DOCSLIB.ORG

Eco-Physiological Studies of Factors Determining the Distribution Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eco-Physiological Studies of Factors Determining the Distribution Of ECO-PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FACTORS DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBALPINE EUCALYPTS AT SNUG PLAINS, SOUTHERN TASMANIA by Neil Jeremy Davidson A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Tasmania 1985 ( i ) CONTENTS Declaration (v) Acknowledgements (vi) Abstract 1 CHAPTER 1 - Introduction and Study Site Introduction 4 The Study Area 7 CHAPTER 2 - The Species Studied and Hybridisation Introduction 11 1. The Species Studied 11 2. Hybridisation Studies 15 Materials and Methods 15 Results 22 Discussion 28 Conclusion 35 CHAPTER 3 -Seedling Transplant Trials Introduction 36 Materials and Methods 38 1. Experimental Gardens 38 2. Meteorological Records 42 3. Soils 44 Results 44 Discussion 54 ( i i ) CHAPTER 4 - Frost Introduction 61 Materials and Methods 62 1. Temperature Records 62 2. Frost Damage to Natural Eucalypt Stands 64 3. Seedling Transplant Trials 66 4. Frost Chamber Trials 68 Results 71 1. Temperature Records 71 2. Frost Damage to Natural Eucalypt Stands 78 3. Frost Damage to Field Transplant Trials 85 4. Frost Chamber Trials 92 Discussion 97 CHAPTER 5- Waterlogging Introduction 104 Materials and Methods 105 1. Field Studies of Moisture Status 105 2. Field Transplant Trials 107 3. Glasshouse Waterlogging Trials 108 4. Glasshouse Nutrient-Waterlogging Trials 110 Results 111 1. Field Studies of Moisture Status 111 2. Field Transplant Trials 114 3. Glasshouse Waterlogging Trials 117 4. Glasshouse Nutrient-Waterlogging Trials 127 Discussion 130 ( i i i ) CHAPTER 6 - Drought Introduction 135 Materials and Methods 136 1. Preliminary Drought Trials 136 2. Field Studies 140 (a) Soils 140 (b) Stands Studied 143 (c) Plant Water Relations and Drought Damage 146 3. Seedling Root Pattern 151 4. Competition Trials 153 Results 157 1. Preliminary Drought Trials 157 2. Field Studies 164 (a) Soils 164 (b) Plant Water Relations 175 (i) During Drought 175 (ii) After Rains 185 (iii) Crown Damage and Recovery 190 3. Seedling Root Pattern 200 4. Competition Trials 200 Discussion 211 CHAPTER 7 - Conclusion 221 Bibliography 230 Appendices: Appendix 3.1 Height, Leaf Area and Stem Basal Area 274 Records Appendix 4.1 Literature Review: Frost Acclimation and 293 Freezing Injury ( i v) Appendices: (cont'd) Appendix 4.2 Temperature Records from Four Tasmanian 299 Weather Stations Appendix 4.3 Analyses of Variance 304 Appendix 5.1 Literature Review: The Effects of 308 Waterlogging Appendix 5.2 P.F. Curves 311 Appendix 6.1 Literature Review: Plant Water Relations 314 Appendix 6.2 P.F. Curves 321 ( v) DECLARATION Except as stated, herein, this thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any university and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. N.J. DAVIDSON (vi) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank: Dr J.B. Reid, my supervisor, for his friendship, encouragement and criticism during the process of this project; Professor W.O. Jackson for the inspiration he engendered in the field of eucalypt ecology; and fellow students Dr Brad Potts, Dr Peter Minchin and John Davies for their lively and amusing company and discussions during this study. In particular, I would like to thank Brad Potts for his advice and assistance with statistical analyses. I am also indebted to the workshop and glasshouse staff, particularly Leigh Johnson and Charlie Pearson, who worked unerringly to assist in this project; and the friends and family wh? braved cold winters and long summers' days during dawn to dusk readings, to assist in field studies. My thanks to my two diligent proof readers Dr W.A. Loneragan and Sandra Davidson and dedicated typists May Lan Lee and Dawn Coelho. ABSTRACT An examination was made of the ecological factors causing the changes in dominance between six eucalypt species; E. delegatensis, E. coccifera and E. pulchella (subgenus Monocalyptus); and E. gunnii, E. unigera and E. johnstonii (subgenus Symphyomyrtus) which formed a mosaic within and surrounding a shallow depression on a subalpine plateau (approximately 600 m in altitude) at Snug Plains, southern Tasmania. The populations of the six species at the 1 square kilometre study area were in most cases lower altitude ecotypes of subalpine species. However, morphometric studies of foliar samples from field