia th e 1730's.] on the Ship Neptune, with Mathias Weiss, on October 130. PHILIPP LEYER, widower, of Aglasterhausen 7, 1755 (List 234 A-C). 41 EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1764 106 ) ; and with others, he was witness to the marriage 137. GEORG PFRANG, SR., of Weinheim, cooper, of Johann Friederich Mii.hlefeld and Oath-arina Mar­ who wanted in 1764 to go to Virginia or New England, gretha Stein, January 18, 1763 (same church, PGS, was permitted to leave for Philadelphia with his wife XIV, 127 ).] and four children, but b ecause his property ran to the 139. ANNA MARIA HOFFMANN, citizen's daugh­ sum of 458 fl orins and 26 kreuzer, he had to pay a tithe ter of Zuzenhausen, petitioned in 1765 for permission of 48 fl orins (Protocol 6210, pp. 473, 479, 482, 603, to emigrate, but was refused by the government, 620 ) . because a genera l prohibition on emigration was in­ [G eorge Prong was resident in Augusta Township, volved (Protocol 6211 , pp. 458, 575, 622 ). Northumberl and County, 1778-1784 (Pennsylvania Ar­ 140. GEORG ADAM MARTIN, of Neckar-Katzen­ chives, 3d Ser. XIX, 409, 444, 527, 547 ); and in Cat­ bach, petitioned for permission to emigrate in 1765, awissa Township, Northumberland County, in 1787 but was refused by the government, because a general (Ibid., XIX, 732 ) . prohibition on emigration was involved (Protocol 6211, Earlier references to the family include the marriage pp. 458, 575, 622 ) . of Johann Michael Pfrang (emigrant of 1749 ?) to Mrs. EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1766 Anna R osina L erch, April 21 , 1750 (New Hanover 141. JACOB HORSCH, of Mauer (Kreis H eidel­ Lutheran Church, PGS, XX, 408). berg), Mennonite and non-hereditary tenant [Tempor­ Other Pfrangs were located in Lebanon County. albestan.der] , received permission from the electoral John Michael Pfrang was married to Anna Catarina government in 1766 to emigrate to Pennsylvania, upon Gring of Lebanon, July 6, 1756 (Stoever R ecords, p. payment of the sum of 50 florins for the tithe ( 10. 65 ); Anna Maria Pfrang, of Lebanon, to Johannes Pfennig) (Protocol 6212, pp. 419, 498). H e arrived Kuemmerling, May 31, 1757 (Ibid., p. 66 ); Maria in Philadelphia on the Ship Minerva, October 29, 1767 Agnes Pfrang, of Lebanon, to Adam Stephan, Decem­ (List 267 C ) . The name appears incorrectly in the ber 20, 1757 (Ibid., p. 66 ). Johann Adam Steffen, who ship list transcripts as Gorsch; in the original document had come to Pennsylvania in 1750 in the Ship Bennet (facsimile, II, 827 ), the name is H orsch. Galley, moved to Northumberland County, Pennsylva­ [In a German history of the Horsch family by Paula nia. His son, Frederick Steffy, removed to J efferson Petri, of Aschaffenburg (n.p., 1939), deposited in the County, Ohio, circa 1801 (The Genealogical H elper, H eimatstelle Pfalz, it appears that Jacob H orsch was November 1974, p. 622 ) . Maria E va Pfrang was mar­ the son of Joseph and Barbara H orsch, listed in the ried to Christi·an Friedrich W egman, of Lebanon, in Mennonite Census Lists in the Baden State Archives 1764 (Stoever R ecords, p. 70 ). as residents of Mauer, 1739 ff. After Joseph Horsch's One Ja co b Prank had a son Johann Georg baptized death, circa 1763, his two eldest sons, Peter and Jaco b 1750 (First Reformed Church, Philadelphia, Hinke H orsch, with Johann Steiner and a second Jacob H orsch Collection) . (possibly Joseph's brother, of Schatthausen ), all M en­ Johann Michael and Matthaus Pfrang, Sr., of Grot­ nonites, renewed the lease on December 6, 1763. Jacob zingen in Wi.irttemberg, arrived at Philadelphia on the Horsch's application for emigration, published in the Ship Chesterfiel.d, September 2, 1749 (PGFS, X, 200 ).] above history, is dated May 13, 1766. In the application

