Michael Baales Museum Monrepos, Neuwied, Germany

ECONOMY AND SEASONALITY IN THE AHRENSBURGIAN

INTRODUCTION

The Ahrensburgian is traditionally dated to the stadial (1I,000-10,000 BP) and, on the evidence of the rich faunal assemblage from Stellmool to the north of (Rust 1943), was defined as a specialized culture of " hunters". Beginningwith obser-va- tions of recent circumpolar hunter-gatherer peoples with a specialized reindeer-hunting econ- omy and on knowledge of the often extreme migration patterns of reindeer and caribou at the present day (uid. Burch 1972; Parker 1972), the question of seasonal migration of man and rein- deer during the Ahrensburgian was soon raised. In studying this problem, it can be assumed that Pleistocene reindeer herds also carried out two annual migrations (Bahn 1977;Wenieer l982). Based on earlier studies of the Stellmoor assemblage, it has long been assumed that the southern area of occurrence of the Ahrensburgian - the northern part of the Upland Zone - was a region of wintel perhaps sporadic, occupation (Rust 1943,235; Täute 1970, 369). Acompara- ble model of human and reindeer migration was postulated for the Rhineland, Belgium and the into the 1980's (Ar-ts l9BB; Arts & Deeben 1981; Van Noort & Wouters 1987). Already previous to this, howevel, a new examina- tion of the Stellmoor material, and in particular the antler, by D. A. Sturdy (1975) had al- ready established that Stell- moor was occupied primarily in autumn (uid. Bokelmann 1979; Grannow 1987). At this peliod, the reindeet' migrate to their winter range. During this migration, reindeer arriv- ing from the south were inter- cepted by hunters, probably on an annual basis, at the nar- row passage of the Ahrensburg tunnel valley (Bokelmann 1991, Bratlund 1990; l99l). \Alhere, then, were the summer feeding grounds of the rein- deer? Fig. l. Location of the three investigated Ahrensburgian sites in Belgium, Il.hineland and Westphaha ECONOMY AND SEASONALITY IN THE AHRENSBURGIAN

THE UPLAND ZONE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

As early as 1902, an Ahrensburgian settlement layer was discovered and excavated at the en- trance of the Grotte de Remouchamps, a in the Belgian Ardennes to the south of Lige. The investigations of E. Rahir (1921) therefore represent the earliest excavation of Ahrensburgian material anyvhere. Together with stone tools typical of these last Cen- \J tral European reindeer hunters (among which, alongside tanged points, the large number of simple microlithic points is particularly u_#_ffi fle, striking), were excavated features :? such as and what was Prob- ably the only (unfortunately dis- turbed) burial of this period. Finds I @E) ^,\ of Tertiary molluscs demonstrate NA\ /n qI7 some \I1-lli contact with the Paris Basin, T 200 km to the west. With the assem- blage were also discovered remains .rA.-px of the hunted fauna. New excava- ,4€4+(-? tions by M. Dewez between q#t ffid €zzb, ^ 1969-1970 (Dewez et al. 1974) in- k I creased the size of the assemblage. Tivo radiocarbon dates suggest that ,{ was occupied towards the $ih t- L=. ) the site t a--A M 6U ?z?li' end of the Younger Dryas stadial [\e] a (Dewez 1974,98; Charles 1993, 60). site is the o The next important "Hohler Stein" near Kallenhardt in tu? -hiF.fä _.8-) Tiaces of lateglacial set- -4 KJ Westphalia.

THE ECONOMIC BASIS

In Remouchamps, in the "Hohler Stein" and at the Kartstein the large mammal assemblage is dominated by fragments of bone, leeth and antler of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) of all age groups. This fact, together with the presence of characteristic butchering marks on the bones, is evidence that at all three sites reindeer was the most intensively hunted species. All parts of the skeleton are represented at the three sites, which suggests that, in each case, the actual kill sites were located at not great distance. At the Kartstein, the small excavated area alone provided evi- dence (incisor teeth) for at least 17 individuals. At the "Hohler Stein", postcranial material (meta- tarcu,s) suggests that the number of butchered reindeer is of the magnitude of 20-40 individuals. The number of cutmarked bones recognized at the Kartstein is only small, due to poor pres- ervation of bone surfaces. Nevertheless, several specimens were found, which demonstrate the method of butchering at that time and can be compared with recent observations of butchery (Binford 19Bl). The presence of cutmarks on the soles of third phalanges is surprising (fig. 3.3). Similar traces on phalanges of reindeer are unknown to the author. Comparable marks have ECONOMY AND SEASONALIII IN THE AHRENSBURGIÄN 67

