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DISTRIBUCIONES LINUX (Centos, Ubuntu , Fedora, Suse, Red Hat , Mint)

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DISTRIBUCIONES LINUX (Centos, Ubuntu , Fedora, Suse, Red Hat , Mint) Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Facultad de Contaduría y Ciencias Administrativas “TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 6” DISTRIBUCIONES LINUX (centos, Ubuntu , Fedora, suse, red Hat , mint) Profesor: Lic. Francisco Octavio Aparicio Contreras Alumna: Wendy Diaz Pineda Sección: 44 Semestre: Sexto Morelia Michoacán a 24 de junio de 2021. 1 ÍNDICE Portada 1 Índice 2 Objetivo del trabajo 3 Linux CENTOS: 3 • Características técnicas • Usos Linux UBUNTU: 4 • Características técnicas • Usos Linux FEDORA: 7 • Características técnicas • Usos Linux SUSE: 8 • Características técnicas • Usos RED HAT: 9 • Características técnicas • Usos Linux MINT: 10 • Características técnicas • Usos Conclusiones 12 Bibliografía 13 2 OBJETIVO DEL TRABAJO El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar acerca de las cinco distribuciones Centos, Ubuntu, Fedora, Suse, Red hat y Mint con sus respectivas características técnicas que las componen y los usos que se le dan a las mismas. De acuerdo con lo que leí, desde los años noventas dos grandes proyectos se unieron el proyecto GNU de Richard Stallman y el proyecto Linux de Linus Torvalds. Stallman fue el creador del movimiento de software libre, buscaba crear un sistema operativo de software libre basado en Unix. Sin embargo, le faltaba el kernel, el núcleo del sistema operativo que se conecta con el hardware. Por su parte, Linus Torvalds crea el kernel, ya que de haber estado listo el proyecto GNU, él no hubiera creado el kernel. Una vez juntos ambos proyectos, nace el primer sistema operativo libre basado en Unix: Linux. Como es un sistema operativo de software libre, podemos crear diferentes versiones del sistema operativo. Es decir, podemos usar el kernel y los paquetes del proyecto GNU, personalizarlos y se crean las distribuciones de Linux anteriormente mencionadas. CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS Y USOS DEL LINUX CENTOS CentOS (Community ENTerprise Operating System) es una distribución Linux que consiste en una bifurcación a nivel binario de la distribución GNU/Linux Red Hat Enterprise Linux RHEL, compilado por voluntarios a partir del código fuente publicado por Red Hat, siendo la principal diferencia con este la eliminación de todas las referencias a las marcas y logos propiedad de Red Hat. Es un sistema operativo de código abierto, basado en la distribución Red Hat Enterprise Linux, operándose de manera similar, y cuyo objetivo es ofrecer al usuario un software de "clase empresarial" gratuito. Se define como robusto, estable y fácil de instalar y utilizar. Desde la versión 5, cada lanzamiento recibe soporte durante diez años, por lo que la actual versión 7 recibirá actualizaciones de seguridad hasta el 30 de junio de 2024. Red Hat Enterprise Linux se compone de software libre y código abierto, pero su compilación se distribuye a través de medios (CD-ROM o DVD-ROM) solamente a suscriptores de pago. Red Hat libera todo el código fuente del producto de forma pública bajo los términos de la Licencia pública general de GNU y otras licencias. Los desarrolladores de CentOS usan ese código fuente para crear un producto final que es compatible a nivel binario y funcional con Red Hat Enterprise Linux y está libremente disponible para ser descargado, utilizado y redistribuido libremente por el público, pero sin que sea mantenido directamente por Red Hat. CentOS es una de las distribuciones consideradas clones de Red Hat Enterprise Linux. 3 CentOS usa yum como paquete de gestión de las actualizaciones, herramienta también utilizada por la distribución Fedora. En el año 2014 CentOS pasó a ser un proyecto patrocinado por Red Hat. CentOS es base de buen número de otros proyectos y con altos niveles de popularidad según se desprende de evaluaciones periódicas realizadas por DistroWatch. En diciembre de 2020, Red Hat terminó con el soporte de CentOS, aunque continuará con el soporte para CentOS Stream, su variante rolling release. Gregory Kurtzer, su fundador, creó el proyecto Rocky Linux como su sucesora. Por otro lado, Cloud Linux, los creadores de CloudLinuxOS, anunciaron la creación de un nuevo clon de CentOS. CentOS soporta casi las mismas arquitecturas que Red Hat Enterprise Linux: • Intel x86-compatible (32 bit) • Intel x86-64 (64 bit). CentOS se puede usar con otros proyectos tales como a continuación se indican: • CentOS puede correr como BrandZ OS en OpenSolaris. • CentOS puede ser un host o guest en sistemas de máquina virtual como Xen y VMware. CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS Y USOS DEL LINUX UBUNTU Ubuntu es un sistema operativo de software libre y código abierto. Es una distribución de Linux basada en Debian. Puede correr en computadores de escritorio y servidores. Está orientado al usuario promedio, con un fuerte enfoque en la facilidad de uso y en mejorar la experiencia del usuario. Está compuesto de múltiple software normalmente distribuido bajo una licencia libre o de código abierto. Estadísticas web sugieren que la cuota de mercado de Ubuntu dentro de las