Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Relações Internacionais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais História Das Relações Internacionais

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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Relações Internacionais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais História Das Relações Internacionais 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS HISTÓRIA DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS LUIZ FERNANDO CASTELO BRANCO REBELLO HORTA TAMBORES DE GUERRA O REALISMO E O PODER DAS IDEIAS NO INÍCIO DA GUERRA FRIA (1945-1960) Brasília 2018 2 LUIZ FERNANDO CASTELO BRANCO REBELLO HORTA TAMBORES DE GUERRA O REALISMO E O PODER DAS IDEIAS NO INÍCIO DA GUERRA FRIA (1945-1960) Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em História das Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Estêvão de Rezende Martins Brasília 2018 3 LUIZ FERNANDO CASTELO BRANCO REBELLO HORTA TAMBORES DE GUERRA O REALISMO E O PODER DAS IDEIAS NO INÍCIO DA GUERRA FRIA (1945-1960) Tese de Doutorado defendida e aprovada como requisito parcial a obtenção do título de Doutor em História das Relações Internacionais pela banca examinadora constituída por: Aprovado em: _____ de _____ de _____. Banca Examinadora Orientador: Prof. Dr. Estêvão de Rezende Martins - IREL/UnB Prof.ª Dr. Geisa Cunha Franco - REL/UFG Prof. Dr. Aaron Schneider - Denver University/Josef Korbel School of International Studies Prof.ª Dr. Tânia Maria Pechir Gomes Manzur - IREL/UnB Prof. Dr. José Flávio Sombra Saraiva (Suplente) - IREL/UnB Brasília 2018 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, agradeço, como não poderia ser diferente, à Gisele, quem divide comigo o tempo, as alegrias e dissabores dele. Especialmente nos últimos meses, quando minha ausência para a pesquisa a deixou só, só com as alegrias que fizemos juntos. E são três. Agradeço aos três pingos de gente que temos. Miguel, Pedro e Maria Fernanda, que ainda são por demais pequenos para entenderem o quanto me auxiliaram nesses anos. Talvez esse seja o grande mistério da vida, aquele que faz com que, mesmo sem saber, eles sejam irradiadores de esperança e felicidade. No campo acadêmico, agradeço sobremaneira meus dois orientadores: professor Estêvão Martins e o professor Aaron Schneider. Diferentes como são, ambos me foram preciosos de maneiras que não cabem numa mera folha de papel. O professor Estêvão tratou esse autor com um cuidado acadêmico e um carinho pessoal que justificam todas as homenagens que ele recebeu como professor. Vai aqui a minha, singela. Já o professor Schneider, que me recebeu nos EUA, não apenas me emprestou seu olhar e suas críticas científicas, mas, e talvez mais importante, me essendeu a mão quando a ensolarada Denver, distante mais de 8.000 quilômetros de Brasília, me parecia escura e a saudade me consumia. Afastar-se da família para pesquisa esconde perigos que eu não antevia e que me foram palatáveis somente pelo olhar amigo do professor Schneider. Em Denver, devo agradecer ao amigo e professor Rafael Ioris. O “devo” esconde minha imensa admiração e faz parecer que esta linha é de alguma forma técnica. Não é. O professor Ioris me ofereceu tempo, atenção e oportunidades pelas quais nunca vou poder agradecer a contento. Agradeço, também, aos amigos que fiz lá, Renata, Max e Denise. Pelas risadas e pela companhia, mas, principalmente, pelo fato de me apoiarem em todos os minutos. Junto aos momentos de descontração, vinha sempre, em forma de carinho, uma palavra de incentivo, de força, de forma que mesmo as críticas soavam como uma dose de ânimo. Deixei de tentar aprender como eles faziam isto e me postei humildemente a receber. Não poderia estar fora desse pequeno espaço o professor André Nogueira. Amigo de longa data que podia (e tinha liberdade para) não se aproximar das agruras que são um doutorado. Escolheu o caminho inverso. Escolheu estar sempre próximo a mim numa difícil tarefa de ser amigo e crítico, suporte e questionamento. Uma dupla tarefa que ele realizou de forma tão suave quanto efetiva. Agradeço a minha mãe e meus irmãos pela fé inabalável, e muitas vezes insana, na minha capacidade de completar esta jornada. Foram muitas noites de conversas por meios eletrônicos em que eles me escondiam as más notícias e me afirmavam “está tudo bem”; como quem morde a língua em um momento de dor para que se preserve a esperança no outro. Aprendi que há coisas que só os olhos dizem. Não as palavras faladas e, muito menos, as escritas. Agradeço à Universidade de Denver pelo tempo que me acolheu e por tudo o que me proporcionou, ao mesmo tempo que agradeço à pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais da UnB. Faço na pessoa da coordenadora, professora Ana Flávia Barros, que, sem necessidade, por duas vezes, colocou-se pessoalmente a campo para superar questões burocráticas. Não me teria sido possível chegar até aqui sem esta prestimosa e quase silenciosa ajuda. Agradeço à Capes e à Fulbright pela confiança na minha capacidade e pelo financiamento. Em tempos bicudos pelo mundo afora, o trabalho que essas instituições realizam se torna, a cada dia, mais importante e fundamental. Se eu pudesse ter internalizado tudo o que as pessoas citadas procuraram arduamente me passar, certamente esse trabalho seria melhor. Humano que sou, levo na conta do sentimento tudo o que me foi dado, e o que hoje apresento se deve aos esforços de cada um deles, combinados com a minha falibilidade.. 