A Professional Journal of National Defence College Volume 7 Number 1 June 2008 National Defence College Bangladesh EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Patron Lieutenant General Mohd Aminul Karim, ndc, ldmc, psc Editor-in-Chief Air Commodore Mahmud Hussain, ndc, psc Associate Editors Captain S Aslam Parvez, (TAS), afwc, psc, BN Lieutenant Colonel Md Abdur Rouf, afwc, psc Assistant Editor Civilian Staff Officer-3 Md Nazrul Islam Editorial Advisor Professor Dr. Fakrul Alam DISCLAMER The analysis, opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the NDC, Bangladesh Armed Forces or any other agencies of Bangladesh Government. Statements of fact or opinion appearing in NDC Journal are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by the editors or publisher. ISSN: 1683-8475 INITIAL SUBMISSION Initial submission of manuscripts and editorial correspondence should be sent to the National Defence College, Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. Tel: 88 02 9014922, Fax: 88 02 8013080, E mail : [email protected], ndc@ndc. gov.bd. Authors should consult the Notes for Contributions at the back of the Journal before submitting their final draft. The editors cannot accept responsibility for any damage to or loss of manuscripts. Subscription Rate (Single Copy) Individuals : Tk 300 / USD 10 (including postage) Institutions : Tk 375 / USD 15 (including postage) Published by the National Defence College, Bangladesh All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electrical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Design & Printed by : GraphNet Limited 55/B, Purana Paltan (3rd Floor), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Tel : 880-2-9566649, 7168945, E-mail : [email protected] COLLEGE GOVERNING BODY PRESIDENT Prof Dr Iajuddin Ahmed Hon’ble President People’s Republic of Bangladesh VICE PRESIDENT General Moeen U Ahmed, ndc, psc; Chief of Army Staff Vice Admiral Sarwar Jahan Nizam, (C), ndu, psc; Chief of Naval Staff Air Marshal S M Ziaur Rahman,, ndc, psc; Chief of Air Staff MEMBERS Mr Kamrul Hassan Lieutenant General Mohd Aminul Karim Secretary, Ministry of Defence ndc, ldmc, psc Md Abdus Salam Khan Commandant Secretary, Ministry of Establishment National Defence College Lieutenant General Md Abdul Mubeen Dr Mohammad Tareque ndc, psc Secretary, Ministry of Finance Principal Staff Officer Md Touhid Hossain, ndc Armed Forces Division Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Major General Iqbal Karim Bhuiyan, psc Commandant Mr Md Momtazul Islam Secretary, Ministry of Education Defence Services Command & Staff College Professor S M A Faiz Vice Chancellor, Dhaka University Professor Mohammad Muniruzzaman Vice Chancellor, Jahangir Nagar University Professor Syed Rashedul Hasan Vice Chancellor, National University MEMBER SECRETARY Commodore A S M Abdul Baten, (E), ndc, psc, BN; Senior Directing Staff (Navy), National Defence College Captain M Shakhawat Hossian, psc, BN; Colonel General Staff, Defence Services Command and Staff College III LIST OF FACULTY AND STAFF COMMANDANT Lieutenant General Mohd Aminul Karim, ndc, ldmc, psc NDC FACULTY Brigadier General Ferdous Hasan Khan, ndc, psc, SDS (Army) Commodore A S M Abdul Baten, (E), ndc, psc, BN, SDS (Navy) Air Commodore Mahmud Hussain, ndc, psc, SDS (Air) Joint Secretary Mohd Abduz Zaher, ndc, SDS (Civil) AFWC FACULTY Brigadier General Md Mainul Islam, awc, psc, CI Colonel Gazi Md Solaiman, afwc, psc, DS (Army-1) Colonel Mehdi Hasan, afwc, psc, DS (Army-2) Captain S Aslam Parvez,afwc, psc, BN, DS (Navy) Group Captain A H M Fazlul Haque, afwc,psc, DS(Air) STAFFS Lieutenant Colonel Sakhawat Hossain, psc, GSO-1 (Admin) Lieutenant Colonel Md Abdur Rouf, afwc, psc, GSO-1 (Trg) Major Alim Hossain Khan, Accts Officer Major Md. Nazrul Islam, MTO/QM Squadron Leader Jahangir Alam Talukder, GSO-2 (SD) Major Irshadur Rahman, GSO-2 (Coord) Major Md Bokhtier Rahman Khan, psc, GSO-2 (P&C) Major Syed Jamil Ahsan, psc, GSO-2(Coord) AFWC Wing Major Mohammad Ashraful Alam, GSO-2 (Computer) Mr Md Nazrul Islam, CSO-3 (Library) IV VISION AND MISSION STATEMENTS OF THE COLLEGE VISION The National Defence College is dedicated to be the premier National Centre of Excellence in security, strategic and development studies. MISSION To Educate and Train Selected Senior Armed Forces and Civil Services Officers at Operational and Strategic Level of National Security and Development. To Focus on Long Term National Security and Development Issues and Suggest Appropriate National Response. To Support the National Agencies in Policy Making on Security and Development Matters. To Support the Armed Forces on Strategic and Operational Level Planning of Warfare. To Strengthen