The First Assembly Regarding Milk (F.A.R.M) Specialized Agency

Queen’s National Model United Nations 2021

1 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) From the Secretary-General

Dear Delegates,

It is my privilege to welcome you to Queen’s National Model United Nations 2021! My name is Samuel Tobert, and it is my honour to serve as your Secretary-General for QNMUN 2021. Originally from Vancouver, B.C. I study Biochemistry, Political Science and Business at Queen’s University. Model UN has been an integral part of my High School and University careers, and through it, I have met some of my closest friends, made some of my fondest memories, and learned valuable skills, becoming a more engaged global citizen.

I am so glad that you have chosen to join us for this year’s iteration of QNMUN, held virtually for the first time in our history. COVID-19 has brought many challenges to our community and has presented new obstacles to Model UN; however, I can confidently say that our team has been working tirelessly to deliver a high quality and engaging conference for you. If there is anything we can do to make our conference more accessible in its online format, please do not hesitate to reach out.

With this year marking my 8th on the Model UN circuit, I reflect upon the many experiences that I have had in MUN. I can confidently say that Model UN is one of the most fulfilling activities I have had the privilege to participate in. It has made me a better speaker, a better problem solver and taught me so much about myself and the world we live in. From a small Crisis Committee negotiating the denuclearization of the Koreas to a 400-person General Assembly on improving the education of Women and Girls, I have found my love for MUN at conferences across North America. I hope that QNMUN will inspire all of you to learn more about how you can make a difference in the communities you are a part of and will inspire you to further pursue Model UN in the future!

This year I am excited to announce that we have many resources available to you to help you prepare for the conference. In addition to this background guide and the delegate handbook, we will be hosting a drop-in mentorship session for all delegates Thursday, February 4th, in the afternoon and evening. There you can gain tips and tricks on debate and research and speak to Model UN veterans – I highly encourage all of you to attend! I would also encourage you to talk to your sponsor teachers about having your team join the QNMUN Mentorship Program. This program, taught by experienced University Model UN delegates, can help guide your Model UN team throughout the school year with material and mentorship, preparing you for conferences and teaching you essential Model UN skills.

This year we have an incredible set of committees that I cannot wait for all of you to experience. From local representatives discussing Canadian Dairy Farming to Women of the Naval Auxiliary discussing Anti-Submarine Warfare in 1942, I am sure the committees you will find this year at QNMUN are like no other.

Whatever committee you are in, and whether this is your first Model UN conference or if you are a veteran in your final year of High School, I hope you will thoroughly enjoy your time at QNMUN 2021! Best regards, Smauel Tobert Samuel tobert Secretary-General, QNMUN 2021 2 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) From your Committee Director

Greetings F.A.R.M.ers! My name is Benjamin Lohoar and I am a third-year economics student. I was born and raised around Saint John, New Brunswick. Besides Model U.N., I also serve as co-President of the Queen’s University Quiz Team and have transitioned from a competitive debater to judging high-school debate across North America. This is my first time directing a committee and I can only hope that you all have as much fun participating in it as I had creating it.

My economics education pushed me towards the idea of designing a committee that had to do with markets and their manipulation. I wanted to combine this interest with my personal family history. I think it’s fair to say I come from a long line of dairy farmers and processors. My father’s family were dairy farmers in Scotland for generations, and later England during the Second World War. My mother’s grandfather ran a creamery in Nova Scotia that was an anchor of the community. The trademark was later purchased by Scotsburn: maybe some of you have seen Tatamagouche butter in the supermarket.

— Moss, Megan. (2020). Tatamagouche Creamery Square Heritage Centre. Nova Scotia Tourism.

A large co-op purchasing a local business is a microcosm of decades-long trends in the Canadian dairy industry. Companies and farms are becoming larger as demand for Canadian milk shrinks. I hope that delegates to this committee will learn to identify trends and how they might be arrested. I have also tried to contrast delegations that are directly at odds with each other’s interests with those whose interests can be aligned with the skilled negotiation I have no doubt you all possess.

I can be reached at [email protected] for submission of position papers and with any questions, comments, concerns, and jokes. Thank you, Benjamin Lohoar Benjamin Lohoar Committee Director, QNMUN 2021

3 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Position Papers

Position papers are an opportunity to gather your thoughts, prioritize issues, and begin planning for the committee before any debate opens.

A position paper should be about one page in length, single-spaced, and in Times New Roman font. The format that will be easiest for you to write and for my partner and me on the Dias to read will be in three paragraphs. In the first paragraph, you should outline what your delegation feels are the most pressing or significant issues facing the committee. Also, include facts that you have found in your research that you think will prove highly relevant. In the second, I would like to see a preview of what your character will be arguing in committee. How is the organization that you are representing uniquely positioned to address the issues that you identified? In the third paragraph, you can present solutions to the problems that will benefit your delegation and ideas you would want to see in a successful resolution.

Position papers can be sent to the email address included in the letter to delegates by 23:59EST on February 4th. All papers will be scanned for plagiarism so be sure to cite your sources. Make sure to use the third person and refer to yourself by the organization you are representing. For instance, you would say “the Dairy Council of the Maritimes believes” instead of “I believe” or “we believe.”

Good luck! I have no doubt you are all the cream of the crop here at Q.N.M.U.N.