4 v r .i .\.s

lallral Fbnl.l mcdill do[ll m.dlal Plonlü

Fig. 4. Cutmarks and impact fractures on fragments of humerus, tibia and metatarsus (from the top to the bottom) in the "Hohler Stein" reindeer material (n : number of inclividuals) Mit:hael. lJaal.es been described on horse n 350 bone, in which context their presence has 300 been seen as deriving from the removal of the horn sheaths of the hooves (Berke 250 1989a; lg8gb). 2oo Cutmarks are present in quantity and in 'r 50 a good state of preservation on the rein- 100 deer bone fiom the "Hohler Stein", West- 50 phalia (fig a). Unfortunately, in this as- 0 semblage the epiphyses of limb bones are rare, so that cutmarks are found exclu- NrN Square 12 sively on shaft fragments. The information of these finds can, howeveq be comple- mented by material from Remouchamps, Fig. 5: Size classes of fragments of reindeer bones in the Kart- stein material. where, for example, cutmarks on the cal- caneum and astragalzs show the method of dismembering the hind limb (fig. 3.2, 4). All these traces demonstrate the good anatomical knowledge of the Ahrensburgian reindeer hunters and their skill in butchering their prey. In addition to cutmarks due to the jointing and filleting of the carcass, it is also possible to identify impact fractures (fig a) These are evidence for marrow smashing of bone. Bone marrow was an important and nutritive addition to the diet. The largest number of impact fractures can be recognized on the material from the "Hohler Stein", where they show the systematic breakage of all parts of the skeleton. Even the mandibles (fig. 3.1) and, in some cases the phalanges (which each contain only a minute quantity of marrow), were smashed open. The Kartstein assemblage allows the recognition of a further stage of butchering: the extrac- tion of bone grease. This process, inwhich the fat content of bones and, in particular; of the can- cellous articular ends of limb bones, is extracted by boiling, is well known from ethnographic sources (e.g. Delpech & Rigaud 1974) and described in detail by L.R. Binford (1978, 157-165). Production of bone grease can be only indirectly demonstrated at the Kartstein, on the evidence of the extremely small size of the majority of intensively smashed, recovered bone fragments (fig. 5). Equally small bone fragments recovered on North American "bison kill-sites" were similarly interpreted by D. Leechman (1951) as evidence for bone-grease produc- tion. By the addition of berries and dried meat, bone grease was transformed by the Prairie Indians into a long-lasting and nutt'itive foodstuff, pemmican. At all three sites, animal species other than reindeer can be recognized as the prey of man, although, to judge by the number of specimens identified, their importance was minor. At both Remouchamps and at the Kartstein a small rate of horse (Equus sp. cf. przewakki) is present, while at Remouchamps the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and grouse/ptarmigan (Lagopus sp.) were also hunted. Cutmarks are present on the bones of the latter two spe- cies. In the case of the "Hohler Stein", the frequently quoted species list contains species which, after a critical examination of the original material, can no longer be considered to belong to the Ahrensburgian level. It is b evident that contamination of the assemblage by both Fig. 6: Modified fragment of a reindeer meta- carpus (a), showing polish on the tip (b), "Ho- is younser and older elements has taken place. This hler Stein" ECONOMY AND SEASONAIITY IN TF{E AHRENSBURGIAN partly due to the methods of excavation employed (the Ahrensburgian faunal list frequently con- tains identical species to the overlying Iron-Age levels;Andree 1932), but also a result of the dif- ficult situation, in which the presence of large roof-fall blocks prevented a clear separation of the excavated layers. The same is equally true for the majority of bone tools assigned to the Ahrensburgian level. They are, in part, manufactured fi-om bones of species not present at the time of the lateglacial occupation (e.g. roe deer). Nevertheless, it can be noted here that a hitherto unknown was recognized by the author in the "Hohler Stein" assemblage. It is manufactured on a spiit proximal fiagment of reindeer metacarpus (length: 12.5 cm). The distal end is pointed (fiS.6) and clearly rounded, with a polished appearance. The unpolished appearance of the remaining edges suggests that the polish derives from use of the piece v t 1 'Htrhrcr srcin' I ut an awl. In summary the i Anrenstlurglan groups, \vnose b tcrn.lelsuh.rlult sbed antler = - " I -uteriul culture and butcher- r=n1äi-saoedtbrnale/subaduttantter : = I itg waste have been found in shorvinsresorption tJ E- u I cave.sites of the northern Up- land Zone were also reindeer 6. ys,r {,rrire hunters. Reindeer dominates - I 5 vcar.'ir? I iffll1r'Iää*,fi1#;- 4. ycar o!.r'.e I i"thunted lein{eer at favourable l:t1t locations ].^/ere 3. of rire - I Close to the Cave sites; the slaughtered animals were 2. ycnr of lile - brought back to the camp, l.yearrr|.lilt-*,"|eith.rintactoralterprlmal.y I dismemberment and there ex- haustively butchered. At which i season did this activity occur? 2 Ktrrtstein

