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3. Sorley Maclean ÚSTAV ANGLOFONNÍCH LITERATUR A KULTUR DEPARTMENT OF ANGLOPHONE LITERATURES AND CULTURES From the Woods of Raasay to Glasgow Streets: Poetry of Place in the Works of Sorley MacLean and Derick Thomson DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE MA THESIS Vedoucí diplomové práce (supervisor): Zpracovala (author): Prof. PhDr. Martin Procházka, CSc. Bc. Petra Johana Poncarová Praha, září 2014 anglistika – amerikanistika Prague, September 2014 English and American Studies I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Martin Procházka, for his kindness, advice and tireless support of all my projects concerning Scottish Gaelic studies, and my family and friends for being interested in my work and for their encouragement and patience. I am deeply obliged to Dr Michel Byrne (University of Glasgow) and Mr John Howieson who, by their willingness to read this thesis and to offer their advice and opinions, greatly improved its form and content. I would like to thank the people of Sabhal Mòr Ostaig for advice, encouragement and information, especially Màiri Sìne Chaimbeul, Iain Urchardan, Cairistìona Primrose, Caoimhín Ó Donaílle, Meg Bateman, and many other teachers, fellow students and members of the staff. Special thanks are due to Greg MacThòmais and Cairistìona Cain of the SMO library where I found the most pleasant working environment. The two terms I spent in the friendly and inspiring atmosphere of SMO were immensely important to me and I would not have been able to carry out the following research without my stay at the college. Last but not least, I would like to thank Martin Světlík for invaluable technical advice concerning bilingual quotations and the table of contents, for subtle and insightful comments on this thesis and many other pieces of my writing, and for his constant support of all my undertakings. I would also like to express my debt to a number of great Gaelic scholars, especially to John MacInnes, Donald E. Meek, Ronald Black and Christopher Whyte, who have been witty and knowledgeable guides to me on my inexperienced ramblings through the fascinating landscape of Gaelic Scotland. Dedicated to my parents Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, že jsem řádně citovala všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. I declare that the following MA thesis is my own work for which I used only the sources and literature mentioned, and that this thesis has not been used in the course of other university studies or in order to acquire the same or another type of diploma. Souhlasím se zapůjčením bakalářské práce ke studijním účelům. I have no objections to the MA thesis being borrowed and used for study purposes. Prague, 11 August 2014 ………………………………. ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the poetry of place in the works of the two most important figures of modern Scottish Gaelic verse: Sorley MacLean (Somhairle MacGill-Eain, 1911-1996) and Derick Thomson (Ruaraidh MacThòmais, 1921-2012). Both poets exhibited a keen interest in poetry of place, although each one approached it from a very different angle: MacLean’s poetry is proudly local and audaciously universal at the same time, moving from the Cuillin of Skye to Spain and Russia in the space of one stanza, while Thomson inquires in the ways in which the island environment, in terms of nature, language and religion, shapes the individual psyche, memory and creative abilities, and he is also a significant poet of the city. The opening chapter gives reasons for the choice of these two authors, introduces the structure and method of the thesis, and outlines what is meant by “poetry of place.” It also sums up different theoretical approaches to places and discusses important features of Scottish Gaelic poetry of place of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as both poets employed, altered and contradicted certain traditional patterns and motifs. The second chapter provides a context for the subsequent discussion by explaining the basic facts about the linguistic, social and cultural conditions of Gaelic Scotland in the nineteenth century and in the early twentieth century. A separate chapter, introduced by a biographical note, is then devoted to Sorley MacLean and Derick Thomson: each presents a selection of relevant poems across the two poets’ oeuvres, their contextualization, interpretation and the application of theoretical and critical approaches. The final chapter compares MacLean’s and Thomson’s approach to poetry of place, comments on general problems concerning poetry of place and sketches suggestions for further research. Key words: Sorley MacLean, Derick Thomson, modern Scottish Gaelic poetry, places, poetry of place, Raasay, Skye, Lewis, Glasgow ABSTRAKT Tato práce se zabývá problematikou poezie místa v díle dvou nejvýznamnějších osobností gaelsky psané skotské poezie dvacátého století, Sorleyho MacLeana (Somhairle MacGill-Eain, 1911-1996) a Dericka Thomsona (Ruaraidh MacThòmais, 1921-2012). Oba autoři se místům ve své tvorbě intenzivně věnovali, avšak každý z nich přistupoval k poezii místa z jiného úhlu pohledu: MacLeanova tvorba je zároveň hrdě lokální a okázale mezinárodní a zcela přirozeně se v prostoru jedné strofy přesouvá ze skotského ostrova Skye do Španělska či Ruska, zatímco Derick Thomson zkoumá, jakým způsobem prostředí skotských Západních ostrovů, konkrétně ostrova Lewis, působí na lidské myšlení, vnímání a paměť. Thomson byl rovněž jedním z nejdůležitějších básníků, kteří se ve své tvorbě věnovali městu Glasgow. První kapitola překládá důvody, proč byli pro rozbor a porovnání zvoleni právě tito dva autoři, objasňuje strukturu práce a použité metody a vysvětluje, co je v práci míněno pojmem „poezie místa“. Dále shrnuje různé teoretické přístupy k místům a historii poezie místa ve skotské gaelské literatuře osmnáctého a devatenáctého století, neboť oba autoři byli s touto tradicí detailně obeznámeni a často na ni reagovali a různými způsoby ji přetvářeli. Druhá kapitola uvádí čtenáře do jazykového, společenského a kulturního kontextu gaelského Skotska v průběhu devatenáctého a na počátku dvacátého století. Oběma básníkům je následně věnována samostatná kapitola uvedená základními biografickými informacemi. V těchto kapitolách jsou rozebrány jejich zásadní básně týkající se míst, povětšinou v chronologickém pořadí. Poslední kapitola porovnává MacLeanův a Thomsonův přístup k poezii místa a zmiňuje možná témata pro další výzkum. V této závěrečné části se práce rovněž pokouší o komentáře týkající se osobitých rysů skotské gaelské poezie místa ve dvacátém století a širších problémů spojených s poezií místa obecně. klíčová slova: Sorley MacLean, Derick Thomson, moderní skotská gaelská poezie, místa, poezie o místech, Raasay, Skye, Lewis, Glasgow TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Rationale ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Structure, Method, Language ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Theoretical Frameworks ................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Theoretical Approaches to Places ................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Poetry of Place ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.6 Places in the Gaelic Literary Tradition ......................................................................................... 11 1.7 The Poets .......................................................................................................................................... 14 2. Context .................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Emigration ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 The Clearances ................................................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Religion ............................................................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Gaelic ................................................................................................................................................. 26 2.5 Gaelic Poetry of the Nineteenth Century ..................................................................................... 29 3. Sorley MacLean ...................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Biographical Background ............................................................................................................... 34 3.2 MacLean and the Poetry of Place ................................................................................................. 36 3.2.1 Poems: 1932-1940 .................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 “Coilltean Ratharsair” (Woods of Raasay) ..........................................................................
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