EMIGRANTS OF THE YEAR 1765 he is described as single, and 32 years of age.] 138. JOHANN GEORG SCHNECK, of Schatthaus­ APPENDIX I en, was permitted in 1765 to emigrate to America with A. THE WIS T AR-WISTER F AMILY his two children, without paying the usual fees; pre­ Among the most distinguished of all Pennsylvania German families from their varied contributions to the economic ann sumably he was manumitted gratis on .account of pov­ cultural' history of the United States, were the Wistars (Wis­ erty (Protocol 6211 , pp. 528, 687 ). Hans Georg S chneck ters) , descendants of Caspar Wistar (1696-1752), a native of Wald-Hilsbach near H eidelberg. The name was spelled arrived at Philadelphia on the Ship Polly, August 24, Wuster in Germany. The emigrant's father, Johann Caspar 1765 (List 253 C ) . With him is listed a second Hans Wuster (1671-1727 ), was a Jager or forester in the service of the Elector Palatine. Caspar Wistar, founder of the Amer­ Georg Schneck and a Jacob Schneck, and a Jaco b H etz­ ican family, arrived at Philadelphia September 16, 1717, his el (see No. 42, above). property consisting, according to family tradition, of his cloth­ ing, a pistareen (9 pence), and "a double-barreled gun of [An earlier emigrant, Hans Jurg Snek, with P ~ t e r Lish curious construction". In 17 39 he began a glass furnace at (Reformed ), was witness to the wedding of Gerhard Wistarburg, near Alloway and Salem, New J ersey, the first successful glass business in this country. Among his children Mii.hlefeld (Reformed ) and Cathrin R oht (Luthera n ), were his eldest son Richard Wistar ( 17 27-1781 ), who con­ J anuary 1, 1756, St. Michael's and Zion's Lutheran tinued the glass business. His grandson, Dr . . Caspar Wistar ( 1761-1818), was professor of anatomy at the University of Church, Philadelphia (PGS, XIV, 52). Georg S chneck, Pennsylvania and founder of the Wistar Institute ( 1808), with Johannes Bender and others, was witness to the the oldest medical research institution in the United States. Other Wistars came to America from Hilsbach in 1727, in­ marriage of Gerhart Mii.hlefeld and Anna Catharina cluding the emigrant's brother J ohn and a sister Catharine Boettinger, February 17, 1761 , same church (PGS, XIV, who married a Hies ter in the Tulpehocken Valley and became 42 the ancestress of Governor J oseph H iester. Finally, a niece of course of his mInIstry: Longswamp, Ziegels, Upper Milford, Caspar Wistar married Heinrich Keppele ( 1716-1797 ), Phil­ T rexlertown, Moselem, and Towamensing. He died D ecember adelphia merchant and founder of the German Society of 5, 1810, having served the Reformed Church 50 years, 11 Pennsylvania in 1764. in Europe and 38 in Pennsylvania. In his ministerial career For the Wistar Family and_it s significance in the new world, in Ameri ca he baptized 5830 and confirmed about 3000 in­ see Caspar Wistar Haines, Some Notes Concerning Caspar dividuals. Wistar ( I mmigrant) and on the Origin of the Wistar and Pastor H elffrich's descendants have been important also Wister Families (Philadelphia: The Wistar Institute Press, in the history of the Reformed Church in Pennsylvania. His 1926); Milton R ubincam, "The Wistar-Wister Family: A so n Johannes H elUrich ( 1795-1852 ) succeeded him in h is Pen nsylvani a Family's Contributions T oward American Cui­ charge, and li kewise his grandson, William A . H elUrich ( 1837- tural Development," Pennsylvania H istory, April 1953, 142- 1894). The li ne continues in the grandsons of the latter, the 164 ; and Willi am S. Middleton, "Caspar Wistar, J unior," R everend Reginald H elUrich, an official of the World Council Annals of Medical History, IV ( 1922), 64-76. In the Dic­ of Churches, and Dr. Donald L. H elUrich, who for many years tionary of American Biography, see the articles "Caspar Wistar was pres ident of U rsinus Coll ege at Coll egevill e, Pennsylvania. ( 1696-17 52)," XX, 432-433; "Caspar Wistar ( 1761-1818)," For details On the H elffrichs, see William A. Helffrich, L ebens­ XX, 433-434; and " Sa rah Wister ( 1761-1804) ," XX, 434-435. bild aus dem Pennsylvanisch-Deutschen Predigerstand: Oder B. THE SCHAEFFERS OF S CHAEFFERSTOWN Wahrheit in L icht und Schatten, edited by N. W. A. and Alexander SchaeUer is remembered in Pennsylvania as the W. U . H elffrich (Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1906); and Ges­ founder of H eidelberg, now Schaefferstown, in H eidelberg chichte verschiedener Gemeinden in Lecha und Berks Counties, T ownship, Lebanon County. H e was a nati ve of Schries heim, wie auch Nachricht ilber die sie bedienenden Prediger, vor­ born J anuary 8, 1712, and died April 10, 1786. With his wife, nehmlich ilber die Familie H elU rich, deren Ursprung und Anna Engle, and three children, he came to America in 17 38, Ausbreitung in Europa, nach authentischen Quellen, und deren landing in Philadelphia on the Ship R obert and Alice, Septem­ I mmigration und Verbreitung in Amerika, nebst einem Rilck­ ber 11, 1738 (List 55 A-C ), with emigrants by the name blick in das kirchliche Leben Ostpennsylvaniens (Allentown, of Rohrer and Trautmann (q.v.). H e brought with him Pennsylvania: Trexler and H artzell, 189 1), particularly pp. a Taufschein dated at Schries heim May 7, 17 38, which is 71-104, "Nachrichten tiber die Familie H elffrich". For both still in existence. His business interests included the King the H elffrich and H elffenstein families, see H enry Harbaugh, George Inn (in more recent times the Franklin H ouse) which The Fathers of the German Reformed Church in Europe and he built about 1746, and a general store. H e was a large in America, Vols. II-IV (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1857-1872); landowner in H eidelberg Township and in 1758 laid out the and William J. H inke, M inisters of the German Reformed town of Schaefferstown. In 1765 he gave land for the R e­ Congregations in Pennsylvania and Other Colonies in the formed church, of which he was a leading member, and the Eighteenth Century, edited by George W. Richards (Lancaster, cemetery. I n 1758 he purchased the property later known Pennsylvania: Historical Commission of the Evangelical and as the Brendle farm, which now forms the n ucleus of the R eformed Church, 1951). Historic Schaefferstown open air museum. Alexander Schaef­ fer made h is will April 28, 1784, proba ted April 17 , 1786. APPENDIX II His executor was H enry SchaeUer of H eidelberg Township. I NDEX OF PLACES His wife was Catharine (his second wife, as Anna Engle had To give our readers some idea of the geographical extent died in 1772, aged 64), and his children were named (1) of the area involved in this emigration, as well as to provide Henry; (2) Sabina, wife of Michael H ake; (3) Anna, wife help on possible family relationships between emigrants from of Christian M eyer; (4) Catharine, wife of John Meyer ; (5) the same vi ll age, we add the list of the German towns and John; and (6) M argaret, wife of John Bright. For the last­ vi llages involved and the list numbers of individual emigrants named, see the Brecht family, o. 2, above. For Alexander from each place. In addition, the following place-names ap­ Schaeffer's town-planning activities, see Charles H . H uber, pear in the introduction but not in the emigrant list- Bercken­ compil er, SchaeUerstown, Pennsylvania, 1763-1963 (M yers­ heim, Bohnfeld, DUhren, Eppingen, and Massenbach. town, Pennsylvania: Church Center Press, for the Schaeffers­ 1. Aglasterhausen (No. 130). town Bicentennial Committee, 1963), pp. 17-23, 24-39. 2. Altneudorf (Nos. 114, 131) . H enry SchaeUer ( 1749-1803) inheri ted the Brendle farm 3. Asbach (Nos. 79, 80, 81 ). from his father, where he operated a tile factory for roofing 4. Bammenthal (Nos. 58, 92). and floo r ti les, and a distillery, where he made apple-brandy 5. Bargen (No. 107 ) . or applejack. In the community he was a J ustice of the .6. Bruchhauserhof (Bruchhausen ) (Nos. 128, 129 ). Peace and a penman or scrivener. H e organized a company 7. Burcken (Neckarburken ) (Nos. 86, 87, Introduction). of volunteers during the R evolution and became their captain. 