4 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) The dairy industry is currently facing Background Guide several challenges. The percentage of Canadians descended from human populations The ability to digest milk sugar, or lactose, that do not traditionally consume milk increases beyond infancy is known to have developed in every year, as are rates of lactose intolerance. humans at four separate times. Human genes About 68% of people are lactose intolerant, are not passed on perfectly from parents to according to Britain’s National Health Service. children. In this case, a random genetic mutation This percentage can be as high as 90% in instructed the cells that line the small intestine certain populations, most notably Indigenous to continue to produce lactase into adulthood. peoples of North America. Dairy consumption Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down milk has declined consistently since 1980 . sugar. Those with these genes had another food source and were more likely to survive and reproduce. The most widespread group of people who possess this ability to digest milk in adulthood are descendants of northern Europe’s ancient Funnel Beaker culture. Their consumption of and dependence on goat, sheep, and cow’s milk is estimated to date back to 8000BCE. The other three unique mutations are found in Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations in east Africa. Other pastoral populations, such 5 as those of the central Asian steppes, have been As household incomes have risen in found to use strategies like cultivating bacteria Canada, other protein, vitamin D, and calcium- 1 to digest lactose . For instance, the Mongolian rich foods like meat have reduced milk’s people have a rich tradition of employing yeast importance in the Canadian diet. Plant-based to process lactose into alcohol before drinking dairy substitutes are exploding in popularity. 2 their traditional dairy beverages . When people Dairy products can be produced in Canada for without the genes to break down lactose drink low unit prices because of how we generate cow’s milk, they can suffer from unpleasant electricity, our nation’s geography, and strong digestive symptoms like nausea, flatulence, international trade protections. These facts diarrhea, and lack of appetite. drive down prices to the point that it became

1 Wade, N. (2006, December 11). Lactose Tolerance in East Africa Points to Recent Evolution. 2 Andrew Curry (2018, November 05). How can you eat dairy if you lack the gene for digesting it? 3 Neville, D. (2017, July 31). Lactose Intolerance: Millions of Americans Don’t Know They Have It. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/topics/ live-well/2017/07/lactose-intolerance/ 4 Statistics Canada. (2017, April 21). VISTA on the Agri-food Industry and the Farm Community Changes in Canadians’ preferences for milk and dairy products. Government of Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/21-004-x/2017001/article/14786-eng.htm 5 Ibid 5 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) difficult in the mid-20th century to make a profit as a dairy farmer without federal subsidies or counting on your colleagues as a group to reduce output6. Facing a shrinking market and a public beginning to doubt what milk even is, dairy farmers from coast to coast have called a meeting with stakeholders throughout the industry: F.A.R.M (the First Assembly Regarding Milk). Government, environmental groups, labour unions and consumers’ advocates all want their chance to weigh in. These committee sessions are taking place in modern time, and delegates should try to find as up-to-date 8 information as they can.

The modern history of milk can be traced back to the invention of pasteurization by its namesake, Louis Pasteur, in 1862. In his process, milk is heated just short of boiling and History of Milk in Canada then kept in a sealed environment to eliminate harmful bacteria 9. In Canada, it is illegal to The first domesticated cattle arrived produce or consume raw milk. However, there in North America in 1608 with Samuel de is an underground raw milk trade championed Champlain’s landing in Quebec. These cows’ by farmers such as Ontarian Michael Schmidt. descendants are called Canadienne and were An exception to such restrictions law exists the breed that made up much of New France’s that allows people to drink raw milk if it is herd until 1850 when Holsteins and Brown produced by cows they keep; Mr. Schmidt Swiss cows from British North America began runs a farm-share program where people can to displace the species through hybridization 7. become part owners of his farm situated south As farming techniques modernized and cows of Owen Sound. Recent moves have been could be kept warm, the advantages that the made in the Ontario legislature to expand on Canadiennes had in hardiness became less federal restrictions to close this loophole. Food significant. poisoning cases explicitly linked to raw milk are

6 CBC News. (2018, June 16). Supply management in Canada - a primer. CBC. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-supply-management-ex- plainer-1.4708341 7 Dairy Farmers of Canada. (n.d.) Deeply Rooted for a Strong Future. 8 Champ, Alyson. (2017). The Canadienne. Rare Beasts Project. 9 Pasteurization. (2020, November 29). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization 6 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) not tracked in Canada, but there were about calls for stricter laws grew louder. When milk 81 outbreaks in the United States between is pasteurized twice (heated, cooled, and 2007 and 2012 10. Mainstream milk, what one heated again), it becomes completely sterile. would see in grocery stores, has been subject Leading the charge on the issue was one to pasteurization requirements for almost 100 Adelaide Hoodless, whose infant son had died years. from drinking contaminated milk in 1889 12. Ms. Hoodless had a strong influence in Ontario In 1927, an epidemic of the bacterial and nationally because she had founded disease typhoid swept Montreal. Five thousand an international community club called people were infected, and 533 died due to the Women’s Institute and was the second the consumption of a contaminated batch of president of the Hamilton Y.W.C.A. She presided unpasteurized milk. Milk was required to be over significant growth in both organizations. pasteurized in most large cities, but these laws 13 In 1938, Ontario became the largest political were not enforced. The milk in question was unit in the world to mandate pasteurization. 14 not even tested; the outbreak’s source was only discerned when it was discovered that all the 15 affected people had drunk from the same batch. The Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, Dr. John W.S. McCullough, said to the Dominion Council of Health at the time:

“We have to go to the municipality and make a fight over [milk contamination], and it is often a long struggle before we can get a pasteurization bill carried. If we had the same control over milk by the Department Analysis shows that pasteurization of Health as we have over public water reduces amounts of B-vitamins (including B2 supplies, we would make a big step in or folate), vitamin C, and vitamin E in milk but advance.” 11 increases amounts of vitamin A. Of these, milk is only considered a significant source of vitamin Following the Montreal epidemic and A and folate.16 During the Great Depression and similar outbreaks of tuberculosis, salmonella, the Second World War, data began to show that E. coli, and listeriosis across Canada, public children in Canada were deficient in calcium,