trees and glasshouse grown seedlings of the one lowland species, E. pulchella, suggested that the Snug Plains E. pulchella population was of hybrid origin ("phantom hybrid") with E. coccifera and E. pulchella as the putative parents. Reciprocal transplant trials established in six locations in the field at Snug Plains demonstrated that the key factors influencing seedling survival in the low lying sites were: severity of frost, waterlogging and phytophagous insect attack. Differences in soil nutrition and texture had little influence on seedling growth and seedlings in elevated, well drained sites grew rapidly. There was also a strong tendency in the field transplant trials for the species naturally dominant at the site to become dominant or show greatest growth on a relative basis at its site of origin. A record frost, with an absolute minimum temperature of -22°C at the radiating surface, was recorded at Snug Plains in June 1982. Temperature measurements made in a transect across the study area indicated a marked vertical stratification of the air body occurred (up to 9°C/m) and a steep gradient in minimum temperature (7 .3°C over 200 m) was established between the base of the depression and the ridge top. The natural distributions of the six species studied were closely related to the minimum temperature recorded. Frost damage incurred by mixed pole stands on the margins of the. depressions was, in places, severe. Interspecific differences in frost hardiness were in the order (from greatest to least): E. gunnii > E. coccifera > E. johnstonii > f.: d~legatensis > E. pulchella. The severe frosts caused marked changes in dominance in mixed stands, even though they resulted in few deaths. Exceptional frosts like those of June 1982 may have an important effect on the distributions of subalpine eucalypts. In the reciprocal transplant trials, growing season frosts of -.5.5°C inflicted severe damage on the unhardened seedlings of all species except ~nnii, which exhibited outstanding frost resistance in the unhardened state. Winter frost of -10.5°C caused markedly less damage which 2 suggests that growing season frosts may play an important role in determining the distribution of subalpine eucalypts. Frost chamber experiments confirmed the importance of hardening pretreatment on relative frost resistance of the species studied, and demonstrated a significant interactive effect of waterlogging on frost resistance. The Monocalyetus species were more susceptible to frost in waterlogged soils, whereas no such relationship existed for the .sxmphyomyrtus species. Damage inflicted on seedlings in the transplant trials during a frost free period when waterlogged conditions prevailed, indicated that the sxmphxomyrtus species E. gunnii, E. urnigera and E. johnstonii were more waterlogging tolerant than the Monocalxptus species E. pulchella, E. coccifera and E. delegatensis. This was confirmed. by glasshouse based trials which showed marked differences existed between the subgenera in tolerance to waterlogging. After 30 days of waterlogging the sxmehxomyrtus species had significantly higher midday stomatal conductances and water potentials than the Monocalxpt~? species. Further, Sxmphxomyrtus species exhibited stem hypertrophy and developed extensive, aerenchymatous, adventitious root systems. The Monocalxptus species demonstrated no such morphological adaptations. The results suggest that the Monocalyetus species will be absent from waterlogged sites, which agrees with the distributions of the species and measurements of soil moisture-status in the field. Phytophagous insect attack which affected 3 transplant trials caused severe damage to E. gunnii, E. urnigera and E. johnstonii seedlings (up to 75% leaf' loss) but only slight damage to E. delegatensis, and E. pulchella (up to 10% leaf loss). This suggests that selective insect grazing may have an important effect on the dominance patterns in regenerating mixed eucalypt stands at Snug Plains. Glasshouse based drought trials suggested differences in drought resistance existed between the subgenera. The Monocalyptus species maintained higher relative water contents (R.W.C.) at low water potentials than the Symphyomyrtus species. Therefore, low tolerance to drought might b.e an important factor in explaining the absence of sxmphyomyrtus species from the ridge tops at Snug Plains. During the 1982-83 summer season south-eastern Tasmania was exposed to a drought of near record severity. As the drought developed dawn to dusk measurements of stomatal conductance and water potentials made in a mixed stand of the three Monocaly:ptus species on a ridge top at Snug Plains showed these species differed only slightly in water potential 3 down to -4.3 MPa. The leaf water potentials of all species reflected the soil water potential. However, measurements of R. W.C. demonstrated that E. 2_ulchella maintained a higher R.W.C. (61%) than either E. coccifera (55%) or E. delegatensis (48%) at these low water potentials. E. pulchella also exhibited less crown damage than the other two species during the drought and, after the first
