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Distribuições Linux Distribuições Linux Prof. Marciano dos Santos Dionizio O que é uma Distribuição Linux? Uma Distribuição Linux é composta do núcleo Linux e um conjunto variável de software, dependendo de seus propósitos. Essa coleção de software livre e não livre, é criada e mantida por indivíduos, grupos e organizações de todo o mundo História As distribuições do Linux começaram a receber uma popularidade limitada desde a segunda metade dos anos 90, como uma alternativa livre para os sistemas operacionais Microsoft Windows e Mac OS, principalmente por parte de pessoas acostumadas com o Unix na escola e no trabalho. O sistema tornou-se popular no mercado de Desktops e servidores, principalmente para a Web e servidores de bancos de dados. No decorrer do tempo, várias distribuições surgiram e desapareceram, cada qual com sua característica. Algumas distribuições são maiores outras menores, dependendo do número de aplicações e sua finalidade. Algumas distribuições de tamanhos menores cabem num disquete com 1,44 MB, outras precisam de vários CDs, existindo até algumas versões em DVD. Todas elas tem o seu público e sua finalidade, as pequenas (que ocupam poucos disquetes) são usadas para recuperação de sistemas danificados ou em monitoramento de redes de computadores. Componentes de uma distribuição Linux Existem distribuições com ferramentas para configuração que facilitam a administração do sistema. As principais diferenças entre as distribuições estão nos seus sistemas de pacotes, nas estruturas dos diretórios e na sua biblioteca básica. Por mais que a estrutura dos diretórios siga o mesmo padrão, o FSSTND é um padrão muito relaxado, principalmente em arquivos onde as configurações são diferentes entre as distribuições. Então normalmente todos seguem o padrão FHS (File Hierarchy System), que é o padrão mais novo. Vale lembrar, entretanto, que qualquer aplicativo ou driver desenvolvido para Linux pode ser compilado em qualquer distribuição que vai funcionar da mesma maneira. Quanto à biblioteca, é usada a Biblioteca libc, contendo funções básicas para o sistema Operacional Linux. O problema está quando do lançamento de uma nova versão da Biblioteca libc, algumas das distribuições colocam logo a nova versão, enquanto outras aguardam um pouco. Por isso, alguns programas funcionam numa distribuição e noutras não. Instalação Existem muitas maneiras de instalar uma distribuição Linux, a mais comum é gravar um CD ou USB flash drive que contenha os programas necessárias para a instalação do sistema base. Estes CDs podem ser gravados a partir de ficheiros ISO baixados da internet, comprados on- line, ou parte da capa de revistas sobre informática. Novos utilizadores tendem a particionar o disco de maneira a manter os dados existentes. A nova distribuição Linux pode ser agora instalada na sua partição do disco sem perder os dados existentes. Principais Distribuições Linux CentOS CentOS • CentOS é uma distribuição Linux de classe Enterprise derivada de códigos fonte gratuitamente distribuídos pela Red Hat Enterprise Linux e mantida pelo CentOS Project. • A numeração das versões é baseada na numeração do Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Por exemplo, o CentOS 4 é baseado no Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. A diferença básica entre um e outro é o fornecimento de suporte pago na aquisição de um Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Funcionalmente, pode-se considerar os sistemas clones. • CentOS proporciona um grande acesso aos softwares padrão da indústria, incluindo total compatibilidade com os pacotes de softwares preparados especificamente para os sistemas da Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Isso lhe dá o mesmo nível de segurança e suporte, através de updates, que outras soluções Linux Enterprise, porém sem custo. CentOS • Suporta tanto ambientes de servidores para aplicações de missão crítica quanto ambientes de estações de trabalho e ainda possui uma versão Live CD. • CentOS possui numerosas características, incluindo: uma comunidade activa e crescente, um rápido desenvolvimento e teste de pacotes, uma extensa rede para downloads, desenvolvedores acessíveis, múltiplos canais de suporte incluindo suporte em português e suporte comercial através de parceiros. • No dia 7 de janeiro de 2014 a Red Hat anunciou a incorporação do projeto e comunidade CentOS aos seus portfólio. Segundo anúncio essa incorporação trará benefícios para a comunidade de usuários de ambas as distribuições, gerando maiores inovações nos projetos livres adotados e para toda a arquitetura corporativa. Fedora Fedora • Fedora antigamente chamado Fedora Core é um sistema operacional que tem por base o Linux, a distribuição Linux é completamente livre de custos para poder usufruir e partilhar. Foi criada pela Red Hat. Atualmente mantida pelo Projeto