SEASONALITY OF HUNTING A MODEL

An intensive analysis of reindeer remains at the three === srcond year of life the tirst vear of life examined sites provided - answer to the question of sea- sonality. Finds of teeth and antler are of particular interest --T--r--Il l l l l l r l r in this context. The reindeer is 6' Ö tiz 15-- 18 month of lil'e 22 2A the only representative of the Iarge ceryid family in which tiig. 7. Cliteree fbl seasonal presence of man and rcindeer at the "Hohler both males and females carry Stein" (1) and the Kartstein (2): 1 : Several antlers of females and subadults antler. \A/hereas bulls develop (schematically) is the cycle of shorv seasonal evidence (a and b); also shown large antlers, which are shed antlel growth. rubbing oIvelvet (F) and sheddingfcrr males and females. 2 = rut, Age structure of recovered teeth of subadults compared with results from re- in early winter after the cent caribou from Northern Canada. Seasons: F = spring, S = summe! H = the much smaller antlers of fe- autumn, W = winter Mi,ch.nel. Baalzs males and calves (which often grow a small antler - the "Spieß" : spike - in the first year of life) are not shed until the spring. In all three studied assemblages - but in particular at the "Hohler Stein" (fiS. 7.1) - numerous antlers of females and calves are present. These are mainly shed antlers, but skull and antler fragments of hunted animals are also present. The latter have certain features of bone resorption at the junction of antler and pedicel which show that they would soon have been shed, had the animals not first been killed by Ahrensburgian hunters. Among these finds are also the "Spie" of a calf from the Kartstein (fiS. 8) and a female ant- ler from Remouchamps. These antlers already provide firm evidence that reindeer - and, consequently, also Ahrensbur- gian hunters - were present at the sites in question during the spring. This conclusion is supported by finds of reindeer teeth. Of especial value is the replacement of the milk teeth by the permanent dentition, which has been studied in particular Fig. 8. "Spike" ofa young reindeer show- for recent populations of reindeer (caribou) calves in detail ing resorption (Kartstein) northern Canada (Miller 1974). Comparison with tooth ma- terial from the three Ahrensburgian sites shows that hunted reindeer calves were almost exactly one and two years of age at death (fig. 7.2); at the present day calves are born in spring (from late April to earlyJune). Both these resülts and those of other studies on reindeer teeth (analysis of annual cement increments at the Kartstein [Kierdorf tr992] and at Remouchamps [Gordon 1988, 215]) confirm spring as the time of occupation. The following conclusions can be drawn: At the end of the winter, which the reindeer herds had spent on the North European Plain (which, 11,000 years ago, also included the dry southern Basin between Denmark and England), the small, scattered groups of reindeer assembled to form large herds. At the begin- ning of spring, these herds migrated south to the Upland Zone of the Eifel, Ardennes and West- phalian Highlands, where, once again in scattered groups, they spent the summer (fig' 9). The cooler and windier uplands reduced annoyance by summer insect parasites, in particular for the newly born calves. Observation of recent reindeer and caribou herds shows that higher-lying cooler regions are particularly sought out. At the same time, there was an abundance of new plant growth on the summer range, so that the reindeer could accumulate rich fat reser-ves for the next winter. Evidence for a winter presence on the North European Plain are both the autumn hunting camp at Stellmoor and numerous finds of skulls and antlers of reindeer bulls, which also died in late autumn, from submarine sediments of the coast of Denmark (Degerbol & Krog 1959). Additionally, a plant specie identified from the Danish Younger Dryas is evidence for shallow snow cover in winter (Degerbol i964). This is relevant because reindeer avoid deep snow cover, which causes them difficulty in feeding. Täken togetheL these indications and com- plementary seasonal information from the Upland Zone lead to the described model. The migrating reindeer herds probably used the same routes into the Upland Zone repeat- edly, or at least, followed closely located passes, usually broad river- and stream-beds. These routes were known to the Ahrensburgian hunters. The hunters and their families would have moved ahead of the reindeer herds, in order to intercept them ("head'em off at the pass" - strat- egy), since they were not able to follow the herds directly (vid. Burch 1972). Their camps were 1o- cated close to valley "bottlenecks", which can be seen especially in the case of the "Hohler Stein" and the Kartstein (fiS. 9). Since reindeer enter such "bottlenecks" only reluctantly, it is probable that the entire group of women, children and old people drove the animals into them, to a point ECONOMY AND SEASONAIT|Y IN THE AHRENSI]UI{GLA,N 71 at which hunters were already waiting - the perfect ambush! The experienced hunters were thus enabled to kill a large number of animals in a very short time. In this way, the exhausted winter supplies could be restocked and, after only a few days, the hunters and their families moved on. Towards the end of the summerJ which the reindeer had spent in the Upland Zone, large herds again reformed and migrated to the north. Once more, they were awaited by the human groups which had gone before them; for these it was now necessary to secure adequate provi- sions for the approaching winter. An example for such an autumn hunting station is Stellmoor, close to Hamburg, to which reference has already been made. It is, however, probable that the complementary autumn hunting sites of the "Rhineland" Ahrensburgian group (represented by the Kartstein and Remouchamps), will have been in the Netherlands, where many Ahrensbur- gian sites are known, none of which have, unfortunately, yielded faunal remains. The reindeer can be regarded as a "walking larder", from which the Ahrensburgian groups helped themselves, above all, at two specific seasons. The price of this abundance was the neces- sity to adapt to the extreme mobility of their prey. It is known, for example, from North Ameri- can Indians and Inuit, that the dog can be an important aid in the transport of material. At the Kartstein, a number of phalanges were recovered, whose morphology very probably allows their identification as domestic dog (Baales 1992c). Since the dog is known both from the earlier Mag- dalenian (Nobis 1986) and the succeeding early (Street 1991), a record for the Ahrensburgian need occasion no surprise. It is possible that the dog was also a hunting aid and served as a substitute' nutritional source, possibly in times of shortage. The latter use is conceiv-