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eucalyptus Gunnii Subsp. Divaricata (Mcaulay & Brett) B.M
    Listing StatementEucalyptus for Eucalyptus gunnii gunnii subsp. subsp. divaricata (miena divaricata cider gum) miena cider gum T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T Image by B. Potts Scientific name: Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata (McAulay & Brett) B.M. Potts, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm . 135: 57 (2001) Common name: miena cider gum (Wapstra et al. 2005) Group: vascular plant, dicotyledon, family Myrtaceae Status: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 : endangered Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 : Endangered Distribution Endemic status: Endemic to Tasmania Tasmanian NRM Region: South Figure 1. Distribution of specimens attributed to Plate 1 . Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata . The northern and (Image by J. Calder) western most records require verification. 1 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata (miena cider gum) IDENTIFICATION AND ECOLOGY in drought conditions or in stands disturbed by Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata is a small to stock grazing. While Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. medium sized tree in the Myrtaceae family divaricata is highly frost resistant, it is the first (Plate 1). It is endemic to Tasmania’s Central eucalypt in the area to display symptoms Plateau where it mostly grows on the edges of following drought, leading to the death of frost hollows (Potts et al. 2001). Eucalyptus gunnii mature trees in relatively large patches since the subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Benchmarks Rainforest and Related Scrub
    Vegetation Benchmarks Rainforest and related scrub Eucryphia lucida Vegetation Condition Benchmarks version 1 Rainforest and Related Scrub RPW Athrotaxis cupressoides open woodland: Sphagnum peatland facies Community Description: Athrotaxis cupressoides (5–8 m) forms small woodland patches or appears as copses and scattered small trees. On the Central Plateau (and other dolerite areas such as Mount Field), broad poorly– drained valleys and small glacial depressions may contain scattered A. cupressoides trees and copses over Sphagnum cristatum bogs. In the treeless gaps, Sphagnum cristatum is usually overgrown by a combination of any of Richea scoparia, R. gunnii, Baloskion australe, Epacris gunnii and Gleichenia alpina. This is one of three benchmarks available for assessing the condition of RPW. This is the appropriate benchmark to use in assessing the condition of the Sphagnum facies of the listed Athrotaxis cupressoides open woodland community (Schedule 3A, Nature Conservation Act 2002). Benchmarks: Length Component Cover % Height (m) DBH (cm) #/ha (m)/0.1 ha Canopy 10% - - - Large Trees - 6 20 5 Organic Litter 10% - Logs ≥ 10 - 2 Large Logs ≥ 10 Recruitment Continuous Understorey Life Forms LF code # Spp Cover % Immature tree IT 1 1 Medium shrub/small shrub S 3 30 Medium sedge/rush/sagg/lily MSR 2 10 Ground fern GF 1 1 Mosses and Lichens ML 1 70 Total 5 8 Last reviewed – 2 November 2016 Tasmanian Vegetation Monitoring and Mapping Program Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment http://www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au/tasveg RPW Athrotaxis cupressoides open woodland: Sphagnum facies Species lists: Canopy Tree Species Common Name Notes Athrotaxis cupressoides pencil pine Present as a sparse canopy Typical Understorey Species * Common Name LF Code Epacris gunnii coral heath S Richea scoparia scoparia S Richea gunnii bog candleheath S Astelia alpina pineapple grass MSR Baloskion australe southern cordrush MSR Gleichenia alpina dwarf coralfern GF Sphagnum cristatum sphagnum ML *This list is provided as a guide only.
