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The Courses of Nerves and Vessels in the Upper Limb STRUCTURE of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS, and the Consequences of Injuries Thereto

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The Courses of Nerves and Vessels in the Upper Limb STRUCTURE of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS, and the Consequences of Injuries Thereto This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. The Courses of Nerves and Vessels in the Upper Limb STRUCTURE OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS, and the consequences of injuries thereto Dorsal scapular nerve Supraclavicular Long thoracic nerve branches Nerve to subclavius Suprascapular nerve Branches: Posterior cord = 5 branches Lateral cord = 3 branches Medial cord = 5 branches The Clavicle Thoracodorsal nerve Upper and lower subscapular nerves Branches Cords Divisions Trunks Roots Medial pectoral nerve Three little Medial brachial cutaneous trivial nerves Medial antebrachial cutaneous Anterior divisions supply flexors Injuries of the Brachial Plexus: Posterior divisions supply extensors Superior parts: C5, C6: Erb-Duchenne Palsy - caused by an increased angle between neck and shoulder, eg. falling on your head. - Causes “Waiter’s Tip” position, where the limb hangs limp in a medially rotated position - Deltoid, biceps, brachialis and brachioradialis are paralysed. Lateral arm loses sensation Compression of the Cords - Caused by prolonged hyperabduction, eg. painting the ceiling; cords get pinched between coracoid process and pectoralis minor tendon - Causes pain radiating down the arm, hand numbness, hand weakness, and erythema Inferior parts: C8, T1: Klumpke Paralysis - caused when the arm is suddenly pulled superiorly, eg. when you grab something while falling vertically down - short muscles of the hand are affected, and you get a “claw hand” This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. RELATIONSHIPS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS Medial Scalene Anterior Scalene ROOTS enter the neck between the bodies of the Anterior Scalene and the Medial Scalene muscles TRUNKS enter the apex of axilla throught the cervicoaxillary canal DIVISIONS form behind the clavicle, in the cervicoaxillary canal Subclavian artery st 1 rib CORDS Form around the second part of the axillary artery, and are Clavicle named according to their position in relation to it. Axillary artery: second part Posterior cord Lateral cord Medial cord Axillary nerve Which curves upward to innervate the Deltoid and Teres Minor muscles Posterior circumflex humeral artery Quadrangular space Radial nerve Profunda Brachii: Deep Artery of the arm Lateral Triangular Space Musculocutaneous nerve Which pierces the coracobrachialis around here, and innervates the Ulnar nerve anterior compartment of the arm Which lies medial to the brachial artery Brachial artery Median nerve Which continues down the arm lateral to the brachial artery This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS Lateral pectoral nerve Pectoralis major Lateral cord Anterior compartment of the arm: MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE Biceps, coracobrachialis, brachialis Skin over the lateral forearm, once it becomes cutaneous in the cubital fossa Anterior compartment of the forearm: EXCEPT for the ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundis MEDIAN NERVE Thenar muscles: EXCEPT adductor pollicis and the deep part of flexor pollicis brevis First and second lumbricals Skin on the medial surface of arm up to the elbow MedialLateral cutaneous cord: nerve of arm . lateral pectoral nerve Skin on the medial surface of forearm up to the elbow Medial cord Medial cutaneous. MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve of forearm NERVE . lateral root of MEDIAN NERVE Medial pectoral nerve Pectoralis minor and sternocostal part of pectoralis major o Medial cord forms ULNAR NERVE. Intrinsic muscles of the hand, EXCEPT 1st and 2nd lumbricals and three of . the thenar muscles Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundis to the pinky and ring fingers Upper subscapular nerve Superior half of subscapularis . medial root of MEDIAN NERVE Lower subscapular nerve Inferior half of subscapularis AND teres major . medial pectoral nerve . medial cutaneous nerveGlenohumeral of arm joint . medial cutaneous nerveTeres of minorforearm Posterior cord AXILLARY NERVE Deltoid . ULNAR NERVE Skin over the deltoid RADIAL NERVE ALL MUSCLES IN THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM AND FOREARM Ski over posterior and inferolateral forearm Some of the dorsum of the hand o o Thoracodorsal nerve Latissimus Dorsi o o Posterior cord forms: Long Thoracic nerve Serratus anterior Dorsal scapular nerve Rhomboids; Supraclavicular branches levator scapulae Subclavius and Nerve to subclavius sternoclavicular joint Suprascapular nerve Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Glenohumeral joint This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. Course of the Median Nerve Forms from the MEDIAL and LATERAL cords of the brachial plexus Runs lateral to the brachial artery Sits on top of the coracobrachialis