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The Ethics of Obscene Speech in Early Christianity and Its Environment The Ethics of Obscene Speech in Early Christianity and Its Environment hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd i 5/9/2008 4:09:17 PM Supplements to Novum Testamentum Executive Editors M. M. Mitchell Chicago D. P. Moessner Dubuque Editorial Board c. k. barrett, durham – p. borgen, trondheim c. breytenbach, berlin – j. k. elliott, leeds c. r. holladay, atlanta – a. j. malherbe, new haven m. j. j. menken, utrecht – j. smit sibinga, amsterdam j. thom, stellenbosch VOLUME 128 hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd ii 5/9/2008 4:09:17 PM The Ethics of Obscene Speech in Early Christianity and Its Environment by Jeremy F. Hultin LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd iii 5/9/2008 4:09:17 PM This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hultin, Jeremy F. The ethics of obscene speech in early Christianity and its environment by / Jeremy F. Hultin. p. cm. — (Supplements to Novum Testamentum, ISSN 0167-9732 ; v. 128) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-16803-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Clean speech. 2. Oral communication—Religious aspects—Christianity. I. Title. II. Series. BV4597.53.C64H85 2008 241’.69509015—dc22 2008009751 ISSN 0167-9732 ISBN 978 90 04 16803 9 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd iv 5/9/2008 4:09:18 PM For my parents hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd v 5/9/2008 4:09:18 PM hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd vi 5/9/2008 4:09:18 PM CONTENTS Acknowledgments ....................................................................... ix List of Figures ............................................................................. xi List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xiii Preface ......................................................................................... xvii Chapter One: A Survey of Foul Language in the Ancient World ............................................................................. 1 What is Foul Language? ......................................................... 1 I. Plato and Aristotle on Foul Language ............................ 12 I.A. Plato and the Dangers of Mimesis ....................... 13 I.B. Aristotle and the Bounds of Humor .................... 15 II. Abuse ................................................................................ 20 II.A. Laws Against Slander ........................................... 25 III. Religious Rites ................................................................. 28 Excursus: The Language of Some Love Charms .......... 40 IV. Comedy ............................................................................ 42 V. New Forms of Comic Drama ......................................... 52 VI. Literary Obscenities ......................................................... 56 VI.A. Epigram ................................................................. 59 VI.B. Tales of Sexual Adventures and Sex Manuals .... 62 VI.C. Ovid’s Culpa ........................................................... 64 Conclusion .............................................................................. 64 Chapter Two: Speech, Character, and Self-Definition ............. 67 I. Speech as it Relates to Character ................................... 67 II. Speech as it Defined Specific Groups ............................. 78 II.A. Cynics and Shameless Speech .............................. 81 II.B. Stoics ...................................................................... 87 II.B.1. The Linguistic Roots of the Stoic Ethics of Foul Language ...................................... 93 Excursus: Bryson the Megarian ............................ 97 II.B.2. Changes in Stoic (and Cynic) Views of Obscene Speech ........................................ 99 hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd vii 5/9/2008 4:09:18 PM viii contents Chapter Three: Jewish Scripture and Earliest Christianity ...... 113 I. Prophetic Scatology ......................................................... 118 II. Wisdom Literature and Ben Sirach ................................ 120 III. Jesus .................................................................................. 128 IV. James ................................................................................ 134 V. Didache 3:3 and the Two Ways ...................................... 136 VI. Paul ................................................................................... 145 VI.A. Galatians 5:12 ....................................................... 148 VI.B. Philippians 3:8: Σκύβαλα ..................................... 150 Conclusion .............................................................................. 154 Chapter Four: Colossians and Ephesians .................................. 155 I. Colossians 3:8 .................................................................. 156 I.A. Colossians 4:6: “Season Your Speech with Salt” ....................................................................... 168 II. Ephesians .......................................................................... 173 II.A. Exegesis of Ephesians 5:3–14 ............................... 177 II.A.1. “Let them not even be named among you” (Eph 5:3) .......................................... 178 II.A.2. Ἐλέγχετε (Eph 5:11) ................................. 181 II.A.3. “Shameful Even to Mention” (Eph 5:12) 184 II.A.4. αἰσχρότης ................................................. 185 II.A.5. μωρολογία ................................................ 189 II.A.6. εὐτραπελία ............................................... 190 II.B. Speech Rules in 1QS ............................................ 196 II.C. Profaning a Sanctum ............................................ 199 II.D. Not Fitting for Holy Ones .................................... 201 III. Speech and Christian Identities ....................................... 206 Chapter Five: Clement of Alexandria on Foul Language ........ 215 I. The Divine Paedagogue and Christian Manners ........... 215 II. On Foul Language ........................................................... 219 Excursus: Clement and the Didache ................................. 222 II.A. A “Deeper Logos” about Foul Language ............ 223 III. Comparing Clement ........................................................ 233 Conclusions ................................................................................. 235 Works Cited ................................................................................ 241 Index of Passages Cited ............................................................. 261 hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd viii 5/9/2008 4:09:18 PM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book began as my doctoral dissertation in the Religious Studies Department at Yale University. It is a pleasure to thank some of the people who have contributed to it at its various stages. I owe special gratitude to my dissertation advisors, Dale B. Martin and Harold W. Attridge, and to Adela Yarbro Collins, Wayne A. Meeks, and Diana Swancutt, who served on the dissertation committee. The members of Yale’s New Testament/Ancient Christianity Dissertation Colloquium discussed my research on several occasions, and I thank Bentley Layton and David Bartlett, in particular, for their advice and support. This project could never have been completed were it not for the friendship (and philological advice!) of many colleagues at Yale, includ- ing Ward Blanton, Kevin Wilkinson, Emma Wasserman, John Vonder Bruegge, Marcus Elder, Shane Berg, and George Parsenios. Matt Everard provided the book’s initial impetus and offered much help along the way. I have also had the support of outstanding research assistants: Nicholas Lauer, Robert Leacock, Jessica Misener, Michael Stoops, and Jonathan Meyer. Amber R. Kohl helped edit an earlier version of chapter 1. My mother, Jill F. Hultin, read the entire manu- script and offered many helpful suggestions. I am grateful to Margaret M. Mitchell and David P. Moessner for accepting this book for publication in the Novum Testamentum Supplement Series, and for their guidance, encouragement, and patience as the manuscript was prepared. I also thank Ivo Romein and Anita Roodnat of Brill. Above all, I would like to thank my family. My brother has kept my spirits high with his capacity to exploit the humorous potential of αἰσχρολογία. And I can think of nobody who has offered more sup- port in more ways than my parents, to whom this book is gratefully dedicated. hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd ix 5/9/2008 4:09:18 PM hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd x 5/9/2008 4:09:19 PM LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 Ephesians 4:31, Colossians 3:8, and Ephesians 4:29 ........ 187 4.2 Colossians 4:2–8 and Ephesians 6:18–22; 5:15–16 .......... 207 4.3 Colossians 3:5–6, Ephesians 5:3; 5:5–6; 4:19 ................... 210 hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd xi 5/9/2008 4:09:19 PM hultin_f1_i-xxii.indd xii 5/9/2008 4:09:19 PM LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary.
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