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Comparative Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analyses of Coverage of Hizb Ut-Tahrir in German, British and Kyrgyz Quality Newspapers in 2002-2007

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Comparative Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analyses of Coverage of Hizb Ut-Tahrir in German, British and Kyrgyz Quality Newspapers in 2002-2007 Comparative quantitative and qualitative content analyses of coverage of Hizb ut-Tahrir in German, British and Kyrgyz quality newspapers in 2002-2007 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaften (Dr. rer. soc) vorgelegt von Irina Volf an der Universität Konstanz Mathematisch – Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Psychologie Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Juni 2011 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kempf, Universität Konstanz 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Eric Freedman, Michigan State University 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Hinz, Universität Konstanz Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes To my family Acknowledgements Working on my dissertation has been a wonderful journey that allowed me to cross not only geographic borders from Central Asia to Europe but also a number of disciplinary and methodological borders that made my research a fascinating experience. I owe much to people without whom I would not have gotten where I am today and it is my pleasure and honour to acknowledge their contributions. First, I would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service for their generous financial support of this project during my stay in Germany from 2007-2011. Without it this research project could have hardly been realised. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kempf for investing an enormous amount of time, energy and knowledge into my professional growth. I thank him for keeping a fine balance between giving me a great deal of independence in how I proceeded with my research while at the same time guiding me in how to excel in it. Without his methodological expertise and motivating approach to interdisciplinary research, the challenge of conducting this study could not have been overcome. I also thank him for trusting me and allowing me to accumulate invaluable experience assisting with his project and teaching activities. I extend my special gratitude to Prof. Eric Freedman for supervising my dissertation from the very beginning, for his excellent editing work that has been motivating, encouraging, and enlightening. I thank Prof. Dr. Thomas Hinz for his flexibility and involvement as part of the dissertation committee. I also thank Monika Spohrs, Christina Kannenberg and Nurjamal Omurkanova for doing excellent job as second-coders. Above all, I would like to thank my husband Oleg for his patience, encouragement and love over years. I thank him for enduring my long hours on the computer and at the university while taking care of our sons, Alex and Daniel, for accompanying me to many conferences and supporting me at all times. This book is dedicated to him and our children with thanks. My sincere gratitude also goes to my colleagues and friends Claudia, Stephanie and Johannes whose advice, encouragement and intelligent conversations were always particularly welcome. The friendship of these people gave me many precious memories that made my stay in Germany a stunning experience. Finally, I would like to thank Mrs. Ulrike Buttgereit not only for her flexibility and administrative support but also for her words of encouragement and wisdom at times when it seemed impossible to find any solution to obstacles in my path. Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ......................................................................................................... 3 I INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 5 I.1 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami ............................................................................................ 10 I.1.1 Origin and structure.................................................................................................. 10 I.1.2 Ideology and goals ................................................................................................... 11 I.1.3 HT in Europe............................................................................................................ 14 I.1.3.1 Great Britain..................................................................................................... 15 I.1.3.2 Germany........................................................................................................... 18 I.1.4 HT in Central Asia ................................................................................................... 20 I.1.4.1 Kyrgyzstan ....................................................................................................... 22 I.1.5 HT and the mass media ............................................................................................ 25 I.1.5.1 Europe .............................................................................................................. 26 I.1.5.2 Central Asia...................................................................................................... 27 I.1.6 Defining HT from social sciences’ perspectives...................................................... 29 I.1.7 Defining the terms: clash of definitions ................................................................... 33 I.1.7.1 Islam – Muslim................................................................................................. 33 I.1.7.2 Islamism vs. Fundamentalism.......................................................................... 34 I.1.7.3 Extremism vs. Terrorism.................................................................................. 36 I.2 Communication studies at the crossroads................................................................ 41 I.2.1 Social psychology: the social construction of reality............................................... 41 I.2.1.1 Agenda-setting ................................................................................................. 41 I.2.1.2 Framing ............................................................................................................ 42 I.2.1.3 Priming............................................................................................................. 43 I.2.1.4 News factors..................................................................................................... 44 I.2.2 Sociology: clashes of knowledge ............................................................................. 46 I.2.2.1 Coverage of new religious movements in press............................................... 47 I.2.2.2 Christianity and Christians in the press............................................................ 48 I.2.2.3 Islam and Muslims in the press........................................................................ 50 I.2.2.3.1 Germany...................................................................................................... 52 I.2.2.3.2 Great Britain................................................................................................ 54 I.2.2.3.3 Central Asia ................................................................................................ 56 I.2.3 Political science: four theories of the press revisited ............................................... 57 I.2.3.1 Media in democratic states............................................................................... 59 I.2.3.1.1 Germany...................................................................................................... 61 I.2.3.1.2 Great Britain................................................................................................ 65 I.2.3.2 Media in authoritative states............................................................................. 69 I.2.3.2.1 Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................. 70 II METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................... 76 II.1 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 76 II.2 Country specific hypotheses ...................................................................................... 76 II.2.1 Germany............................................................................................................... 76 II.2.2 Great Britain......................................................................................................... 80 II.2.3 Kyrgyzstan ........................................................................................................... 84 II.3 Sources of analysis...................................................................................................... 86 II.3.1 Germany............................................................................................................... 86 II.3.2 Great Britain......................................................................................................... 87 II.3.3 Kyrgyzstan ........................................................................................................... 88 II.4 Quantitative content analysis .................................................................................... 88 II.4.1 Sample.................................................................................................................. 88 II.4.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 89 II.5 Qualitative content analysis......................................................................................
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