8. D aisbach (No. 75 ). After the Revolution he served as Associate Judge of D auphin 9. D audenzell (No. 67). County. 10. Dossenheim (Nos. 3, 14, 127). C. THE H ELFFRICHS AND H ELFFENSTEINS 11. Eberbach (Nos. 83, 84). From the Mosbach area in the lower Neckar Valley there 12. Eiterbach (Nos. 74, 91, 103). came to Pennsylvania the two distinguished clerical families 13. Epfenbach (Nos. 99, 100). of H elUrich and H elUenstein, who served the R eformed Church 14. Eschelbronn (No. 44). through many generations. Johann H einrich H elUrich was 15. Gauangeloch (No. 106 ). born at Mosbach, October 22, 17 39, so n of J ohann Peter H elf­ 16 . H andschuhsheim (H eidelberg-Handschuhsheim) frich , burgomaster of Mosbach, and his wife, Anna Margaretha (No. 104). Dietz. His father d ying soon after the birth of this his only 17. H eddesbach (No. 115 ) . child, the widow married the R everend Peter H elU enstein, of 18. H eiligk reuzsteinach (No. 133) . Sinsheim, who was superintendent (inspector ) of the Re­ 19. H elmstad t (Nos. 47, 93). formed Churches for the Palatine government. The H elffen­ 20. Hilsbach (Nos. 55, 56, Appendix I-A). steins had three children: ( 1) Johann Albert Conrad, who 21. Hockenheim (No.4). came to America and became minister of the R eformed Church 22. H offenheim (No. 66). of Germantown and elsewhere, (2) Johann Heinrich, pastor 23. H ohensachsen (No. 73). of the R eformed church in Sinsheim, and (3) D orothea M ar­ 24. Lobenfeld (No. 102 ). garetha, who married the Reverend D . M . HelUenstein, p astor 25. M annheim-Neckerau (No. 11 ). at Schonau. 26. Mannhei m-Sandhofen (No. 13). Johann Heinrich H elUrich was reared by the H elffensteins, 27. Mannheim-Seckenheim (Nos. 5, 6). studied theology at the University of H eidelberg, and came 28. M auer (Nos. 37, 39, 40, 41, 14 1) . to America in 1771 with h is half-brother, Johann Albert Con­ 29. M eckesheim (Nos. 12, 76, 77, 96). rad H elUenstein ( 1748-1790), as R eformed missionaries to 30. Michelbach (No. 90). Pennsylvania. After an almos t disastrous sea voyage of over 3 1. Mitt e l ~c h e ffi e nz (Nos. 72, 82, 85, 89 ). four months in the Fall and W inter of 1771-1772, they ar­ 32. Moosb runn (No. 133 ). rived in ew York in J anuary, 1772, and came on to Penn­ 33. Mosbach (Nos. 121 , 122, Introduction, Appendix I-C). sylvania. H elffrich was install ed in the R eformed parish that 34. Neckarkatz (en ) bach (Nos. 134, 140). covered Western L ehigh and Eastern Berks Counties-with 35. Neunkirchen (Nos. 125, 132). the churches of M axatawny, D elongs, Lowhill, W eissenburg, 36. Neckarelz (Nos. 38, 120). and Heidelberg. Other congregations were added during the 37. R eichartshausen (No. 105 ). 43 38. Reihen (Nos. 68, 69, 70, 123, I ntroduction ) . H orsch- 14 1 R5hrcr-37 39. Rohrbach bei D Uhren (No. 24, I ntroduction ) . H ostetter- I 24 Roht- 138 40. Rohrhof bei BrUhl (1 o. 126 ) . H uber- 24, 101 Romig-4 4 1. Sand hofen ( o. 1) . H umbel- I ntroduction Rothermel- 127 42. Schatthausen (Nos. 42, 138 ). I gsin (l ckes? )-21 R ubert- 123 43. Scholl brunn (No. 88 ) . Immel- 21 R udi-23 44. Schonau ( os. 11 6, 11 7, 118, 11 9, Appendix I -C ) . K amm-26 R udisille-21, 80 45. Schri esheim (Nos. 2, 9, 10, 50, 5 1, 52, 53, 54, 108, K ammerer- II R uland- l 109, Appendix I -B ). K arg-5 1 R upp- 67 46. Sinsheim (Nos. 26 , 98, 135, Appendix I -C ) . K auffman-70 Sabel-90 47. Spechbach ( os. 59, 60, 97, 101 ) . K ell er- 28, 31 Sauter- 27 48. Steinsfurt (No. 71 , Introduction ) . K ell ermann-56 Schaeffer- 2, 5 1, 49. Waldkatzenbach (No. 136 ) . K emp-4 Appendix 1- B 50. Wall dorf ( os . 7, 8, 45, 46 ) . K eppele-Appendix I - A Schaff ner- 7, 36 5 1. Weil er am Steinsberg (Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Ki (e ) ss inger- l Schall- 72 , 85 22 , 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 ). Kinder (Gunther )-36 Schauer- I ntroduction 52 . Weinheim (No. 137) . K irsch- 62, 64, 65 Scheid- 108 53. Wieblingen (H eidelberg-Wieblingen ) (Nos. 34, 78 ) . K lein-80 Sch iff erdecker- 132 54. Wiesloch (Nos. 25, 43 ) . Knech t- 69 Schill ing- IDS 55. Wilhelmsfeld (Nos. 33, 110, 111 , 11 2) . Kneissley- 68 Schlepp-3 56. Zuzenhausen ( os. 35, 36, 48, 49, 57, 6 1, 62, 63, 64, K oberstein-94 Schmid t- IS, 33, 11 2 65, 94, 95, 124, 139 ). K olb-41 Schneck- 138 K onig-11 6 Schopf- 21, 23 APPENDIX III Kraff t- 66 Schuch- 23 I ND EX O F EM IGRAN T S Kranester-45 Schuck- 123 Because of the wealth of material presented in th is list, Krauss-129 Schwab (Schwob)- 16, and since it IS not alphabeti zed, a cross -index of family names Krehebuhl- 58 25 has been prepared. T he numbers refer to numbers of in­ KrUger- 51 Schwann- 50 dividual emigrants in the list (Nos. 1-1 4 1) . Famil y names K uhn- 21 Schweigert (Schweikert) mentioned in the I ntroduction and Appendices are included. KUmmerl ing-137 - 10 7 K umpff- 81 Sevic-28 Arnold- 35 Fabian-41 Labaar- 26 Seydenbender- 122 Barther-27 Federolff- 127 Lang-23, 60 iegfri ed-4 Battenfeld- 90 Feil (Phil e)-85 Lay- 63 Sill- 86 Bauer- 52 Fill er- 87 Leidig- 9 Si mone- 2 Beau-4 Fortunee-81 Leitner- 28 Sinter- I ntroduction Bechtold- 72 Franck- I 12 Lerch- 137 Smyse r-21 Beck- 100 Frantz- I 24 Lessle-93 Soerer- 60 Beckenbach- I03 Frey- 17, 78 Levan-4 So ll er- I n trod u ction Behr (Bar)-83 Frosch- 7 Leyer-113, 130 Sall ner- Introduction Bender- 23, 87, 138 Gansshorn- 92, 10 1 Licht (n )er- 63 Spengler- 1.6 , 29, 32 Benninger-99 Gartner- 11 2 Linz-79 Spohn- 88 Bernhardt-4 Geiger- 93 Lish- 138 Stahl- 120 Besch- 82 Geis (t )er-44 LUcker- 11 9 Steger- 6 1 Bettle-6 Gengrich- 123 L udwig- 24, 86, 95 Stein- 57, 108, 138 Beyer- 21 Gerhard- 72 L utz-26 Stenger- 71 Boettinger- 138 Gerner- 93 Mack- 8 1 Stephan- 137 Bo hler (Bull er, Biehler ) Gernion- lO I M artin-1 25, 134, 140 Tracken- 24 -22, 11 2 Gorner- 80 M ayer-M eyer- 15, 51 , Trautmann- 51 , 52 Bowsman-7, 36 Grauss (K rauss)-75 I ntroduction Treibel- 84 Brecht (Bright)-2, 51 , Griesemer-41 M eister- 66 Tubinger (T iebinger, Appendix 1- B Gri ng-137 M eixelI-25 Ibinger )- 53 Brendel- 122 Gump- 8 1 M eyer-Appendix I - B U lrich- 126 Brenneisen-27 GUn ther (36 ) M uck-97 Wagelin- Introduction Brenner- 80 H aegis- 16 M uhlefeld- 138 Wagner- I 18, 135 Bubigkoffer-126 H ake-Appendix 1 - B M iihlhauser (M iihlen- Walter- 7, 14 Buchacker- 5 1 H ambrecht- 68 hauser )-24 Wedel-3, 34 BUckle (Bickle )- 92, 101 H amspacher-18 M ull er (Miller )-8, 11 , Wegman- 137 C hristmann-2 H appes-117 19, 26, 40, 41 , 43, 48, Weidler- 134 Clotter- Introduction H asen (H esen )-9 76, 77 , 96, 131 Weis-l 36 Cunradt-63 H auck-47, 85 M usselmann- 124 Welcker- 59 Cunz (Kunz)-7 H eckmann- Ill M ussier-I ntroduction Well er- 24 D ankels-41 H eeb--11 2 Neff- 21 Wiederer-24 Danner-45, 46 H elffrich- Appendix 1- C Newcomer- 124 Wilcke-16, 20 D ehuff-2 H elffens tein- Appendix 1 - C Notz- 36 Wild (t )-92 Diebendorffe r (Diffen- H elI er-24 Nuz- 4 1 Will- l 0 derffe r )-9, 78 H enrich-89 Ottinger- 21, 92 Willhaut- 17 Diehl (Diel)-5 H er-3 Peischlein- 82 Wistar-Wister (Wuster ) Dietz- 121, Appendix H er tzel (H irtzel )- Peter- 17, 22, 30 - Appendix I - A 1- C Introduction Petzer- 124 Wolf- 85 Dinnies-119 H eylmann-..-Q l Pfauz- 24 Wolff hart (Wolfhardt, Doll-23 H ezel-41 Pfeiffer- 11 2 Wolfahrt)-25 DUrr-68 H iester- Appendix I - A Pfeil-..-Q 6 Wollfarth-97 Eberle- 74, 91 Hild- 104 Pfrang-137 Yeizer- 7 Ege- 102 H ildenbrand- 27 Puder- 11 0 Yoder-124 Ehret-85 HilI- 13 R ai tschaff-Introd uction Young-80 Eise nhauer- I 12 H illigass-26 Reeser-4 Ziegler- IS, 18, 55, 80, Ellich- Introd uction H oeg-97 R eichert-l IS 92, 98 Engle-Appendix I - B H offm an-2, 49, 80, R einhard- lI D, 11 2 Zilling-89 Ernst- 102 109, 139 Riehm- 25 Zimmer-41 Etschberger-37 H offstatter- 54 Ritss-41 Zimmermann-4, 12, 38, Euler- 73 H oney- 68 Roemer-39 11 4, 127, 133 Ewig-33 H arpel-38 Roesch- 128 Zweis(s) ig-39, 60 44 Pennsylvania Gerlllan AstronolllY and Astrology XI: Contelllporary Allllanacs*

By LOUIS WINKLER

COMPARISON OF ALMANACS lcan almanacs of the 18th and 19th Centuries, plus Contemporary almanacs employed by the Pennsylva­ some additional information. The four modern al­ nia Germans and the surrounding people continue to manacs and older ones include information on eclipses, be their best source of popular astronomy and astrology. explanations of the use of almanacs, centennial almanac Some of the outstanding contemporary almanacs include quotations (except for HTCA ), bright planet data, the following: dail y astronomical data, and the almanac man. Of 1. Baer's Agricultural Almanac (Figure 1) is pub­ course, the Christian element is still quite prevalent lished in Lancaster a nd is now in its 149th year. in the four almanacs in connection with the ecclesiastical This is the only almanac still published in Penn­ calendar. The onl y conspicuous deviations from older sylvania. 2. Gruber's Hagerstown T own and Country Al­ almanacs are that NAC and NAA do not include the manack (Figure 2) is published in H agerstown, Julian (or Old Style) column, and HTCA does not Maryland, and is now in its 177th year. This include the high water column. While NAC and NAA is the almanac with the longest line of publishers have still maintained the square shape and square for­ in the same family. mat for the daily astronomical data, AA and HTCA 3. Raber's N eue Amerikanische Calender (Figure 3) is published in Baltic, Ohio, and is the only have only maintained the square format. almanac still published in the German language. In addition to the above mentioned data AA and I ts English language counterpart, R aber's N ew HTCA have a variety of articles, tables or notes on American Almanac (Figure 4), is a lso published astronomical, astrological and almanac topics. In AA in Baltic. there are about a dozen such inclusions, half of which It is interesting to compare the 1973 issues of these pertain to lunar astrology. An example regarding lunar almanacs with the earlier German style almanacs dis· astrology is shown in Figure 5. In HTCA there are cussed in Articles I, VII and VIII of this series. three such articles or tables. A page from the article An analysis of the astronomical and astrological con­ concerning the history of their Almanack is shown in tent of the contemporary almanacs shows that they basicall y have the information found in German-A.ner- *Dr. Winkler's work on almanacs has won him an H onor­ able Mention in the Judy A. Seydoux memorial competition in 1972. His award-winning article appears in the October 1973 Griffith Obser ver and is entitled " Astronomical and Figure 1. Figure 2. Astrological Content of Conunon Almanacs in Early America." Baer ~ Almanac. The Hagerstown Almanac.

. ~, '''f'', ,,,,,.,'M' , ...... ~, . , ~ ., .. "" Figure 3. Figure 4. Raber's German Almanac. Raber's English Almanac.

, 01 the world" 1910.1 h,mo\", .1"'1".(1.- ' \,I,eful luide .lind ~ compM~ fof fI.nMf, wburtwlile, .and d ty.odwel~'

OO~PI ~ ".' '' 'U

t ~inB the risins. 5ettlns. ~nd cclipse:s of the sun ,nd 1973 · ·· Fi-: AT U R E 8·· · 1973 In; the phJ.tet .Jnd pluet of the moon; the upedS of plAnets, I~ rising. lenin&. and lOuthing of the most Ipkuous pbneb and filled st..,s; the lime of high waler; ~ \lt\ ''' ',\I\II ' ' "~ III\ \""I\t..-"~,,, " 1',.~ N 'II II "'~ '~' \·r~ Oil vvidy of u.e'ul .Jnd enterhinins matter induding LONG·RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS '''" 111\ '''It ~ '''" ",n. " to '" .... , "'Ht, 1{ ~~ 'II I~', FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA .J