5 RESUMO A teoria do Realismo tem sido dominante no campo de Relações Internacionais desde a sua criação. Na realidade, o Realismo se tornou prevalecente no mesmo momento em que a Ciência Política conseguia, nos EUA (e na URSS), seu status de cientificidade e era reconhecida e patrocinada pelo governo. O Realismo, como principal teoria das Relações Internacionais, se mostrou inconsistente e fundamentalmente falha de forma mais claramente percebida depois do fim da experiência socialista soviética. Esta tese analisa como o Realismo moldou a visão dos EUA sobre política internacional e reinterpretou o mundo durante o século XX. Mais ainda, explica como essa teoria, apesar de dizer-se explicativa, na realidade criou a Guerra Fria. Diferentemente, portanto, do que dizem os realistas, o Realismo não ofereceu um “caminho seguro” para que o mundo evitasse as armadilhas e crises da Guerra Fria, ao contrário, essa teoria levou o mundo ao limite da destruição inúmeras vezes, enquanto se afirmava científica e tendo todas as suas avaliações e prescrições empiricamente embasadas. Na verdade, por combinar um fetiche sobre a objetividade científica (característico do mundo após a Segunda Guerra) com os interesses da elite decisória norte-americana, o Realismo pode tornar-se uma efetiva defesa teórica contra o Marxismo (e o materialismo histórico) em sua versão estrutural. Análises mais profundas, no entanto, mostram que o Realismo copia a teoria marxista em diversos pontos, criando um continuum de medo e desespero sobre o futuro que aprisiona os sentidos dos homens e sustenta um condomínio de poder que nós comumente chamamos de “Guerra Fria”. Palavras-chave: Realismo. Teoria da História. Teoria de Relações Internacionais. Política externa Norte Americana. Guerra Fria. 6 ABSTRACT Realism has been a dominant theory on the field of International Relations since its creation. In fact, Realism became dominant at the same moment Political Science, in the US (and in the USSR), got their scientific status recognized and funded by the government. The Realism, as a theory of International Relations, showed itself inconsistent and fundamentally flawed, more strikingly perceived after the end of the Soviet socialism de facto experience. This research analyses how the Realism shaped the US views about International Politics and reframed the world during the XXth century. Moreover, explains how this theory, although meant to explain the Cold War created it. Differently, then the Realists claims, the Realism did not offer a “safer path” to the world, avoiding the Cold War’s pitfalls and mazes, but lead the world to the brink of destruction several times, while claiming all their evaluations and prescriptions were scientifically based. In reality, by combining the science fetish (from the end of the IIWW) with the interests of American decision-making elite Realism could grow into a proper defense against the Marxist historical and political structural approach. In-depth analysis, however, shows Realism mimics Marxist theories in several points, creating a continuum of fear and despair about the Future that sustained the combined condominium of power we commonly called “the Cold War.” Key Words: Realism. Theory of History. Theory of international relations. US foreign policy. Cold War. 7 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - A concepção de Tempo contemporânea com o Passado e o Futuro sendo rigorosamente iguais a partir do ponto no presente .................................................................. 37 Figura 2 - Long-term gallup poll trends: a portrait of american public opinion through the century ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Figura 3 - Chicago Daily Tribune jornal impresso em função da antecipação do futuro nas eleições de 1948, 3 de novembro de 1948 ................................................................................ 91 Figura 4 - 1956 Cartoon de Heblock (Washington Post) denunciando o perigo da política externa de Dulles .................................................................................................................... 147 Figura 5 - Nuvem conceitual retirada do texto "Teses sobre Feuerbach de Karl Marx" ........ 188 Figura 6 - Nuvem conceitual retirada do texto "Prefácio
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