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Historiska institutionen Uppsala universitet MELLAN MAKT OCH IDEOLOGI En studie om våldets mekanismer i Banija, 1941-1943 Master Uppsats (45 hp) – Humaniora programmet i historia, HT 2014 Författare: Alfhild S. Oenema Handledare: Andreas Åkerlund; Tomislav Dulić Seminarieledare: Mikael Byström Ventileringsdatum: 2014-09-11 Innehållsförteckning ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 3 INLEDNING ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Syfte .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Teoretiska förklaringsmodeller för våld ............................................................................................. 6 Selektivt våld ................................................................................................................................. 7 Urskillningslöst våld ...................................................................................................................... 8 Hypoteser ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Forskningsläge................................................................................................................................. 11 Metod och material ......................................................................................................................... 14 Källmaterial ................................................................................................................................. 14 Metod ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Urval och avgränsning ..................................................................................................................... 17 Banija .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Disposition ...................................................................................................................................... 19 BAKGRUND ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Inför kriget ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Skapandet av en ny stat: gränsdragningen ........................................................................................ 21 Den etniska konflikten .................................................................................................................... 22 Ustaša-rörelsen och dess ideologiska rötter.................................................................................. 22 Befolkningssammansättningen .................................................................................................... 24 Den strategiskt-ideologiska konflikten ............................................................................................. 25 KAPITEL 1: Den etniska konflikten i Banija ...................................................................................... 27 Våldets utformning och offer .......................................................................................................... 29 Glina ........................................................................................................................................... 30 De två massakrerna i Kostajnica .................................................................................................. 33 Grabovac: en hämndaktion? ........................................................................................................ 33 Tvångsförflyttningar .................................................................................................................... 35 Våldets geografiska spridning .......................................................................................................... 37 Vardagsvåldet: ............................................................................................................................. 39 Tidsaspekten: en våldsintensiv sommar ........................................................................................... 40 Sammanfattning .............................................................................................................................. 42 KAPITEL 2: Det andra krigsåret ........................................................................................................ 44 Skapandet av en motståndsrörelse: vinter och vår 1941/1942 .......................................................... 44 Våldets utformning och offer .......................................................................................................... 45 Våldets geografiska spridning: Kommunikationslederna i fokus ...................................................... 49 1 Tidsaspekten: B.P.O.s framväxt ........................................................................................................ 51 Sammanfattning .............................................................................................................................. 53 KAPITEL 3: Den strategiska konflikten: ett fullständigt inbördeskrig 1942/43 ................................... 55 Wehrmachts inträde och förståelse av konflikten ............................................................................. 55 Våldets utformning och dess offer ................................................................................................... 58 Operation Västra Bosnien ........................................................................................................... 60 Våldets geografiska spridning: strategiska mål .................................................................................. 62 Tidsaspekten: den strategiska konflikten sätter agendan .................................................................. 63 SAMMANFATTANDE DISKUSSION OCH SLUTSATSER ........................................................... 66 LITTERATUR- OCH KÄLLFÖRTECKNING ................................................................................ 70 2 ABSTRACT This thesis studies mechanisms of violence in a case study on the Banija region in the Fascist Croatian State during 1941- 1943. Three hypotheses on the nature of selective and indiscriminate violence are tested on military sources and witness accounts. The main premises for selective violence are contested control, information on possible local rebels and its aim power over a certain area and its people. Violence is expected to be selective, targeting victims for political or military engagement. Violence is expected to increase sharply when control is contested. Its geographical scope is assumed to be bound to strategic points and frontlines. The use of indiscriminate violence is not so much concerned with gaining power as with an ideological stance of purification. Control is an important variable as higher levels of control are assumed to be necessary for the use of structural indiscriminate violence. The geographical scope of violence is another factor paid attention to, like the composition of victim groups. The assumption here is that ideologically motivated violence should reach all places where its potential victims live and reach all members of the victim group if the level of control allows this. In this research the ideologically motivated Ustasha regime is studied as it pursues its program against the Serbian population, resulting in nationwide instability and the rise of several resistance movements, among them the partisans. Which in its turn induces German forces to react in order to maintain some stability for the exploitation of the regions mineral resources. The conflicts that rise here are both strategic and ideologically motivated and it is found that, even though the Ustasha regime soon leaves its policy of open purges against the Serbs in order to reestablish control and peace throughout their state, that patterns of violence against Serbian civilians are similar to those during the first period of purges. It is argued that the assumptions on violence and its geographical scope have proven valuable tools to discern different types of violence and understand its mechanisms, especially when there are no clear distinctions between indiscriminate and selective violence as it illuminates complexities. Keywords: Banija, Fascist Croatian State, selective violence, indiscriminate violence, geographical scope, control, ustasha, partisans, ideology 3 „Som politisk princip bör gälla att inte skapa några förutsättningar för nya block formationer. Utöver detta bör den handläggande principen gälla att Tyskland i inget fall tillhandahåller mindre råvaror från Jugoslavien än det hon hittils fått. Vid behandling av erhållningen av råvaror och deras användning för tyska intressen, bör tänkas på säkerställningen av kommersiella inteckningar, eftersom annektering av mark i de flesta fallen är utesluten.“1 Glaise von Horstenau ”Wer auf irgendeine Weise die Ehre und Lebensinteressen des kroatischen Volkes verletzt oder verletzt hat oder auf irgendeine Weise den Bestand des
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