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Global Study on Homicide 2011 GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2011 TRENDS / CONTEXTS DATA UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna 2011 GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE TRENDS, CONTEXTS, DATA Copyright 2011 © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Acknowledgements The 2011 Global Study on Homicide was prepared by the Statistics and Surveys Section under the supervision of Sandeep Chawla, Director, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs. Core team Research coordination and study preparation Angela Me, Enrico Bisogno, Steven Malby Research, data analysis and data processing Michael Jandl, Philip Davis, Catherine Pysden, Umidjon Rahmonberdiev, Felix Reiterer, Elizabeth Gurian, Cristina Mesa Vieira, Alberto Aziani and Mariaelena Cenci Editing Jonathan Gibbons Graphic design, layout and mapping support Suzanne Kunnen and Kristina Kuttnig (Studies and Threat Analysis Section) The study benefited from the valuable input of many UNODC staff members (at headquarters and in regional and country offices) as well as from the dedica- tion of the many national experts who have provided UNODC with crime and criminal justice data over the years. The World Health Organization kindly provided the public health data pre- sented in the study. The Organization of American States supported UNODC in the collection of data in the Americas. Many experts in research institutes and international organizations commented on early drafts and provided extremely valuable input. The study was also made possible thanks to the financial contribution of the Small Arms Survey. DISCLAIMERS This study has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC or the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimi- tation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover picture © Dreamstime.com CONTENT `V`:HV 6]C:J: Q`7JQ V 6VH% 10V%II:`7 J `QR%H 1QJ 1. THE GLOBAL PICTURE 2. HOMICIDE AND DEVELOPMENT 3. FIREARMS, TRAFFICKING AND ORGANIZED CRIME 4. WOMEN AND INTIMATE PARTNER/FAMILY-RELATED HOMICIDE 5. HOMICIDE AND DEMOGRAPHICS: WHO IS AT RISK? 6. THE LOCAL PICTURE 7. DATA CHALLENGES 8. METHODOLOGICAL ANNEX 9. STATISTICAL ANNEX 3 PREFACE The UNODC 2011 Global Study on Homicide tions is the recognition that different factors drive brings together global, regional, national and sub- violent crime rates and trends. In some regions, national homicide data in one publication. It is organized crime, drug trafficking and the violent hoped that the data and analysis of the most vio- cultures of youth gangs are predominantly respon- lent crime against the person will assist global sible for the high levels of homicide; while in efforts to design evidence-based policies to prevent others, killings connected to intimate partner and and reduce crime in those areas and population family-related violence account for an important groups where violence is most acute. share of homicides. This study was made possible because of increased Although it is important to understand that the efforts by countries to produce and share good sharp increase in homicides in some countries, quality homicide data. However, homicide data particularly in Central America, are making the remain far from perfect—indeed, the study draws activities of organized crime and drug trafficking attention to the large geographic and thematic more visible, it should not be assumed that organ- data gaps in many regions of the world—and com- ized crime is not active in other regions as well. parisons should always be made with caution. This is also true because legal systems and practices, as Another aspect is the role played by firearms in well as capacities in reporting intentional homi- violent crime. It is crucial that measures to prevent cide, can vary significantly between countries and crime should include policies towards the ratifica- regions. tion and implementation of the UN Firearm pro- tocol. Domestic policies in furtherance of the Nevertheless, there are a number of key messages Protocol’s provision can help avoid the diversion of that may be derived from the wealth of data in this firearms to fuel violence and increase homicides. study. First, there is a clear link between violent crime and development: crime hampers poor Knowledge of the patterns and causes of violent human and economic development; this, in turn, crime are crucial to forming preventive strategies. fosters crime. Improvements to social and eco- Young males are the group most affected by violent nomic conditions go hand in hand with the reduc- crime in all regions, particularly in the Americas. tion of violent crime. Yet women of all ages are the victims of intimate partner and family-related violence in all regions The development agenda must also include crime and countries. Indeed, in many of them, it is prevention policies and the enhancement of the within the home where a woman is most likely to rule of law at both national and international level. be killed. Reducing violent crime should also be a priority for achieving the Millennium Development Goals, As the 2011 Global Study on Homicide shows, particularly in those countries where crime is dis- gender-based violence affects a large number of proportionally high. women worldwide and represents a serious threat to the harmonious development of societies. The study also represents an important advance in our understanding of the trends and patterns of In the face of these trends, UNODC is working on homicide. One of the most important considera- a number of activities, in partnership with other 5 GLOBAL STUDY on Homicide international organizations. As the guardian of the United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice, UNODC sup- ports States’ efforts to prevent crime and violence. The Office has developed a series of tools in sup- port of technical assistance for the practical imple- mentation of crime prevention policies and programmes in accordance with the United Nations guidelines for the prevention of crime. With a focus on stopping violence against women, the Office has supported the development of Model Strategies and Practical Measures in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice, which were adopted by the United Nations Gen- eral Assembly. Finally, I would like to thank everyone who helped in the preparation of this study. The 2011 Global Study on Homicide is vital to our understanding of the nature of homicide and will help in the devel- opment of strategies to reduce homicides every- where. In undertaking these challenges, we should never forget the stark reality behind the figures; namely the children, women and men who daily fall victim to this ultimate crime. Yury Fedotov Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 6 EXPLANATORY NOTES Regions: In various sections, this study uses a Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, number of subregional designations. These are not Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, official designations and they do not imply the Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, of UNODC concerning the legal status of any Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, Islands and United States Virgin Islands. or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The assignment of countries or areas • Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, to specific groupings is for statistical convenience El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territo- • Northern America: Bermuda, Canada and ries by the United Nations. The designations used the United States of America. in this study are based on the United Nations • South America: Argentina, Bolivia (Plurina- M.49 geographical regions for statistical use, tional State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, developed, used and maintained by the United Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Nations Statistics Division. They are defined as Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela follows: (Bolivarian Republic of). • Eastern Africa: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, • Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, United Repub- • Eastern Asia: China (including Hong Kong, lic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Macao, and Taiwan Province of China), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, • Middle Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central Japan, Mongolia, and the Republic of Korea. African Republic, Chad, Congo (Republic of), Democratic Republic of Congo, • South-Eastern Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s and Principe. Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor- • Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Leste and Viet Nam. Jamahiriya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia. • Southern Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, • Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. • Western Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, • Western Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cape
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