45 Amos Appleschnitz Says to Plant

(ACCORDING TO THE MOON) August 3. 4, 24 , 25, 30, 31; September 20, 21, Crops bearing their yield above ground: 26, 27 , 28; October 17, 18,24, 25 ; November January 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17; February 13,14, 15, 20, 21; December II , 12. 17 , 18. 5,6, 9, 10, 13, 14 ; March 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 14; Start seedbeds: January 17 , 18, 26, 27 ; February 13, 14 . 22, 23, 24; March 13,14,21, AprilS, 6, 9, 10, IS, 16; May 2, 3, 6, 7, 13 , 22, 23; -April"9, lQ,oI8, 19; May 6, 7. IS, 16, 14, 15 ; June 2,3,9, 10, II , 12, 13,30; July 17 ; June 2 , 3, 12, 13.30; July 1,9, 10, Century. Since this a lmanac man has appeared in the 1,6.7.8,9,10, 14; August 3, 4, 5, 6.10, II, l·t , 27, 28; August 5, 6, 24 , 25 ; September I, 2, 30,31; September 1,2.3,6, 7,8, 11,26,27, 3.29, ,0; October 17, 18,26, 27 ; November vast majority of the extremely numerous almanacs ever 28,29,30; October 4. 5, 8, 9, 10,25,26,27, 13. 14 , 15, 22, 23,24; December II, 12, 19, 31; November I, 5, 6, 9, 24, 27, 28, 29; 20, 21. printed, he is probably the most frequently depicted December 2, 3, 4,7,8,24,25,26, 29,30, 31. SCt hens and incubators: January 11-24; Crops bearing their yield below ground: Fr.bruary 11 -23 ; March 13-24 ; April 11 -23 ; personage in the history of printed literature. His great January 3,18,23,24,25, 26,27,31; Febru· May 10-24 ; June 9-23; July 3-22; August 6-21; ary 1, 20,21,22, 23,24, 27,28; March I, 19, September 5·19; October 4-19; November 3· popularity is undoubtedly ti ed to our modern concern 20, 21,22,23, 26,27,28,31; April 1,2,17, 17 ; December 3-16, 18, 19.23, 24 , 28,29; May 16, 17. 20, 21. Best dates for killing briars, poison ivy and for our bodies and general health. Figure 12 is AA)s 22.25, 26,29,30; June 16, 17, 18,21, 22, weeds: ranuary 6, 7,19.20, 21 , 22; February 23, 26. 27; July 15 . 19,20; 23 ,24. 27, 28; 2,3.4, IS, 16, 17, 18, 19; March 2, 3, IS, 16, selection of almanac men found in American almanacs August IS, 16, 19,20,21,24,25; September 17 18, 29. 30; April II , 12, 13, 14, 25, 26. 12, 16,17,20.21; October 13, 14, 17, 18,24, 27; May 8. 9, 10, II , 12, 23 , 24; June 4. 5. since 1775. November 10. 13 , 14, IS, 20, 21, 22, 23, 6, 7,8, 19,20; July 2, 3, 4, 5, 16,17, 18,29. December II, 12, 17, 18, 19,20,21. 30,31; August I, 2, 12, 13 , 14, 26, 27, 28, Flower gardens: January 17, 18,23,24,25; 29; September 9, 10,22,23,24. 25; October February 13, 14,20, 21 ; March 13, 14 , 19, 20, 6,7, 19,20, 21,22, 23 ; November 2, 3, 4,16. U SE OF CONTE MPORARY ALMANACS April 9, 10, IS , 16, 17; May 6, 7, 13, 14; 17, 18, 19, 30; December I. 13, 14, 15. 16. June 2. 3, 9. 10, 30; Jub I. &;>"'J,,8, 27, 28; 27, 28. The va lu e of the astronomical and astrological data, outside of the dail y entries, appears to have been un­ Figure 5. Lunar astrology in Baer's Almanac. changed compared to what their value was before the 20th Century. Eclipse and bright pl anet information continue to be educational or enterta ining. While ex­ Figure 6 and a page concerning lunar astrology is shown planations of the use of the almanac a re quite useful in Figure 7. they continue to be quite incomplete. Centennial al­ The area in which the previously m entioned four manac quotations and almanac man data continue to modern almanacs differ the most from one another is be extremely useful to the believer of as trology. the area of lunar astrology with the almanac man. M odern America is often thought of as being as­ While positions of the moon are assocIated with the tronomicall y oriented since we li ve in the Spa e Age. same parts of the body in all four cases, additional asso- H owever, ll1 many fundamental astronomical areas,