11 The story of milk. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cpha.ca/story-milk 12 Ibid 13 Adelaide Hoodless (2020, December 30). Retrieved 5 January 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hoodless 14 Canadian Public Health Agency. (n.d.). The story of milk. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cpha.ca/story-milk 15 MacDonald, Cheryl. (1986). Adelaide Hoodless: Domestic Crusader. Dundurn Press 16 Pasteurization. (2020, November 29). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization

7 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) something that pasteurized milk certainly helps with.17 Arriving with the increase in consumption of dairy products was the rise of the dairy lobby. Supply Management

The Canadian Federation of Milk 20 Producers, the precursor to F.A.R.M., was founded in 1934 to pressure the government towards the industry’s interests. It was formed of representatives from each province’s dairy producer associations. Its mandate was to improve stability and profits for dairy farmers. In the 1960s, technological advances By 1942 the renamed Dairy Farmers of Canada allowed dairy, egg, and poultry farmers to had become a powerful lobbying group that produce far more than Canadians could convinced the federal government to establish consume. Prices were driven down, and the favourable market conditions for dairy 18. The industry was depressed. A modern reflection of body eventually suffered from its success, the problems that the whole country was facing and dairy prices fell so low by the 1960s that can be seen in Newfoundland. Newfoundlander it became difficult to support a farm. Further dairy farmers, who had been producing enough exacerbating the problem was the United milk to provide for hotels and restaurants before Kingdom’s impending accession to the the COVID-19 pandemic, considerably shrank European Economic Community (the precursor the market. To keep prices high and reduce the to the European Union), resulting in the loss of oversupply, Newfoundland ordered the milk Canada’s largest export market for agricultural to be dumped into the province’s sewers.21 To goods. This led to establishing the supply solve the same oversupply problem in the ‘60s, management system and the Canadian Dairy the Ministry of Agriculture had first planned Commission to manage it in 1966.19 to subsidize farmers directly to the tune of 55 million dollars per year (about half a billion dollars today). The initial study showed that this would be too much for the Canadian treasury to bear, even to ensure valuable votes when a much higher percentage of Canadians worked on farms. The idea that replaced subsidies and survives to this day is supply management.

17 The story of milk. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cpha.ca/story-milk 18 Dairy Farmers of Canada. (2020, March 10). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_of_Canada 19 CBC News. (2018, June 16). Supply management in Canada - a primer. CBC. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-supply-manage- ment-explainer-1.4708341 20 Chrisman, Siena. (2019). New Report Explores Solutions to the US Dairy Crisis. FoodPrint. 21 Sweet, B. (2020, April 02). Newfoundland and Labrador has plenty of milk, say dairy farmers: The Telegram. 8 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) A quota system, under which the total of the Minimum pricing above three products that can be brought to Minimum prices are set by provincial market is expected to equal what Canadians boards, as opposed to quotas, which are set can consume, was implemented. This had federally. On these boards, farmers negotiate the goal of ensuring stable prices and supply with processors and distributors to set fair while passing the costs to the market itself. prices. Opinion is split on whether Canadians The Library of Parliament explains the system’s pay an unfairly high price for dairy, eggs, and three basic parts: poultry 22. A 2014 study by the Nielsen rating agency suggests that Canadian prices compare favourably against other highly-developed Quotas economies.23 However, many centre-to-right- To bring their product to market, wing think tanks such as the Montreal Institute producers must hold a quota, or license to sell argue that any inflation in prices for essential a certain amount. In 2016, there were 16000 food items is indefensible in its impact on quota holders in Canada, mostly in Ontario and Canadian households with lower incomes 24. Quebec, with British Columbia as a distant third. Former Conservative leadership candidate and There are three Milk Pools or regions where Leader of the People’s Party of Canada Maxime dairy prices are held constant: Newfoundland, Bernier has been among the loudest critics of Eastern Canada, and Western Canada. Quotas this part of the system. may be sold amongst farms so that the total High tariffs amount of milk produced is not changed within As will be discussed later, the American a province. The government initially granted dairy industry still suffers from problems of quotas for free, but today, quotas’ total value is overproduction. To prevent a flood of milk estimated at $32 billion. A quota is an important across the border, Canada taxes dairy imports asset for farmers that they are not going to want severely. Exceptions exist for specialty goods to see become worthless. Quotas are assigned like fine cheeses and ultrafiltered milk. Still, to the provinces according to the Canadian about 10% of the domestic market here in Dairy Commission projections for national Canada is foreign in origin. In comparison, the consumption, plus exports and minus imports U.S. only imports 2.75% of its dairy. every year. The provinces maintain their ratio. These new quotas are assigned to farms by Beyond the Canadian dairy industry’s each province’s unique system. economic state, it would be naïve not to

22 Ending supply management: An opportunity for Canada: Montreal Economic Institute. (2017, October 16). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.iedm.org/74926-end- ing-supply-management-opportunity-canada/ 23 Heppner, K. (2018, April 10). Dairy price study finds Canadians don’t pay more for milk. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.realagriculture.com/2018/04/dairy-price- study-finds-canadians-dont-pay-more-for-milk/ 24 Ending supply management: An opportunity for Canada: Montreal Economic Institute. (2017, October 16). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.iedm.org/74926-end- ing-supply-management-opportunity-canada/ment-explainer-1.4708341 9 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) consider the United States, whose dairy industry Questions to Consider: dwarfs ours. There are more cows and milk produced in the single state of Wisconsin than o Should Canada reduce import tariffs in all of Canada. The C.B.C. suggests that there on dairy, exposing our producers to eager would be strong interest in exporting excess American importers but opening the milk to Canada and that American farmers envy market to competition and less expensive the Canadian system of quotas and minimum products? pricing.25 The average wage for a Canadian o To what extent should the Canadian dairy farmer is almost $150 000 per year; in value of freedom be applied to the market Wisconsin, it’s about $50 000 26 27 for goods that are necessities for Canadian 28 households?

o Does the quota system create an oligopoly for established producers: encouraging consolidation and creating high barriers to entry?