- Klrtsttin Possit le ldrliotr ril ^. sn sdilie{l obshrll(xr

I = Renr(,uehilmps 2 = Kartsteln 3 = "tlohler Stcin" 4 = Stellmrxrr -'2 lrc"-entrlaycoasrine :ili:liläTi:il*:l.färi{rmtheir ,- Scherurtit rrxrstline - " """' ou'inß ;.,;";;;'i;;r,' W i,::X:;:i,,lf lill,:,'1,'ä::ii,:J;l*'

...... s = sprlng scils(n prore(l A = r\utumn surson pr,vcd (l]ll'"u'"']" 100 m contuurl

Fig. 9. General model of the spring migration of reindeer herds from their winter range in the northern part of Fiurope to their summer range in the Upland zone and detail of the situation in the Kartstein rcgion, where rcindeer herds used NF--SW oriented valleys to reach the Upland Zone of the ll,il'el. An artifical obstruction or perhaps other in- dividuals of the hunters' tribe forced the herds to the location wherc hunters were already waiting Mi.ch.n,cl, Baal,es

I N

A Cave or Open Air Site I 100 m contour A

Fig. 10. Location of Ahrensburgian sites in the Upland Zone (100 m contour) from the river Meuse in the west to the river Oder in the east. In the eastern region the influence of the Swiderian/Masovian becomes evident; I - Valken- burg-Heunsberg,2-Valkenburg-DenDries,3-Cannerberg,4-St.Geertruid-DeHeii,5-Fonds-de-Foröt,6-Re- mouchamps,T-Col€optör.e,8-Pr€alle,9-Kartstein, 10-Zingsheim-Rummerschlegel, ll-Gerolstein-Heide,tr2- Hobscheid, 13 - Sandweiler, l4 * Pr6ny, l5 - Fußgönheim II, l6 - Groß Gerau, 17 - Siegburg-Schreck, l8 -Altern- rath-Ziegenberg, l9 - Odenthal-Mutz,20 - Odenthal-Vcriswinkel, 2l - Witte n-Bommern, 22 - Hagen-Herbeck, 23 - Reingsenl, 24 - Schwerte-Gänsewinkel, 25 - Lünen-Beckinghausen, 26 - Wennemen-Halloh, 27 - "Hohler Stein" bei Kallenhardt, 28 - I{ietberg, 29 - Delbrück-Westerloh (Steinhorst), 30 - Stukenbrock-lVelschof, 3l - Holzhausen- llxrernsteine, 32- Westerkappeln, 33 - Hollage-Pye,34 - Hille-Nordhemmern, 35 - Hille-Eickhorst, 36 - Peter- shagen-Neuenknick,3T-Banteln,38-Freden-GutEsbeck,39-Greene,40-Ellierode,4l-Olxheim,42-Stöck- heim, 43 - Schlarpe, 44 - Hemeln, 45 - Volkmarshausen, 46 - Rhünda ll, 47 - Langelsheim, 48 - Grcß Denkte, 49 - Ösel,50-lllankenburg,5l-Westerhausen,52-Kühren,53-Steckby,54*Brambach,55-Klossa,56-Malitschken- dorf, 57 -Jagsal, 58 - Golßen,59- Großrössen,60 - Nünchritz,6l - Merschwitz,62- Dissen,63 - Cottbus,64* Mer- zdorf-Schöpsdorf, 65 - Sproitz, 66 - Niedergurig able since, as is known from recent groups of specialized reindeer hunters, it can sometimes hap- pen that the reindeer use a different migration route, or do not appear at all, so that the human group suffers famine (Binford 1991, 73pp).