ciations vary. The almanac man in HTGA (Figure 8) 1 the Pennsylvania Germans of the 18th and 19th Cen­ and NAA (Figure 9) is also associated with farming. turies were much more astronomicall y oriented. The In NAG (Figure 10) he is associated with old German orientation natura ll y arose from the heavy dependence traditions of blood letting, cupping, and timber cut­ on the almanac for determination of epochs, such as ting. In AA (Figure 11 ) he is not associated with any­ time of year, month, week and day, and for astrological thing else in addition to the position of the moon. uses. D ependence on the almanac for the determination The appearance of similar almanac men have been of these epochs however has been deemphasized during found in the earliest printed almanacs of the 15th the 20th Century. D eemphasis arises because many so urces of printed calendars exist which give the time 'Fig ure 5 refers to the earth when a reference should be m ade to the moon. of year, month, and week. This specifi call y affects the columns relating to civi l calendars (Gregorian and Julian ) as well as the ecclesiastical calendars. The September has 30 days. 21 deletion of the Julian calendar column by NAG and N AA was probably made because of the deemphasis in its use. Greater numbers of available timepieces and modern communications such as the radio, tele­ ~ ": I"TE:o.'H Ek 197:1 Conjrctu .... 0' the Wrather MOON'S PHASES 1. 2, :J hot, huy, . , 5, 6, 7 (~uen t phone, and television allow people to ascertain the t"lf.t {}ua rWr 4 1022 A:o., ~ h()wers ; 8, 9, 10, 11 monly ralr, cooler, 12, Full M ..... n 12 1016 AM 13, 14 , 15 unwtll~ , 16, 17, 18 pully cloudy, I J"t (IWlrt.o'r 19 II II AM mild, 19,20,21, 2Z ahowen, 23, 24, 25 rair. time of day without recourse to the equation of time ="0:'" Moon 26 854 AM .... mI ; 26, 1" 28, 29 ch.Oijuble,:JO cloudy, mild wall IOCII IC'fi on South Pot,omQC St~I, on I~ OrlglO.lly, tIM.' G.:rnlllO ed.tlon had qui\..e (sun slow or fast ) column. Since the equation of time .0rOl" o( an Kllev nellr lh\! Publl(' !=;qU IH fO an t'l pbor.l.oely enpllved ('Over, lind the fin;1 In UI:!:! . du(' t.a populur d<,maod, an [Oft> rf;W Engli&h MII.On& duphaW:d .t: in 1826, II~h t'o Ih" Iongt'Vuy " due to the (act Phaae. or lbo moon are "III h.t4'd in the Figure 6. Ihllt lhe H.gf',,·town Town .nd (:Qunlt)' ..m~ manner aa they we", In 1797, an.d the The vast majority of the astronomical data in the ;~t:,:n~k ::~;e:;~~::I:::' ·:r,:~,:u!~ ~:~'!thr ~ :::~t:r ::t~u~:r.:.: A page of history h.ve appl'f'('la~ t~ linle (, "-np in appear- .inot nr-.llncluded b..ck in 1830 In 1850. the miscellaneous column remains as either entertammg, "nCt' or COI'tlenta over the yun In 10011.1"1 Tabl" tor Prot'l'I(»tJc..hon of the Weather from the Hagers­ Ihrough bKk Ih ue,. we bee.. me qUIte ••are .ere first pu.eed on to our ",aden. u tbe)t or how very lIttle ('hanre thtre haa been hav-e been ever ainot town Almanac. educational, or of a filler nature. Planetary, solar and 46 .,. Grutier's ~Town Town and Country Almanack 33 ANATOMY OF MAN'S BODY. = AS SAID TO BE GOVERNED BY TilE nVELVE CONSTELLATIONS S £ED PLANTED WHEN In C.pricorn, whkh II • Moi.t. Mov. THE EARTH IS . ble Shrn. will produce a rapid crowth :~arn~lp. ltalkl or rootll, but not much ~~I~d,n~~~ In Ariea, which I. a Mov .. bl~ F ire N.d. rlV'Ol'1lbk powIb mit ~ lID A' IftJ. to abt.m4aftt SiKn. «onm~ by M ...... make rapid ,. Tlurus Cmlini growth .. nd .. bundan<~ of atraw .. nd top •• In Aquariua..... hich b an Airy, M ..cu­ e = . ~t~:'~~iftt:=~!.! .. ecordlnR a3 the Moon I, old or new. linl Sip, I. only thrown . .... y. u It _ill IDOOft 1cotib . ~limEtoJOWpc.a.liftheckJ B,nul. In Tau rus. which is a F ind Earthly not cro..., well. H"",. rono.:..the_IDOOD •• tbeywWvow~· Sign. governed by Venul. will do good ~ ..... -tl C~ Conjeclure of the Weatiter for . U root (rapi 01 quick growth. In Placu. which ~ Fruitful, Wl tel'}'. :,:~IJ':':~~~ r 1973 MOON'S PHASES Femlnin~ Sign. will p r oduc~ ellc~lIcnt bu.r but little: if IO'WfI • d.,- 01" rwo afCICT the I, fair, wann: 2, 3, 4,5 changeable; 6, 7, In G~minl . which II .. Blrn!n Si,n. ruulta and I. the t hird be lt .1ilfJl for pre>­ Rlins...... full moon .w bloom lAd fruIt ID abuDclaoc:c...... _._ .. 2 3:55 P.M. 8 clear. mild; 9, la, 11 rain, WIndy; 12. 13 w,1I not mah I Jrood growth.. Thu I. a dudn.. the fruiu of the urth. L.ibra a! VifllO ..... 9 7:07 AM. uneettled; 14, 15 ,howen!; 16, 17, 18 fair, 19. good time to .tlr the '(nl and subdue . 11 ~u ~W!~ ~~I:ur UukCWOn!!C'ftt!: 11 :58 P.M. no.jou. wtoed&. '* 16 20,21 dumgellble; 22, 23. 24 dear, mild; 25, The Air Si~ are the botst to htve$t S«n1S, 25 3. 40 A.M in, The Fire S iltn ••n iM'Cond besL Ne ... er 26 lIhowe". cool; 27.28 fair. 29, 30 showers. In C. ncer. which b a WaleI")' . Fruitf ul. 'E Scorpfo. ~~~bdORtbefu1lolth:o .31 11 :34 PM mild; 3 1 (81f Movable Siltn, cermmau quickly. It i. ~!~,;. / Si ~~IIt~~inn:!. voert~.bl~~ . t~ : IDOOCI it &.. JOCJd u-IO pllot Of pNDe frUit favorable to c rowth and in.un!• • n abun­ trra. CalK:criJ.p:JOdeatthtiptopnaae dant y ield. they ...i11 lurely d«. y or sprout. Ju,t lAp. K~. ,",pcm-. WEATHER PROGNOSTICATOR bot fore lull Moo n is the bf..t to IrUher lor ~ Aqulti",,_ .... Ctpric:onl. rdle /()r J'l1rtltlli1l0 tA, Wealh.,. throug" all the Lufto!ion. 01 tllch Yt07'. In Lt-o. whleh 13 a Barren. F iery SI Il'tI . Ihippinlr. tit '--: Uoe ...... - A batm:I 6uy dca, is will dfe. &.3 it i. only favorable to the only f.vorabk 10 the ckatnacdoa of ooD:IuI 'i\'EATHER PROGNOSTICATOR Full 8.nd La~ Quarter- are to M!dnilt'hl dntruetlon of no.ioul growth. Trim no All pl l nlll. lreel and vf'j:etablu pl .nt_ IJ'O'Wth. Wcaia. brian lAd buaba cut ce It! thr. trt-es or vlnea when the Moon or E.rth 0I'd in t he ncw of thC" moon .... 1\1 II: f'OW viII: _ oldoithemooalnAu~.tw:nItr;pla::eblD ~~ .t~b~he.~:!I~~e Oi(~~fl~~';:;~~!:: ~!e~·dr:~'W; ~II~':i:g~ather be durin!: the is in Lt-o. for Ihey will ", u rdy die. oroul.Y· All CN:lPS that p roduce their The Garden Signs ~ (filnolthe lion) win be _c:crtailliy yield . bove th~ cround should be p1anlN destroyed Itlan If dont ., any otbC'f lime. robserV ation ; the whole bemg con- 2. The space for this c.!eulation oc:. In Yil1r;o. wh k h is allO • B.rren Sill'tl. in the ne .... of the moon. Those th.t ThlriI:D'bertutift theoldoflbclDOOD!a on • due consideration of the c: upiee from ten at night till two the nut .. it i, unf .... orable to Itrowth of aced The da,. of each mooth in which the IDOOD ewd produce th('ir yield in the /Cround ehould Aupit will DOt be Ultm by WQf1Da DOl' 'DIP 1II o r tr.neplantinlr. be pl anted in the old of the moon. lipcoinridel wilh!he aun daza . tbe inft~ bllmifll. and will lui mud! ICIn.I= Uwa if cvt .~n::h:~~~I~~e~nd~~I~1 b~o:i~~I: morning. 01 the lip 10 be pull, illremitd. ill\IlIPCIICd ll.ny~lim& . lion .how the ob~rvcr what kind 3. The nearer to midday o r 'li\oon these In Libra. which i•• etronl' Mov. ble The fir11 day lbc moon it ill I it beHet Sign. dou well. it il nellt after Ca n«r dan Ithe~ will most probably f ollow the ph ases o f the Moon h"ppen. the mo re foul an!A~ f~ui ~r~i ~~:. t!.n~N!;'a~!~;!: than tbelllClOl'ld. 1tDd tbe.-:cod bmcT thm the M V1tso: \'bPI. Iowdt-A banal tip; u. of flown ID&Il)' nee of the Moon into any of her o r wet weathe r may be expected during and Pi_I are the be,t . nd mOlt produc. third. Tbo.: wbo kDow the ~ of thcIc bloom lirl. mala mel tauliful ~%luc:! ~~;~~!ee;tur~':::'tht :~~I Rowen. bid unr.vorahle to the powth of INd rl and that 110 near the trut h u the next seven daya.. =t! tive In the o rder n.med-brinl\' wate ry • iaWl are rcad110 plant .. the prc:Ip("f time. • nd a .e.. on .ble amount of grain. or rra-ptantill;l. Mldom or n ever f ound to bU. 4. The s pace f or thit calculation occu- lh~y a ..i st vegetation to wlthltand kDowiDa; WI ~ plmtcd ill • banal aiID. I drouth and produce much Iruit and .,. Ubra: w-&ala. ... - A mona rntionl.-l. Th(" neare r the time pica from ten in the forenoon ,to two in In Sc;orpion, which I. Fruitful. prodlK_ 1CInt)' crop wiD loUow; If plantat ill • fruitful Itraln. Sl kIU.riUI and Aquariul are poor mot'lblc dan. Sceda planted thit lime ~ e Moon's chanke-First Quarter . the afternoon. These ob.ervatlons l'e!("r inlr Watery etrect. Nt.-! beat afte r Can- din . • fuU crop will follow. ~ time to planl .1 Sill'tl •. L«.. Gtmfni and Vir,:o are B.t. dK prdeo II wk:li tt. canh it ill • I'I'CId _lan. duce vipvus pulp powth and IOOb and a principally to the summer. though they reno th(' . tronKut in the order namOl'd. IAdthed.,-lOplatb wbn tbelDOOD II hi the _blc:-.:Itol,.-aia. atr«t spring lind autumn nearly in the In SlltittariUI. which i. a F ier)'. ~b. ­ and a re be.t to d('st f'O y weed, and a ll ripI. The time to banal it wbea tbc .i&n hi • &c.pIo: ~ ,.,.., t.oas - A ume ratio. culine 5iln . ... m not do well. 81 It I, nol noliou. Itrowth. Th~ tir.!!t day the Moon a very favorable time to plant or tran.­ n,hl. fruilful lip prodod!w _lay dla:ta. A IlOOII is in Sittn Ia bett('t than the &eC"ond • • nd tip to pYat coons. 5. The Moon ', chang&-F irst Quamr. plant. the ~ond IS bctur th.n tht third. Pull Moon and Last Quarter_ happe nin!: .. Aries: __ • tt.I - A .,.,.blc 6ft rip • $apaadIII: Arc:Ittcr ...... ella,...... during six of the afternoon hour&-that ~h1'thelUD ; __ IIp1aDlDliIlthll _ rlCTY maatulinc daD. WW DOt do wdI u It is. from four to ten_ma y be f ollo ..... ed b}' ' l' h~ HeadudF&oe ~ riaa Of Italb. is Il0l' r."f'OI'IbIe time 10 p\IZU 01" trUIplaDt.. dan If 11K mooa it d.Itk 01' 011 tbo __ • r..:I.iIbr:I fair weothe rj but thill is mostly depend. ..tARllll. An Cf'OPI this produae tbdr Jidd Iboft the ent o f the wind. III it is noted in the NrfOK:C of the pDImd ibould be planted ill the or potatoel =-rbc~ •• rootaopl art table. Neck. neworiac:ftuct!abtoftbeIDQOGIOPOW a.ald todo~1J if pWlUd ID lip 01 \owc:t put ~, . fOf tat JicW! arIiD Ihould be of the body. 6. Though the weather. from a variety ti« TAURus. plmted ill tbe dart of the mooo. of i rregular courllCS. is more uncerlain in Reina, -B~ JIll' T_: .... I"IoIcII - FLudearthlyRin ~k~~~ri'!,= · .:fb the latter part of autumn. the whole of ~ by Mcn:ur,; .w do ~ f« &11 root or rcxxa. bul not mud! pt'lIJ• winter and the beginninlt of IIpring. yet , ... LIBRA. ot! CANCER. aopI of quick powth. fA. A~ : W_ , lIp-AbJ_ in the main. the above ohaervations will Bowel., All root CTOPI that produce their yield ill the linc lip . Seed doet DOt pow wdI. Do DOC plq.t apply to those periods .Iao. &r'C)W)d . hould be pianlcd in the old or dec:rux seed .. itwilitOC.mditonlylhrowft .....' . iIIl ~~~tiARJUB ~ VIRGO. tlahlof the IDOOD 10 produce, JtIOd ,xld. = rt.c.: F1dI ,. - A w.ta, fcmioinc c-w: HaftIIkJ 'Twim • .u.s - Bu· Ii",: will proclua: ucdlcnt ruulta IDd it one NOTE Of EXPLANATION -.... a RIUB. rm rip: iood dan 10 pianl melon 1CedI. A of the bct.I s,iJn1 lor produciq lbc In.&it of the CONCERNrNG C IVIL HOLIDAYS 4 r