Assembly members will have to evaluate Environmental Impact supply management while keeping the interests The vast majority of Canadian milk, and of Canadians and dairy farmers in mind. The the kind that supply management is concerned price elasticity of demand for milk is 0.59, with, comes from cows. Cows are ruminants, which means Canadians will continue to buy animals that chew their cud, have multiple the product even as its price increases.29 If the stomach chambers, and very long intestinal price of milk increases by 10%, we can predict tracts. Their lengthy intestines and the helpful Canadians will buy only 5.9% less milk. However, bacteria that live there allow the animal to digest milk alternatives becoming increasingly popular grass and plant matter. Unfortunately, these and affordable may drive Canadians to re- hard-working bacteria produce a gas called evaluate their preferences and move to dairy methane as a by-product. Methane is 84% alternatives.

25 CBC News. Supply management in Canada - a primer. (2018, June 16). CBC. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-supply-manage 26 Ibid 27 Salary.com, S. (n.d.). Dairy Farmer Salary in Wisconsin. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.salary.com/research/salary/posting/dairy-farmer-salary/wi 28 Shahbandeh, M. (2020, April 27). U.S.: Top dairy producing states 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/194968/top-10-us-states-by-milk- production/ 29 Sano et. al. (2014) Evaluation of price elasticity and brand loyalty in milk products. 18th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems 10 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon Holstein breed. This breed produces the most dioxide in the first two decades after its release. milk per amount of land occupied while reducing 27% of Canada’s emissions of this methane are externalities like methane excretion.3435 All dairy excreted by dairy and beef cattle 30. cows west of Manitoba are Holsteins.36 With this focus on a single breed comes the standard However, recent research funded issues of monocropping. Monocropping is the by the dairy industry suggests that Canada practice of producing only one variety or breed produces milk with a much lower greenhouse of plant or animal at a farm. This puts a farm at gas footprint than the global average - about an increased risk of a single disease spreading one-third of other countries’ impact.31 This fact to an entire population, wiping out the herd. A is related to Canada’s ability to generate clean famous example of monocropping gone wrong electricity in Ontario and Quebec. The vast is the reason why banana-flavoured things majority of Canada’s dairy farmers work in these don’t taste like bananas. The yellow fruit on your two provinces, and over 95% of the electricity kitchen table is almost certainly the Cavendish produced in both provinces is sourced variety of banana. That variety replaced the Gros renewably.32 I would recommend delegates Michel, or Big Mike, a variety that was almost to find more sources for emissions data, as the completely wiped out through the 1950s by a dairy industry has a clear motivation to publish fungus called Panama Disease. The artificial positive findings about their environmental “Banana” flavour we know today is based on the impact. Canada’s industrialization of the dairy taste of a Gros Michel.37 Perhaps the Canadian industry has come with standard practices to dairy industry could learn some lessons from increase efficiency. One such practice is that that story and diversify its herd. manure storage is emptied more often than in some other countries, reducing off-gassing or rot.33 38 93% of Canada’s dairy cows are of the

30 Government of Canada. (2019, January 30). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/news-from-agriculture-and-agri-food-canada/scientific-achieve- ments-in-agriculture/reducing-methane-emissions-from-livestock/?id=1548267761377 31 Our Commitment to Sustainability. (2019, July 17). Dairy Farmers of Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://dairyfarmersofcanada.ca/en/who-we-are/our-commit- ments/sustainability 32 Natural Resources Canada (2020, June 6). Electricity Facts. Government of Canada. 33 Our Commitment to Sustainability. (2019, July 17). Dairy Farmers of Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://dairyfarmersofcanada.ca/en/who-we-are/our-commit- ments/sustainability 34 About Us - The Canadian Dairy Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.holstein.ca/Public/en/About_Us/The_Canadian_Dairy_Industry/The_Holstein_ Breed 35 Ministry of Agriculture. (2020, August 27). Canada’s dairy industry at a glance. Government of Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.dairyinfo.gc.ca/eng/ about-the-canadian-dairy-information-centre/canada-s-dairy-industry-at-a-glance/?id=1502465180911 36 Immigration Services: Martie Kruger Immigration Canada: Brandon. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.krugerimmigration.com/ 37 Mayer, J. (n.d.). Why Doesn’t Fake Banana Flavor Taste Like Real Bananas? Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/why-dont-banana-candies- taste-like-real-bananas/ 38 About Us - The Canadian Dairy Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.holstein.ca/Public/en/About_Us/The_Canadian_Dairy_Industry/The_Holstein_ Breed 11 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Pasture land in Canada had comprised Questions to Consider: 14,261,332 hectares in 2016, almost 30% of 39 Canada’s total arable land. Cows are o Knowing that Canada produces milk considered to be sustainably inefficient sources with a smaller footprint than many other of protein because of their lengthy maturation countries, how important is the industry’s periods and large energy requirements to keep reduction of greenhouse gas emissions? themselves alive. Today’s data suggests that Might a decline in Canadian output result in plant-based meat-and-dairy alternatives are far an increase in production from less efficient more efficient to produce. The least efficient sectors? plant-based milk (rice) still emits about ⅓ the amount of carbon as 200mL of dairy milk and o Is it valuable to preserve Canada’s uses about 90% less land 40. arable land for the use of more efficient crops, in the presence of the U.N. estimate However, some good news for the than Canada’s population is expected to dairy industry is that Canada is one of the increase by 50% in the next 80 years? few countries that might benefit from climate change. As the climate warms, our growing o Is it Canada’s responsibility to reduce seasons are becoming longer and areas that our emissions when we have the possibility were previously too difficult to cultivate can now of benefiting from longer growing seasons be planted. A runaway effect on our greenhouse and a more pleasant climate? emissions might begin if trees that acted as carbon sinks are cut down and farms emit more greenhouse gases. These effects might serve to make Canada’s climate more favourable for agriculture.41 Still, many Canadians feel a Milk products have been relegated moral obligation to reduce the global impact of to “alternative” status on Canada’s Food their purchasing decisions. Pollution emitted in Guide. Meat and Alternatives now include Canada contributes to unpredictable weather, dairy and only occupy one-third of your 43 sea-level rise, and climate catastrophe around recommended serving portions. Dairy the world. and Meat and