THE UPLAND ZONE AS AHRENSBURGIAN TERRITORY

In the proposed model, the northern Upland Zone (Ardennes, Eifel, Lorraine, Westphalian Highlands, Hessian Highlands, Harz etc.) played an important role for both reindeer and hu- mÄs during the Younger Dryas. This region, in which research into the Ahrensburgian culture began, can, in consequence, no longer be regarded as one into which peoPle of the Ahrensbur- gian culture wandered, more or less, "by chance". This region was an integral part of the annual migration cycle of the reindeer herds, both as calving grounds and as summer paslurage for the accumulation of necessary fat reserves. The Ahrensburgian groups were able to exploit this situ- ation by intercepting and hunting the migrating herds. That this must have been the case at many more than the three described sites, is shown by a recent distribution map of Upland Zone (: above 100 m contour) Ahrensburgian sites (fig. l0). Striking are, for example, concentrations in the north-south oriented valleys of the Weser and Leine, which can probably be interpreted as shor,ving migration routes of reindeer and humans. Unfortunately, faunal remains have so far only been recovered from the three sites treated by this paper. The most southerly finds which ECONOMY AND SEASONALITY ]N THE AHRENSBURGLA.N t3 can, to date, be attributed to the Ahrensburgian culture are tanged points of Ahrensburg type fiom Luxembourg and Lorraine and from the Palatinate (Spier; Lamesch & Grisse 1985; Blouet 1986; Cziesla 1992). These possibly derive from isolated hunting episodes aimed at reindeer liv- ing in small groups on their summer feeding grounds.

'lable: Animal species identified in the Ahrensburgian level at the Kartstern

Mammalia Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus I{eindeer ITangtJer lo,randus Kestrel Fhlco tinn'unculus Bovid (?) Bos sp. Magpie Pica pica Horse Equus cf . przewalskt Jackdaw Coru'us monerlula 'furdus Ibex ? Capra i,hex Fieldfare pilaris 'lurd'us \Volf Canis l:upus Song Tiush philomelos 'lhush Dog ? Canis.familians Türdus sp. l{edfbx Vulpes uulttes Capercaille Tbtrao 'urogallus Alctic Fbx Alofex ktgolt'us Black Grouse 7b tr a o ( Lyr urus ) te tr ix Stoat Mustela erminea Partridge Perdix perdi,x Weasel Mustela niuttlis Willow Grouse Lagopus lagopus Ar.ctic Hare Lef'us timidus trmidus Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus Steppe Pika Ochotona pusilla Corncrake Crex crex Narro'rv Skulled Vole Mir:rotus gregali,s Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Norway Lemming Lemm'us lemmus Common Crossbill Loxia curai.rostra

Arctic Lemming Dicrostonlx torquarus Hawfinch (?) C o ccothrauste s c o c c othraustes

Fiuropean Suslik Ci t e ll us s'up erci I ho sus Finch Fringillu, sp.

Common Hamster Cricet'us cricel'us Redpoll ? Acanthis cf ..flammea Northern llirch Mouse Sicista bet'ulina Woodpigeon Col'umba falumbus Ground Vole Microtus oeconomus Tirfted Duck (?) .41t@a fuli,gula Northern Water Vole Ataicola terrestris Dabbling Duck Anas sp.

llank Vole Cle t hrr,onomys glare o lus Spanrow Passeres

Yellow-Necked Mouse Ap o d enzus .flau ic o I lis Wood Mouse (?) Aporlemus syluatic'us Pisces !ield Vole Nlir:rol'us agrestls Burbot Lota lota 'fhlmall;us Cornmon Vole Microl'us a,t'ualts Grayling thyn'tall:us Chub Leuciscus cephal'us Aves Whitefish Coregonus sp. Eagle Orvl Bullhead Cotrus sp. Short-Earcd Owl (?) Salmonid Salmo sp.

I.la o'le

Achnowledgement I thank Dr Martin Street, Monrepos,.for the translation.

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