    [Show full text]
  • Edition 2 from Forest to Fjaeldmark the Vegetation Communities Highland Treeless Vegetation
    Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark The Vegetation Communities Highland treeless vegetation Richea scoparia Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 1 Highland treeless vegetation Community (Code) Page Alpine coniferous heathland (HCH) 4 Cushion moorland (HCM) 6 Eastern alpine heathland (HHE) 8 Eastern alpine sedgeland (HSE) 10 Eastern alpine vegetation (undifferentiated) (HUE) 12 Western alpine heathland (HHW) 13 Western alpine sedgeland/herbland (HSW) 15 General description Rainforest and related scrub, Dry eucalypt forest and woodland, Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes. Highland treeless vegetation communities occur Likewise, some non-forest communities with wide within the alpine zone where the growth of trees is environmental amplitudes, such as wetlands, may be impeded by climatic factors. The altitude above found in alpine areas. which trees cannot survive varies between approximately 700 m in the south-west to over The boundaries between alpine vegetation communities are usually well defined, but 1 400 m in the north-east highlands; its exact location depends on a number of factors. In many communities may occur in a tight mosaic. In these parts of Tasmania the boundary is not well defined. situations, mapping community boundaries at Sometimes tree lines are inverted due to exposure 1:25 000 may not be feasible. This is particularly the or frost hollows. problem in the eastern highlands; the class Eastern alpine vegetation (undifferentiated) (HUE) is used in There are seven specific highland heathland, those areas where remote sensing does not provide sedgeland and moorland mapping communities, sufficient resolution. including one undifferentiated class. Other highland treeless vegetation such as grasslands, herbfields, A minor revision in 2017 added information on the grassy sedgelands and wetlands are described in occurrence of peatland pool complexes, and other sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Adaptation in Eucalyptus Pauciflora
    Genetic diversity and adaptation in Eucalyptus pauciflora Archana Gauli (M.Sc.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania June, 2014 Declarations This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of the my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Archana Gauli Date Authority of access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Archana Gauli Date Statement regarding published work contained in thesis The publishers of the paper comprising Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 hold the copyright for that content, and access to the material should be sought from the respective journals. The remaining non-published content of the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Archana Gauli Date i Statement of publication Chapter 2 has been published as: Gauli A, Vaillancourt RE, Steane DA, Bailey TG, Potts BM (2014) The effect of forest fragmentation and altitude on the mating system of Eucalyptus pauciflora (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 61, 622-632. Chapter 3 has been accepted for publication as: Gauli A, Steane DA, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM (in press) Molecular genetic diversity and population structure in Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Focusing on the Landscape Biodiversity in Australia’S National Reserve System Contents
    Focusing on the Landscape Biodiversity in Australia’s National Reserve System Contents Biodiversity in Australia’s National Reserve System — At a glance 1 Australia’s National Reserve System 2 The Importance of Species Information 3 Our State of Knowledge 4 Method 5 Results 6 Future Work — Survey and Reservation 8 Conclusion 10 Summary of Data 11 Appendix Species with adequate data and well represented in the National Reserve System Flora 14 Fauna 44 Species with adequate data and under-represented in the National Reserve System Flora 52 Fauna 67 Species with inadequate data Flora 73 Fauna 114 Biodiversity in Australia’s National Reserve System At a glance • Australia’s National Reserve System (NRS) consists of over 9,000 protected areas, covering 89.5 million hectares (over 11 per cent of Australia’s land mass). • Australia is home to 7.8 per cent of the world’s plant and animal species, with an estimated 566,398 species occurring here.1 Only 147,579 of Australia’s species have been formally described. • This report assesses the state of knowledge of biodiversity in the National Reserve System based on 20,146 terrestrial fauna and flora species, comprising 54 per cent of the known terrestrial biodiversity of Australia. • Of these species, 33 per cent (6,652 species) have inadequate data to assess their reservation status. • Of species with adequate data: • 23 per cent (3,123 species) are well represented in the NRS • 65 per cent (8,692 species) are adequately represented in the NRS • 12 per cent (1,648 species) are under- represented in the NRS 1 Chapman, A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Natural Values Within the 2013 Extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
    A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Nature Conservation Report 2017/6 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Jayne Balmer, Jason Bradbury, Karen Richards, Tim Rudman, Micah Visoiu, Shannon Troy and Naomi Lawrence. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Nature Conservation Report 2017/6, September 2017 This report was prepared under the direction of the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (World Heritage Program). Australian Government funds were contributed to the project through the World Heritage Area program. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Tasmanian or Australian Governments. ISSN 1441-0680 Copyright 2017 Crown in right of State of Tasmania Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright act, no part may be reproduced by any means without permission from the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Published by Natural Values Conservation Branch Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment GPO Box 44 Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Front Cover Photograph of Eucalyptus regnans tall forest in the Styx Valley: Rob Blakers Cite as: Balmer, J., Bradbury, J., Richards, K., Rudman, T., Visoiu, M., Troy, S. and Lawrence, N. 2017. A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 2017/6, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart.