Civil-Military Relation in Bangladesh. To Strengthen Military to Military Cooperation in the Region and Beyond. V FOREWARD Tenth year into our ongoing quest for better understanding of development and security, the National Defence College, Bangladesh is constantly striving to offer a pragmatic and time-befitting academic curricula to the potential policy planners, leaders and strategic thinkers of the future. In the ever changing perspective of its internal and external dynamics, Bangladesh has to constantly adjust and align its policy perceptions to keep up with the globalized world yet meeting the challenges of a developing small state within the South Asian geo-political reality. I firmly believe that our endeavor to constantly review , analyse and assess our security dynamics and search for viable strategy options will contribute to secure our nation and its citizens positively. We clearly see a reflection of that as we notice that the alumni of the College have already begun to make the difference in their respective fields. In this contemporary era development and security are a broad and comprehensive concept. It is no more only traditional security although it is an important pillar of it. It is state, human, environment and trans-state security in one whole. Therefore, insularity within a nation’s geo-political boundary and military power alone can no longer make a state secure. External and international imperatives are too obvious and interlinked and their implications are bound to affect the state, be it large or small, weak or strong. Environmental degradation, syndicated crimes, terrorism and fundamentalism, for example, are issues which obviously have global linkages and therefore can no longer be addressed alone by individual states. Most issues need a concerted understanding by all in the international community and states need to devise their policies and strategies to address these in line with the global policy and strategic framework complementing each other. The National Defence College over the years has been promoting this concept to that end and encouraging free flow of diverse opinions and sharing of ideas through international exposure and international participation. Course Members of 2007, many from eleven overseas countries, shared a common roof here in the College to freely exchange ideas and views to make tomorrows’ world a better place to live. I am happy to note the publication of the 7th issue of NDC journal bears the testimony of our contemporary thinking and attitude. A number of selected research works, of the Course Members of both National Defence Course and Armed Forces War Course, of diverse subjects have been accommodated here. As usual the articles have been condensed from the originals in the interest of space management. Although in some cases it might have, to an extent, told on the quality it will not deprive the readers of the intellectual stimulant offered in the articles. I congratulate the Course Members and the guest contributor for contributing to the Journal. I also compliment the Editorial Board for editing and publishing the Journal on time. I wish that our alumni and the readers find this Journal useful in consolidating their conviction of attaining ‘Security through Knowledge’ and evoking greater understanding and interest of the gamut of development and security. Mohd Aminul Karim, ndc, ldmc, psc Lieutenant General Commandant VI EDITORIAL This volume is the seventh issue of the ‘NDC Journal’. National Defence College has been very regular in bringing out on time its publication every year. This happens just before the scheduled departure of NDC to foreign countries on a study tour. This speaks highly of the laborious effort and genuine commitment on the part of both the editorial staff and writers. For writers, it is a difficult task to shorten lengthy papers under strict conditions set upon them for publication. The selected ones which appear in the NDC journal are the abridged version of their long research papers. While research papers are usually of 12000 -15000 words, the abridged versions are of 5000 -6000 words. To shorten the length of a research work by more than a half, and still be able to maintain its original quality so that it is selected for publication in a reputed journal requires high degree of writing and mental skills. For the editorial staff, the task is even more challenging and daunting. This year, the total output in research work from both National Defence and Armed Forces War courses was about close to seventy individual research papers. To select only ten of them demanded consensus based on serious examination of these papers on the part of the editorial staff. Two other