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DRAFT REPORT Pt. 1

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DRAFT REPORT Pt. 1 DRAFT REPORT Lake Superior Manoomin Cultural and Ecosystem Characterization Study March 23, 2020 Abt Associates Inc. Boulder, Colorado Written under contract for the NOAA Office for Coastal Management www.coast.noaa.go Authors and contributors Draft Report i Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Team members and audience ...................................................................................................... 1 2. Importance of Manoomin ..................................................................................................................... 3 Cultural importance .................................................................................................................................. 3 Ecological importance ............................................................................................................................... 4 Threats to Manoomin ................................................................................................................................ 5 3. Methodology selected to characterize the importance of Manoomin ................................................ 7 Selecting a method .................................................................................................................................... 7 Applying the combined HEA approach ...................................................................................................... 8 Identify Manoomin habitats ................................................................................................................. 9 Refine and apply cultural and ecological metrics ................................................................................. 9 Apply HEA to characterize Manoomin ................................................................................................ 10 4. Cultural and ecological metrics ........................................................................................................... 11 5. Cultural and ecological characterization case study results ............................................................... 13 Lac Vieux Desert’s Rice Bay ..................................................................................................................... 15 Threats to Manoomin at Rice Bay ....................................................................................................... 15 Actions taken to improve the abundance of Manoomin at Rice Bay ................................................. 15 Cultural and ecological characterization at Rice Bay .......................................................................... 17 Additional restoration needed ............................................................................................................ 18 Case study acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 18 Sand Point Sloughs .................................................................................................................................. 19 Threats to Manoomin at Sand Point Sloughs ..................................................................................... 19 Actions taken to improve the abundance of Manoomin at Sand Point Sloughs ................................ 19 Cultural and ecological characterization at Sand Point Sloughs ......................................................... 21 Additional restoration needed ............................................................................................................ 22 Case study acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 22 Net River Impoundment and Vermillac Lake .......................................................................................... 23 Threats to Manoomin at Net River Impoundment and Vermillac Lake .............................................. 23 Actions taken to improve Manoomin at Net River Impoundment and Vermillac Lake ..................... 23 Cultural and ecological characterization at Net River Impoundment and Vermillac Lake ................. 24 Draft Report ii Additional restoration needed ............................................................................................................ 25 Case study acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 25 Hiles Millpond.......................................................................................................................................... 26 Threats to Manoomin at Hiles Millpond ............................................................................................. 26 Actions taken to improve the abundance of Manoomin at Hiles Millpond ....................................... 26 Cultural and ecological characterization at Hiles Millpond ................................................................ 27 Additional restoration needed ............................................................................................................ 29 Case study acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 29 Big Rice Lake ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Threats to Manoomin at Big Rice Lake ............................................................................................... 30 Actions taken to improve Manoomin at Big Rice Lake ....................................................................... 30 Cultural and ecological characterization at Big Rice Lake ................................................................... 31 Additional restoration needed ............................................................................................................ 33 Case study acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 33 Twin Lakes ............................................................................................................................................... 34 Threats to Manoomin at the Twin Lakes ............................................................................................ 34 Ongoing sulfate loading renders restoration ineffective at the Twin Lakes ....................................... 34 Cultural and ecological characterization at the Twin Lakes ................................................................ 35 Additional restoration needed ............................................................................................................ 37 Case study acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 38 6. Cross-case findings and lessons learned ............................................................................................. 39 7. Conclusion and next steps .............................................................................................................. 44 Expand the geographic scope of this study ........................................................................................ 44 Incorporate cultural and ecological characterizations into annual monitoring efforts ...................... 44 References .................................................................................................................................................. 46 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 Draft Report iii 1. Introduction Manoomin (wild rice) is integral to the culture, livelihood, and identity of the Anishinaabe, a group of indigenous peoples within Canada and the United States. Manoomin grows only in the clean waters of the Manidoo gitigan (The Great Spirits Garden). The arrival of the Anishinaabe to the Great Lakes Basin was in fulfillment of the prophecy that guided their migration from the Atlantic Northeast westward toward the Great Lakes to where “food grows on the water.” In addition to the vital role of Manoomin in the lives of the Anishinaabe, it is also recognized as being ecologically important. Migrating and resident wildlife feed on Manoomin seeds in wild rice beds, which provide a nursery for many species of fish and serve as nesting and breeding habitats for many waterfowl and muskrat. Many species feed on the plant, including white-tailed deer. Wild rice plants can also help stabilize shorelines (Tribal Wild Rice Task Force, 2018; David et al., 2019). In this project we aim to describe the importance of Manoomin to help foster community stewardship and education; and to inform Manoomin management, protection, and policy in the Lake Superior Basin and throughout the Great Lakes. Specifically, our objectives were to document and characterize (1) the importance of Manoomin habitat to cultural perspectives and identity, community connections, and cultural and spiritual practices of the Anishinaabe people; and (2) the ecological importance of Manoomin habitat as indicators of a high-quality, high-functioning, and biodiverse ecosystem around the Lake Superior Basin. In this report we provide
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