40 White gold: The unstoppable rise of alternative milks. (2019, January 29). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jan/29/white-gold-the- unstoppable-rise-of-alternative-milks-oat-soy-rice-coconut-plan 41 Canada could be a huge climate change winner when it comes to farmland | CBC News. (2020, February 13). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/technol- ogy/climate-change-farming-1.5461275 42 UN Population Growth Projections- Canada. (2015, November 27). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-520-x/2010001/after- toc-aprestdm1-eng.htm 43 Health Canada (2007, February 05). History of CFGs. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-food-guide/about/histo- ry-food-guide.html 12 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Alternatives used to be two separate bands virtues of soured products such as sour cream, on the rainbow. Canadians still consume vast yogurt, and kefir 47. Environmental groups can amounts of dairy per year: almost 190kg per be hopeful that reductions in dairy consumption person per year: ranked 40th in the world.44 Dairy will not be replaced with increased consumption consumption per person is trending downwards, of meat, especially red meat. Only about ⅔ of partly due to increases in people identifying as Canada’s dairy output is sold as milk; the rest is vegan (currently about 850 000 Canadians) and processed.48 lactose intolerant (much more common among people of colour).45,46 A continuing reduction Dairy alternatives have enjoyed a in demand should worry dairy producers and meteoric rise in the last five years. The largest processors because it presents an issue that producer of oat milk for the United States, will get worse if a solution is not found and put the Swedish company Oatly, has had to into action quickly. increase production by almost 1500% since its introduction to that market in 2016. Demand for plant-based milk, in general, has grown by 30% since 2015. Soy milk is the most common and oldest of the plant-based family, tracing its origins to 14th c. China. However, if you look in a large grocery store, you might see almond milk, hazelnut milk, peanut, tiger nut, walnut, cashew, coconut, hemp, spelt, quinoa and pea- based milk. Milk’s “share of throat” - the industry term for the proportion of someone’s total liquid consumption, has been steadily decreasing, eroded significantly by soft drinks, but not least Even if milk is not the miracle drink it by plant-based alternatives.49 Delegations to had been marketed as by the industry and the the F.A.R.M. that support increased dairy milk government since the Second World War, dairy consumption might want to call for marketing products and other supply-managed products, campaigns and research to reform milk’s like eggs, can be affordable, vegetarian sources image. This strategy has been employed of protein. Further, recent research extols the before when surveys showed that consumers

44 Government of Canada (2017, April 21). VISTA on the Agri-food Industry and the Farm Community Changes in Canadians’ preferences for milk and dairy products. Retrieved Decem- ber 18, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/21-004-x/2017001/article/14786-eng.htm 45 Wunsch, N. (n.d.). Topic: Vegetarianism and veganism in Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/topics/3262/vegan-vegetarian-diets-in-canada/ 46 Neville, D. (2017, July 31). Lactose Intolerance: Millions of Americans Don’t Know They Have It. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/top- ics/live-well/2017/07/lactose-intolerance/ 47 Nutrition, D. (n.d.). Fermented Milk Products May Have Favourable Immunological Effects. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.dairynutrition.ca/scientific-evidence/ roles-on-certain-health-conditions/fermented-milk-products-may-have-favourable-immunological-effects 48 Dairy farming in Canada. (2020, December 14). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada 49 White gold: The unstoppable rise of alternative milks. (2019, January 29). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jan/29/white-gold-the- unstoppable-rise-of-alternative-milks-oat-soy-rice-coconut-plant 13 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) would pay more for 100% Canadian milk. The of almond milk is that Canada’s climate does blue cow logo has been applied by the Dairy not favour that particular crop. Increased Farmers of Canada to inform consumers that a consumption of almond milk would not benefit product is made of 100% Canadian milk and is Canadian farmers but would increase the need recognized by 80% of domestic consumers 50. for imports. Plant-based milks have received a boost from the growth in clean eating, but they have not gone unchallenged. In the European Union, these products cannot be marketed with the term “milk” because they were not excreted by a lactating animal 51. Canada has a similar regulation in that milk is defined by the Food Inspection Agency as “normal lacteal secretion obtained from the mammary gland of the cow, genus Bos.” The core difference between Canadian and European regulations is that in Europe, the word “milk” may not appear on the container for a plant-based product. In Canada, terms such as “soy milk” are legal 52. 54

Dairy alternatives vary in their nutritional Another thing that Canada has to import is labour. value and environmental impact. Oats are often About 5% of the Canadian animal husbandry described as having the smallest environmental labour force are temporary foreign workers 55. impact among alternatives because of their low Employers request the federal government water requirement. Further, oats are a cover to allow them to hire workers from overseas crop, meaning they can grow during the winter. if Canadians are not available or willing to This increases the drink-producing efficiency of accept available jobs. The program has created each plot of land on which oats are planted. The controversy because of the dependence that winner on the nutritional side is probably almond these workers have on their employers. The milk because of its high calcium and fat content newcomers to Canada are only permitted to that mirrors dairy milk.53 The clear drawback work for the company that hired them, and in