Fedora (Fedora Project). Sua instalação é semelhante a versão 9 do Red Hat, em computadores com mais de 1 GHz de processamento e 256 de MB de memória RAM, a instalação padrão demora cerca de 30 minutos. Depois da instalação o GNOME fica como gestor de desktop padrão, podendo ser mudado para o KDE, WindowMaker, XFCE e etc. Já vem com o browser Mozilla Firefox, com LibreOffice e suporte a diversos idiomas, além de uma grande diversidade de programas para servidores e desktops. Novas versões do Fedora são lançadas aproximadamente a cada 6 meses, tendo como padrão três versões-teste para validação e correção de defeitos, reportados através do sistema bugzilla do projeto. OpenSUSE OpenSUSE • Após adquirir o SUSE Linux em janeiro de 2004, a Novell, uma empresa norte-americana que na década de 1980 ficou famosa por seu sistema operacional de rede (Netware), após o sucesso lançou o SUSE Linux Professional como um projeto 100% código livre, envolvendo a comunidade no processo de desenvolvimento. • A versão inicial foi uma versão de teste do SUSE Linux 10.0. A sua versão estável corrente é o openSUSE 13.1.3. • OpenSUSE é dirigido pela comunidade OpenSUSE Project e patrocinada pela Novell, para desenvolver e manter os componentes do SUSE Linux distribuições. • Depois da aquisição do SUSE Linux, a Novell decidiu fazer da comunidade uma importante parte do processo de desenvolvimento. OpenSUSE • Além da distribuição, o Projeto openSUSE prove um portal web para o envolvimento da comunidade. A comunidade colabora com o openSUSE em desenvolvimento com representantes da Novell contribuindo com códigos através do openSUSE Build Service, escrevendo documentação, desenhando artes gráficas, criando discussões abertas em mailing lists e canais Internet Relay Chats (irc), assim como aprimorando o openSUSE através de wikis. • Como a maioria das distribuições Linux, o openSUSE inclui ambas Ambiente gráfico (padrão) e um poderoso Interpretador de comandos (opcional). Durante instalação, o usuário pode escolher dentre vários Ambiente gráficos e com focos diferentes: KDE (padrão), GNOME, LXDE e Xfce. Slackware Slackware • Slackware Linux é o nome da mais antiga e conhecida distribuição GNU/Linux mantida ainda em evidência. Seu criador e responsável pela manutenção, Patrick Volkerding, estabelece uma meta de produção da distribuição baseada em simplicidade e estabilidade, alcançando o padrão de distribuição mais Unix-like ao manter seus usuários nas camadas de configuração em console de modo texto para uma total personalização do ambiente. Além de seu uso profissional, é considerado também como uma distribuição de nível acadêmico, mantendo uma vasta documentação atualizada em sua raiz, para os usuários que necessitem de maior conhecimento para dominá-lo. Red Hat Red Hat • Red Hat Linux é uma distribuição de Linux muito conhecida, líder do mercado nos Estados Unidos, criada e mantida pela Red Hat. • Um grupo de programadores na Carolina do Norte decidiu tornar o Linux mais fácil para possibilitar às pessoas uma experiência mais tranquila com o mesmo. Como muitos grupos, seu objetivo era empacotar todos os bits necessários numa distribuição coerente, facilitando aos inexperientes o contato com o novo sistema operacional. No entanto. esta distribuição tinha uma característica distinta das demais. Em vez de ser uma cópia de um disco rígido que tivesse o Linux instalado, ou um conjunto de disquetes com partes diferentes do sistema operacional que podiam ser copiadas, esta distribuição foi baseada no conceito de pacotes. • Cada pacote fornece um pedaço diferente de software configurado, completamente testado e pronto para rodar. Se o usuário quiser instalar um novo programa, poderá carregar o pacote e instalá-lo, podendo imediatamente utilizá-lo. Se o usuário quiser remover algum programa, poderá removê-lo com um único comando. Este conceito ainda facilita as atualizações, uma vez que os pacotes são carregados de repositórios pré-configurados. Red Hat • O desenvolvimento do Linux no mundo é muito rápido, provocando a geração de novas versões com frequência. Em outras distribuições, a atualização do software tornou-se complexa. Em uma atualização completa, normalmente o usuário teria que apagar tudo em seu disco rígido. • Desde a introdução do Red Hat Linux em 1994, o Linux e o Red Hat tiveram um crescimento muito grande. O suporte para "hardwares" se tornou mais sofisticado, e o número de usuários e empresas que passaram a usar o Linux cresceu ao redor do mundo. • O programa de instalação do Red Hat Linux pode ser executado em cerca de 15 minutos. Além dos pacotes de aplicativos (com a extensão RPM), há ainda um grande conjunto de ferramentas administrativas. • A distribuição Red Hat está atualmente voltada para o mercado empresarial. No entanto, mantém a sua vertente comunitária através do projeto Fedora
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