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Water Quality and Hydrology of the Lac Vieux Desert Watershed, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin, 2002-04

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Water Quality and Hydrology of the Lac Vieux Desert Watershed, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin, 2002-04 In cooperation with Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians Water Quality and Hydrology of the Lac Vieux Desert Watershed, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin, 2002-04 Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5237 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover Photograph. Lobischer Creek. Gogebic County, Michgan. (Photograph courtesy of Thomas Pietila, Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians.) Water Quality and Hydrology of the Lac Vieux Desert Watershed, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin, 2002-04 By T.L. Weaver, B.P. Neff, and J.M. Ellis In cooperation with the Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5237 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2005 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Weaver, T.L., Neff, B.P., and Ellis, J.M., 2005, Water quality and hydrology of the Lac Vieux Desert Watershed, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin, 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5237, 42 p. iii Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Purpose and Scope ……………………………………………………………………… 2 Previous Studies and Data-Collection Efforts …………………………………………… 3 Description of the Study Area …………………………………………………………… 3 Climate …………………………………………………………………………… 3 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting ………………………………………………… 5 Glacial Sediments …………………………………………………………… 5 Bedrock ……………………………………………………………………… 6 Methods of Investigation ……………………………………………………………………… 6 Water-Quality Sampling ………………………………………………………………… 6 Water-Quality Reporting Levels ………………………………………………………… 6 Streamflow and Lake-Stage Measurement ……………………………………………… 8 Water Quality of Lac Vieux Desert Watershed ……………………………………………… 9 Effect of Stratification and Turnover on Water Quality of Lac Vieux Desert …………… 9 Water Clarity …………………………………………………………………………… 10 Nutrients and the Trophic State of Lac Vieux Desert …………………………………… 10 Field Water-Quality Parameters, Major Ions, Solids, Nutrients, and Hardness … 12 Ammonia ………………………………………………………………………… 12 Mercury ………………………………………………………………………… 13 Invasive Species ………………………………………………………………………… 13 Hydrology of Lac Vieux Desert Watershed …………………………………………………… 13 Tributary Streamflow …………………………………………………………………… 13 Misery Creek …………………………………………………………………… 13 Scaup Lake Outlet ……………………………………………………………… 14 Marsh Bay Creek ………………………………………………………………… 14 Lobischer Creek ………………………………………………………………… 14 Unnamed Tributary on South Side of Lac Vieux Desert ………………………… 14 Factors Affecting Lake Stage …………………………………………………………… 14 Water-Balance Components …………………………………………………………… 17 Runoff …………………………………………………………………………… 17 Precipitation …………………………………………………………………… 18 Ground Water …………………………………………………………………… 18 Evaporation ……………………………………………………………………… 18 Lac Vieux Desert Stage and Outflow …………………………………………… 19 Effects of Outflow Regulation …………………………………………………………… 19 Hydrology ……………………………………………………………………… 19 Ecology ………………………………………………………………………… 21 Other Effects of Outflow Regulation …………………………………………… 22 Summary and Conclusions …………………………………………………………………… 27 Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………… 28 Selected References ………………………………………………………………………… 28 iv Appendix A. Field water-quality parameters, major elements, solids, hardness, and nutrients in Lac Vieux Desert, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin ……… 31 Appendix B. Daily mean streamflow for the Wisconsin River near Land O’Lakes, Wisconsin, from June 2002 through September 2004 ……………………………………………… 37 Appendix C. Legal lake stage at Lac Vieux Desert, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin …………………………………………………………………… 41 Figures 1-2. Maps showing: 1. Location of Lac Vieux Desert study area, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin …………………………………………………………………… 2 2. Locations of Lac Vieux Desert watershed, other surface-water features, and selected Michigan and Wisconsin cities and villages ……………………………… 4 3. Photograph showing Lac Vieux Desert, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin, looking east from dam site at the outlet along the south shore, May 2005 4 4-6. Maps showing: 4. Bathymetry of Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin ………………………… 5 5. Glacial geology of the Lac Vieux Desert watershed and surrounding area, Michigan and Wisconsin …………………………………………………………… 8 6. Identification number