50 Dairy Farmers of Canada. (2020, March 10). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_of_Canada 51 White gold: The unstoppable rise of alternative milks. (2019, January 29). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jan/29/white-gold-the- unstoppable-rise-of-alternative-milks-oat-soy-rice-coconut-plant 52 Trembley-Huet, Sabrina. (2017). The Law and Politics of Plant-Based “Milk” Products. Canadian Association of Food Law and Policy. 53 Which Plant-Based Milk Is Right For You? (2020, September 08). Earth.Org - Past: Present: Future. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://earth.org/which-plant-based-milks- are-right-for-you/ 54 Guibourg, Helen & Briggs, Helen. (2019). Climate Change: Which vegan milk is best? BBC. 55 Lu, Y., & Hou, F. (2019, November 18). This Economic Insights article compares the labour force participation of temporary foreign workers with open work permits and employer-spe- cific work permits in terms of their level of labour market engagement in Canada. Statistics Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-626-

14 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) case of abuse, their employer can use the threat of deportation to quiet whistleblowers. Earlier this year, a temporary foreign worker at a Norfolk County farm in Ontario spoke out regarding the COVID-19 risk to him and his bunkmates. He was hailed as a “very brave, exceptional man” as he won a court case against the manager who tried to fire him and have him deported as a result.56

Questions to Consider: o To what extent should the government encourage people to consume dairy over dairy alternatives; are plant-based alternatives “milks?”

o How valuable is dairy as a cheap protein source to Canadian households with lower-incomes?

o Does the dairy industry have a role to play in decreasing dependence on and improving living standards for temporary foreign workers?

56 Migrant worker who took on boss and won is a ‘very brave, exceptional man,’ says lawyer | CBC Radio. (2020, November 12). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/ radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.5799473/migrant-worker-who-took-on-boss-and-won-is-a-very-brave-exceptional-man-says-lawyer-1.5799474

15 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Character Motivations

Dairy Production and Processing

Dairy Council of (DCo) British Columbia • British Columbian milk has been described as that of the highest quality in the nation, with the lowest levels of pathogens and somatic cells 57. British Columbian dairy farmers should be aware in their negotiations with environmental interest groups that their province is among the most environmentally conscious in the nation. Quebec and British Columbia can produce milk with the smallest carbon footprint because of their relatively clean electricity production [47]. British Columbia might be uniquely vulnerable to the relaxation of trade barriers. Washington and California are major trading partners inside the top 10 dairy-producing states 58. Also, BC is often the first stop for shipments from New Zealand and Australia, two jurisdictions that have expressed dissatisfaction with Canada’s dairy isolationism 59

DCo Alberta • Dairy farming is a comparably small portion of Alberta’s economy. The vast majority of Albertan cattle are for slaughter, with the province producing over half of the country’s beef. Dairy farming in Alberta is more of a small-scale affair than the province’s size might suggest 60. Many of the farms are located in the central part of the province near Lethbridge and run by families originally from the Netherlands. The delegate from Alberta would do well to oppose the sort of consolidation of the industry that is common in Ontario and Quebec. In the face of a fading oil sector, transitioning some beef farms to dairy farms has economic potential. Alberta and Saskatchewan also produce the most GHG per litre of milk due to their dependence on power from fossil fuels 61.

57 BC- Farming, Natural Resources, and Industry. (n.d.) Dairy Industry. Government of British Columbia. 58 Shahbandeh, M. (2020, April 27). U.S.: Top dairy producing states 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/194968/top-10-us-states-by-milk- production/ 59 Dairy farming in Canada. (2020, December 14). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada 60 Kent, G. (2017, May 09). Alberta cattle industry isn’t just beef - milk cows give the province a dairy air. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://edmontonjour- nal.com/news/local-news/alberta-cattle-industry-isnt-just-beef-milk-cows-give-the-province-a-dairy-air 61 Vergé, X., Maxime, D., Dyer, J., Desjardins, R., Arcand, Y., & Vanderzaag, A. (2013, July 04). Carbon footprint of Canadian dairy products: Calculations and issues. Retrieved December 18,

2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030213004797 16 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) DCo Saskatchewan • Dairy production is Saskatchewan’s second-leading industry, behind only meat processing. It will be vital for Saskatchewan to push the issue to the government that its economy depends on the industry. Further, the province may have to contend with internal strife as flax and oats, its 2nd and 3rd largest food crops, can be used for dairy alternatives 62. The delegate from Saskatchewan would do well to oppose the sort of consolidation of the industry that is common in Ontario and Quebec.

DCo Manitoba • As of 2017, 100% of Manitoban dairy is processed within the province. Manitoba is the western-most province that maintains a varied herd of breeds of cows. Almost all Western farms are 100% Holstein, while Eastern farms have some Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Ayrshire. There may be some efficiency benefits to a genetically varied herd 63 64 The delegate from Manitoba would do well to oppose the sort of consolidation of the industry that is common in Ontario and Quebec.

DCo Ontario • Together, Ontario and Quebec produce 70% of Canada’s milk 65. As one of the central Canadian powers, the producers in Ontario mainly want to maintain the status quo of supply-management while increasing consumption of milk products across the board. High prices and high demand are the names of the game for Ontario dairy producers.

DCo Quebec • Another of the powerful two, but Quebecers are going to be more torn on supply- management. Rural Quebecers often demonstrate the highest support for independence, and strong connections to the Federal government are not attractive 66. However, does the promise of higher prices and stability trump ideology? The Quebec industry is characterised by many co-operatives 67, Agropur chief among them. These co-operatives mark the most significant difference between the industry in Quebec and those in Ontario and British Columbia, and may ally this delegate more closely with labour representation.