lunar arrangements, however, could be used 'in highl y contemporary almanac entries do not differ appreciably sophisticated horoscopes. Since there tends to be more from those over the centuries the accuracy has increased lunar astrology in contemporary almanacs, the astron­ and now can be computed with great speed. omical data regarding the moon becomes more useful. PROMI NENT PERSONS Accurate predictions of the positions of the sun, It is impressive as well as interesting that the early moon, and planets have appeared in almanacs since Pennsylvania German community produced four out­ the early part of the 17th Century when K epler, the standing figures who were affiliated with the fi eld of German astronomer, almanac calculator, and astrologer, astronomy and almanacs and who held the M .A. degree. formulated his laws of planetary motion. While refine­ D avid Rittenhouse was an astronomer with international ments in these predictions have been m ade steadil y reputation who a lso computed almanacs. J. F. Schmidt over the centuries, until the mid-20th Century, these made calculations for .almanacs and evidently instructed calculations were m ade by hand. When this writer in astronomy at the U niversity of Pennsylvania. C. F. spoke to William E. O 'Toole, III, calculator for HTCA, Egelmann was 'one of America's most outstanding al­ he indicated that he employed a high speed digital manac contributors who helped develop the American computer for many of his almanac entries. While almanac to its highest point. E. L. Walz compiled a very popular astronomy text' in 1830 which was illustrated by Egelmann and publicized by Egelmann in one of mom mberfaffen unb 5d}ropfen. his almanac articles. Walz's 3i 5-page text contains 130 pages of expl anations of the nature of the " Calender." It is also interesting to note that Rittenhouse, Walz, and Egelmann held views concerning .astrology which were similar. They ridiculed astrology, but Egelmann «~I'Ict!~;;IttA= inadvertently believed that the weather was significant­ .M ..... '" ...... M pi ..... 2)it ...... ~_: ly influenced by the planets and moon in addition to eahlntllt, hi t"'tI D.... ert.. amb Wt:rl"'. the sun. Su,iln'. Mt (0 Dtc. eat. 2cton .ulb.t,rca. .art, kI ... ea.c. .... When views concerning astrology of other prominent