    [Show full text]
  • World Heritage Values and to Identify New Values
    FLORISTIC VALUES OF THE TASMANIAN WILDERNESS WORLD HERITAGE AREA J. Balmer, J. Whinam, J. Kelman, J.B. Kirkpatrick & E. Lazarus Nature Conservation Branch Report October 2004 This report was prepared under the direction of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (World Heritage Area Vegetation Program). Commonwealth Government funds were contributed to the project through the World Heritage Area program. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment or those of the Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISSN 1441–0680 Copyright 2003 Crown in right of State of Tasmania Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means without permission from the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. Published by Nature Conservation Branch Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania, 7001 Front Cover Photograph: Alpine bolster heath (1050 metres) at Mt Anne. Stunted Nothofagus cunninghamii is shrouded in mist with Richea pandanifolia scattered throughout and Astelia alpina in the foreground. Photograph taken by Grant Dixon Back Cover Photograph: Nothofagus gunnii leaf with fossil imprint in deposits dating from 35-40 million years ago: Photograph taken by Greg Jordan Cite as: Balmer J., Whinam J., Kelman J., Kirkpatrick J.B. & Lazarus E. (2004) A review of the floristic values of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 2004/3. Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia T ABLE OF C ONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural Distribution of Eucalyptus Species in Tasmania
    The natural distribution of Eucalyptus species in Tasmania K.J. Williams and B.M. Potts Cooperative Research Centre for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Department of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252–55, Hobart 7001 email: [email protected]./[email protected] Abstract dispersed (E. cordata) or disjunct (E. archeri) occurrences. Most species that are rare in A summary is provided of the natural geographic Tasmania are endemics, with the exception of distributions of the 29 Tasmanian Eucalyptus E. perriniana and E. aff. radiata, although species. The work is based on over 60 000 the taxonomic status of the latter requires observations from numerous data sources. A map investigation. Unresolved issues relating to the on a 10 km x 10 km grid-cell scale is presented for natural distribution and taxonomic affinities of each species and is accompanied by graphs of the the Tasmanian eucalypt species are summarised. altitudinal range and flowering times, as well as descriptive notes on distribution and ecology, supplemented with a list of key references. The Introduction geographic pattern of species richness is examined at generic, subgeneric and series levels. Total In Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands, species richness is greater in the drier, eastern 29 native eucalypt species (one of which has regions compared to the wet, western regions of two subspecies) are recognised by Buchanan Tasmania, with highest concentrations of species (1995), from two informal subgenera, occurring mainly in the central east coast and Monocalyptus and Symphyomyrtus (Pryor and south-eastern regions. Monocalyptus species Johnson 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • Full Article
    m Volume 2(1): 41-47 Telopea Publication Date: 23 December 1980 . , . _ . The Royal dx.doi.org/io.775i/teiopeai9804107 Journal ot Plant Systematics “ 2™ plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea · escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL · ISSN 0312-9764 (Print) · ISSN 2200-4025 (Onlir Telopea 2 (1): 41-47, figs 1-3 (1980) 41 EUCALYPTUS IMLA YEN SIS, A NEW SPECIES FROM A MOUNTAIN. OF SOUTH COASTAL NEW SOUTH WALES M . D . C r isp a n d Μ . I. H . Br o ok er (Accepted for publication 12.10.1979) ABSTRACT Crisp, M. D. (National Botanic Gardens and Herbarium, P.O. Box 158, Canberra City, Australia 2601) and Brooker, Μ. I.(Division H. of Forest Research, CSIRO, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra City, Australia 2601) 1980.Eucalyptus imlayensis, a new species from a mountain of south coastal New South Wales. Telopea (/): 41-472 , figs 1 -3.— A new species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) from Mt Imlay south-west of Eden, New South Wales is described. Its natural affinity, restricted distribution and habitat are discussed. It is considered to have affinity with both mainland Australian and Tasmanian species. INTRODUCTION In October 1977 a National Botanic Gardens party of M. D. Crisp, I. R. Telford and J. Pyne discovered, near the summit of Mt Imlay, near Eden, a small population of about 70 mallee eucalypts believed then to have affinityE. with baeuerlenii F. Muell. but which were easily distinguished from it and any other known species. When re-examined a few months later, the population was found to be uniform.