62 Agriculture in Saskatchewan. (2020, December 03). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saskatchewan 63 Immigration Services: Martie Kruger Immigration Canada: Brandon. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.krugerimmigration.com/ 64 Agriculture: Province of Manitoba. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/livestock/dairy/index.html 65 Dairy farming in Canada. (2020, December 14). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada 66 Québec Since Confederation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-since-confederation 67 Canada, A. (2020, August 27). Canada’s dairy industry at a glance. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.dairyinfo.gc.ca/eng/about-the-canadian-dairy-information-cen-

17 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) DCo the Maritimes • The size of the maritime provinces’ markets and production does not create much obvious power for them. An American study went so far as to call Atlantic dairy production inefficient due to the lack of economies of scale 68. Nova Scotian dairy farms are only recently beginning to transition to the industrial farming found in the Big Three provinces. A recent study from Dalhousie University found that keeping cows out to pasture, as is traditional, has a smaller impact on the environment than does confinement 69. The industry has been described as primitive and local in the region, especially on Prince Edward Island. Cow’s Creamery is an important tourist draw to the Island, as well. The delegate from the Maritimes would do well to recognise their representation of small producers and oppose the sort of consolidation of the industry that is common in Ontario and Quebec.

DCo Newfoundland and Labrador • Newfoundland and Labrador is an interesting case. The delegate from Newfoundland would do well to oppose the sort of consolidation of the industry that is common in Ontario and Quebec. The province is entirely self-sufficient in milk and eggs and does not import from the rest of Canada. In fact, in April, the province was forced to dump 170 000 litres of fresh milk due to reduced demand from restaurants and hotels 70. Newfoundland and Labrador is the only province in its milk pool, so prices are only relative to past local prices 71. This Dairy Council will be mostly indifferent to measures that affect trade, and even American producers will be reluctant to export to Newfoundland immediately because of its geographic isolation.

Dairy Processors’ Association of Canada • The D.P.A.C. is going to want low prices from farmers and high demand from consumers. They are going to want consumers to demand milk products, but not necessarily the drink itself. The association will want to draw a strong trade distinction between fluid milk and milk products like butter and cheese. If change is inevitable, the D.P.A.C. might be interested in requesting government support in converting their capital to produce vegan output.

69 Comparing the environmental impacts of pasture-based and confinement-based dairy systems in Nova Scotia (Canada) using life cycle assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/ijas.2009.0356 70 Sweet, B. (2020, April 02). Newfoundland and Labrador has plenty of milk, say dairy farmers: The Telegram. 71 Supply management in Canada - a primer | CBC News. (2018, June 16). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-supply-management-ex- plainer-1.4708341

18 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Small Farm Canada • Small Farm Canada has sent a delegate to the F.A.R.M. to advocate for the interests of small-scale, local, and family operations. Their interests align strongly with the interests of producers from Atlantic Canada, while developments in the industry in Ontario and Quebec are troubling. Furthermore, evidence from Nova Scotia has shown that even given greater economies of scale, consolidation of dairy farms into industrial entities has a net negative effect on the environment72 . This delegate should explore negotiations with those espousing the benefits of plant-based alternatives, considering they represent crop farmers as well.

Domestic and Foreign Government

Council of the Federation – Canada’s Premiers • Canada’s provincial governments assign quotas to individual farms once the federal government has determined provincial output. Furthermore, the provinces set minimum pricing at the point of sale to consumers and are going to be concerned about the impact of supply management on the economy, especially in the Maritimes and Saskatchewan 73. Their political futures might rest on weighing the interests of farmers and consumers while not ignoring the increase in environmentally-minded citizens.

Canadian Ministry of (CMo) Agriculture and Agri-Food • The Ministry of Agriculture sets the provincial quotas and concerns itself with the economic health of Canada’s farmers. However, the Agri-Food part of the ministry is also going to want to see every Canadian fed. This dual mandate might set this ministry up as a mediator between farmers’ economic interests and the interests of Canadian consumers to have affordable proteins presented to them at the grocery store. Further, the ministry should look to the state of the industry in jurisdictions without supply management, like the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. Should plant-based dairy alternatives be permitted to use the term “milk?”

72 Comparing the environmental impacts of pasture-based and confinement-based dairy systems in Nova Scotia (Canada) using life cycle assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/ijas.2009.0356 73 Supply management in Canada - a primer | CBC News. (2018, June 16). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-supply-management-ex- plainer-1.4708341

19 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) CMo Health • The Ministry of Health is concerned with the promotion of public health of all Canadians. All Canadians must be able to eat a varied diet that contains the daily recommended amount of macro-and-micro-nutrients, many of which are present in dairy products. It is significantly less vital, however, that this diet includes dairy products specifically. Further, the Ministry of Health works with the Ministry of Agriculture to set standards for food safety.

CMo Small Business, Export Promotion, and International Trade ▪ This combined ministry is going to be torn in their interests. Canada is a rich producer of specialty dairy products, with Quebec especially producing unique and heirloom cheese varieties. However, other countries are unlikely to relax restrictions on Canadian dairy exports without a corresponding opening of the Canadian market to their exports. A proverbial flood of milk into Canada will harm the domestic industry, small and large farms alike.

CMo Environment and Climate Change ▪ This ministry is concerned with the impact of Canadian dairy production on the land, water, and atmosphere. Perhaps there is potential in increasing the production of alternative milk crops such as oats, soy, and flax? However, as a government ministry, they will face pressure to maintain a strong economy. This delegate should facilitate developments in the industry that reduce Canada’s environmental footprint without sacrificing public confidence. This department will act as a liaison between the environmental groups who have sent representatives to the council and the government.

CMo Intergovernmental Affairs ▪ The supply management system is jurisdictionally complicated. Put most simply; the federal government informs each province how much milk may be produced by their registered farms in a year to keep prices constant in the three milk pools, while provincial governments assign quotas to individual farms. Any attempt to reform the system would do well to have a government representative leading the charge who is familiar with which level of government may do what.