and location of lake-stage and streamflow-gaging stations, miscellaneous streamflow measurement sites, and water-quality sampling sites in and around Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin ………………………… 10 7-9. Graphs showing: 7. Thermal stratification of Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan, at sampling site 3A, September 2002 and September 2003 ……………………………………………… 12 8. Thermal stratification of Lac Vieux Desert, Wisconsin, at sampling site 5A, September 2002, September 2003, and August 2004 ………………………………… 12 9. Dissolved-oxygen concentration and depth, Lac Vieux Desert, Wisconsin, at sampling site 5A, August 3, 2004 ………………………………………………… 13 10-14. Photographs showing: 10. Misery Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan, looking upstream near site 05390064, summer 2004 ………………………………………………………………………… 19 11. Marsh Bay Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan, looking upstream at U.S. Forest Highway 3218, summer 2004 ………………………………………………………… 19 12. Marsh Bay Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan, looking upstream about 0.75-mile downstream of U.S. Forest Highway 3218, summer 2004 …………………………… 20 13. Lobischer Creek, Gogebic County, Michigan, looking upstream at U.S. Forest Highway 3218, summer 2004 ………………………………………………………… 20 14. Unnamed tributary on south side of Lac Vieux Desert, Vilas County, Wisconsin, looking upstream at South Shore Drive, May 2005…………………………………… 20 15-19. Graphs showing: 15. Estimated water input and output of Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin, as a percentage of total water entering or leaving the lake ………………………… 22 16. Observed monthly precipitation at Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin, for 2002-03 compared with 30-year average monthly precipitation for the period 1971-2000 …………………………………………………………………………… 25 v 17. Mean daily streamflow of Wisconsin River at Lac Vieux Desert outlet and mean daily Lac Vieux Desert stage, Michigan and Wisconsin, June 2002 through September 2004 ……………………………………………………………………… 25 18. 10-day rolling mean Manistique River streamflow at outlet and mean Manistique Lake stage, Michigan, 1942-47 ……………………………………………………… 26 19. 10-day rolling mean Wisconsin River streamflow at outlet, calculated net basin supply, and mean daily Lac Vieux Desert stage, Michigan and Wisconsin, 2002-04 ……………………………………………………………………………… 26 20-21. Aerial photographs showing: 20. The east part of Rice Bay, Lac Vieux Desert, Gogebic County, Michigan, looking east August 2005 …………………………………………………………………… 26 21. The northwest part of Misery Bay, Lac Vieux Desert, Gogebic County, Michigan, looking northeast August 2005 ……………………………………………………… 27 Tables 1. Land use in the study area, Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin …………………………………………………………………………… 6 2. Monthly precipitation recorded at Lac Vieux Desert, Wisconsin, in 2002-03, compared to 1971-2000 monthly mean precipitation ………………………………… 7 3. Monthly mean temperatures recorded at Eagle River, Wisconsin, in 2002-03, compared to 1971-2000 monthly mean temperatures………………………………… 7 4. Sampling depth, transparency, and concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a in Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin ………………………… 15 5. Carlson’s Trophic-State Index calculations for Secchi disk transparency, and concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a in Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin …………………………………………………………… 15 6. Lake trophic states and classification ranges for Trophic-State Index, Secchi disk transparency, and concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a for Michigan …………………………………………………………………………… 15 7. Carlson’s Trophic-State Index calculations for Secchi disk transparency, and concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a in Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin, for samples collected by Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, Michigan Departments of Natural Resources and Environmental Quality, and U.S. Geological Survey ………………………………… 16 8. U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Laboratory lab codes, schedules, and respective analytes used for sampling Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin, 2002-04 ………………………………………………………………… 16 9. Sensitivity of lakes to acid rain; guidelines for Wisconsin…………………………… 17 10. Concentrations of total and methyl mercury in Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin …………………………………………………………………………… 17 11. Flow measurements of streams tributarty to Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Wisconsin …………………………………………………………………………… 18 12. Delineated areas of Lac Vieux Desert watershed,
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