1""Ir"-l>UB ~~:c...... ,:~~~ _ persons of the early Pennsylvania German community l1 ...... nO .... t ..... II Naturgeschichte und Erdbeschreibung. ~ ",::;, if"::" .i.1011ri ...... '1 e.... "111:t~ __'" 11 __ ...... J IOl'~'·~~ :.,.e.:.~::,.,:.A.-C;e:=rt::a~. 47 Egelmann, ridiculed astrology but inadvertently believed porary almanacs have a smaller proportion of astron­ in some astrology. Perso ns outside the fie ld of astron­ omical or astrological material. Two almanacs of the omy, such as Conrad Beissel, Christopher Saur and past which stand out in this reader's mind for their Christopher Witt we re staunch believers in astrology. purity and high proportion of astronomical and a trolog­ Among their roles in society, Beissel was a mystic, Saur ical material are Saur's H och D eutsch A mericanische an almanac publis her, and Witt a Pietist. In addition Calender for 1755 and Egelmann's A nti-Freym aurer to the confusion often appearing in the general anon­ Calender for 1833 . ymous literature, scholars have also exhibited some mis­ understanding. A. D. Graeff' confused astronomy with astrology, while T. R. Brendle .and C. W. U nger' be­ ANATOMY OF MAN'S BODY, lieved that weather predictions are based on astrological AS SAID TO BE GOVERNED BY THE TWELVE CONSTELLATJONS calculations. As it was explained in Article VI of this The Head cmd Face - ,..e Aries. series, confusion often arises because clear definitions Arms. Neck. or astronomy, astrology and the in-between area almost 8 Gemini . ,.. Taurus. never a ppear. HeartJ Breast. ~ Leo. »Il Cance r. CONCLU SION S Reins, Bowels. Both publishers of almanacs and their readers could ~ Libra. sit Virgo. benefi t frofTI a questionnaire incl uded in almanacs Thighs. Secrets , which is directed at determining what information is fI(J Sagittarius.

'''Astrology in Pennsylvania German Almanacs," American­ German Review (1939 ), pp. 24-29. ' ''Folk Medicine of the Pennsylvania Germans: The Non­ Occult Cures," Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings and Addresses, XLV (1935 ), 257-287. ·K ey to the Almanac and the Sidereal Heavens (Scottdale: Figure 12. Various patterns of the "Almanac Man," 1775 Mennonite Publishing House, 1908) . to 1838. 48 Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 39: CIDER AND WINE PRODUCTION

In our questionnaire series we have offered several process involved? Were preservatives or flavorings ever questionnaires on food production in Pennsylvania cultures. added to cider? How long did cider normally last in the In the present questionnaire we ask for materials remem­ winter? bered by our readers on the domestic production of cider and wine by Pennsylvanians. For this questionnaire 6. Production and Storage of Wine and Cider. Where we are indebted to Karen S. Peiffer of the Franklin were the above processes carried out, indoors, outdoors, in Institute in Philadelphia, a doctoral student at the University the cellar, in a summer kitchen, or elsewhere? How long of Pennsylvania. did it take for wine and cider to be ready for use? What were the finished products called? What time of year were these products made, and how long did they last 1. Recipes Used. If you have ever made any kind of when perfected? How were they stored? Were they bottled cider or wine for domestic use, or remember older members or kept in jugs or barrels? Where did the containers come of your family doing so, what sort of recipe or formula from? Where was the finished product stored? How much was used? Do you know who the recipe came from? of it was made at one time? Was it ever marketed, or was Do you know where the recipe originated and how old it all consumed at home? it is? 7. Consumption of Wine and Cider. On what occasions 2. Ingredients Involved. What kinds of fruit were used were these products used in the home? Were they in the process of cider and wine making? For cider, was a considered strong drink? Was either wine or cider ever particular kind of apple preferable, or can you use any considered an important part of the diet? Were the you happen to have? For wine, what kind of grape is homemade versions considered superior to those bought used? Are various kinds of grapes or apples mixed or is in stores? Was anything, such as water or spices, added to only a single variety used for a given batch? Was the fruit either product before drinking? grown on the premises? Were the skins removed before pressing? Was the fruit washed? 8. Medicinal Value of Wine and Cider. Some cultures consider such beverages as having medicinal value. Was that 3. The Pressing Process. How was the fruit pressed? the case in your family? If so, what conditions were they By hand or in a mechanical press? Can you describe or considered to be able to cure or help? sketch the equipment used? If you had a mechanical press, do you know where it came from? Was it home 9. Specialty Wines . In early America specialty wines made? Do you know who made it? How many times was were often made of products other than grapes, e.g., the fruit pressed? Was the juice of the successive pressings dandelion and elderberry blossoms. Do you remember kept separate or mixed together? Are there names for the dandelion or elderberry wine, or cherry wine, or other juices of different pressings? For the leftover fruit? Was distinctive wine products from your home? If so, how water ever added to the fruit? If so, what was this product were they prepared? called? 10. Current Production. Do you still make cider or 4. The Fermentation Process (Wine). In what kind of homemade wine for domestic use? In exactly the old way, vessel was the juice fermented? Was it open or closed? or have methods changed? If you no longer make it, why If open at first, was it later closed? When? Was the not? IX> other people in your community, or ethnic liquor fined or cleared? How was this done? Was sugar group, still make either of these products? added, and if so, at which point in the process? Was yeast added, and if so, when? Was brandy or other alcohol Send your replies to: added at any point, and if so, when? Dr. Don Yoder Logan Hall Box 13 s. The Fermentation Process (Cider). When cider was University of Pennsylvania set away to turn into hard cider or apple jack, what was the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174 June 28, 29, 30 July 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 1975

For The Folk Festival Brochure Write To: PENNSYLVANIA FOLKLIFE SOCIETY College Blvd. and Vine, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 The Festival and its Sponsorship

The Kutztown Folk Festival is sponsored by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society, a nonprofit educational corporation affiliated with URSINUS COLLEGE, College­ ville, Pennsylvania. The Society's purposes are threefold: First, the demonstrating and displaying of the lore and folkways of the Pennsylvania Dutch through the annual Kutztown Folk Festival; second, the collecting, studying, archiving and publishing the lore of the Dutch Country and Pennsylvania through the publi­ cation of PENNSYLVANIA FOLKLIFE Magazine; and third, using the proceeds for scholarships and general educational purposes at URSINUS COLLEGE.