muscle Coracobrachialis Crosses anteriorly over the brachial artery when it encounters the brachialis muscle Then, runs medial to the brachial artery Brachialis Biceps Runs under the biceps into the cubital fossa Gives a branch to the elbow joint; THERE ARE NO OTHER Cubital fossa BRANCHES ABOVE THE ELBOW Gives branches to the anterior compartment muscles of the forearm Enters the arm between the heads of pronator teres Gives rise to the ANTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE Interosseous membrane Travels down the forearm between the two flexor digitorum muscles The ANTERIOR Flexor digitorum profundis INTEROSSEOUS NERVE Runs between the flexor digitorum profundis and the Flexor digitorum superficialis flexor pollicis longus, on top of the interosseous membrane, until it hit pronator quadratus. Becomes superficial at the wrist Flexor pollicis longus Palmar cutaneous Flexor Retinaculum branch to the skin of the palm Recurrent branch to the thenar Supplies the 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles muscles This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. Course of the Radial Nerve Starts as the direct continuation of the posterior cord Runs posterior to the brachial artery, On top of the long head of the triceps Gives branches to innervate the long head and the lateral head of tripceps brachii BEFORE it crosses the humerus Crosses the humerus in the RADIAL GROOVE with the deep artery of the arm Inside the radial groove, behind the triceps, it gives rise to the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm and the Triceps Brachii, long head poster ior cutaneous nerve of the forearm, which pierce the lateral head of the triceps The branch to the medial head of the triceps also branches off behind Brachial artery the humerus Deep artery of the arm After crossing the humerus, it pierces the lateral intermuscular RADIAL NERVE LESIONS septum and descends between the brachialis and the brachioradialis Fracture of the HUMERUS: wrist drop due to extensor paralysis, as Lateral intermuscular septum well as a loss of sensation on the dorsum of the hand Damage to the DEEP BRANCH: Brachioradialis Inability to extend the thumb and to extend the MCP joints of the digits- but BRACHIALIS NO SENSORY LOSS Damage o the superficial branch usually only results in a tiny area of At the level of the lateral condyle, in the cubital fossa, it divides into the deep and anaesthesia because of the overlap in the superficial branches median and ulnar nerve territories The SUPERFICIAL BRANCH runs under brachioradialis all the The DEEP BRANCH pierces the supinator way down the arm Supinator Still Brachioradialis Beyond the supinator, the DEEP BRANCH becomes the POSTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE The SUPERFICIAL BRANCH Eventually becomes superficial when the POSTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE it emerges from beneath winds laterally behind the radius and enters the brachioradialis, crosses the roof of the posterior compartment of the forearm anatomical snuffbox, and innervates the dorsal skin of the hand In the posterior compartment, it runs along the interosseous membrane to innervate the extensor muscles This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. Course of the Ulnar Nerve Arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus Runs medial to the brachial artery Superior ulnar collateral artery Medial intermuscular septum Together with the superior ulnar collateral artery, it pierces the medial intermuscular septum – - around the middle of the humerus – and then continues down the arm on top of the medial head of triceps brachii Triceps brachii: medial head Travels behind the medial epicondyle, where it is superficial and vulnerable (“ funny bone”) Gives a branch to the elbow joint Enters the arm between the two heads Flexor carpi ulnaris of flexor carpi ulnaris Gives branches to innervate the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris the Palmar Cutaneous Branch of the ulnar nerve arises midway along the arm, and travels under the antebrachial fascia – directly above the ulnar artery Then, travels down the arm between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum profundis FCU Gives a branch to innervate the ulnar 2 digits worth of flexor digitorum profundis the Palmar Cutaneous Branch pierces the antebrachial fascia in the distal third of the arm and Travels on the radial side of the innervates the skin of the ulnar half flexor carpi ulnaris tendon Ulnar of the palm artery Crosses under the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon together with the ulnar artery at the level of the wrist Antebrachial fascia Pisiform Passes between the hook of hamate and the pisiform (in Guyons canal) to enter the hand Hook of Hamate This document was created by Alex Yartsev ([email protected]); if I have used your data or images and forgot to reference you, please email me. Arteries of the Arm st The AXILLARY ARTERY begins at the border of the 1 rib as a continuation of the subclavian artery Subclavian artery st The FIRST PART stretches between the 1 rib First rib and the medial border of pectoralis minor.
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