distribuciones Linux es, aproximadamente, del 52 %, y con una tendencia a aumentar como servidor web. Su patrocinador, Canonical, es una compañía británica propiedad del empresario sudafricano Mark Shuttleworth. Ofrece el sistema de manera gratuita, y se financia por medio de servicios vinculados al sistema operativo y vendiendo soporte técnico. Además, al mantenerlo libre y gratuito, la empresa es capaz de aprovechar los desarrolladores de la comunidad para mejorar los componentes de su sistema operativo. Extraoficialmente, la comunidad de 4 desarrolladores proporciona soporte para otras derivaciones de Ubuntu, con otros entornos gráficos, como Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Ubuntu MATE, Edubuntu, Ubuntu Studio, Mythbuntu, Ubuntu GNOME y Lubuntu. Canonical, además de mantener Ubuntu, provee una versión orientada a servidores, Ubuntu Server, una versión para empresas, Ubuntu Business Desktop Remix, una para televisores, Ubuntu TV, otra versión para tabletas Ubuntu Tablet, también Ubuntu Phone y una para usar el escritorio desde teléfonos inteligentes, Ubuntu for Android. Cada seis meses se publica una nueva versión de Ubuntu. Esta recibe soporte por parte de Canonical durante nueve meses por medio de actualizaciones de seguridad, parches para bugs críticos y actualizaciones menores de programas. Las versiones LTS (Long Term Support), que se liberan cada dos años, reciben soporte durante cinco años en los sistemas de escritorio y de servidor. En su última versión, Ubuntu soporta oficialmente dos arquitecturas de hardware en computadoras personales y servidores: 32-bit (x86) y 64-bit (x86 64). A partir de la versión 9.04, se empezó a ofrecer servicio técnico extraoficial para procesadores ARM, comúnmente usados en dispositivos móviles. Al igual que la mayoría de los sistemas de escritorio basados en Linux, Ubuntu es capaz de actualizar a la vez todas las aplicaciones instaladas en la máquina a través de repositorios. Ubuntu está siendo traducido a más de 130 idiomas, y cada usuario es capaz de colaborar voluntariamente a esta causa, a través de Internet. En la LinuxWorld Conference and Expo celebrada en Londres, Ubuntu fue premiada con el «Reader Award» por la mejor distribución Linux de 2005. Una de las múltiples distribuciones Linux que usa Google en escritorio es una derivada de Ubuntu a la que denominaron Goobuntu (no confundir con Gobuntu). En agosto de 2006 una encuesta de 14 535 lectores de DesktopLinux.com le adjudicó a Ubuntu el 60,5 % de las instalaciones de Linux en computadoras de escritorio. Dicha encuesta se repitió en 2007 con 38 500 participantes y con Ubuntu como la distribución más popular con una cuota de uso del 60,5 %. Jamie Hyneman, copresentador de la serie de televisión Mythbusters (Cazadores de mitos), ha optado por Linux, específicamente con el ejemplo de Ubuntu, como alternativa al software propietario, citando el software inflado como un obstáculo importante en los sistemas operativos propietarios. También ha recibido buenas críticas en publicaciones en línea y escritas, y ha ganado el premio Bossie de InfoWorld, en 2007, por «Best Open Source Client OS». En 2007, el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de la República de Macedonia (hoy, Macedonia del Norte) desplegó más de 180 000 equipos de escritorio con Ubuntu preinstalado para su uso en las aulas, y animó a cada estudiante del país a usar computadoras con Ubuntu. 5 Ubuntu también recibió evaluaciones negativas (por ejemplo, a principios de 2008, cuando la revista PCWorld criticó la falta de un gestor de efectos de escritorio integrado), aunque esto no les impidió nombrar a Ubuntu como la «mejor distribución Linux disponible a día de hoy». En octubre de 2008, Wikipedia migró sus servidores a Ubuntu Server. En enero de 2009, el periódico New York Times informó que Ubuntu tenía unos 10 millones de usuarios y en junio del mismo año se podía leer en ZDNet: «A nivel mundial, hay 13 millones de usuarios activos de Ubuntu, distribución la cual su uso crece a un ritmo mayor que cualquiera otra.» La policía francesa, desde 2009, está en proceso de instalar Ubuntu en 90 000 estaciones de trabajo, demostrando un 70 % de ahorro en el presupuesto de TI sin tener que reducir su capacidad. En abril de 2010, Chris Kenyon, vicepresidente de Canonical Ltd. estimó que había 12 millones de usuarios de Ubuntu. En octubre de 2011, Canonical anuncia que Ubuntu tiene un incremento activo de 20 millones de usuarios. Desde noviembre de 2011 hasta el primer trimestre de 2012, el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia entregó 120 000 computadoras a maestros de estado, que fueron distribuidas en todo el país, en las que se instaló Ubuntu en una instalación compartida con Windows. En mayo de 2012, estudiantes universitarios en Pakistán recibieron 125 000 laptops con Ubuntu, gracias a la iniciativa One Laptop Per Child. Entre mayo y junio de 2012, importantes desarrolladores de videojuegos se interesan en publicar sus juegos a través del Centro de software de Ubuntu. Electronic Arts publica dos juegos inicialmente y Humble Indie Bundle V publica al menos ocho juegos, además Unity Technologies anuncia que la siguiente versión de su motor de juegos Unity 4 tendrá soporte para Ubuntu.
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