    [Show full text]
  • IRONBOUND RANGE the Ironbound Range Is One of the Most Prominent
    it occurred with Olearia pinifolia, Astelia alpina, Billardiera longiflora, Leucopogon collinus and 718252 Melaleuca squamea, none of which occurred in IRONBOUND RANGE the crest site. The Ironbound Range is one of the most A mosaic of vegetation stripes (often behind rock prominent features of the southern Tasmanian outcrops) formed mainly by Eucalyptus vernicosa coast. Interbedded sandstone and poorly sorted and Epacris serpyllifolia, are usually separated by conglomerate units of Precambrian age are evident a carpet of cushion plants in exposed (crest) areas. on the walking track from Deadmans Bay to the These provide evidence of the frequent strong crest of the range. A small glacial lake on the winds that occur at these altitudes, as do areas south eastern (upper) slopes was formed during of feldmark where soil horizons have been Pleistocene times when a small ice cap occupied exposed. Snow bank sites were not investigated the top of the range (see Map 3). during field work but higher southerly aspects may collect snow over winter. These banks may Sandy clay loam to clay loam uniform soils are last into summer. Snow bank areas have been common, with peat forming the surface horizon identified from aerial photographs immediately in alpine sites. Soils above an altitude of 600 m north of the glacial lake on the upper south often contain abundant 2 to 10 cm rock fragments eastern slopes. which probably indicate the lower extent of periglacial solifluction activity. Landslips and the loss of peat through burning are two soil degradation problems in the area. Brief notes were made on the coastal habitats Landslips, which have occurred recently, appear which cover a relatively minor area of the land to be confined to mid and upper slope positions.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus Volume 3: Parts 21-30
    Critical revision of the genus eucalyptus Volume 3: Parts 21-30 Maiden, J. H. (Joseph Henry) (1859-1925) University of Sydney Library Sydney 2002 http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/oztexts © University of Sydney Library. The texts and images are not to be used for commercial purposes without permission Source Text: Prepared from the print edition of Parts 21-30 Critical revision of the genus eucalyptus, published by William Applegate Gullick Sydney 1917. 223pp. All quotation marks are retained as data. First Published: 1917 583.42 Australian Etext Collections at botany prose nonfiction 1910-1939 Critical revision of the genus eucalyptus volume 3 (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney) “Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.” Macaulay's “Essay on Milton” Sydney William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer 1917 Part 21 CXIII. E. cinerea F.v.M. In Bentham's Flora Australiensis iii, 239 (1866). FOLLOWING is the original description:— A moderate-sized tree, with a whitish-brown persistent bark, somewhat fibrous, the foliage more or less glaucous or mealy white. Leaves opposite, sessile, cordate ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mostly 2 to 4 inches long (or narrow lanceolate, which are alternate and much longer.—J.H.M.).
    [Show full text]
  • South, Tasmania
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Guide to Users Background What is the summary for and where does it come from? This summary has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. It highlights important elements of the biodiversity of the region in two ways: • Listing species which may be significant for management because they are found only in the region, mainly in the region, or they have a conservation status such as endangered or vulnerable. • Comparing the region to other parts of Australia in terms of the composition and distribution of its species, to suggest components of its biodiversity which may be nationally significant. The summary was produced using the Australian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. The list of families covered in ANHAT is shown in Appendix 1. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are are not not included included in the in the summary. • The data used for this summary come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect.
    [Show full text]