74 Dairy farming in Canada. (2020, December 14). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada

20 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) CMo Finance ▪ Dairy raises 3.8 billion dollars in federal tax revenue alone and generates over 1% of Canada’s G.D.P. yearly 74. This ministry will not want to see the domestic industry’s economic impact reduced without a source of revenue rising in its place. This new source could be an expansion of the milk alternative industry, replacement of import restrictions with tariffs, or perhaps even the establishment of a tax paid by consumers to keep prices high without supply management.

The United States Foreign Agriculture Service The United States Foreign Agriculture Service is a division of the Department of Agriculture tasked with promoting American output abroad 75. As discussed above, with just the state of Wisconsin producing more liquid milk than all of Canada, this delegate will be feeling pressure to increase opportunities for American exports in the north. Alternatively, some Wisconsin dairy farmers have called for a form of Canadian-style supply management to be established in that state: perhaps some information exchange could accompany international trade? This delegate would do well to be well- versed in the difficulties being experienced by the dairy industry in the United States and make themselves a valuable source of information to the other delegates.

Environment and Ideology Interest Groups

Nature Conservancy of Canada • The N.C.C. oversees wildlife and wildland preserves across the country. The group advocates for keeping Canada as wild as possible and often finds itself at odds with farmers wishing to expand their lands and grow different crops. Generally, dairy alternatives require less land per litre of product, but a simple increase in the production of dairy alternatives without a corresponding decrease in land used for dairy cattle will increase cleared land. The N.C.C. needs to be realistic and advocate for land efficiency in Canadian farming above all.

74 Dairy farming in Canada. (2020, December 14). Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada 75 Foreign Agricultural Service. (n.d.). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.fas.usda.gov/

21 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Canada Climate Action Network • This group of Canadian charities is focused on making the tackling of climate change a priority for all Canadians today. This delegate should be aware that different dairy substitutes have different greenhouse gas footprints, but none are comparable to dairy milk. The C.C.A.N. will advocate for lower greenhouse gas emission targets for the Canadian agriculture sector as a whole. However, the Climate Change Action Network depends on donations from consumers and should avoid becoming belligerent or unpopular.

Vegan Society of Canada • This delegate’s interest is going to lie in reducing the consumption of dairy products. However, care must be taken to ensure citizens’ protein tastes do not revert to meat but to plant-based alternatives. Further, this delegate should be aware of the differences in environmental impact between different dairy substitutes. Clearly, this delegate will be opposed to the dairy industry as a whole, but they would do well to be realistic and advocate for improvements to industry practices first.

The Plant Milk Guild • The Plant Milk Guild was recently founded as a lobby group seeking to stop the Canadian government from passing similarly restrictive laws as the E.U.: like preventing plant- based drinks from using the word “milk.” This group advocates for the rapidly growing sector of dairy-alternative producers and processors. Their clear motivation is government facilitation of a reduction of dairy milk’s share of throat and a corresponding increase in non-dairy milk’s: quite possibly, they will find allies from the environmental groups present at this committee. However, the power of persuasion of this delegate comes from the popularity of plant-based dairy alternatives, and they should avoid alliances that will reduce their popularity.

S.M.O.G. (Supply Management Opposition Group) • A centre-right think tank, gathered just for the F.A.R.M. nominated this delegate to fight for the freedom of the Canadian market. As a representative of the think-tank, this delegate should support motions and working papers that show cerebral support for reducing government barriers to domestic and international fair exchange. It will not be productive for this delegate to simply be contrarian. Perhaps negotiations with government actors can produce efficient changes to the command aspects of the Canadian economy.

22 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Consumer and Labour Interest Groups

Consumers’ Association of Canada • Will want to maximize consumer choice and minimize prices. The elimination of supply-management might lower prices for dairy, but are consumers willing to weather the storm of unpredictability that might follow? This delegate will largely support the status quo and be hesitant to force decisions on Canada’s households. A power wielded by this delegate is evaluating the political popularity of government actors and the attractiveness of donations to charities.

The Union for Agriculture Workers – U.F.C.W. Canada • The Union has been invited to the Assembly to speak on the interests of farmworkers. This delegate will undoubtedly advocate for stronger worker protections in the sector, including the expansion of the co-operative model popular in Quebec and the Maritimes. However, extreme upheaval in the sector, especially of the kind espoused by the environmental groups and the Dairy Alternative Group, could result in mass unemployment of those previously employed as specialized livestock workers.

Temporary Foreign Workers Advocacy Association of Canada • Interested in fighting for the rights of Temporary Foreign Workers and moving towards a complete rehaul of the system. Today in Canada, most workers in this category are employed in the agriculture sector, with livestock farming employing fewer than other industries 76. This does not need to remain the case, but with current conditions, the more land dedicated to cropping, the more TFWs will need to be brought into Canada. Another point for this delegate to consider is the impact of mechanization on dairy farms. Is the reduction in the need for low- skilled labour and the corresponding decrease in the need for TFWs only allowing fewer people to work in Canada or reducing the need for a flawed system?

77

76Lu, Y., & Hou, F. (2019, November 18). This Economic Insights article compares the labour force participation of temporary foreign workers with open work permits and employer-spe- cific work permits in terms of their level of labour market engagement in Canada. Statistics Canada. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-626- x/11-626-x2019016-eng.htML 77 VanRaes, Shannon. (2018). The Job Ahead. CountryGuide.

23 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM) Recommended Research

Canadian Dairy Information Centre- Government of Canada • Statistics you may find helpful 2018 Canadian Dairy Sector Overview - Dairy Farmers of Canada • More statistics and explanations “Canada’s dairy cartels vs. consumers” - Fraser Institute • Right-wing think tank criticism of supply management Canadian Dairy Research Portal - Dairy Farmers of Canada Library of links to journal articles on this sector • Which Plant Milks are Best for People, Planet and Animals? - Viva Vegan Discussion of some of the ethical and environmental effects of different types of plant milk

24 First Assembly Regarding Milk (FARM)