The Netherlands | Muslims in the EU
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UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Muslims in the EU. Cities Report. The Netherlands Demant, F.A.; Maussen, M.J.M.; Rath, J.C. Publication date 2006 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Demant, F. A., Maussen, M. J. M., & Rath, J. C. (2006). Muslims in the EU. Cities Report. The Netherlands. Universiteit van Amsterdam / Open Society Institute, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program. http://www.eumap.org/topics/minority/reports/eumuslims/background_reports/download/nethe rlands/netherlands.pdf General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). 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UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 Muslims in the EU: Cities Report Preliminary research report THE NETHERLANDS and literature survey 2007 Researchers: Froukje Demant (MA), Marcel Maussen (MA), Prof. Dr. Jan Rath Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) Open Society Institute Muslims in the EU - Cities Report EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program The Netherlands Table of contents Background............................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 6 Part I: Research and literature on Muslims .......................................................................... 9 1. Population ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 A note on the terminology and statistics ...................................................................... 9 1.2 Patterns of immigration.............................................................................................. 10 1.3 Citizenship.................................................................................................................. 13 2. Identity and religiosity................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Religosity.................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Radicalisation of Muslim young people..................................................................... 15 2.3 Indicators on “happiness”........................................................................................... 16 3. Education ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.1 Educational achievement level................................................................................... 18 3.2 Experiences of discrimination in the educational system .......................................... 19 3.3 Islamic education and Muslim faith-based schools.................................................... 20 4. Employment.................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Employment and unemployment levels ..................................................................... 22 4.2 Discrimination in the labour market........................................................................... 23 5 Housing............................................................................................................................. 24 5.1 Patterns of settlement ................................................................................................. 24 5. 2 Interaction between immigrants and native Dutch.................................................... 24 6 Health and social protection........................................................................................... 26 6.1 Health situation of immigrants................................................................................... 26 6.2 Care for the elderly..................................................................................................... 26 7. Policing and security ...................................................................................................... 28 7.1 Representation of people with an immigrant background in the police force............ 28 7.2 Criminality and victims of crime................................................................................ 29 7.3 Prisons ........................................................................................................................ 29 8. Discrimination and anti-Muslim discourse and mobilisation .................................... 30 8.1 Discrimination............................................................................................................ 30 9 Participation and citizenship.......................................................................................... 33 9.1 Political participation ................................................................................................. 33 9.2 Civil society................................................................................................................ 34 9.3 Attitudes of the public authorities towards Muslim organisations and institutions ... 36 Part II: Policy Context........................................................................................................... 38 1. Perception of Muslims ................................................................................................... 38 1.1 Inter-ethnic relations................................................................................................... 38 1.2 Political debate ........................................................................................................... 39 2. Integration policy and governance of diversity ........................................................... 42 2.1 Governance of religious diversity and State–Church relations in The Netherlands .. 42 2.3 Immigrant integration policies ................................................................................... 43 3. Administrative structures.............................................................................................. 47 3.1 The local authorities ................................................................................................... 47 Part III: City Selection........................................................................................................... 51 2 Open Society Institute Muslims in the EU - Cities Report EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program The Netherlands 1. Amsterdam...................................................................................................................... 51 1.1 Population and Islamic organisations and institutions ............................................... 51 1.2 Policies concerning the Muslim population ............................................................... 51 1.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 53 2. Rotterdam ....................................................................................................................... 55 2.1 Population and Islamic organisations and institutions ............................................... 55 2.2 Policies concerning the Muslim population ............................................................... 55 2.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 57 3. Utrecht and Zaanstad .................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Utrecht........................................................................................................................ 59 3.2 Zaanstad...................................................................................................................... 60 3 Open Society Institute Muslims in the EU - Cities Report EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program The Netherlands List of tables Table 1: Ethnic breakdown of the Muslim population (allochtonen) List of acronyms and abbreviations CBS Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Statistical Agency) CGB Equal Treatment Commission (Commissie Gelijke Behandeling) CDA Christian-Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appel) Party D66 Democrats ’66 (Democraten ’66) GA Amsterdam Municipality (Gemeente Amsterdam) GL Green Left Party (Groen Links) GR Rotterdam Municipality (Gemeente Rotterdam) GU Utrecht Municipality (Gemeente Utrecht) LBR The National Bureau against Racial Discrimination (Landelijk Bureau ter bestrijding van rassendiscriminatie) PvdA Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) SP Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij) VVD People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid